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Tsai YY. Indigenous DNA as a metaphor: Nation-building and scientific debates on the rediscovery of Taiwanese ancestry. SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE 2024:3063127241226869. [PMID: 38520279 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241226869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, I investigate the co-production of genetic research and national politics in post-martial law Taiwan. This entails analyzing two co-produced phenomena: the nationalization of biomedicine-in which the national discourse over racial/ethnic categories and ancestral origin increasingly shapes scientists' biomedical research; and the biomedicalization of the nation-in which people in public discourse increasingly use biomedical categories in characterizing national differences and identities. I analyze how the production and representation of scientific knowledge of the ancestral origins and genetic make-up of Taiwan have been embedded in Taiwanese politics. This includes the emergence of a new categorization into four great ethnic groups, multiculturalism, and the assertion of a distinct Taiwanese national identity, particularly in response to the People's Republic of China's claims of common ancestry. I also examine how the scientific findings produced in the lab have spilled out into both Taiwan and China through journals, media, history textbooks, and public disputes since the 1990s and brought about significant social impact.
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Feng CC, Chang CW, Lien ZY, Lin JA, Chen TT, Yeh SP. Better resolving of anti-CD38 antibody interference with blood compatibility testing by using manual polybrene method compared with dithiothreitol-pretreatment indirect antiglobulin test. J Clin Lab Anal 2023:e24891. [PMID: 37161608 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is advised to pretreat the reagent erythrocytes with Dithiothreitol (DTT) to denature the surface CD38 to prevent anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) from interfering with the blood compatibility test. Anti-CD38 has little impact on the Polybrene test, but it is still unknown how sensitive it is to detect irregular antibodies and how effective it is when compared to the standard DTT-based method. METHODS Twenty-one patients receiving daratumumab (N = 13) and isatuximab (N = 8) had their serum collected. Standard anti-sera (anti-c, D, E, Fyb , Jka , M, Mia ) with serial dilution were added to patients' serum. Antibody screening tests were performed simultaneously using the manual polybrene method (MP) and DTT-pretreated, automatic indirect antiglobulin test (DTT-IAT) to compare the detection sensitivity. These two methods' operating times and costs were also analyzed. RESULTS Both MP and DTT-IAT can overcome the interference caused by anti-CD38 MoAb. However, MP is more sensitive in detecting anti-M and anti-Mia and is comparable to DTT-IAT in detecting other antibodies. In terms of cost and operating time, MP is also far superior to DTT-IAT. CONCLUSION MP is a cost-effective alternative to DTT-IAT in resolving anti-CD38 interference and is especially suitable for populations with a high prevalence of anti-M and anti-Mia . However, both methods have a well-known drawback of low detection sensitivity for anti-K, and K-units should be provided to patients to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Che Feng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ci-Wen Chang
- Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yi Lien
- Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jinun-An Lin
- Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Transfusion Committee, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Hsu K, Tseng WC. What Decides Your Athletic Career?-Reflection from Our Study of GP.Mur-Associated Sports Talents during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12691. [PMID: 36231989 PMCID: PMC9566733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This opinion article discusses the factors that attract children and teens to athletic careers. The most important attribute for the making of athletes is polished sports talent, followed by psychological, environmental, and incentive factors. Our laboratory studies a red blood cell (RBC) type called GP.Mur, which is rare in most parts of the world besides Southeast Asia. Intriguingly, the prevalence of the GP.Mur blood type is relatively high among Taiwanese elite athletes. The highest frequency of the GP.Mur blood type worldwide is found among Taiwan's Ami people (88-95% from hospital