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Silva IS, Vale L, Coutinho AL, Sousa LJMPE, Marchesini P, da Silva Matos R, Anholeto LA, Mathias MIC, Ferreira LL, Arruda W, Monteiro C. Thymol and eugenol against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato engorged females: Biological, histopathological and bioinformatic analysis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 319:109938. [PMID: 37167691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive biology and histopathology of the ovaries of engorged females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato exposed to combinations of thymol and eugenol, as well as to evaluate in silico the possible interactions of thymol and eugenol in tick cell membranes. To evaluate the tick reproductive biology, the adult immersion test (AIT) was performed, in which the engorged females were immersed in solutions of thymol and eugenol, combined or alone, at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL. Two control groups (water and 3% DMSO) were also performed. The ticks were kept in a controlled chamber (B.O.D - 27 ± 1 °C and 80% ± 5% RH) to evaluate egg production and viability. To perform the ovaries histopathological evaluation, females were immersed in combination of thymol and eugenol (each at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL) and control (water and 3% DMSO) solutions. After immersion, the females were kept in B.O.D (27 ± 1 °C and RH of 80% ± 5%) for four days, they were dissected and the ovaries processed for histological analysis. In addition, an in silico analysis was performed using PASS online® software to predict probability activity (PA) of thymol and eugenol in cell membranes. The treatment with the combination of thymol and eugenol (each at 5.0 mg/mL) caused a reduction (p < 0.01) in oviposition, while the treatments with thymol (5.0 mg/mL) and combination of thymol and eugenol (5.0 mg/mL) reduced (p < 0.05) the egg viability. The treatment with combination of thymol and eugenol (5.0 mg/mL) resulted in a control percentage of 99.9%, while in the other treatments, control percentages below 56% were observed. Oocytes from the females exposed to the combinations of thymol and eugenol (each compound at 2.5 mg/mL) showed histopathological changes, except on oocyte V, while those treated with these compounds alone at 2.5 mg/mL, did not reveal any change. Changes in the shape of the oocyte, presence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm and germinal vesicle, reduction and fusion of yolk granules and rupture of some oocytes were observed. In silico analysis, showed that these compounds can act as membrane permeability inhibitors, membrane permeability agonists, membrane integrity antagonists and apoptosis agonists. We conclude that the combination of thymol and eugenol causes changes in the reproductive biology and morphophysiology of engorged females oocytes. The in silico analysis using thymol and eugenol revealed the possibility of disorganization in the cell membranes, a fact that may explain the histopathological alterations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Renata da Silva Matos
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, PO Box 339, São Paulo 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luís Adriano Anholeto
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, PO Box 339, São Paulo 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Camargo Mathias
- Departmento de Biologia do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, n◦ 1515, São Paulo, Rio Claro, CEP: 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Walquiria Arruda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, CEP 74.690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-050, Brazil.
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Sawant S, Baldwin TC, Khan H, Rahman A. Evaluation of the Effect of Leaf Development in Plectranthus amboinicus L. on Antimicrobial Activity and Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325. Curr Microbiol 2022; 80:24. [PMID: 36462098 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Plectranthus amboinicus is widely recognized as a potential source of antimicrobial compounds due to the presence of bioactive components (essential oils) secreted by the glandular trichomes borne on the leaves. As such, an understanding of the effect of leaf development on the production of these essential oils (EOs) is of crucial importance to its medicinal applications. The current study represents the first comparative investigation of the effect of different stages of leaf development (lag, log, and stationary phase) upon the yield and bioactivity of phytochemicals produced. The effects of leaf extracts on the antimicrobial activity, cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and motility of P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was used to record the abundance and distribution of both glandular and non-glandular trichomes during leaf development. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the potent phytochemical thymol is present primarily in log (30.28%) and stationary phase (20.89%) extracts. Log phase extracts showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (25 mg/ml) when compared to other phases of development. Stationary phase extracts were shown to exhibit the highest biofilm dispersal activity against P. aeruginosa (80%), and log phase extracts against biofilms of S. aureus (59%). Log phase extracts showed the highest biofilm inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa (66%) and S. aureus (63%). In conclusion, log phase leaf extracts of P. amboinicus exhibited a multimodal mechanism of action by displaying antimicrobial, antibiofilm activities and reducing the motility and hydrophobicity, which are important virulence factors in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Sawant
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Timothy C Baldwin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Habib Khan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Ayesha Rahman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK.
