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Sato M, Saitoh I, Inada E, Nakamura S, Watanabe S. Potential for Isolation of Immortalized Hepatocyte Cell Lines by Liver-Directed In Vivo Gene Delivery of Transposons in Mice. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5129526. [PMID: 31281376 PMCID: PMC6589260 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5129526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of hepatocytes and their culture in vitro represent important avenues to explore the function of such cells. However, these studies are often difficult to perform because of the inability of hepatocytes to proliferate in vitro. Immortalization of isolated hepatocytes is thus an important step toward continuous in vitro culture. For cellular immortalization, integration of relevant genes into the host chromosomes is a prerequisite. Transposons, which are mobile genetic elements, are known to facilitate integration of genes of interest (GOI) into chromosomes in vitro and in vivo. Here, we proposed that a combination of transposon- and liver-directed introduction of nucleic acids may confer acquisition of unlimited cellular proliferative potential on hepatocytes, enabling the possible isolation of immortalized hepatocyte cell lines, which has often failed using more traditional immortalization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Unit, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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Grant M, Rodgers E, Anderson K, Haydon G, Hayes P. The Effect of Serum from Liver Cancer Patients on the Growth and Function of Primary and Immortalised Hepatocytes. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880102401108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A limiting factor in the efficacy of bioartificial liver (BAL) for the treatment of liver failure is the toxicity of the patients’ serum to the hepatocytes in the device. This study investigates the interaction of liver cancer patient serum with primary and immortalised rat hepatocytes. Liver cancer serum increased the growth rate of immortalised hepatocytes, without affecting reduced glutathione levels. The activities of DT-diaphorase and pi glutathione-S-transferase (GST), enzymes associated with de-differentiation, were also increased. Exposure of primary hepatocytes to liver cancer serum resulted in a decrease in cytochrome P450 (CYP) content, and in P450 dependent metabolism of testosterone. Formation of 2-alpha- and 6-beta- hydroxy testosterone was decreased. These reactions are predominantly associated with CYP 2C11 and 3A1 respectively in normal rat liver. The activity of total GST was also decreased, although that of the pi isoenzyme of GST was not affected. Our results suggest that exposure of hepatocytes in a bioreactor to liver cancer patient serum will result in overgrowth of cells, if proliferating cells are being used, and in de-differentiation. The serum may have to be pretreated with adsorbants to remove toxins prior to BAL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Grant
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow - Scotland
| | - E.H. Rodgers
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow - Scotland
| | - K. Anderson
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow - Scotland
| | - G.H. Haydon
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh - Scotland
| | - P.C. Hayes
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh - Scotland
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Kaulek V, Saas P, Alexandre E, Grant H, Richert L, Jaeck D, Tiberghien P, Wolf P, Azimzadeh A. Comparative Phenotype and Immunogenicity of Freshly Isolated and Immortalized Rat Hepatocytes. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Kaulek
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Fondation Transplantation, 5 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Thérapeutique Immuno-moléculaire, EFS/EA 2284/Inserm E-0119, 1 Bd A Fleming, BP 1937, 25020 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- Laboratoire de Thérapeutique Immuno-moléculaire, EFS/EA 2284/Inserm E-0119, 1 Bd A Fleming, BP 1937, 25020 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Eliane Alexandre
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Fondation Transplantation, 5 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Helen Grant
- University of Strathclyde, Bioengineering Unit, Wolfson Center, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow 64 ONW, Scotland
| | - Lysiane Richert
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Fondation Transplantation, 5 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Place Saint Jacques, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Daniel Jaeck
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Fondation Transplantation, 5 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Tiberghien
- Laboratoire de Thérapeutique Immuno-moléculaire, EFS/EA 2284/Inserm E-0119, 1 Bd A Fleming, BP 1937, 25020 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Philippe Wolf
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Fondation Transplantation, 5 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnès Azimzadeh
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Fondation Transplantation, 5 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
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Kim MH, Kumar SK, Shirahama H, Seo J, Lee JH, Cho NJ. Phenotypic regulation of liver cells in a biofunctionalized three-dimensional hydrogel platform. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:156-66. [PMID: 26792030 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function is a major challenge for hepatocytes that are cultured on two-dimensional (2D) cell culture platforms. Biofunctionalized three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds produced by microfabrication strategies can overcome these limitations by presenting vital environmental cues, strong mechanical properties, and three-dimensional geometry to enable high-fidelity liver tissue engineering. Herein, we report the detailed investigation of hepatocarcinoma (Huh 7.5) cellular behavior in a collagen-functionalized microsphere-templated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel scaffold which promotes 3D hepatic sheet morphology. Collagen conjugation led to improved liver-specific functions, including albumin production and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity. Importantly, the gene expression of numerous cell-adhesion markers was enhanced along with stimulated innate hepatocyte fibronectin production. Taken together, the findings reveal a close connection between hepatic cell morphology and gene expression, offering evidence that surface-coated collagen in the 3D hydrogel platform triggers the upregulation of hepatocyte-specific transcription factors and the secretion of liver metabolic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore.