blood bank surveys in the 1980s). Though the Ami constitute only 0.6-0.8% of the Taiwanese population, from records of national track-and-field games in the past century, 10-60% of the medalists were Ami. Biologically, GP.Mur expression supports blood CO2 metabolism, which may have implications for athleticism. As many of our study subjects are elite college athletes with the GP.Mur blood type, we contemplated their upbringings and career dilemmas, especially during the difficult COVID-19 pandemic. Beyond individual sports talent, the pandemic particularly tests personal characteristics and socioeconomic support for becoming an athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hsu
- The Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Exercise & Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 100234, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Physical Education, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan
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Chuang MT, Chang CH. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn caused by irregular antibody: A mortality case report and case series during the past 15 years in NCKUH. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:896-899. [PMID: 36088064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) caused by irregular antibodies is a rare, but possibly life-threatening condition. We report a case of severe intrauterine hemolysis caused by anti-E alloimmunization, and review 16 cases in the past 15 years of our hospital. CASE REPORT A woman with gestational age 28 weeks and 5 days, received emergent Cesarean section because of fetal distress. The baby was expired at the next day after delivery and the comprehensive study showed severe anemia and alloimmunization related hemolysis caused by anti-E due to high antibody titer (1: 4096). CONCLUSION Anti-E antibody is one of the most common non-Rhesus D antibodies in the pathogenesis of HDFN, but rarely leads to severe hemolysis. However, our case has the highest reported anti-E titer in HDFN and is the first case of mortality during the past 15 years in NCKUH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ta Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hsin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Chen YC, Hsu KN, Lai JCY, Chen LY, Kuo MS, Liao CC, Hsu K. Influence of hemoglobin on blood pressure among people with GP.Mur blood type ☆. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:1721-1727. [PMID: 35000824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE GP.Mur is a clinically important red blood cell (RBC) type. GP.Mur and band 3 interact on the RBCs. We previously observed that healthy adults with GP.Mur type present slightly higher blood pressure (BP). Because band 3 and Hb comodulate nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation and hemoglobin (Hb) is positively associated with BP, we aimed to test whether these could contribute to higher BP in GP.Mur+ people. METHODS We recruited 989 non-elderly adults (21% GP.Mur) free of catastrophic illness and not on cardiovascular or anti-hypertensive medication. Their body indices, blood lab data and lifestyle data were collected for analyses of potential BP-related factors (BMI, age, smoking, Hb, and GP.Mur). RESULTS BMI and age remained the most significant contributors to BP. GP.Mur slightly increased systolic BP (SBP). The direct correlation between Hb and BP was only found in Taiwanese non-anemic men, not women. After age and BMI adjusted, we estimated an increase of 1.8 mmHg and 2.6 mmHg of SBP by 1 g/dL Hb among men without and with GP.Mur type, respectively. Hb was generally lower among people expressing GP.Mur, which likely limited their larger impact on BP. CONCLUSION GP.Mur contributed to BP in both Hb-dependent and Hb-independent fashion. A pronounced impact of hemoglobin on BP likely requires sufficient Hb, as GP.Mur increased the sensitivity of SBP to Hb only in non-anemic Taiwanese men, and not in Taiwanese women or anemic men. The mechanism through which GP.Mur affected BP independent of Hb is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Nan Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Jerry Cheng-Yen Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yang Chen
- The Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Shin Kuo
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Chu Liao
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsu