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Mojarab-Mahboubkar M, Sendi JJ, Mahmoodi N. The sweet wormwood essential oil and its two major constituents are promising for a safe control measure against fall webworm. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105124. [PMID: 35715062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), is a harmful polyphagous global defoliator. The major chemical components of Artemisia annua essential oil (EO) was found to contain (±)-camphor (16.42%), 1,8-cineole (6.22%), α-pinene (6%), caryophyllene (5.19%), and α-selinene (5.17%). The highest toxicity was recorded for EO of A. annua (LD50 = 305.05 μg/larva), followed by (±)-camphor (LD50 = 465.03 μg/larva) and 1,8-cineole (LD50 = 573.49 μg/larva). The binary mixtures of compounds expressed a weaker activity compared to individuals. The (±)-camphor was found to be antagonistic to 1,8-cineole. The biochemical compounds of treated larvae were also determined. The activity level of alanin and aspartate aminotransferase decreased sharply while acid and alkaline phosphatase increased. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase was significantly higher than the control group at 24 h, but decreased significantly after 48 h in all treatments. The activity of esterases were decreased in the treated larvae. The glutathione S-transferase significantly increased in all time intervals. Overall the current results suggest that the sweet wormwood (A. annua) EO and its components could be a safe and environmentally friendly approach in possible control of fall webworm (H. cunea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malahat Mojarab-Mahboubkar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 416351314, Iran
| | - Jalal Jalali Sendi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 416351314, Iran; Department of Silk Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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Combination of cypermethrin and thymol for control of Rhipicephalus microplus: Efficacy evaluation and description of an action mechanism. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101874. [PMID: 34839252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most important ectoparasites in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used to control this tick, and the selection of resistant populations is a huge problem worldwide. The activity of thymol, a natural monoterpene, free or in combination with other compounds, has been demonstrated against different species of ticks. However, the mode of action is not fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the potential mode of action of the combination of cypermethrin and thymol on ticks from two populations with different levels of susceptibility to cypermethrin (low and high susceptibility). The isolated acaricidal activity of cypermethrin and thymol on larvae was carried out in different concentrations. The combination with different concentrations of cypermethrin and fixed concentrations of thymol (1300 µg/mL for the low susceptibility population; 690 µg/mL for the high susceptibility population) were performed. Adult engorged females were divided into five experimental groups (n = 20): 1) Control group untreated; 2) Control group: 2.0% (v/v) DMSO; 3) Thymol group: 1300 µg/mL thymol; 4) Cypermethrin group: 3700 µg/mL cypermethrin; 5) Association of cypermethrin (3700 µg/mL) + thymol (1300 µg/mL). A subgroup was used to study the efficacy of the reproductive parameters and another subgroup, with ten adults from each treatment, was used to quantify thymol and cypermethrin by HPLC chromatographic analysis. All compounds tested were effective on larvae from both populations, and the combination with thymol decreased the LC50 of cypermethrin (232.4 to 52.7 µg/mL) on the low-susceptibility population. The combination of thymol and cypermethrin was effective in both populations of R. microplus (reproductive performance of engorged females) when compared to the untreated control group, even with higher percent control values (pop. 1: 93.5 ± 5.6% and pop. 2: 92.7 ± 1.1%) than the group treated only with cypermethrin (pop. 1: 87.3 ± 7.3% and pop. 2: 83.5 ± 1.2%). From the HPLC analyzes, a higher concentration of cypermethrin (pop. 1: 30.3 ± 6.9 and pop. 2: 45.4 ± 17.7 ng/mg) was detected in the tissues of engorged females treated with the combination compared to analyte concentrations in groups treated with cypermethrin only (pop. 1: 12.4 ± 4.4 pop. 2: 25.5 ± 9.4 ng/mg). This was the first study to investigate the acaricidal efficacy of the combination of thymol + cypermethrin on R. microplus and demonstrate that the presence of thymol increases the concentration of cypermethrin in the internal tissues of engorged females through a possible mechanism for increasing the penetration of cypermethrin at the cuticular level.
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Balahbib A, El Omari N, Hachlafi NE, Lakhdar F, El Menyiy N, Salhi N, Mrabti HN, Bakrim S, Zengin G, Bouyahya A. Health beneficial and pharmacological properties of p-cymene. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112259. [PMID: 33984423 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
p-cymene also known as p-cymol or p-isopropyltoluene is an alkyl-substituted aromatic compound naturally occurring in essential oils (EOs) of various aromatic plants, including the genus of Artemisia, Protium, Origanum, and Thymus. It is related to the family of terpenes, especially monocyclic monoterpenes. p-cymene is also present in several food-based plants such as carrots, orange juice, grapefruit, tangerine, raspberries and several spices. Numerous studies have demonstrated the pharmacological properties of the monoterpenes p-cymene, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. The p-cymene has also been reported to act as an analgesic, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory, vasorelaxant and neuroprotective agent. Its anticancer effects are related to some mechanisms such as the inhibition of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In this review, we critically highlighted the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of the p-cymene molecule, providing insight into its mechanisms of action and potential applications in drug discovery. In light of this finding, in-depth in vivo studies are strongly required to validate the safety and beneficial effects of the p-cymene molecule in human healthcare and industrial applications as a potential source of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Genome, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, And Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohmed Ben Abdellah University, P.O.Box-2002, Imouzzer Road Fez, Morocco
| | - Fatima Lakhdar
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, ChouaibDoukkali University, BP 20, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and of Life (SNAMOPEQ). Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz. University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Najoua Salhi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bio Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, BP 6203, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Valorization and Environment, Department of Sciences and Techniques, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
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Validation of Qualitative Broth Volatilization Checkerboard Method for Testing of Essential Oils: Dual-Column GC–FID/MS Analysis and In Vitro Combinatory Antimicrobial Effect of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris against Staphylococcus aureus in Liquid and Vapor Phases. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020393. [PMID: 33670756 PMCID: PMC7922886 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Combinatory action of antimicrobial agents such as essential oils (EOs) show to be an effective strategy to overcome the problem with increasing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial interactions between Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris EOs against various S.aureus strains in both liquid and vapor phases using the broth volatilization checkerboard method. Fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) were determined for both liquid and vapor phases, and the composition of EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using dual-column/dual-detector gas chromatograph. Results of oregano and thyme EOs combination showed additive effects against all S. aureus strains in both phases. In several cases, sums of FICs were lower than 0.6, which can be considered a strong additive interaction. The lowest FICs obtained were 0.53 in the liquid phase and 0.59 in the gaseous phase. Chemical analysis showed that both EOs were composed of many compounds, including carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. This is the first report on oregano and thyme EOs interactions against S. aureus in the vapor phase. It also confirms the accuracy of the broth volatilization checkerboard method for the evaluation of combinatory antimicrobial effects of EOs in the vapor phase.
