1
|
Casadó L, Arrebola JP, Fontalba A, Muñoz A. Adverse effects of hexaclorobenzene exposure in children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108421. [PMID: 31387069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexachlorobenzene (HCB: C₆Cl₆) is a persistent, bioaccumulative chemical formerly used worldwide in pesticide mixtures but also produced as a by-product in the chemical and metallurgical industry. Despite current international restrictions in the use and production of HCB, the majority of the general population still show detectable levels of HCB, which raises concerns on the potential health implications of the exposure. OBJECTIVE To compile and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the adverse effects of exposure to HCB in children and adolescents. METHODS A review of the literature focused on the adverse effects of HCB exposure in children. Eligible studies were systematically screened from searches in Medline, Scopus and Ebsco-host databases. A total of 62 studies were finally included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In our search we found evidences of potential health effects linked to HCB exposure at different levels (e.g. neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic and toxicogenomic), although the conclusions are still contradictory. Further prospective research is needed, considering the special vulnerability of children and adolescent population as well as the ubiquity of the exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Casadó
- Department of Nursing, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Andrés Fontalba
- Northern Málaga Integrated Healthcare Area, Andalusian Health Service, Antequera, Spain, Department of Nursing, Medicine and Physiotherapy, Almeria University, Almería, Spain
| | - Araceli Muñoz
- School of Social Work, Food Observatory (ODELA), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maner J, Burkard M, Cassano JC, Nash SMB, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Hexachlorobenzene exerts genotoxic effects in a humpback whale cell line under stable exposure conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39447-39457. [PMID: 35540658 PMCID: PMC9076109 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humpback whales, like other polar wildlife, accumulate persistent organic pollutants. In Southern hemisphere populations, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominates the contaminant profiles. HCB is linked to a variety of health effects and is classified as a group 2B carcinogen, but the mechanism of action is a matter of contention. Potential toxicological effects to humpback whales remain entirely unknown. The recently established humpback whale fibroblast cell line (HuWa) offers an in vitro model for toxicological investigations. We here combine this novel cell line with a passive dosing strategy to investigate whale-specific toxicity of HCB. The relevant partitioning coefficients were determined to produce stable and predictable exposure concentrations in small-scale bioassays. The system was used to assess acute toxicity as well as genotoxicity of HCB to the HuWa cell line. While we found some transient reductions in metabolic activity, measured with the indicator dye alamarBlue, no clear acute toxic effects were discernible. Yet, a significant increase in DNA damage, detected in the alkaline comet assay, was found in HuWa cells exposed to 10 μg L−1 HCB during the sensitive phase of cell attachment. Collectively, this work provides a ready-to-use passive dosing system and delivers evidence that HCB elicits genotoxicity in humpback whale cells. Stable exposure concentrations for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) can be achieved using silicone O-rings for passive dosing. Using this setup it was found that HCB causes DNA damage in a cell line of humpback whale fibroblasts.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Maner
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
| | - Michael Burkard
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program
- Environmental Futures Research Institute
| | - Juan Carlos Cassano
- Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
- Particle-Biology Interactions Laboratory
- Switzerland
| | - Susan M. Bengtson Nash
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program
- Environmental Futures Research Institute
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
| | - Marc J.-F. Suter
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fenstad AA, Jenssen BM, Moe B, Hanssen SA, Bingham C, Herzke D, Bustnes JO, Krøkje A. DNA double-strand breaks in relation to persistent organic pollutants in a fasting seabird. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 106:68-75. [PMID: 24836880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are released from fat reserves during fasting, causing increased blood concentrations. Thus, POPs represent a potential anthropogenic stressor during fasting periods. We analysed the blood of female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) by using agarose gel electrophoresis and image data analysis to quantify the DNA-fraction, of total DNA, that migrated into the gel (DNA-FTM) as a relative measure of DNA double strand-breaks (DSBs) during the fasting incubation period in the high arctic. In 2008 and in 2009 blood samples were obtained for analysis of 9 POPs and DNA-FTM at day 5 of the incubation period, and then in the same individuals at day 20. This unique study design gave us the opportunity to analyse the same individuals throughout two points in time, with low and high stress burdens. During the incubation period the body mass (BM) decreased by 21-24%, whereas the POP levels increased by 148-639%. The DNA-FTM increased by 61-67% (being proportional to the increase in DSBs). At day 5, but not day 20, DNA-FTM was positively correlated with most analysed POPs. The increase in DNA-FTM was positively correlated with the decrease in BM (g) during incubation. Thus, we suggest that fasting stress (BM loss) decreases DNA integrity and that stress caused by fasting on BM loss appeared to override the additional stress caused by concurrent increase in levels of the analysed POPs in the eiders. Blood levels of POPs in the eiders in Svalbard were relatively low, and additive and/or synergistic genotoxic effects of fasting stress and POP exposure may occur in populations with higher POP levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette A Fenstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sveinn A Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Chris Bingham
