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Luchetti F, Crinelli R, Nasoni MG, Benedetti S, Palma F, Fraternale A, Iuliano L. LDL receptors, caveolae and cholesterol in endothelial dysfunction: oxLDLs accomplices or victims? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3104-3114. [PMID: 32986849 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized LDLs (oxLDLs) and oxysterols play a key role in endothelial dysfunction and the development of atherosclerosis. The loss of vascular endothelium function negatively impacts vasomotion, cell growth, adhesiveness and barrier functions. While for some of these disturbances, a reasonable explanation can be provided from a mechanistic standpoint, for many others, the molecular mediators that are involved are unknown. Caveolae, specific plasma membrane domains, have recently emerged as targets and mediators of oxLDL-induced endothelial dysfunction. Caveolae and their associated protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) are involved in oxLDLs/LDLs transcytosis, mainly through the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1 or SCARB1). In contrast, oxLDLs endocytosis is mediated by the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), whose activity depends on an intact caveolae system. In addition, LOX-1 regulates the expression of Cav-1 and vice versa. On the other hand, oxLDLs may affect cholesterol plasma membrane content/distribution thus influencing caveolae architecture, Cav-1 localization and the associated signalling. Overall, the evidence indicate that caveolae have both active and passive roles in oxLDL-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. First, as mediators of lipid uptake and transfer in the subendothelial space and, later, as targets of changes in composition/dynamics of plasma membrane lipids resulting from increased levels of circulating oxLDLs. Gaining a better understanding of how oxLDLs interact with endothelial cells and modulate caveolae-mediated signalling pathways, leading to endothelial dysfunction, is crucial to find new targets for intervention to tackle atherosclerosis and the related clinical entities. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Gemma Nasoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Vascular Biology, Atherothrombosis & Mass Spectrometry, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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Glushko AA, Voronkov AV, Chernikov MV. [Molecular targets for searching of endothelial-protective substances]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 40:515-27. [PMID: 25895347 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction underlies the development of many cardiovascular diseases. Thus endothelium becomes an independent therapeutic target, and the search of new substances with endothelial-protective action to date is one of the promising tasks for pharmacotherapy and medicinal chemistry. Molecular modeling is an effective tool for solving this problem. Computer chemistry methods use is only possible in combination with detailed information on three dimensional structure and functions of molecular targets: receptors and enzymes, involved in signal transduction inside and outside of endothelial cells. Information on structure and function of various macromolecules involved in vascular tone regulation is collected in the review. The structure of endothelial NO-synthase (EC 1.14.13.39) (eNOS)--enzyme, responsible for the nitric oxide synthesis and involved in vascular tone regulation process is reviewed. The importance of eNOS substrate--L-arginine is underlined in the review in terms of this enzyme activity, regulation, the information on structure and functions of L-arginine transport system is provided. Also different ways of eNOS activity regulation are reviewed, among which are enzyme activation and concurrent inhibition by substances interaction with active center of enzyme, inhibition by caveoline binding with oxigenase domain, and also regulation by phosphorylation of certain amino acids of eNOS by proteinkinase and dephoshphorylation of them by phosphatases. The importance of membrane receptors of endothelial cells as targets for endothelial-protective substances is underlined. Among them are receptors of endothelin, platelet activation factor, prostanoids, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin and protease activated receptors. The important role of potassium and calcium ion channels of vascular cells in endothelial-protective activity is underlined. Macromolecules presented in the review finally are considered as targets for searching for medicinal substances with endothelial-protective activity using proposed ways and methods of molecular modeling.