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Mittal RP, Rana A, Jaitak V. Essential Oils: An Impending Substitute of Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:605-624. [PMID: 30378496 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666181031122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging problem in the world that has a significant impact on our society. AMR made conventional drugs futile against microorganisms and diseases untreatable. Plant-derived medicines are considered to be safe alternatives as compared to synthetic drugs. Active ingredients and the mixtures of these natural medicines have been used for centuries, due to their easy availability, low cost, and negligible side effects. Essential oils (EOs) are the secondary metabolites that are produced by aromatic plants to protect them from microorganisms. However, these EOs and their constituents have shown good fighting potential against drug-resistant pathogens. These oils have been proved extremely effective antimicrobial agents in comparison to antibiotics. Also, the combination of synthetic drugs with EOs or their components improve their efficacy. So, EOs can be established as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents to eradicate tough form of infectious microorganisms. EO's can interact with multiple target sites, like the destruction of cytoplasm membrane or inhibition of protein synthesis and efflux pump, etc. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the antimicrobial activity of EOs attained from different plants, their combination with synthetic antimicrobials. In addition, mechanism of antimicrobial activity of several EOs and their constituents was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Pal Mittal
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Abhilash Rana
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
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Prieto MC, Lapaz MI, Lucini EI, Pianzzola MJ, Grosso NR, Asensio CM. Thyme and suico essential oils: promising natural tools for potato common scab control. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:81-89. [PMID: 31539455 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Potato common scab is a worldwide disease mainly caused by Streptomyces scabiei. It seriously affects potato crops by decreasing tuber quality. Essential oils (EO) are natural products with recognised antimicrobial properties. In this research, the antibacterial activities of thyme, oregano, suico and mint EO against S. scabiei were analysed. Infected tubers and soil samples were used for bacterial isolation; the obtained isolates were genetically identified. The chemical composition of the EO was determined by GC-MS. The broth microdilution method was used to analyse antibacterial properties of EO. Thirty-one bacterial isolates were obtained. The isolate chosen for antibacterial assays was morpho-physiologically and genetically identified as S. scabiei. Thyme EO was mainly composed of thymol and o-cymene; suico EO of dihydrotagetone, trans-tagetone and verbenone; oregano EO of trans-sabinene hydrate, thymol and ɣ-terpinene; and mint EO of menthone and menthol. All the EO tested were effective against S. scabiei, but thyme and suico EO were the most successful, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.068 g·l-1 and 0.147 g·l-1 , respectively, and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.137 g·l-1 and 0.147 g·l-1 , respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed similar damage caused by both thyme and suico EO to the bacterial envelope. Total phenolic content of EO was not related to their antibacterial activity. Thyme and suico EO are effective antibacterial agents against S. scabiei, impeding bacterial viability and disturbing the bacterial cell envelope. These EO are promising tools for control of potato common scab.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Prieto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M I Lapaz
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - E I Lucini
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M J Pianzzola
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - N R Grosso
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C M Asensio
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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Coelho L, de Paula LGF, Alves SDGA, Sampaio ALN, Bezerra GP, Vilela FMP, Matos RDS, Zeringóta V, Borges LMF, Monteiro C. Combination of thymol and eugenol for the control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato: Evaluation of synergism on immature stages and formulation development. Vet Parasitol 2020; 277:108989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Susilo B, Lestari W. H. M, Rohim A. Impact of using low-cost packaging material of commercial herbal oil on its antibacterial compounds. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1817800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bambang Susilo
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang–East Java, Indonesia
| | - Midia Lestari W. H.
- Central Laboratory of Life Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-East Java, Indonesia
| | - Abd. Rohim
- Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang–East Java, Indonesia
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Tariq S, Wani S, Rasool W, Shafi K, Bhat MA, Prabhakar A, Shalla AH, Rather MA. A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2019; 134:103580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Moriarity DM, Bansal A, Cole RA, Takaku S, Haber WA, Setzer WN. Selective Cytotoxic Activities of Leaf Essential Oils from Monteverde, Costa Rica. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700201215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf essential oils of Eugenia cartagensis, Myrcia sp. nov. “fuzzy leaf”, Ocotea veraguensis, O. whitei, and Persea americana, have been obtained by hydrodistillation and the essential oil compositions determined by GC-MS. The essential oils have been screened for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines, and each of the species shows selective cytotoxic activity. E. cartagensis was active against HCT-15 and SW 620 human colorectal carcinoma cells, O. veraguensis and Myrcia “fuzzy leaf” were cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 mammary adenocarcinoma cells, and O. whitei and Persea americana were toxic to M-14 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra M. Moriarity
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Anita Bansal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Ramona A. Cole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Sayaka Takaku
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - William A. Haber
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO 63166, USA; Apdo. 50-5655, Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, Central America
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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Rao J, Chen B, McClements DJ. Improving the Efficacy of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials in Foods: Mechanisms of Action. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:365-387. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The consumer preference for clean-label products is requiring the food industry to reformulate their products by replacing artificial additives with natural alternatives. Essential oils are natural antimicrobials isolated from plant sources that have the potential to combat many foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. This review begins by discussing the antimicrobial properties of essential oils, the relationships between their chemical structure and antimicrobial efficacy, and their potential limitations for commercial applications (such as strong flavor, volatility, and chemical instability). We then review the commonly used methods for screening the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils and elucidating their mechanisms of action. Finally, potential applications of essential oils as antimicrobials in foods are reviewed and the major types of food-grade delivery systems available for improving their efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