- The Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Flegel WA. Proceed with care: the "uncommon" serologic weak D phenotypes. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2021; 19:272-276. [PMID: 34704554 PMCID: PMC8297679 DOI: 10.2450/2021.0147-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willy Albert Flegel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Lamis RJS, Chiueh TS, Tsai CH, Lo HR, Wei SC, Chao YC. Identification and Quantification of Anti-Gp.Mur Antibodies in Human Serum Using an Insect-Cell-Based System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060966. [PMID: 34072047 PMCID: PMC8227843 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gp.Mur is a clinically relevant antigen of the MNS blood group system that is highly prevalent in several Asian populations. Its corresponding antibody, anti-Gp.Mur, has been implicated in hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Currently, identifying and confirming anti-Gp.Mur antibody presence in sera via agglutination of a panel of red blood cells (RBCs) is inefficient and difficult to quantify. Using a baculovirus expression system to express Gp.Mur antigen on insect cell surfaces, we have developed a quantitative cell-based system to confirm the presence of anti-Gp.Mur antibody in human serum. We obtained 10 serum samples preidentified as having anti-Gp.Mur antibody and another 4 samples containing noncorresponding antibodies from hospital patients. Insect cells displaying Gp.Mur antigen successfully adsorbed anti-Gp.Mur antibody in the sera and inhibited the RBC agglutination mediated by this antibody. By varying the concentration of Gp.Mur-displaying cells, we could grade levels of RBC agglutination by anti-Gp.Mur antibody. Densitometric analysis further enabled quantitative determinations of hemagglutination inhibition by Gp.Mur-displaying cells. We believe that this cell-based hemagglutination inhibition system greatly improves or supplements existing technology and is a convenient means for accurately identifying and quantifying anti-Gp.Mur antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert John S. Lamis
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (H.-R.L.); (S.-C.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Shi Chiueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 333, Taiwan;
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, New Taipei Municipal Tu Cheng Hospital, Tu Cheng, Taipei 236, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (H.-R.L.); (S.-C.W.)
| | - Huei-Ru Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (H.-R.L.); (S.-C.W.)
| | - Sung-Chan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (H.-R.L.); (S.-C.W.)
| | - Yu-Chan Chao
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (H.-R.L.); (S.-C.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Prinja N, Narain R. ABO, Rh, and kell blood group antigen frequencies in blood donors at the tertiary care hospital of Northwestern India. Asian J Transfus Sci 2021; 14:179-184. [PMID: 33767546 PMCID: PMC7983138 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_34_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study was performed to provide information on frequencies of ABO, Rh & Kell antigens/alleles, phenotype in blood donors at Blood Bank, SMS hospital, Jaipur and to compare them with other races. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted on blood donors from April 2016 to March 2017 using a fully automated system for ABO,Rh & Kell typing of blood cells. D, C, c, E, e & K antigens were typed using monoclonal antisera from Immucor The data were collected and calculations done to determine the antigen/allele, phenotype. The chi square test 3 degree of freedom with P < 0.001 (S) was used for comparisons between the results of our study and those of other studies. RESULTS: A total of 8067 donors were included in this study. Maximum donors was of B blood group (39.4%) of age 18-25(35.5%) with 60-69kg weight (65%). The most common Rh antigen found was e(99.3%) followed by D (93.8%), C (85.4%), c (60.1%), E (17.5%). R1r (DCCee) was the most common phenotype in our study (39.5%). Kell (K+) antigen was present in 2.7% of donors. CONCLUSION: We have determined the prevalence of Rh antigens and Rh phenotypes in blood donor at our hospital and derived the allele frequencies in the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nippun Prinja
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rachna Narain
