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Mehta K, Bhagwat DP, Devraj, Sehgal P, Mittal G, Suchal K. Vitex negundo protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse via attenuating behavioral deficits and oxidative damage. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:573-587. [PMID: 35072759 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I-R) injury often results in an irreparable brain damage like behavioral impairment and neuronal death. This neurological complication involves diverse intricate pathological mechanisms like oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Recently, the therapeutic value of plant-based polyphenols has gained researcher's attention. The present study focused on the putative neuroprotective role of negundoside on behavioral and oxidative stress status in an experimental model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain injury. Negundoside was isolated from the leaves of Vitex negundo Linn. by chromatography for investigating its possible neurobehavioral and neuropharmacological implications. Healthy Balb/C mice of either sex were subjected to 10 min of global cerebral ischemia (GCI) followed by 24-h reperfusion. Mice were pre-treated intraperitoneally with negundoside at varying doses (1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) 60 min before the induction of GCI. Mice were later subjected to a battery of behavioral tests for evaluating memory-related and motor abilities. Elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to determine the anxiety levels and short-term memory whereas motor abilities were evaluated by inclined beam-walking test, rotarod, and lateral push test. TBARS and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in brains were analyzed spectrophotometrically as oxidative stress markers. Behavioral study revealed enhanced anxiety-related responses and motor deficits in I-R injured mice. Additionally, GSH and TBARS levels were found to be altered following I-R-induced neuronal injury. Contrastingly, negundoside administration was able to alleviate the behavioral and biochemical alterations to the normal levels. Together, our findings provide preliminary evidence of neuroprotective role of negundoside against global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced behavioral dysfunction and oxidative damage in mice brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi Mehta
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | | | - Devraj
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India
| | - Palika Sehgal
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India
| | - Garima Mittal
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India
| | - Kapil Suchal
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India.
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Yeh TY, Liu PH. Removal of a compressive mass causes a transient disruption of blood-brain barrier but a long-term recovery of spiny stellate neurons in the rat somatosensory cortex. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:111-127. [PMID: 34024792 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the cranial cavity, a space-occupying mass such as epidural hematoma usually leads to compression of brain. Removal of a large compressive mass under the cranial vault is critical to the patients. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether and to what extent epidural decompression of the rat primary somatosensory cortex affects the underlying microvessels, spiny stellate neurons and their afferent fibers. METHODS Rats received epidural decompression with preceding 1-week compression by implantation of a bead. The thickness of cortex was measured using brain coronal sections. The permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) was assessed by Evans Blue and immunoglobulin G extravasation. The dendrites and dendritic spines of the spiny stellate neurons were revealed by Golgi-Cox staining and analyzed. In addition, the thalamocortical afferent (TCA) fibers in the cortex were illustrated using anterograde tracing and examined. RESULTS The cortex gradually regained its thickness over time and became comparable to the sham group at 3 days after decompression. Although the diameter of cortical microvessels were unaltered, a transient disruption of the BBB was observed at 6 hours and 1 day after decompression. Nevertheless, no brain edema was detected. In contrast, the dendrites and dendritic spines of the spiny stellate neurons and the TCA fibers were markedly restored from 2 weeks to 3 months after decompression. CONCLUSIONS Epidural decompression caused a breakdown of the BBB, which was early-occurring and short-lasting. In contrast, epidural decompression facilitated a late-onset and prolonged recovery of the spiny stellate neurons and their afferent fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Yeh
- Department of Anatomy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Medical Physiology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Neutralization of Lipocalin-2 Diminishes Stroke-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176253. [PMID: 32872405 PMCID: PMC7503651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of stroke-reperfusion injury. Neuroinflammatory peptides released after ischemic stroke mediate reperfusion injury. Previous studies, including ours, have shown that lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is secreted in response to cerebral ischemia to promote reperfusion injury. Genetic deletion of LCN2 significantly reduces brain injury after stroke, suggesting that LCN2 is a mediator of reperfusion injury and a potential therapeutic target. Immunotherapy has the potential to harness neuroinflammatory responses and provides neuroprotection against stroke. Here we report that LCN2 was induced on the inner surface of cerebral endothelial cells, neutrophils, and astrocytes that gatekeep the blood–brain barrier (BBB) after stroke. LCN2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically targeted LCN2 in vitro and in vivo, attenuating the induction of LCN2 and pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, IL-6, CCL2, and CCL9) after stroke. Administration of LCN2 mAb at 4 h after stroke significantly reduced neurological deficits, cerebral infarction, edema, BBB leakage, and infiltration of neutrophils. The binding epitope of LCN2 mAb was mapped to the β3 and β4 strands, which are responsible for maintaining the integrity of LCN2 cup-shaped structure. These data indicate that LCN2 can be pharmacologically targeted using a specific mAb to reduce reperfusion injury after stroke.