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Alvarez MV, Ortega‐Ramirez LA, Silva‐Espinoza BA, Gonzalez‐Aguilar GA, Ayala‐Zavala JF. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sensorial impacts of oregano and rosemary essential oils over broccoli florets. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Alvarez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. J.B. Buenos Aires Argentina
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Kwon HI, Jeong NH, Jun SH, Son JH, Kim S, Jeon H, Kang SC, Kim SH, Lee JC. Thymol attenuates the worsening of atopic dermatitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:301-309. [PMID: 29679854 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles (MVs) aggravate atopic dermatitis (AD) through the delivery of bacterial effector molecules to host cells and the stimulation of inflammatory responses. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of thymol, a phenolic monoterpene found in essential oils derived from plants, on the worsening of AD induced by S. aureus MVs both in vitro and in vivo. The sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of thymol disrupted S. aureus MVs. Intact S. aureus MVs induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and chemokine (IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) genes in cultured keratinocytes, whereas thymol-treated S. aureus MVs did not stimulate the expression of these genes. Topical application of thymol-treated S. aureus MVs or treatment with thymol after intact S. aureus MVs to AD-like skin lesions diminished the pathology of AD. This included decreases in epidermal/dermal thickness and infiltration of eosinophils/mast cells, and inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in mouse AD model. Moreover, thymol significantly suppressed the Th1, Th2, and Th17-mediated inflammatory responses in AD-like skin lesions induced by S. aureus MVs, and reduced the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a, mite-specific IgE, and total IgE. In summary, thymol disrupts S. aureus MVs and suppresses inflammatory responses in AD-like skin lesions aggravated by S. aureus MVs. Our results suggest that thymol is a possible candidate for the management of AD aggravation induced by S. aureus colonization or infection in the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hee Jeong
- CMRI, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Jun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hee Son
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shukho Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- CMRI, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Je Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Ulloa PA, Guarda A, Valenzuela X, Rubilar JF, Galotto MJ. Modeling the release of antimicrobial agents (thymol and carvacrol) from two different encapsulation materials. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1763-1772. [PMID: 30263716 PMCID: PMC6049722 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of microencapsulated natural antimicrobial (AM) agents (thymol and carvacrol) from two encapsulating matrixes [maltodextrin (MD) and soy protein (SP)] were evaluated for possible use in food packaging coatings. Microcapsules were prepared by oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions at different concentrations (10, 20% for MD and 2, 5% for SP). High encapsulation efficiency ranged from 96 to 99.95% for MD and 93.1 to 100% for SP, with average microcapsule diameters that ranged from 17 to 27.5 and 18.8 to 38 µm, respectively. The release rate with 20% MD-thymol [20MD-T] was faster than with 10% MD-thymol [10MD-T]. Similar results were obtained for carvacrol with the same concentration of MD. Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull mathematical models were successfully fitted to the release of the AM agents, describing the Fickian diffusion release of the components. Different release rates were obtained as a function of the chemical nature of the encapsulation material and its concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Ulloa
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Escuela de Alimentos, Avenida Waddington 716, 2360100 Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Abel Guarda
- Food Packaging Laboratory (LABEN-Chile), Food Science and Technology Department, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Obispo Manuel Umaña 050, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Valenzuela
- Food Packaging Laboratory (LABEN-Chile), Food Science and Technology Department, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Obispo Manuel Umaña 050, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera F. Rubilar
- Departament of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - María J. Galotto
- Food Packaging Laboratory (LABEN-Chile), Food Science and Technology Department, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Obispo Manuel Umaña 050, Santiago, Chile
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Dudai N, Shachter A, Satyal P, Setzer WN. Chemical Composition and Monoterpenoid Enantiomeric Distribution of the Essential Oils from Apharsemon (Commiphora gileadensis). MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4030066. [PMID: 28930280 PMCID: PMC5622401 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:Commiphora gileadensis (Hebrew: apharsemon) has been used since Biblical times to treat various ailments, and is used today in the traditional medicine of some Middle Eastern cultures. Methods: The essential oils from the stem bark, leaves, and fruits of Commiphora gileadensis—collected at the Ein Gedi Botanical Garden, Israel—were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In addition, the enantiomeric distributions of the monoterpenoids in the essential oils have been determined by chiral gas chromatography. Results: The essential oils were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, followed by oxygenated monoterpenoids. The major components in C. gileadensis oils were the monoterpenes α-pinene (11.1–18.4%), sabinene (15.8–35.9%), β-pinene (5.8–18.0%), p-cymene (4.8–8.4%), limonene (1.3–6.2%), γ-terpinene (0.7–8.1%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.3–18.5%). The (–)-enantiomers predominated for α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, limonene, and terpinen-4-ol. Conclusions: The chemical compositions of the C. gileadensis essential oils from Israel are markedly different from previously reported samples, which were rich in sesquiterpenoids. Likewise, the enantiomeric distribution of monoterpenoids is very different from Boswellia spp. essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nativ Dudai
- Agricultural Research Organization, Unit of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, POB 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel.
| | - Alona Shachter
- Agricultural Research Organization, Unit of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, POB 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel.