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Lin M. Elimination of pretransfusion RhD typing at Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taiwan-30-year experience (1988-2017). Vox Sang 2020; 116:234-238. [PMID: 32951225 PMCID: PMC7984215 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The frequency of the RhD negative (D‐) phenotype among the population of Taiwan is only 0·34% and so anti‐D is a relatively rare antibody. Routine pretransfusion D typing of patients at Mackay Memorial Hospital (MMH) was discontinued in 1988, and this report is a look back and retrospective evaluation over 30‐years (1988–2017). Study Design and Methods The incidence of anti‐D among patients at MMH during the periods 1984–1988 (when D typing was performed) and 1988–2017 (when D typing was not performed) was reviewed. Also, the incidence of anti‐D among both MMH patients and voluntary blood donors at the Taiwan Blood Foundation was compared. The importance of anti‐‘Mia’ in Taiwan is also discussed. Results The incidence of anti‐D relative to other Rh antibodies among MMH patients when D typing was performed and D typing not performed has remained relatively unchanged (5%). The frequencies of anti‐D and anti‐‘Mia’ among 38 537 patients who were transfused at MMH during 2008–2017 were found to be 0·06% and 2·6%, respectively. During the same period, among 3 510 131 blood donors at Taiwan Blood Foundation, the frequencies of anti‐D and anti‐‘Mia’ were 0·004% and 0·2%, respectively. Conclusion The elimination of D typing of patients at MMH has proven to have been a correct and logical decision. D‐ patients, if they do not carry anti‐D, can thus be safely transfused with D+ red cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lin
- Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Shah A, Jariwala K, Gupte S, Sharma P, Mishra K, Ghosh K. Pattern of distribution of 35 red cell antigens in regular voluntary blood donors of South Gujarat, India. Transfus Apher Sci 2018; 57:672-675. [PMID: 30197214 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended phenotyping is one of the important method of reducing red cell alloimmunisation. Extended phenotyping of red cells from voluntary donors have many uses in addition to its application in population genetics. As there was very little data extended phenotyping on a cohort of Indian Voluntary blood donors this project was undertaken. STUDY DESIGN & METHODOLOGY 200 regular voluntary blood donors having 'O' blood group were included for red cell antigen typing of Rh (D,C,E,c,e), Kell (K, k, Kpa, Kpb), Duffy (Fya, Fyb), Kidd (Jka, Jkb), Lewis(Lea, Leb), P(P1), MNS (M, N,S,s), and Lutheran (Lua, Lub), Colton (Coa, Cob), Diago (Diaa, Wra), Vw and Xga antigens using conventional antisera provided by DIAGAST. Calculations of antigen and phenotypes frequencies were expressed as percentages. RESULTS Out of 200 'O' group blood donors, 96.5% were Rh D and 2.5% were K positive. Amongst Rh antigens, e was the most common (100%) followed by D, C (91.0%), c (50.5%) and E (16.5%) with DCe/DCe (R1R1, 48.0%) being the most common phenotype. In Kell blood group system, we found k antigen to be 100% and a rare phenotype Kp (a + b+) was found in 1% of the donors. For Kidd and Duffy blood group systems, Jk (a + b+) and Fy (a + b-) were the most common phenotypes (39.0% and 64.0%, respectively). In the MNS blood group system, M + N+ (67.5%) and S + s+(43.5%) were the most common phenotypes. There were antigens like Cw(3.5%), K(2.3%), Kpa(1.2%), Ina(1.0%), Vw(1.2%), Coa(4.5%), Cob(1%), Lua(1.75%), Dia+(1.2%), and Wra+(0.6%) with frequency < 5% in the donor population. CONCLUSION Extensively antigen phenotypes group 'O' red cells showed significant variation with other population from India as well as with Caucasian and black population. Extensive phenotyping 'O' group regular blood donors of red cell antigens is very useful to prepare in-house red cell panels for identification of alloantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani Shah
- Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre, Udhna Magdalla Road, Nr. Chosath Joganio Mata Temple, Surat, 395002, Gujrat, India
| | - Keyuri Jariwala
- Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre, Udhna Magdalla Road, Nr. Chosath Joganio Mata Temple, Surat, 395002, Gujrat, India
| | - Snehalata Gupte
- Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre, Udhna Magdalla Road, Nr. Chosath Joganio Mata Temple, Surat, 395002, Gujrat, India; Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujrat, India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujrat, India
| | - Kanchan Mishra
- Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre, Udhna Magdalla Road, Nr. Chosath Joganio Mata Temple, Surat, 395002, Gujrat, India
| | - Kanjaksha Ghosh
- Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre, Udhna Magdalla Road, Nr. Chosath Joganio Mata Temple, Surat, 395002, Gujrat, India.