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Kanyong P, Hughes G, Pemberton RM, Jackson SK, Hart JP. Amperometric Screen-Printed Galactose Biosensor for Cell Toxicity Applications. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Martínez-Jiménez CP, Jover R, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV. Can hepatoma cell lines be redifferentiated to be used in drug metabolism studies? Altern Lab Anim 2013; 32 Suppl 1A:65-74. [PMID: 23577436 DOI: 10.1177/026119290403201s11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of metabolism, enzymes so far involved, and potential enzyme-inhibiting or enzyme-inducing properties of new compounds is a key issue in drug development. Primary cultured hepatocytes, cytochrome P450 (CYP)-engineered cells and hepatoma cell lines are currently being used for this purpose, but only primary cultures can produce a metabolic profile of a drug similar to that found in vivo and can respond to inducers. Because of their limited accessibility, alternatives to replace human hepatocytes are currently being explored, including the immortalisation of hepatocytes by using different strategies (i.e. SV40 T-large antigen, conditionally immortalised hepatocytes, transfection with c-myc, cH-ras, N-ras oncogenes, transgenic animals over-expressing growth factors or oncogenes and cre-lox recombination/excision). However, none of the resulting cells has the desirable phenotypic characteristics to replace primary cultures in drug metabolisms studies. We investigated why these differentiated human hepatomas do not express CYP genes and found that the levels of certain key transcription factors clearly differ from those found in hepatocytes. It was then conceivable that re-expression of one (or more) of these transcription factors could lead to an efficient transcription of CYP genes. The feasibility of this hypothesis was demonstrated by genetic engineering of Hep G2 cells with liver-enriched transcription factors followed by the analysis of the expression of the most relevant human CYPs.
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Gunaratnam M, Grant MH. Cr (VI) inhibits DNA, RNA and protein syntheses in hepatocytes: Involvement of glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione and DT-diaphorase. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:879-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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de Haan LHJ, Pot GK, Aarts JMMJG, Rietjens IMCM, Alink GM. In vivo relevance of two critical levels for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-mediated cellular protection against electrophile toxicity found in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:594-600. [PMID: 16314070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-mediated detoxification of quinones is suggested to be involved in cancer prevention. In the present study, using transfected CHO cells, it was demonstrated that the relation between NQO1 activity and the resulting protection against the cytotoxicity of menadione shows a steep dose-response curve revealing a 'lower protection threshold' of 0.5mumol DCPIP/min/mg protein and an 'upper protection threshold' at 1mumol DCPIP/min/mg protein. In an additional in vivo experiment it was investigated how both in vitro critical activity levels of NQO1, relate to NQO1 activities in mice and man, either without or upon induction of the enzyme by butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) or indole-3-carbinol (I(3)C). Data from an experiment with CD1 mice revealed that base-line NQO1 levels in liver, kidney, small intestine, colon and lung are generally below the observed 'lower protection threshold' in vitro, this also holds for most human tissue S-9 samples. To achieve NQO1 levels above this 'lower protection threshold' will require 5-20 fold NQO1 induction. Discussion focuses on the relevance of the in vitro NQO1 activity thresholds for the in vivo situation. We conclude that increased protection against menadione toxicity can probably not be achieved by NQO1 induction but should be achieved by other mechanisms. Whether this conclusion also holds for other electrophiles and the in vivo situation awaits further definition of their NQO1 protection thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H J de Haan
- Subdepartment of Toxicology, Agrotechnology and Food Science Group, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yeon JH, Park JK. Cytotoxicity test based on electrochemical impedance measurement of HepG2 cultured in microfabricated cell chip. Anal Biochem 2005; 341:308-15. [PMID: 15907877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the use of electrochemical impedance measurement on a cell chip to monitor cell growth as a consequence of treatment with potentially cytotoxic agents. The cell chip consists of an eight-well cell culture chamber incorporated with a three-electrode system on each well. The gold electrode for impedance measurements is fabricated by sputtering on polycarbonate film. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HepG2) is adapted to cytotoxicity test using the cell chip. Although the relatively small quantity of cells on the electrode has been measured indirectly, the cell chip can monitor toxic effects on the HepG2 cells cultured in the cell chip continuously and detect cellular behavior without multiple reagents. The cells in the stationary phase after plating are used for the cytotoxicity experiment and the impedance is decreased after treatments with several toxicants, such as tamoxifen and menadione, indicating the detachment of dead cells. These results reveal that the microfabricated cell chip system provides an easy and real-time monitoring method for cytotoxicity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hun Yeon