| | - Prabodh Satyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 615 St. George Square Court, Suite 300, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 615 St. George Square Court, Suite 300, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
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Veras HN, Rodrigues FF, Botelho MA, Menezes IR, Coutinho HD, Costa JG. Enhancement of aminoglycosides and β-lactams antibiotic activity by essential oil of Lippia sidoides Cham. and the Thymol. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ortega-Ramirez LA, Silva-Espinoza BA, Vargas-Arispuro I, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Cruz-Valenzuela MR, Nazzaro F, Ayala-Zavala JF. Combination of Cymbopogon citratus and Allium cepa essential oils increased antibacterial activity in leafy vegetables. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2166-2173. [PMID: 27611358 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cymbopogon citratus and Allium cepa essential oils (EOs) are rich in terpenes and sulfur compounds respectively, both with antibacterial activity and different cell targets, supporting the idea that their combination can increase their efficacy. RESULTS Major constituents of C. citratus were geranial and neral, while A. cepa presented dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide. Cymbopogon citratus and A. cepa EOs inhibited the in vitro growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (minimal inhibitory concentrations of 2.21 and 5.13 g L-1 respectively), Salmonella Choleraesuis (3.04 and 1.28 g L-1 ), Listeria monocytogenes (1.33 and 2.56 g L-1 ) and Staphylococcus aureus (0.44 and 5.26 g L-1 ). Application of the EO combination to spinach caused a greater reduction in E. coli (2.34 log colony-forming units (CFU) g-1 ), S. Choleraesuis (2.94 log CFU g-1 ), L. monocytogenes (2.06 log CFU g-1 ) and S. aureus (1.37 log CFU g-1 ) compared with higher doses of individual EOs; a similar effect was observed for romaine lettuce. Individual and combined EOs caused a reduction in flavor acceptability level; however, no significant differences were found among odor acceptability of control vegetables and those treated with the EO combination and C. citratus EO. CONCLUSION Leafy vegetables treated with the EO combination showed higher antibacterial protection and odor acceptability compared with individual EO treatments. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ortega-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735., Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Brenda A Silva-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735., Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Irasema Vargas-Arispuro
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735., Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A Gonzalez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735., Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - M Reynaldo Cruz-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735., Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, I-83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - J Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, Apartado Postal 1735., Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, Mexico
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Żbikowska B, Franiczek R, Sowa A, Połukord G, Krzyżanowska B, Sroka Z. Antimicrobial and Antiradical Activity of Extracts Obtained from Leaves of Five Species of the Genus Bergenia: Identification of Antimicrobial Compounds. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:771-780. [PMID: 28118088 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important focus of modern medicine is the search for new substances and strategies to combat infectious diseases, which present an increasing threat due to the growth of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Another problem concerns free radicals, which in excess can cause several serious diseases. An alternative to chemical synthesis of antimicrobial and antiradical compounds is to find active substances in plant raw materials. We prepared extracts from leaves of five species of the genus Bergenia: B. purpurascens, B. cordifolia, B. ligulata, B. crassifolia, and B. ciliata. Antimicrobial and antiradical features of extracts and raw materials were assessed, and the quantities of phenolic compounds were determined. We also evaluated, using high-performance liquid chromatography, the amounts of arbutin and hydroquinone, compounds related to antimicrobial activity of these raw materials. The strongest antiradical properties were shown by leaves of B. crassifolia and B. cordifolia, the lowest by leaves of B. ciliata. The antiradical activity of extracts showed a strong positive correlation with the amount of phenols. All raw materials have significant antimicrobial properties. Among them, the ethyl acetate extracts were the most active. Antimicrobial activity very weakly correlated with the amount of arbutin, but correlated very strongly with the contents of both hydroquinone and phenolic compounds. Additional experiments using artificially prepared mixtures of phenolic compounds and hydroquinone allowed us to conclude that the most active antimicrobial substance is hydroquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żbikowska
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Roman Franiczek
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Sowa
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grażyna Połukord
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Krzyżanowska
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sroka
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
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Influence of Different Isolation Methods on Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of the Fruit Peel Oil of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4010001. [PMID: 28930217 PMCID: PMC5597067 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oils (EOs) of fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle) are considerably sensitive and lapsible during high-temperature processing of traditional separating techniques. In the present research, vacuum distillation and ultrafiltration were utilized in order to process the concentrated juice from fingered citron, obtaining a high-quality essential oil. Methods: In order to compare the essential oils obtained by conventional means, the chemical compositions of the essential oils were analyzed using GC-MS, before antimicrobial and antioxidant screening assays were carried out. Results: Oil which had been subjected to vacuum distillation was shown to maintain most of the distinctiveness of the fingered citron, due to its high content of characteristic flavor components and low content of cyclic oxygenated monoterpenoids. Interestingly, the oil obtained by ultrafiltration showed notable in vitro antimicrobial activity. The DPPH· radical-scavenging assay method revealed that the antioxidant abilities were as follows, presented in descending order: vacuum distillation oil > hydrodistillation oil > ultrafiltration oil. Conclusions: The essential oil obtained by vacuum distillation could be combined with the juice produced from fingered citron to create one of the most promising techniques in the fine-processing of citron fruits.
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Wang LH, Zhang ZH, Zeng XA, Gong DM, Wang MS. Combination of microbiological, spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques to study the antibacterial mechanism of thymol against Staphylococcus aureus: membrane damage and genomic DNA binding. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1615-1625. [PMID: 27900434 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is a natural ingredient used as flavor or preservative agent in food products. The antibacterial mechanism of thymol against Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in this work. A total of 15 membrane fatty acids were identified in S. aureus cells by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exposure to thymol at low concentrations induced obvious alterations in membrane fatty acid composition, such as decreasing the proportion of branched 12-methyltetradecanoic acid and 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (from 22.4 and 17.3% to 7.9 and 10.3%, respectively). Membrane permeability assay and morphological image showed that thymol at higher concentrations disrupted S. aureus cell membrane integrity, which may decrease cell viability. Moreover, the interaction of thymol with genomic DNA was also investigated using multi-spectroscopic techniques, docking and atomic force microscopy. The results indicated that thymol bound to the minor groove of DNA with binding constant (K a) value of (1.22 ± 0.14) × 104 M-1, and this binding interaction induced a mild destabilization in the DNA secondary structure, and made DNA molecules to be aggregated. Graphical Abstract Thymol exerts its antibacterial effect throught destruction of bacterial cell membrane and binding directly to genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang-Hong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, China.,Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, China.,Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, China. .,Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, China.
| | - De-Ming Gong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Man-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 348 West Xianjiahu Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410205, China
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Impact of Moderate Heat, Carvacrol, and Thymol Treatments on the Viability, Injury, and Stress Response of Listeria monocytogenes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:548930. [PMID: 26539510 PMCID: PMC4619816 DOI: 10.1155/2015/548930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microbial safety and stability of minimally processed foods are based on the application of combined preservative factors. Since microorganisms are able to develop adaptive networks to survive under conditions of stress, food safety may be affected, and therefore understanding of stress adaptive mechanisms plays a key role in designing safe food processing conditions. In the present study, the viability and the sublethal injury of Listeria monocytogenes exposed to moderate heat (55 °C) and/or essential oil compounds (carvacrol and thymol, 0.3 mM) treatments were studied. Synergistic effects were obtained when combining mild heat (55 °C) with one or both essential oil compounds, leading to inactivation kinetics values three to four times lower than when using heat alone. All the treatments applied caused some injury in the population. The injury levels ranged from around 20% of the surviving population under the mildest conditions to more than 99.99% under the most stringent conditions. Protein extracts of cells exposed to these treatments were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results obtained revealed that stressed cells exhibited differential protein expression to control cells. The proteins upregulated under these stressing conditions were implicated, among other functions, in stress response, metabolism, and protein refolding.