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Yurdakul OV, Kilicoglu MS, Rezvani A, Kucukakkas O, Eren F, Aydin T. How does cross-education affects muscles of paretic upper extremity in subacute stroke survivors? Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3667-3675. [PMID: 32506358 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of adding electromuscular stimulation (EMS) to the flexors of wrist muscles on the nonparetic limb in conventional stroke training to strengthen homologous agonist and antagonist muscles on the paretic side in patients with subacute stroke. METHODS The EMS group patients (n = 15) received conventional therapy for 30 sessions for 6 weeks (60 min/session) with 30 min of electrical stimulation to their nonparetic forearm using wrist flexors, with 5 min of pre- and post-warm-up. The transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) group patients (n = 15) received the same conventional rehabilitation training with 30 min of conventional antalgic TENS at a barely sensible level to their nonparetic forearm. The Fugl-Meyer motor function assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE), functional independence measure (FIM), Brunnstrom staging of recovery for hand, maximum and mean wrist flexion force (flexionmax and flexionmean), and wrist extension force (extensionmax and extensionmean) of paretic untrained limb were evaluated before and after the treatment. RESULTS EMS and TENS group patients improved similarly in terms of FMA-UE, FIM, and Brunnstrom staging for hand recovery. However, flexionmax and flexionmean of the paretic limb increased more in the EMS group than in the TENS group. Extensionmax and extensionmean on the paretic side increased in the EMS group but did not differ in the TENS group. CONCLUSION Cross-education via EMS may have a beneficial effect as an adjunct to conventional treatment methods. This study is retrospectively registered and is available at www.clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT04113369).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Volkan Yurdakul
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Adnan Menderes Blv. 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Serkan Kilicoglu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Adnan Menderes Blv. 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Rezvani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, TEM otoyolu. 34214 Bagcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Okan Kucukakkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Adnan Menderes Blv. 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Eren
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Teoman Aydin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Adnan Menderes Blv. 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sibov TT, Pavon LF, Cabral FR, Cunha IF, de Oliveira DM, de Souza JG, Marti LC, da Cruz EF, Malheiros JM, Paiva FF, Tannús A, de Oliveira SM, da Costa MDS, Dastoli PA, Mendonça JN, de Toledo SRC, Malheiros SMF, de Paiva Neto MA, Rego NBB, Moron AF, Cavalheiro S. Intravenous Grafts of Human Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells Reduce Behavioral Deficits in Experimental Ischemic Stroke. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1306-1320. [PMID: 31161782 PMCID: PMC6767884 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719854342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic fluid has been investigated as new cell source for stem cells in the development
of future cell-based transplantation. This study reports isolation of viable human
amniotic fluid-derived stem cells, labeled with multimodal iron oxide nanoparticles, and
its effect on focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in Wistar rats. Middle cerebral
artery occlusion of 60 min followed by reperfusion for 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h was employed in
the present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in rats.
Tests were employed to assess the functional outcome of the sensorimotor center activity
in the brain, through a set of modified neurological severity scores used to assess motor
and exploratory capacity 24 h, 14, and 28 days after receiving cellular therapy via tail
vein. In our animal model of stroke, transplanted cells migrated to the ischemic focus,
infarct volume decreased, and motor deficits improved. Therefore, we concluded that these
cells appear to have beneficial effects on the ischemic brain, possibly based on their
ability to enhance endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Taís Sibov
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorena Favaro Pavon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Romero Cabral
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivone Farias Cunha
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Cavalheiro Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar Ferreira da Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando F Paiva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Tannús
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Devanir Silva da Costa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Dastoli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jardel N Mendonça
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Caminada de Toledo
- Pediatrics Oncology Institute, GRAACC (Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e a Criança com Câncer), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana M Fleury Malheiros
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuro-Oncology, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Antonio de Paiva Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelma Bastos Bezerra Rego
- Department of Obstetrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernandes Moron
- Department of Obstetrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Kaur I, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Evidence for the role of histaminergic pathways in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:456-470. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Indresh Kaur
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Amteshwar S. Jaggi
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
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Rydwik E, Eliasson S, Akner G. The effect of exercise of the affected foot in stroke patients-a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil 2016; 20:645-55. [PMID: 16944822 DOI: 10.1191/0269215506cre986oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of treatment with a portable device called Stimulo on range of motion, muscle strength and spasticity in the ankle joint and its effect on walking ability, balance, activities of daily living (ADL) and health-related quality of life in stroke patients. Design: A randomized controlled pilot study. Setting: A research centre. Subjects: Ambulatory or partly ambulatory chronic stroke patients with remaining spasticity and/or decreased range of motion in the hemiparetic leg/ankle. Interventions: Standardized and individualized programme including active and passive range of motion of the ankle with a portable device (Stimulo), performed three times a week for 30 min, over a six-week period. Main measures: Range of motion, muscle strength, spasticity, gait variables, balance, ADL and health-related quality of life. Results: Eighteen subjects were included in the study with a mean age of 75 years. The compliance rate was 94-99%. There were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: The study showed no significant effect of an ankle-exercise intervention programme with Stimulo. Further studies with a larger sample size are of importance before any further conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rydwik
- Nutrition and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Research and Development Unit for the Elderly North West, Karolinska Institute, Jakobsbergs Hospital, Birgittavägen 4, 177 31 Järfälla, Sweden.