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See Hoe LE, Schilling JM, Tarbit E, Kiessling CJ, Busija AR, Niesman IR, Du Toit E, Ashton KJ, Roth DM, Headrick JP, Patel HH, Peart JN. Sarcolemmal cholesterol and caveolin-3 dependence of cardiac function, ischemic tolerance, and opioidergic cardioprotection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H895-903. [PMID: 25063791 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00081.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-rich caveolar microdomains and associated caveolins influence sarcolemmal ion channel and receptor function and protective stress signaling. However, the importance of membrane cholesterol content to cardiovascular function and myocardial responses to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and cardioprotective stimuli are unclear. We assessed the effects of graded cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and lifelong knockout (KO) or overexpression (OE) of caveolin-3 (Cav-3) on cardiac function, I/R tolerance, and opioid receptor (OR)-mediated protection. Langendorff-perfused hearts from young male C57Bl/6 mice were untreated or treated with 0.02-1.0 mM MβCD for 25 min to deplete membrane cholesterol and disrupt caveolae. Hearts were subjected to 25-min ischemia/45-min reperfusion, and the cardioprotective effects of morphine applied either acutely or chronically [sustained ligand-activated preconditioning (SLP)] were assessed. MβCD concentration dependently reduced normoxic contractile function and postischemic outcomes in association with graded (10-30%) reductions in sarcolemmal cholesterol. Cardioprotection with acute morphine was abolished with ≥20 μM MβCD, whereas SLP was more robust and only inhibited with ≥200 μM MβCD. Deletion of Cav-3 also reduced, whereas Cav-3 OE improved, myocardial I/R tolerance. Protection via SLP remained equally effective in Cav-3 KO mice and was additive with innate protection arising with Cav-3 OE. These data reveal the membrane cholesterol dependence of normoxic myocardial and coronary function, I/R tolerance, and OR-mediated cardioprotection in murine hearts (all declining with cholesterol depletion). In contrast, baseline function appears insensitive to Cav-3, whereas cardiac I/R tolerance parallels Cav-3 expression. Novel SLP appears unique, being less sensitive to cholesterol depletion than acute OR protection and arising independently of Cav-3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E See Hoe
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan M Schilling
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Emiri Tarbit
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Can J Kiessling
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Anna R Busija
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Ingrid R Niesman
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Eugene Du Toit
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - David M Roth
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hemal H Patel
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jason N Peart
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia;
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Pavlides S, Gutierrez-Pajares JL, Iturrieta J, Lisanti MP, Frank PG. Endothelial caveolin-1 plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:147-57. [PMID: 24390341 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have established the important impact of atherosclerotic disease in Western societies. This disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and the migration of various cell types in the sub-endothelial space of blood vessels. As demonstrated by many studies, endothelial cells play an essential role in the development of this disease. The endothelium acts as a gatekeeper of blood vessel integrity and cardiovascular health status. For instance, the transfer of lipids via the transport of lipoproteins in the arterial intima is believed to be mediated by endothelial cells through a process termed transcytosis. In addition, lipoproteins that accumulate in the sub-endothelial space may also be modified, in a process that can direct the activation of endothelial cells. These steps are essential for the initiation of an atherosclerotic plaque and may be mediated, at least in part, by caveolae and their associated protein caveolin-1. In the present study, we evaluate the role of caveolin-1/caveolae in the regulation of these two steps in endothelial cells. Our data clearly demonstrate that caveolin-1 is involved in the regulation of lipoprotein transcytosis across endothelial cells and in the regulation of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanos Pavlides
- Manchester Breast Centre & Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit; Paterson Institute for Cancer Research; Institute of Cancer Sciences; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Targeting endothelial dysfunction in vascular complications associated with diabetes. Int J Vasc Med 2011; 2012:750126. [PMID: 22013533 PMCID: PMC3195347 DOI: 10.1155/2012/750126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes remain a significant health issue in westernized societies. Overwhelming evidence from clinical and laboratory investigations have demonstrated that these cardiovascular complications are initiated by a dysfunctional vascular endothelium. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction is one of the key events that occur during diabetes, leading to the acceleration of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In a diabetic milieu, endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of attenuated production of endothelial derived nitric oxide (EDNO) and augmented levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, in this review, we discuss novel therapeutic targets that either upregulate EDNO production or increase antioxidant enzyme capacity in an effort to limit oxidative stress and restore endothelial function. In particular, endogenous signaling molecules that positively modulate EDNO synthesis and mimetics of endogenous antioxidant enzymes will be highlighted. Consequently, manipulation of these unique targets, either alone or in combination, may represent a novel strategy to confer vascular protection, with the ultimate goal of improved outcomes for diabetes-associated vascular complications.
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Kononchik JP, Vancini R, Brown DT. Alphavirus adsorption to mosquito cells as viewed by freeze fracture immunolabeling. Virology 2011; 415:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yu C, Sharma A, Trane A, Utokaparch S, Leung C, Bernatchez P. Myoferlin gene silencing decreases Tie-2 expression in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:26-33. [PMID: 21586340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis consists in the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. Although anti-angiogenesis interventions have been shown to have therapeutic properties in human diseases such as cancer, their effect is only partial and the identification of novel modulators of angiogenesis is warranted. Recently, we reported the unexpected proteomic identification in endothelial cells (EC) of Myoferlin, a member of the Ferlin family of transmembrane proteins. Ferlins are well known to regulate the fusion of lipid vesicles at the plasma membrane in muscle cells, and we showed that Myoferlin gene knockdown not only decreases lipid vesicle fusion in EC but also attenuates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression. Herein, we show that Myoferlin gene silencing in cultured EC also results in attenuated expression of a second tyrosine kinase receptor, Tie-2, which is another well-described angiogenic receptor. Most importantly, we provide evidence that delivery of a low-volume Myoferlin siRNA preparation in mouse tissues results in attenuated angiogenesis and edema formation. This provides the first evidence that acute Myoferlin knockdown has anti-angiogenic effects and validates Myoferlin as an anti-angiogenesis target. Furthermore, this supports the unexpected but increasingly accepted concept that proper tyrosine kinase receptors expression at the plasma membrane requires Myoferlin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Yu
- The Providence Heart and Lung Institute, The James Hogg Research Centre, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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