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Hsu K. Exploring the Potential Roles of Band 3 and Aquaporin-1 in Blood CO 2 Transport-Inspired by Comparative Studies of Glycophorin B-A-B Hybrid Protein GP.Mur. Front Physiol 2018; 9:733. [PMID: 29971013 PMCID: PMC6018491 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cl—/HCO3— exchanger band 3 is functionally relevant to blood CO2 transport. Band 3 is the most abundant membrane protein in human red blood cells (RBCs). Our understanding of its physiological functions mainly came from clinical cases associated with band 3 mutations. Severe reduction in band 3 expression affects blood HCO3—/CO2 metabolism. What could happen physiologically if band 3 expression is elevated instead? In some areas of Southeast Asia, about 1–10% of the populations express GP.Mur, a glycophorin B-A-B hybrid membrane protein important in the field of transfusion medicine. GP.Mur functions to promote band 3 expression, and GP.Mur red cells can be deemed as a naturally occurred model for higher band 3 expression. This review first compares the functional consequences of band 3 at different levels, and suggests a critical role of band 3 in postnatal CO2 respiration. The second part of the review explores the transport of water, which is the other substrate for intra-erythrocytic CO2/HCO3— conversion (an essential step in blood CO2 transport). Despite that water is considered unlimited physiologically, it is unclear whether water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) abundantly expressed in RBCs is functionally involved in CO2 transport. Research in this area is complicated by the fact that the H2O/CO2-transporting function of AQP1 is replaceable by other erythrocyte channels/transporters (e.g., UT-B/GLUT1 for H2O; RhAG for CO2). Recently, using carbonic anhydrase II (CAII)-filled erythrocyte vesicles, AQP1 has been demonstrated to transport water for the CAII-mediated reaction, CO2(g) + H2O ⇌ HCO3—(aq) + H+(aq). AQP1 is structurally associated with some population of band 3 complexes on the erythrocyte membrane in an osmotically responsive fashion. The current findings reveal transient interaction among components within the band 3-central, CO2-transport metabolon (AQP1, band 3, CAII and deoxygenated hemoglobin). Their dynamic interaction is envisioned to facilitate blood CO2 respiration, in the presence of constantly changing osmotic and hemodynamic stresses during circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hsu
- Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Laboratories, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, Taiwan
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12
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Makroo RN, Bhatia A, Chowdhry M, Rosamma NL, Karna P. Frequency of Mi(a) antigen: A pilot study among blood donors. Indian J Med Res 2016; 143:633-5. [PMID: 27488007 PMCID: PMC4989837 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.187112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Miltenberger (Mi) classes represent a group of phenotypes for red cells that carry low frequency antigens associated with the MNSs blood group system. This pilot study was aimed at determining the Mia antigen positivity in the blood donor population in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. The study was performed between June to August 2014 on eligible blood donors willing to participate. Antigen typing was performed using monoclonal anti-Mia antiserum by tube technique. Only one of the 1000 blood donors (0.1%) tested was found to be Mia antigen positive. the Mia antigen can, therefore, be considered as being rare in the Indian blood donor population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Nath Makroo
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Molecular Biology & Transplant Immunology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Aakanksha Bhatia
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Molecular Biology & Transplant Immunology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Chowdhry
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Molecular Biology & Transplant Immunology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - N L Rosamma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Molecular Biology & Transplant Immunology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Karna
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Molecular Biology & Transplant Immunology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