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Ehrensberger M, Simpson D, Broderick P, Monaghan K. Cross-education of strength has a positive impact on post-stroke rehabilitation: a systematic literature review. Top Stroke Rehabil 2016; 23:126-35. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2015.1112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Goliwas M, Kocur P, Furmaniuk L, Majchrzycki M, Wiernicka M, Lewandowski J. Effects of sensorimotor foot training on the symmetry of weight distribution on the lower extremities of patients in the chronic phase after stroke. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2925-30. [PMID: 26504326 PMCID: PMC4616127 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To assess the effects of sensorimotor foot stimulation on the symmetry of weight distribution on the feet of patients in the chronic post-stroke phase. [Subjects and Methods] This study was a prospective, single blind, randomized controlled trial. In the study we examined patients with chronic stroke (post-stroke duration > 1 year). They were randomly allocated to the study group (n=8) or to the control group (n=12). Both groups completed a standard six-week rehabilitation programme. In the study group, the standard rehabilitation programme was supplemented with sensorimotor foot stimulation training. Each patient underwent two assessments of symmetry of weight distribution on the lower extremities with and without visual control, on a treadmill, with stabilometry measurements, and under static conditions. [Results] Only the study group demonstrated a significant increase in the weight placed on the leg directly affected by stroke, and a reduction in asymmetry of weight-bearing on the lower extremities. [Conclusion] Sensorimotor stimulation of the feet enhanced of weight bearing on the foot on the side of the body directly affected by stroke, and a decreased asymmetry of weight distribution on the lower extremities of patients in the chronic post-stroke phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Goliwas
- Department of Rehabilitation of The Locomotor System,
University School of Physical Education in Poznan,
Poland
| | - Piotr Kocur
- Department of Rehabilitation of The Locomotor System,
University School of Physical Education in Poznan,
Poland
| | - Lech Furmaniuk
- Department of Rehabilitation of The Locomotor System,
University School of Physical Education in Poznan,
Poland
| | - Marian Majchrzycki
- Department of Kinesiotherapy, University School of Physical
Education in Poznan, Poland
| | - Marzena Wiernicka
- Department of Rehabilitation of The Locomotor System,
University School of Physical Education in Poznan,
Poland
| | - Jacek Lewandowski
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan
University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Kaur H, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacologic investigations on the role of Sirt-1 in neuroprotective mechanism of postconditioning in mice. J Surg Res 2015; 197:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mahi N, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N, Dhawan R. Possible role of pannexin 1/P2x7 purinoceptor in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. J Surg Res 2015; 196:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gulati P, Singh N. Evolving possible link between PI3K and NO pathways in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 397:255-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice: a possible relationship between protein kinase C and nitric oxide pathways. J Surg Res 2014; 189:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gulati P, Singh N. Tadalafil enhances the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning in mice, probably in a nitric oxide associated manner. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:418-26. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the modulatory effect of tadalafil, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE-5) inhibitor, on the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo) in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury. Cerebral infarct size was measured using TTC staining. Memory was assessed using the Morris water maze test. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walking, rota-rod, and lateral push tests. Brain nitrite/nitrate, acetylcholinesterase activity, TBARS, and glutathione levels were also estimated. BCAO followed by reperfusion produced a significant increase in cerebral infarct size, brain nitrite/nitrate and TBARS levels, and acetylcholinesterase activity along with a reduction in glutathione. Marked impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. iPoCo consisting of 3 episodes of 10 s carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion instituted immediately after BCAO significantly decreased infarct size, memory impairment, motor incoordination, and altered biochemistry. Pretreatment with tadalafil mimicked the neuroprotective effects of iPoCo. The tadalafil-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly attenuated by l-NAME, a nonselective NOS inhibitor. We concluded that tadalafil mimics the neuroprotective effects of iPoCo, probably through a nitric oxide dependent pathway, and PDE-5 could be a target of interest with respect to the neuroprotective mechanism of iPoCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Pharmacologic evidence for role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. J Surg Res 2014; 188:349-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacological investigations on possible role of Src kinases in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:777-86. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.879869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Role of P2X7 purinoceptors in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 390:161-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Verapamil augments the neuroprotectant action of berberine in rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gulati P, Singh N. Neuroprotective effect of tadalafil, a PDE-5 inhibitor, and its modulation by L-NAME in mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2013; 186:475-83. [PMID: 24011921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigates the neuroprotective effect of tadalafil, a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, in a mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam walk test, rota-rod test, and lateral push test. Brain nitrite/nitrate, brain acetylcholinesterase activity, brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species, and glutathione levels were also estimated. RESULTS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion, produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size, brain nitrite/nitrate levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, and thiobarbituric acid reactive species level along with a fall in glutathione. A significant impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. Pretreatment of tadalafil significantly attenuated the above effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tadalafil-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly attenuated by administration of L-NAME, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that tadalafil exerts neuroprotective effects, probably through nitric oxide-dependent pathways. Therefore, phosphodiesterase-5 can be explored as an important target to contain ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Gulati P, Muthuraman A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Neuroprotective effect of gadolinium: a stretch-activated calcium channel blocker in mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:255-64. [PMID: 23229582 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the potential of gadolinium, a stretch-activated calcium channel blocker in ischemic reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was given to induce cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was assessed using Morris water maze test and motor incoordination was evaluated using rota-rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking tests. In addition, total calcium, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also estimated in brain tissue. I/R injury produced a significant increase in cerebral infarct size. A significant loss of memory along with impairment of motor performance was also noted. Furthermore, I/R injury also produced a significant increase in levels of TBARS, total calcium, AChE activity, and a decrease in GSH levels. Pretreatment of gadolinium significantly attenuated I/R-induced infarct size, behavioral and biochemical changes. On the basis of the present findings, we can suggest that opening of stretch-activated calcium channel may play a critical role in ischemic reperfusion-induced brain injury and that gadolinium has neuroprotective potential in I/R-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