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Sharifzadeh A, Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Sharafi G. Antifungal effect of Trachyspermum ammi against susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans. J Mycol Med 2015; 25:143-50. [PMID: 25982599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) has been known as having many therapeutic properties and its antimicrobial activity has currently received a renewed interest. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of T. ammi essential oil to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains isolated from HIV(+) patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography. Susceptibility tests were expressed as inhibition zone by the disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) by the broth microdilution method. RESULTS Thymol (63.4%), p-cymene (19%) and γ-terpinen (16.9%) were found as the most abundant constituents. The disk diffusion results revealed that 67% of oral C. albicans isolates were susceptible, 9% susceptible-dose dependent and 24% resistant to fluconazole. In the broth microdilution method, 68% of isolates were susceptible, 5% susceptible-dose dependent and 27% resistant to fluconazole. The increase in concentration led to a significant reduction in yeasts that were growing in exponential phase. In addition, with increasing in T. ammi oil concentration, the time of remaining cells in lag phase was significantly increased. CONCLUSION This study showed that all clinical C. albicans isolates were susceptible to T. ammi essential oil, indicating a significant reduction in the yeast growth in exponential phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran
| | - A R Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran.
| | - H Shokri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - G Sharafi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran
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Satureja horvatii essential oil: in vitro antimicrobial and antiradical properties and in situ control of Listeria monocytogenes in pork meat. Meat Sci 2013; 96:1355-60. [PMID: 24342186 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The dominant compounds in Satureja horvatii oil were p-cymene (33.14%), thymol (26.11%) and thymol methyl ether (15.08%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied from 0.03 to 0.57 mg/mL for bacteria, and from 0.56 to 2.23 mg/mL for yeast strains, while minimum bactericidal/yeast-cidal concentration (MBC/MYC) varied from 0.07 to 1.15 mg/mL and 1.11 to 5.57 mg/mL for bacteria and yeasts, respectively. The antiradical potential of the essential oil was evaluated using hydroxyl radical (•OH) generated in Fenton reaction. The meat preserving potential of essential oil from Satureja horvatii was investigated against L. monocytogenes. Essential oil successfully inhibited development of L. monocytogenes in pork meat. Sensorial evaluation on flavor and color of meat was performed. The color and flavor of meat treated with essential oil improved after 4 days of storage. S. horvatii essential oil can act as a potent inhibitor of food spoiling microorganisms, in meat products and also can be a useful source of natural antioxidants.
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Aznar A, Fernández PS, Periago PM, Palop A. Antimicrobial activity of nisin, thymol, carvacrol and cymene against growth of Candida lusitaniae. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2013; 21:72-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013213514593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts are tolerant to acid pH values, are able to grow in anaerobic media and have minimum nutrition requirements. These capabilities enable them to survive and even grow in foods prepared from acid fruits or vegetables. Among yeasts, Candida is one of the genus most frequently isolated from fruit juices. Bacteriocins and essential oils from spices and aromatic herbs are an alternative to preservatives and other technological treatments and have the advantage that their natural origins do not lead to consumer rejection. However, before the food industry uses them on a large scale, it is necessary to know their effects on microorganisms. The objective of this research was to study the effect of different concentrations of nisin, thymol, carvacrol and cymene on the growth of Candida lusitaniae in pH 5 broth at 25 ℃, and their potential uses as food preservatives. The addition of nisin at the concentrations tested (up to 3 µmol L−1) did not affect the yeast growth. Thymol, carvacrol and cymene completely inhibited the yeast growth at concentrations over 1 mM for at least 21 days at 25 ℃. Below this concentration, inhibitions on yeast growth were observed at increasing concentrations. The effect of thymol was also proved in tomato juice. This study indicates the potential use of essential oils for preservation of minimally processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Aznar
- Dpto. Ingeniería de Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Pablo S Fernández
- Dpto. Ingeniería de Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
- Associated Unit: Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena – IATA (CSIC), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula M Periago
- Dpto. Ingeniería de Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
- Associated Unit: Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena – IATA (CSIC), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Palop
- Dpto. Ingeniería de Alimentos y del Equipamiento Agrícola, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
- Associated Unit: Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena – IATA (CSIC), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Aliakbarlu J, Sadaghiani SK, Mohammadi S. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and anti food-borne bacterial activities of essential oils from some spices commonly consumed in Iran. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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28
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Biohybrid nanostructured iron oxide nanoparticles and Satureja hortensis to prevent fungal biofilm development. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18110-23. [PMID: 24009022 PMCID: PMC3794772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds are often superinfected during the healing process and this leads to prolonged convalescence and discomfort. Usage of suitable wound dressings is very important for an appropriate wound care leading to a correct healing. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the influence of a nano-coated wound dressing (WD) on Candida albicans colonization rate and biofilm formation. The modified WD was achieved by submerging the dressing pieces into a nanofluid composed of functionalized magnetite nanoparticles and Satureja hortensis (SO) essential oil (EO). Chemical composition of the EO was established by GC-MS. The fabricated nanostructure was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The analysis of the colonized surfaces using (Scanning Electron Microscopy) SEM revealed that C. albicans adherence and subsequent biofilm development are strongly inhibited on the surface of wound dressing fibers coated with the obtained nanofluid, comparing with regular uncoated materials. The results were also confirmed by the assay of the viable fungal cells embedded in the biofilm. Our data demonstrate that the obtained phytonanocoating improve the resistance of wound dressing surface to C. albicans colonization, which is often an etiological cause of local infections, impairing the appropriate wound healing.