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ase Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Addae C, Cheng H, Martinez-Ceballos E. Effect of the environmental pollutant hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on the neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5244-56. [PMID: 24157519 PMCID: PMC3823326 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to persistent environmental pollutants may constitute an important factor on the onset of a number of neurological disorders such as autism, Parkinson’s disease, and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), which have also been linked to reduced GABAergic neuronal function. GABAergic neurons produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. However, the lack of appropriate models has hindered the study of suspected environmental pollutants on GABAergic function. In this work, we have examined the effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a persistent and bioaccumulative environmental pollutant, on the function and morphology of GABAergic neurons generated in vitro from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We observed that: (1) treatment with 0.5 nM HCB did not affect cell viability, but affected the neuronal differentiation of ES cells; (2) HCB induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and (3) HCB repressed neurite outgrowth in GABAergic neurons, but this effect was reversed by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Our study also revealed that HCB did not significantly interfere with the function of K+ ion channels in the neuronal soma, which indicates that this pollutant does not affect the maturation of the GABAergic neuronal soma. Our results suggest a mechanism by which environmental pollutants interfere with normal GABAergic neuronal function and may promote the onset of a number of neurological disorders such as autism and ADD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Addae
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Toxicology Program, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Henrique Cheng
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Ceballos
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Toxicology Program, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-225-771-3606; Fax: +1-225-771-3606
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mitra PS, Ghosh S, Zang S, Sonneborn D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Trnovec T, Palkovicova L, Sovcikova E, Ghimbovschi S, Hoffman E, Dutta SK. Analysis of the toxicogenomic effects of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Slovakian girls: correlations between gene expression and disease risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 39:188-99. [PMID: 22208759 PMCID: PMC3259908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment is not uniform throughout the world, and these contaminants contain many structurally different lipophilic compounds. In a well-defined study cohort in the Slovak Republic, the POP chemicals present in the peripheral blood of exposed children were chemically analyzed. The chemical analysis data revealed that the relative concentration and profile of structurally different organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloro-ethane (p,p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), may vary from individual to individual, even within the same exposure area. These chemicals can be broadly classified into two groups. The first group, the PCB congeners, primarily originated from industrial compounds and their byproducts. The second group of compounds originated from or was commonly used in the agricultural sector (e.g., DDT, HCB). The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the two POP exposure profiles on gene expression. For the study population, we selected pre-pubertal girls (mean age of 46.2±1.4 months) with high POP concentrations in their blood (>75% tile of total POP) and classified them in the high 'PCB' group when the total PCB concentration was significantly higher than the total concentration of other POP components and in the 'Other Than PCB' (OTP) group, when the total PCB concentration was significantly lower than the concentration of the other major POP constituents. A matched control group of girls (<25% tile of total POP) was selected for comparison purpose (n=5 per group). Our aims were to determine whether there were any common effects of high POP exposure at a toxicogenomic level and to investigate how exposure may affect physiological functions of the children in two different exposure scenarios. Global gene expression analysis using a microarray (Affymetrix Gene Chip Human genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array) platform was conducted on the total RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the girls. The results were analyzed by Partek GS, Louis, MI, which identified twelve genes (ATAD2B, BIVM, CD96, CXorf39, CYTH1 ETNK1, FAM13A, HIRA, INO80B, ODG1, RAD23B, and TSGA14) and two unidentified probe sets, as regulated differentially in both the PCB and OTP groups against the control group. The qRT-PCR method was used to validate the microarray results. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software package identified the possible molecular impairments and disease risks associated with each gene set. Connective tissue disorders, genetic disorders, skeletal muscular disorders and neurological diseases were associated with the 12 common genes. The data therefore identified the potential molecular effects of POP exposure on a genomic level. This report underscores the importance of further study to validate the results in a random population and to evaluate the use of the identified genes as biomarkers for POP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shizhu Zang
- Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dean Sonneborn
- University of California Davis, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Hoffman
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sisir K. Dutta
- Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Corresponding Author: 415 College Street, NW, Room 335, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC 20059, TEL: +1(202)-806-6942; FAX: +1(202) 806-5138;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dell'Anno A, Raffaelli F, Danovaro R, Nanetti L, Vignini A, Moroni C, Mazzanti L. Cytotoxic effects induced by hexachlorobenzene in Squilla mantis (L.) (Crustacea, Stomatopoda). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:9-14. [PMID: 18214936 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of marine environments by hexachlorobenzene (HCB) represents a serious concern for potential consequences on ecosystem and human health. Despite this, information on cytotoxic effects on marine organisms is still largely lacking. In this study, we investigated cytotoxic effects induced by HCB on gonads and muscular tissue of Squilla mantis by analysing Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and plasma membrane fluidity. This crustacean species was selected as a model for its habitat, trophic level, feeding behavior, and commercial exploitation for human consumption. Time course experiments revealed that low concentrations of HCB (i.e. 50 nM) determine an exponentially decrease of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and a significant modification of cellular membrane fluidity. Significant negative relationships between Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and membrane fluidity were observed, suggesting that changes in the structure and packing of cellular membranes induced by HCB may be the primary factor affecting the activity of essential bilayer-associated enzymes. Overall these findings suggest that even small concentrations of HCB may determine important changes on cell metabolism with potential cascade effects on recruitment of this commercial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dell'Anno
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brambilla G, Martelli A. Failure of the standard battery of short-term tests in detecting some rodent and human genotoxic carcinogens. Toxicology 2004; 196:1-19. [PMID: 15036752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2003] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical reasons and experimental evidence indicate that a no-effect level generally cannot be expected for genotoxic carcinogens; as a consequence, in quantitative risk assessment the capability of distinguishing genotoxic from non-genotoxic carcinogens is of fundamental importance in order to identify relevant levels of human exposure. According to generally accepted guidelines, the standard three-test battery for the detection of genotoxic compounds consists of: (i) an in vitro test for gene mutation in bacteria; (ii) an in vitro test in mammalian cells with cytogenetic evaluation of chromosomal damage and/or a test that detects gene mutations; (iii) an in vivo test for chromosomal damage using rodent hematopoietic cells. This test battery is designed to avoid the risk of false negative results for compounds with genotoxic potential, but it cannot be taken for granted that the risk is completely eliminated. As a matter of fact there are some chemicals, classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably or possibly carcinogenic to humans, which gave consistent negative results in this test battery, and in contrast provided positive results in other not routinely employed genotoxicity assays. The failure of the standard test battery in detecting some genotoxic carcinogens is attributable to several causes, but the principal of them are the following ones: in vitro, the artificial metabolic activity of the liver S9-mix, and the different biotransformation of chemicals in cells of different type and from different animal species; in vivo, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the test compound, and its possible species-, sex- and tissue-specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Brambilla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 2, I-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sipkema D, Snijders APL, Schroën CGPH, Osinga R, Wijffels RH. The life and death of sponge cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 85:239-47. [PMID: 14748078 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell viability is an essential touchstone in the study of the effect of medium components on cell physiology. We developed a flow-cytometric assay to determine sponge-cell viability, based on the combined use of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI). Cell fluorescence measurements based on incubation of cells with FDA or PI resulted in a useful and reproducible estimate of the viability of primary sponge-cell cultures. We studied the effects of temperature, ammonium, and the fungicide amphotericin B on the viability of a primary-cell culture from the marine sponge Suberites domuncula using the aforementioned flow-cytometric assay. S. domuncula cells die rapidly at a temperature of >or=22 degrees C, but they are insensitive to ammonium concentrations of up to 25 mM. Amphotericin B, which is frequently used in sponge-cell culture media, was found to be toxic to S. domuncula cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detmer Sipkema
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|