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Rehni AK, Singh TG. Involvement of CCR-2 chemokine receptor activation in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning of brain in mice. Cytokine 2012; 60:83-9. [PMID: 22704692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the potential role of CCR-2 chemokine receptor in ischemic preconditioning as well as postconditioning induced reversal of ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse brain. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24h was employed in present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze test and Morris water maze test. Rota rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1 min and reperfusion of 1 min were employed to elicit ischemic preconditioning of brain, while three episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10s and reperfusion of 10s immediately after the completion of were employed to elicit ischemic postconditioning of brain. Both prior ischemic preconditioning as well as ischemic postconditioning immediately after global cerebral ischemia prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury as measured in terms of infarct size, loss of memory and motor coordination. RS 102895, a selective CCR-2 chemokine receptor antagonist, attenuated the neuroprotective effect of both the ischemic preconditioning as well as postconditioning. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effect of both ischemic preconditioning as well as ischemic postconditioning may involve the activation of CCR-2 chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura, 140 401 Patiala, Punjab, India
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Gaur V, Kumar A. Neuroprotective potentials of candesartan, atorvastatin and their combination against stroke induced motor dysfunction. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 19:205-14. [PMID: 21061073 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-010-0068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia is a leading cause of death and disability. The objective of the present investigation was to explore the neuroprotective potentials of candesartan and atorvastatin alone and their combination against the cerebral ischaemia induced behavioral, biochemical, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Male Wistar rats (200-220 g) were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 30 min followed by 24 h reperfusion. Candesartan (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (10 and 20 mg/kg) were pretreated for 7 days before animals were subjected to ischaemia reperfusion injury. Various behavioral tests (locomotor activity and rotarod performance), biochemical parameters (Malondialdehyde levels, nitrite concentration, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, redox ratio, and GST) and mitochondrial enzyme (Complex I, II, III, and IV) dysfunctions were measured in cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of the ischaemic brain. Seven days candesartan (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) or atorvastatin (10 and 20 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly attenuated neurobehavioral alterations, oxidative damage and restored mitochondrial enzyme dysfunction as compared to control (I/R) group. Further, combined treatment of candesartan (0.1 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) significantly potentiated their protective effect which was significant as compared to their effect alone. Present study suggests the protective effect of candesartan and atorvastatin and their combination against ischaemia reperfusion induced behavioral and biochemical alterations in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Gaur
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Bora KS, Arora S, Shri R. Role of Ocimum basilicum L. in prevention of ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral damage, and motor dysfunctions in mice brain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:1360-1365. [PMID: 21843615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Ocimum (Lamiaceae) has a long history of use as culinary and medicinal herbs. Many species are used for their antioxidant and neuroprotective activity in various parts of the world. Ocimum basilicum Linn. has been used traditionally for the treatment of anxiety, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, headaches, nerve pain, as anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory, and used in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is designed to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral damage, and motor dysfunctions in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 24h. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was determined by colorimetric assay. Short-term memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze. Inclined beam walking was employed to assess motor coordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced significant increase in cerebral infarct size and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), and reduced GSH content, and impaired short-term memory and motor coordination. RESULTS Pre-treatment with standardized ethyl acetate extract of Ocimum basilicum (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and lipid peroxidation, restored GSH content, and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. CONCLUSION The results of the study suggest that Ocimum basilicum could be useful clinically in the prevention of stroke.
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Rehni AK, Singh TG, Behl N, Arora S. Possible involvement of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases in acute and delayed aspects of ischemic preconditioning of brain in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1953-7. [PMID: 21139232 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the potential role of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases in acute as well as delayed aspects of ischemic preconditioning induced reversal of ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse brain. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed in present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze test. Rota rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1 min and reperfusion of 1 min (ischemic preconditioning) both immediately before (for acute preconditioning) and 24 h before (for delayed preconditioning) global cerebral ischemia prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury as measured in terms of infarct size, loss of memory and motor coordination. Z-Leu-Leu-Phe-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), an inhibitor of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases attenuated the neuroprotective effect of both the acute as well as delayed ischemic preconditioning. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effect of both the acute as well as delayed phases of ischemic preconditioning may be due to the activation of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases.