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29
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Radiation tolerance of Bacillus cereus pre-treated with carvacrol alone or in combination with nisin after exposure to single and multiple sub-lethal radiation treatment. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Chen L, Chen R, Yin H, Sui J, Lin H. Cleaning in place with onsite-generated electrolysed oxidizing water for water-saving disinfection in breweries. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Food Safety Laboratory; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer; Qingdao 266061 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer; Qingdao 266061 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer; Qingdao 266061 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Sui
- Food Safety Laboratory; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lin
- Food Safety Laboratory; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 People's Republic of China
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31
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Characterisation of the resistance and the growth variability of Listeria monocytogenes after high hydrostatic pressure treatments. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Essential oils in combination and their antimicrobial properties. Molecules 2012; 17:3989-4006. [PMID: 22469594 PMCID: PMC6268925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17043989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been long recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. They are widely used in medicine and the food industry for these purposes. The increased interest in alternative natural substances is driving the research community to find new uses and applications of these substances. EOs and their components show promising activities against many food-borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms when tested in vitro. In food systems, higher concentrations of EOs are needed to exert similar antibacterial effects as those obtained in in vitro assays. The use of combinations of EOs and their isolated components are thus new approaches to increase the efficacy of EOs in foods, taking advantage of their synergistic and additive effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the antimicrobial efficacy of these combinations. A survey of the methods used for the determination of the interactions and mechanisms involved in the antimicrobial activities of these combinations are also reported.
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33
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Veras HN, Rodrigues FF, Colares AV, Menezes IR, Coutinho HD, Botelho MA, Costa JG. Synergistic antibiotic activity of volatile compounds from the essential oil of Lippia sidoides and thymol. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:508-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essentials oils obtained from Egyptian aromatic plants. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Ait-Ouazzou A, Cherrat L, Espina L, Lorán S, Rota C, Pagán R. The antimicrobial activity of hydrophobic essential oil constituents acting alone or in combined processes of food preservation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Espina L, Somolinos M, Lorán S, Conchello P, García D, Pagán R. Chemical composition of commercial citrus fruit essential oils and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity acting alone or in combined processes. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Antolinos V, Muñoz M, Ros-Chumillas M, Aznar A, Periago PM, Fernández PS. Combined effect of lysozyme and nisin at different incubation temperature and mild heat treatment on the probability of time to growth of Bacillus cereus. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Kunicka-Styczyńska A. Activity of essential oils against food-spoiling yeast. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology; Technical University of Lodz; 90-924 Lodz Wólczańska 171/173 Poland
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39
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Muñoz M, Guevara L, Palop A, Fernández PS. Prediction of time to growth of Listeria monocytogenes using Monte Carlo simulation or regression analysis, influenced by sublethal heat and recovery conditions. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:468-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Gallucci MN, Oliva M, Casero C, Dambolena J, Luna A, Zygadlo J, Demo M. Antimicrobial combined action of terpenes against the food-borne microorganismsEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureusandBacillus cereus. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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42
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Fuselli SR, de la Rosa SBG, Eguaras MJ, Fritz R, Ndagijimana M, Vannini L, Guerzoni ME. Efficacy of Indigenous Plant Essential Oil Andean Thyme (Acantholippia seriphioidesA. Gray) to Control American Foulbrood (AFB) in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Hives. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2007.9699319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Arroyo López FN, Quintana MCD, Fernández AG. Modelling of the growth–no growth interface of Issatchenkia occidentalis, an olive spoiling yeast, as a function of the culture media, NaCl, citric and sorbic acid concentrations: Study of its inactivation in the no growth region. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:150-9. [PMID: 17445929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A global logistic model incorporating a dummy variable for the growth medium (laboratory media or table olives brine) was used for the estimation of the growth-no growth interface of Issatchenkia occidentalis as a function of NaCl, citric and sorbic acid concentrations. The model permitted the deduction of the region where the combination of citric and sorbic acids in laboratory media (above 0.3% and 0.03% wt/vol, respectively) and brine (above 0.1% and 0.03% wt/vol), at 5% NaCl, inhibited the growth of the yeast. Subsequently, the model was validated in laboratory media within the no growth region by a response surface D-optimal design. Inactivation concentrations of sorbic acid produced a progressive loss of viability in I. occidentalis that followed a first order kinetic or downward concave inactivation curves, depending on environmental variables. These curves were properly described by a (primary) model deduced from the Weibull distribution, whose parameters, first decimal reduction time (D(beta)) and shape (beta), were expressed as a function of sorbic acid concentrations (secondary model). At 5% NaCl and within the experimental region checked, an increase of 0.010% and 0.008% sorbic acid reduced D(beta) in 10 h and decrease beta by 10%. Finally, the model was also validated in real "seasoned" table olives packing reporting a complete inactivation of the yeasts' population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Arroyo López
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C), Av\ Padre García Tejero no. 4. 41012, Seville, Spain.