- Department of BioSystems, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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De Haan LHJ, Boerboom AMJF, Rietjens IMCM, van Capelle D, De Ruijter AJM, Jaiswal AK, Aarts JMMJG. A physiological threshold for protection against menadione toxicity by human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:1597-603. [PMID: 12429349 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) has often been suggested to be involved in cancer prevention by means of detoxification of electrophilic quinones. In the present study, a series of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines expressing various elevated levels of human NQO1 were generated by stable transfection. The level of NQO1 over-expression ranged from 14 to 29 times the NQO1 activity in the wild-type CHO cells. This panel of cell lines, allowed investigation of the protective role of NQO1 in quinone cytotoxicity. It could be demonstrated that menadione toxicity was significantly reduced in all NQO1-transfected CHO clones compared to the wild-type cells, but the clones did not show differences in their level of protection against menadione. This observation pointed at a critical threshold concentration of NQO1 above which a further increase does not provide further protection against quinone cytotoxicity. Additional studies in which the NQO1 activity was inhibited by dicoumarol showed that only dicoumarol concentrations of about five times the EC(50) for NQO1 inhibition were able to reduce NQO1 levels below the apparent threshold, making the cells more sensitive. The level of this threshold was estimated to be in the range of base line NQO1 activities observed in several tissues and species. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that beneficial effects of NQO1 induction by, for example, cruciferous vegetables might be absent or present depending on the NQO1 activity threshold for optimal protection and the basal level of NQO1 expression in the tissue and species of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H J De Haan
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, NL-6703 HE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Slaughter MR, Thakkar H, O'Brien PJ. Effect of diquat on the antioxidant system and cell growth in human neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 178:63-70. [PMID: 11814326 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress elicits an adaptive antioxidant response, which varies with tissue type. Diquat, a potent redox cycler that generates reactive oxygen species, has been used to study oxidative stress; however, its effect on the antioxidant system has not been characterized in neuronal cells. Accordingly, we measured antioxidant parameters and cell growth in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells cultured for 48 h in medium containing 5, 10, or 25 microM diquat dibromide or phosphate-buffered saline. Viable cells were assayed for glutathione (GSH) and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). Mitochondrial function was evaluated by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity and MTT reduction. Diquat caused a marked concentration-related decrease in viable cell count ( by 26, 51, and 87% at 5, 10, and 25 microM diquat). Cell viability was only affected at 10 and 25 microM diquat and did not fully account for the decreased viable cell count. Concentration-related increases also occurred with GSH levels and a majority of antioxidant enzymes activities; however, the mode and magnitude varied with parameter. Increases in GSH, CAT, SOD, and GR were maximal at 25 microM diquat (to 3-, 6-, 2-, and 1.5-fold control values, respectively). GPDH activity was maximal at 10 microM diquat and then decreased to 86% of control activity at 25 microM diquat. GPX activity showed a concentration-related decrease (to 35% of control). Activity of the mitochondrial enzyme GDH increased 3-fold at 25 microM diquat, along with a lesser increase in MTT reduction. We conclude that diquat reduces cell growth in neuroblastoma cells and induces an adaptive antioxidant response, which are concentration dependent and occur at sublethal concentrations. At higher concentrations, diquat alters mitochondrial function and becomes increasingly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Slaughter
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Park Road, Ware, Herts, SG12 ODP, United Kingdom
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Proceedings of the British Toxicology Society Autumn Meeting University of York 20-22 September 1998. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/096032719901800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Anderson K, Andrews R, Yin L, McLeod R, MacDonald C, Hayes JD, Grant MH. Cytotoxicity of xenobiotics and expression of glutathione-S-transferases in immortalised rat hepatocyte cell lines. Hum Exp Toxicol 1998; 17:131-7. [PMID: 9587779 DOI: 10.1177/096032719801700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Immortalised rat hepatocyte cell lines are more sensitive to the cytotoxicity of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and ethacrynic acid than primary cultures of hepatocytes. 2. Class alpha glutathione S-transferases are not expressed in immortalised hepatocyte cell lines. Class pi glutathione S-transferase expression is elevated in the immortalised cell lines compared with freshly isolated hepatocytes, but it is not as high as in the HTC rat hepatoma cell line. 3. Immortalised hepatocyte cell lines may provide a sensitive model system for detecting cytotoxicity associated with xenobiotics which are detoxified by glutathione S-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anderson
- Bioengineering Unit, Strathclyde University, Wolfson Centre, Glasgow, UK
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