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Involvement of src-kinase activation in ischemic preconditioning induced protection of mouse brain. Life Sci 2011; 88:825-9. [PMID: 21396377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of src-kinase in ischemic preconditioning induced reversal of ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. MAIN METHODS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17min followed by reperfusion for 24h was employed to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining using both by volume and by weight methods differently. Memory was evaluated using elevated plus maze test. Rota rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. KEY FINDINGS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1min and reperfusion of 1min (ischemic preconditioning) prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury measured in terms of infarct size (38.5±1.3% and 38.5±2.9% mean infarct of control animals was reduced to 24.3±1.2% and 23.5±1.8% of the preconditioning groups respectively), loss of memory (72.2±3.6 mean transfer latency time of control animals was reduced to 25.6±5.2 of the preconditioning group respectively) and motor coordination (78.3±17.6s mean falling down latency time of control animals was increased to a mean value of 180.9±6.5s of the preconditioning groups respectively). SU6656 (2mg/kg, ip) and PP1 (0.1mg/kg, ip), highly selective src-kinase inhibitors, attenuated this neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning may be due to src-kinase linked mechanism.
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Bora KS, Sharma A. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:792167. [PMID: 21785631 PMCID: PMC3137587 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Medicago sativa (MS) has a long tradition of use as ayurvedic and homoeopathic medicine in central nervous system disorders. The plant has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of MS on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion, resulted in significant elevation in infarct size, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, superoxide anion (O•−2) production and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and significant depletion in endogenous antioxidant [reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total tissue sulfhydryl (T-SH) groups] systems in mice brain. Further, BCAO led to impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Pre-treatment with MS (100 or 200 mg kg−1, p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size, XO, O•−2 and TBARS levels, significantly restored GSH, SOD and T-SH levels and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. In addition, MS directly scavenged free radicals generated against a stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and O•−2 generated in phenazine methosulphate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide systems, and also inhibited XD/XO conversion and resultant O•−2 production. The data from this study suggest that treatment with MS enhances the antioxidant defense against BCAO-induced global cerebral ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective activity.
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Malik ZA, Singh M, Sharma PL. Neuroprotective effect of Momordica charantia in global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion induced neuronal damage in diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:729-734. [PMID: 21056650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) fruits have been used traditionally for centuries, especially for treating diabetes and associated complications. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate neuroprotective effect of lyophilized M. charantia fruit juice against global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion induced neuronal injury in diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Global cerebral ischemia induced by occluding both common carotid arteries for 10 min followed by 24 h reperfusion was used to induce neuronal injury. Ischemia-reperfusion induced neuronal injury was evaluated in terms of cerebral infarct size, generation of free radicals measured as thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances (TBARS), and neurological functions measured as short term memory and motor activity. RESULTS The cerebral oxidative stress and damage, and neurological deficits were dose dependently attenuated by pre-treatment with the lyophilized M. charantia juice (200-800 mg/kg, p.o., o.d.). Moreover, M. charantia also exhibited dose dependent antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that M. charantia has potent neuroprotective activity against global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced neuronal injury and consequent neurological deficits in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Gal Kalan, Ferozpur Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
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Kaur H, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Modulation of neuroprotective effect of ischemic post-conditioning by dichlorobenzamil a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitor in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:585-91. [PMID: 20410590 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the modulatory role of dichlorobenzamil a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitor in ischemic post-conditioning-induced neuroprotection in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion, produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size along with impairment of memory and motor coordination. Ischemic post-conditioning involving three episodes of 10 s carotid artery occlusion with intermittent reperfusion of 10 s proceeding prolonged ischemic insult of 12 min, produced a significant decrease in cerebral infarct size along with reversal of ischemia-reperfusion-induced impairment of memory and motor coordination. Ischemic post-conditioning-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly abolished by pretreatment with dichlorobenzamil (DBZ 0.5, 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange inhibitor. It may be concluded that Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger possibly plays an important role in ischemic post-conditioning-induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, India
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Saklani R, Jaggi A, Singh N. Pharmacological preconditioning by milrinone: Memory preserving and neuroprotective effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1049-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bora KS, Sharma A. Neuroprotective effect of Artemisia absinthium L. on focal ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 129:403-409. [PMID: 20435123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia absinthium L. has long been used as traditional herbal medicine in China, Europe and Pakistan for the treatment of gastric pain, cardiac stimulation, to improve memory and for the restoration of declining mental function. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of Artemisia absinthium on cerebral oxidative stress and damage as well as behavioral disturbances induced by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Focal ischemia and reperfusion were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min, followed by 24 h reperfusion. MCAO led to significant rise in infarct size and lipid peroxidation, and depletion in glutathione content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in brain. Further, behavioral deficits like motor incoordination and impairment of short-term memory were also significantly impaired by MCAO as compared with sham group. RESULTS The brain oxidative stress and damage, and behavioral deficits were significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with the methanol extract of Artemisia absinthium (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that Artemisia absinthium is neuroprotective and may prove to be useful adjunct in the treatment of stroke.