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44
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Lebert I, Leroy S, Talon R. Effect of industrial and natural biocides on spoilage, pathogenic and technological strains grown in biofilm. Food Microbiol 2007; 24:281-7. [PMID: 17188206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating bactericide solutions effective on spoilage and pathogenic bacteria while preserving technological bacteria. Two compounds of essential oil (thymol and eugenol), one essential oil of Satureja thymbra and two industrial biocides (PE 270-30, Brillo) were tested on technological strains (Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus succinus and Lactobacillus sakei) grown in monoculture biofilm and on a mixed biofilm of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) and spoilage bacteria (Pseudomonas fragi, Escherichia coli). Biofilm cultures were performed in glass fibre filters for 24h at 20 degrees C before application of biocides. Thymol and eugenol had no effect on the mixed biofilm. S. thymbra (2%) was highly effective on spoilage strains (5 log reduction), and S. equorum (4 log reduction) was moderately effective on pathogens (2.3 log reduction) and not effective on S. succinus and L. sakei (0.5 log reduction). PE-270-30 with 10% Na((2))SO((4)) decreased spoilage bacteria (5.1 log reduction), maintained the technological bacteria, but did not reduce the pathogens. The disinfectant Brillo (3%) killed all the strains. These results showed the difficulty in obtaining a biocide that is effective in destroying spoilage and pathogenic bacteria while preserving technological bacteria. Essential oils could be a good alternative for eradicating spoilage bacteria in the food environment where they are often found at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lebert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Unité de Microbiologie, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
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45
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Falcone PM, Mastromatteo M, Del Nobile MA, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M. Evaluating in vitro antimicrobial activity of thymol toward hygiene-indicating and pathogenic bacteria. J Food Prot 2007; 70:425-31. [PMID: 17340879 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Results of a study of the kinetics of bacterial inhibition by thymol in order to develop appropriate applications for the compound in food systems are presented. A modeling-based approach was used to provide a quantitative description of the antimicrobial activity of thymol toward some foodborne pathogens and hygiene-indicating bacteria, which could be postprocessing contaminants of ready-to-eat meat products. The effect of the active compound on the bacterial growth was assessed from growth kinetics curves and dose-response profiles in a wide range of thymol concentrations, i.e., from 50 to 1,000 ppm. Inhibitory data were produced using a macrodilution methodology based on a turbidimetric technique. Microbial response was discussed in terms of Gompertz's parameters as well as in terms of the active concentration of thymol affecting the growth status of microbial suspension (noninhibitory concentration and MIC). Results suggested that thymol can be successfully used as an alternative antimicrobial to increase the lag time as well as to decrease the maximum value of the growth index as reached in the stationary phase of the growth cycle for all investigated bacteria. Due to their high sensitivity to the antimicrobial stress as observed at sub-MIC, it is arguably a potential use of thymol for assurance of food safety and hygiene in combination with other preservative technologies. A quantitative evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of the active compound was performed using a macrodilution methodology based on a turbidimetric technique to produce inhibitory data. Both the growth kinetics and inhibition profile in a wide range of thymol concentrations were obtained for each test bacterium, mathematically modeled, and analyzed. Noninhibitory concentration and MIC were determined to investigate both the microbial sensibility and resistance toward thymol, and Gompertz's parameters were evaluated to assess the microbial response at each phase of growth cycle. The in vitro-obtained results suggested that thymol may be successfully used as a alternative preservative to increase the lag time as well as to decrease the maximum cell load reached in the stationary phase of growth cycle for all investigated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale M Falcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25-71100 Foggia, Italy
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46
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Arroyo López FN, Durán Quintana MC, Garrido Fernández A. Microbial evolution during storage of seasoned olives prepared with organic acids with potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and ozone used as preservatives. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1354-64. [PMID: 16786857 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.6.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and ozone in combination with citric, lactic, and acetic acids on the microbial population of seasoned table olives of the olive 'Aloreña' cultivar was studied in both fresh (FF) and stored fruits (SF). The inactivation/growth curves were modeled and the biological parameters estimated, with yeast used as the target microorganism. Regardless of the acid added, potassium sorbate showed a general inactivation effect on yeasts in the products prepared from both FF and SE Sodium benzoate had a rapid inactivation effect with FF, but with SF, it was effective only in the presence of acetic acid. A strain of Issatchenkia occidentalis was found that was resistant to the combination of this preservative with citric or lactic acids. In FF, ozone showed an initial marked inhibition against yeasts, but later, yeasts were again able to grow. In SF, ozone was a strong inactivating agent when it replaced any of the traditional preservatives. Lactic acid bacteria were always absent in products prepared from FF, and apparently were not affected by the different preservative agents in those prepared from SF. The behavior of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria populations in commercial products were similar to those found in experimental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Arroyo López
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de la Grasa, Seville, Spain.
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47
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Falcone P, Speranza B, Del Nobile MA, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M. A study on the antimicrobial activity of thymol intended as a natural preservative. J Food Prot 2005; 68:1664-70. [PMID: 21132976 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.8.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative investigation on the inhibitory activity of thymol against some microorganisms that could represent a potential spoilage risk both in acid and mild thermally treated foods is presented in this work. In order to assess potential biostatic or biocidal activity of thymol, both the growth kinetics and dose-response profiles were obtained and analyzed. A suitable macrodilution methodology based on a turbidimetric technique was adopted to produce inhibitory data used for characterizing microbial susceptibility against thymol at sub-MIC levels. Microbial growth was monitored through absorbance measurements at 420 nm as a function of contact time with the active compound. Moreover, for each tested microorganism, the noninhibitory concentration (NIC) and the MIC were quantified. Results prove that thymol can exert a significant antimicrobial effect on each phase of the growth cycle. The microbial susceptibility and resistance were found to be nonlinearly dose related. It is worth noting that significant biostatic effects were observed at sub-MIC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Falcone
- Department of Food Science and Istituto per la Ricerca e le Applicazioni Biotecnologiche per la Sicurezza e la Valorizzazione dei Prodotti Tipici e di Qualità, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25-71100 Foggia, Italy
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48
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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