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Rehni AK, Singh TG, Bhateja P, Singh N, Arora S. Involvement of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose receptor activation in ischemic preconditioning induced protection in mouse brain. Brain Res 2009; 1309:75-82. [PMID: 19896931 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to expound the significance of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose receptor activation in ischemic preconditioning induced reversal of ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed in present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using Morris water-maze test. Rota-rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1 min and reperfusion of 1 min (ischemic preconditioning) prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury measured in terms of infarct size, loss of memory and motor coordination. 8-Bromo-cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (2 mg/kg, ip), an antagonist of cyclic ADP-ribose receptor, attenuated the neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. It is concluded that neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning may be due to the adenosine diphosphoribose receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Gaur V, Aggarwal A, Kumar A. Protective effect of naringin against ischemic reperfusion cerebral injury: Possible neurobehavioral, biochemical and cellular alterations in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rehni AK, Bhateja P, Singh N. Diethyl dithiocarbamic acid, a possible nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor, attenuates ischemic postconditioning-induced attenuation of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:63-8. [PMID: 19142217 DOI: 10.1139/y08-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to pharmacologically investigate the possible role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) in the reversal of global cerebral injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion after ischemic postconditioning. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured by using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. The rotarod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced a marked increase in cerebral infarct size, impairment of memory, and motor coordination. A set of 5 episodes of carotid artery occlusion for a period of 10 s and reperfusion of 10 s (ischemic postconditioning) significantly prevented ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral infarct size and behavioral deficits measured in terms of loss of memory and motor coordination. Diethyl dithiocarbamic acid sodium salt trihydrate (DDA) (100 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, given 30 min before ischemia attenuated the beneficial effects of ischemic postconditioning. It may be concluded that the beneficial effects of ischemic postconditioning on global cerebral ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury and behavioral deficits may involve activation of the NF-kappaB-linked pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Patiala-Chandigarh Highway, Rajpura, Patiala-140041 Punjab, India.
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KAUR S, REHNI AK, SINGH N, JAGGI AS. Studies on Cerebral Protection of Digoxin against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2009; 129:435-43. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaminder KAUR
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
| | - Ashish K. REHNI
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway
| | - Nirmal SINGH
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
| | - Amteshwar S. JAGGI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
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Fox K. Experience-dependent plasticity mechanisms for neural rehabilitation in somatosensory cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:369-81. [PMID: 19038777 PMCID: PMC2674476 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional rehabilitation of the cortex following peripheral or central nervous system damage is likely to be improved by a combination of behavioural training and natural or therapeutically enhanced synaptic plasticity mechanisms. Experience-dependent plasticity studies in the somatosensory cortex have begun to reveal those synaptic plasticity mechanisms that are driven by sensory experience and might therefore be active during behavioural training. In this review the anatomical pathways, synaptic plasticity mechanisms and structural plasticity substrates involved in cortical plasticity are explored, focusing on work in the somatosensory cortex and the barrel cortex in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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Rehni AK, Bhateja P, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Implication of mast cell degranulation in ischemic preconditioning-induced prevention of cerebral injury. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:179-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pateliya BB, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Possible Role of Opioids and KATP Channels in Neuroprotective Effect of Postconditioning in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1755-60. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
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Shri R, Singh Bora K. Neuroprotective effect of methanolic extracts of Allium cepa on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Fitoterapia 2007; 79:86-96. [PMID: 17900821 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of outer scales and edible portions of Allium cepa bulb on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Pretreatment with methanolic extract of outer scales (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and edible portions (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) of A. cepa bulb markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. The protective effect of methanolic extract of outer scales and edible portions of A. cepa bulb was accompanied by a marked decrease in mitochondrial TBARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Shri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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Rehni AK, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Possible involvement of insulin, endogenous opioids and calcitonin gene-related peptide in remote ischaemic preconditioning of the brain. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1013-20. [PMID: 17541253 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the role of insulin, endogenous opioids and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) on remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning induced reversal of global cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 10 min followed by reperfusion for 24 hour was employed in present study to produce ischaemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Short-term memory was evaluated using elevated plus maze. Inclined beam walking and resistance to lateral push response, tests were employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired short-term memory, motor co-ordination and lateral push response. A preceding episode of mesenteric artery occlusion for 15 min and reperfusion of 15 min (remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning) prevented markedly, ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury measured in terms of infarct size, loss of short-term memory, motor coordination and lateral push response. Anti-insulin serum, naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) and alpha-CGRP (8-37) (a selective CGRP receptor blocker) attenuated the neuroprotective effect of remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning. It may be concluded that neuroprotective effect of remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning probably is mediated through insulin, endogenous opioids and CGRP released as a consequence of mesenteric ischaemia and reperfusion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, India
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Mulholland PJ, Stepanyan TD, Self RL, Hensley AK, Harris BR, Kowalski A, Littleton JM, Prendergast MA. Corticosterone and dexamethasone potentiate cytotoxicity associated with oxygen-glucose deprivation in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. Neuroscience 2005; 136:259-67. [PMID: 16182452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many patients display elevated levels of serum cortisol following acute ischemic stroke. Given that glucocorticoids may potentiate some forms of insult, these studies examined the effects of corticosterone or dexamethasone exposure on cytotoxicity following oxygen-glucose deprivation in the cerebellum, a brain region susceptible to stroke. In organotypic cerebellar slice cultures prepared from neonatal rat pups, 90-min of oxygen-glucose deprivation at 15 days in vitro resulted in significant cytotoxicity at 24-, 48-, and 72-h post-oxygen-glucose deprivation, as measured by uptake of propidium iodide. Exposure of cultures following oxygen-glucose deprivation to the antioxidant trolox (500 microM), but not to the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (10 microM), completely blocked oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity. Corticosterone (1 microM) or dexamethasone (10 microM) exposure alone did not significantly increase propidium iodide uptake above levels observed in control cultures. However, corticosterone or dexamethasone exposure after oxygen-glucose deprivation potentiated oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated propidium iodide uptake at each time point. Trolox, as well as RU486, co-exposure of cultures to corticosterone or dexamethasone after oxygen-glucose deprivation abolished all cytotoxicity. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that glucocorticoid exposure modulated oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated propidium iodide uptake, which likely involved glucocorticoid receptor activation and pro-oxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Mulholland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA.
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Foltys H, Krings T, Meister IG, Sparing R, Boroojerdi B, Thron A, Töpper R. Motor representation in patients rapidly recovering after stroke: a functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 114:2404-15. [PMID: 14652101 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging studies have suggested an evolution of the brain activation pattern in the course of motor recovery after stroke. Initially poor motor performance is correlated with an recruitment of the uninjured hemisphere that continuously vanished until a nearly normal (contralateral) activation pattern is achieved and motor performance is good. Here we were interested in the early brain activation pattern in patients who showed a good and rapid recovery after stroke. METHODS Ten patients with first-ever ischemic stroke affecting motor areas had to perform self-paced simple or more complex movements with the affected or the unaffected hand during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The location and number of activated voxels above threshold were determined. To study possible changes in the cortical motor output map the amplitude of the motor evoked potentials (MEP) and the extent of the excitable area were determined using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). RESULTS The pattern of activation observed with movements of the affected and the unaffected hand was similar. In the simple motor task significant (P<0.05) increases were found in the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to the movement, the supplementary motor area and the cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to the movement during performance with the affected hand compared to movements with the unaffected hand. When comparing simple with more complex movements performed with either the affected or the unaffected hand, a further tendency to increased activation in motor areas was observed. The amplitude of MEPs obtained from the affected hemisphere was smaller and the extent of cortical output maps was decreased compared to the unaffected hemisphere; but none of the patients showed MEPs at the affected hand when the ipsilateral unaffected motor cortex was stimulated. CONCLUSIONS Despite a rapid and nearly complete motor recovery the brain activation pattern was associated with increased activity in (bilateral) motor areas as revealed with fMRI. TMS revealed impaired motor output properties, but failed to demonstrate ipsilateral motor pathways. Successful recovery in our patients may therefore rely on the increased bilateral activation of existing motor networks spared by the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Foltys
- Department of Neurology, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52075 Aachen, Germany.
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Armagan O, Tascioglu F, Oner C. Electromyographic Biofeedback in the Treatment of the Hemiplegic Hand. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 82:856-61. [PMID: 14566153 DOI: 10.1097/01.phm.0000091984.72486.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback treatment in the functional recovery of the hemiplegic hand. DESIGN A total of 27 patients were randomly assigned to EMG biofeedback or placebo EMG biofeedback groups. Both treatments were applied five times a week for a period of 20 days. In addition, the patients in both groups received an exercise program according to the Brunnstrom's neurophysiologic approach. Goniometric measurements for wrist extension, scale for judging the performance of drinking from a glass, Brunnstrom's stages of recovery for hand, and surface EMG potentials were used for the clinical assessments. All patients were assessed before treatment and after 20 treatment sessions. RESULTS The results showed that there were statistically significant improvements in all variables in both groups, but the improvements in active range of motion and surface EMG potentials were significantly greater in the EMG biofeedback group at the end of the treatment. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the potential benefits of EMG biofeedback in conjunction with neurophysiologic rehabilitation technique to maximize the hand function in hemiplegic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Armagan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Osmangazi University Medical School, Eskisehir, Turkey
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DeVries AC, Nelson RJ, Traystman RJ, Hurn PD. Cognitive and behavioral assessment in experimental stroke research: will it prove useful? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2001; 25:325-42. [PMID: 11445138 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stroke in humans is associated with deficits in sensorimotor and cognitive function. Consequently, many stroke researchers recently have expanded their techniques to assess cognitive and behavioral correlates of histologically-determined stroke damage in animal models. Although the incorporation of functional outcome assessment represents an important step forward in stroke research, reports of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced behavioral deficits often conflict, and a significant correlation between post-stroke histology and behavior has been reported in few stroke studies. Discrepancies in behavioral outcomes among studies may be due to several factors, such as method of MCAO, duration of occlusion, strain, the timing and method of the behavioral testing and the laboratory environment. Furthermore, proper experimental and control groups, necessary to rule out potential confounding factors during cognitive testing, often are not incorporated. The goal of this review is: (1) to provide a description of the techniques most commonly employed to assess functional outcome after (MCAO) in rodents and (2) to identify potential confounding factors that may interfere with a clear interpretation of the behavioral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C DeVries
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Kelly-Hayes M, Phipps MA. Preventive Approach to Poststroke Rehabilitation in Older People. Clin Geriatr Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nelles G, Spiekermann G, Jueptner M, Leonhardt G, Müller S, Gerhard H, Diener HC. Reorganization of sensory and motor systems in hemiplegic stroke patients. A positron emission tomography study. Stroke 1999; 30:1510-6. [PMID: 10436092 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.30.8.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cortical reorganization of motor systems has been found in recovered stroke patients. Reorganization in nonrecovered hemiplegic stroke patients early after stroke, however, is less well described. We used positron emission tomography to study the functional reorganization of motor and sensory systems in hemiplegic stroke patients before motor recovery. METHODS Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in 6 hemiplegic stroke patients with a single, subcortical infarct and 3 normal subjects with the [(15)O]H(2)O injection technique. Brain activation was achieved by passive elbow movements driven by a torque motor. Increases of rCBF comparing passive movements and rest were assessed with statistical parametric mapping. Significant differences were defined at P<0.01. RESULTS In normal subjects, significant increases of rCBF were found in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate cortex, and bilaterally in the inferior parietal cortex. In stroke patients, significant activation was observed bilaterally in the inferior parietal cortex and in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex, ipsilateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, and cingulate cortex. Significantly larger increases of rCBF in patients compared with normal subjects were found bilaterally in the sensorimotor cortex, stronger in the ipsilateral, unaffected hemisphere, and in both parietal lobes, including the ipsilateral precuneus. CONCLUSIONS Passive movements in hemiplegic stroke patients before clinical recovery elicit some of the brain activation patterns that have been described during active movements after substantial motor recovery. Changes of cerebral activation in sensory and motor systems occur early after stroke and may be a first step toward restoration of motor function after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nelles
- Department of Neurology, University of Essen, Germany.
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Nutrition Problems and Their Association with Patient Outcomes in a Geriatric Rehabilitation Setting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1300/j052v17n02_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dobkin BH. Impairments, disabilities, and bases for neurological rehabilitation after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1997; 6:221-6. [PMID: 17895001 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-3057(97)80015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B H Dobkin
- Departmentof Neurology, Reed Neurologic Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rodriquez AA, Black PO, Kile KA, Sherman J, Stellberg B, McCormick J, Roszkowski J, Swiggum E. Gait training efficacy using a home-based practice model in chronic hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77:801-5. [PMID: 8702375 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy of a home practice model for gait training was evaluated in 18 hemiplegic subjects 2.3 years (range, 1 to 5) after stroke. DESIGN Uncontrolled case series. SETTING Referral center. SUBJECTS Patients at least 1 year poststroke referred to an outpatient rehabilitation program. INTERVENTION Patients were taught home programs in two or more 2- to 5-day blocks averaging 35 physical therapy (PT) contact hours (range, 9.5 to 62.5); training extended over a mean of 22 months (range, 10 to 65). Training emphasized weight bearing, balance, segmental control, stretching, and bracing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gait changes were measured using the newly developed Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS). The patient-rated Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) was administered before and after training to 8 subjects, and the Health Status Questionnaire (HSQ) was retrospectively administered to all subjects to appraise subjective pretraining to posttraining changes and current psychological status. RESULTS The average WGS score significantly improved (p < .05). Patients perceived that gait training increased the quality of their functional activities (p < .05). In a subset of patients, the FES showed that fear of falling was decreased (p < .05). Perception of well-being was comparable to a normative nonstroke reference population except for physical functioning. Compared to the only other published series (using traditional outpatient programming), the current model was of comparable cost. CONCLUSION Despite the literature indicating a plateau in mobility function by 6 months after stroke, postacute training of gait in hemiplegic subjects using a home-based training model results in improved gait and the perception of improved function. Additionally, we provide validation for the newly developed Wisconsin Gait Scale, an instrument of gait measurement that may assist in comparing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rodriquez
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School 53792, USA
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Prescott PA, Soeken KL, Griggs M. Identification and referral of hospitalized patients in need of home care. Res Nurs Health 1995; 18:85-95. [PMID: 7899575 DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770180203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given current concerns about the cost-effectiveness of home health care, better targeting of home health services for high risk groups is viewed as one way to provide controls on both service delivery and costs. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the degree to which patients with identifiable levels of need for services were referred for home health care and if selected clinical and functional status measures are useful in distinguishing need for service. Using a convenience sample of 145 patients ready for hospital discharge, data were collected on physical function, dependency at discharge, perceived helpfulness of others, social support, readiness for self-care, and planned adherence to treatment as well as demographic and medical variables. Using a combination of study variables, 93% of patients not in need of services could be correctly classified. In addition, patients in need of service but not referred by their physicians were found to differ significantly from patients not in need of care on all dimensions. Suggestions are offered for further research to determine if and what systematic factors influence referral decisions for home health care and which specific patient characteristics are associated with the most cost-effective long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Prescott
- University of Maryland, School of Nursing, Baltimore 21201-1559, USA
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Abstract
Most patients survive the acute episode, their subsequent life affected by some degree of functional deficit. The classic neurologic findings are well known. Their implications for decisions on rehabilitation, long-term care, and prevention of complications are perhaps less well appreciated.
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