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Hsu K, Kuo MS, Yao CC, Lee TY, Chen YC, Cheng HC, Lin CH, Yu TH, Lin HJ. Expedited CO2 respiration in people with Miltenberger erythrocyte phenotype GP.Mur. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10327. [PMID: 26000803 PMCID: PMC4441147 DOI: 10.1038/srep10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, Miltenberger antigen subtype III (Mi.III; GP.Mur) is considered one of the most important red blood cell antigens in the field of transfusion medicine. Mi.III functions to promote erythrocyte band 3 expression and band 3-related HCO3(-) transport, with implications in blood CO2 metabolism. Could Mi.III affect physiologic CO2 respiration in its carriers? Here, we conducted a human trial to study the impacts of Mi.III expression in respiration. We recruited 188 healthy, adult subjects for blood typing, band 3 measurements, and respiratory tests before and after exercise. The 3-minute step exercise test forced the demand for CO2 dissipation to rise. We found that immediately following exercise, Mi.III + subjects exhaled CO2 at greater rates than Miltenberger-negative subjects. Respiration rates were also higher for Mi.III + subjects immediately after exercise. Blood gas tests further revealed distinct blood CO2 responses post-exercise between Mi.III and non-Mi.III. In contrast, from measurements of heart rates, blood O2 saturation and lactate, Mi.III phenotype was found to be independent of one's aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Thus, Mi.III expression supported physiologic CO2 respiration. Conceivably, Mi.III + people may have advantages in performing physically enduring activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hsu
- Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Shin Kuo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Che Yao
- Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Lee
- Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chih Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Department of Physical Education, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Han Yu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, Taiwan
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Hsu K, Yao CC, Lin YC, Chang CL, Lee TY. Dissecting alternative splicing in the formation of Miltenberger glycophorin subtype III (GYP.Mur). Vox Sang 2015; 108:403-9. [PMID: 25753520 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Miltenberger subtype III (Mi.III, GP.Mur) is one of the most important red cell phenotypes in the fields of transfusion in South-East Asia. GP.Mur is believed to evolve from homologous gene recombination events between glycophorin A (GYPA) and glycophorin B (GYPB). GYP.Mur differs from GYPB in only seven nucleotides dispersed near the region of 3' exon 3 of GYP.Mur. The goal of this study was to dissect how these nucleotide variants affected splicing of exon 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first designed two minigene constructs: one containing GYP.Mur from exon 2 to exon 4 and the other containing GYPB in the same region. To test how these nucleotide variations between GYP.Mur and GYPB affected the splicing, a repertoire of the GYP.Mur-like minigene constructs with different point mutations were created. These minigene variants were evaluated for their abilities to induce splicing of exon 3 using a heterologous expression system. RESULTS (1) GYP.Mur minigene expressed exons 2, 3 and 4, whereas GYPB minigene expressed only exon 2 and exon 4. (2) The single nucleotide alteration at the position of the 5' splice site of glycophorin intron 3 reversed the splicing decision. (3) The nucleotide variations between GYP.Mur and GYPB other than that at the 5' splice site showed very little or no effect on splicing of exon 3. CONCLUSION Splicing of the glycophorin B-A-B hybrids (GYP.Mur and GYP.BUN) and unsplicing of GYPB follow the GU-AG rule strictly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hsu
- Mackay Memorial Hospital Transfusion Medicine Laboratory & Blood Bank, Tamsui, Taiwan
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Yousuf R, Abdul Aziz S, Yusof N, Leong CF. A rare case of anti-jk3 antibody detected on pre-transfusion investigation. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2014; 30:208-10. [PMID: 25114411 PMCID: PMC4115086 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-012-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 47-year-old Malay lady, para 4 + 1, with known medical history of hypertension whom presented at Emergency Department with severe anaemia, most likely secondary to menorrhagia caused by uterine fibroids. Her haemoglobin was 5.5 g/dl and she was transfused with three units of packed cell without any adverse reaction, her haemoglobin level increased to 9.8 g/dl. She was then planned for total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy later. Four months later when she came for the elective surgery, her pre transfusion investigations showed blood group as B Rh D positive, with a probable R1R1 phenotype. Her antibody screening was positive in all the three panel cells. Further testings showed a negative Direct Coomb's test and negative autocontrol, antibody identification showed pan-agglutination reaction on all 11 panel cells with enzyme enhancement. Patient's red cell phenotype was Jk(a-b-). Anti-Jk3 was suspected and further confirmed in the reference laboratory by phenotyping as well as negative urea lysis test. This case report highlights an extremely rare but clinically significant anti-JK3 antibody detected during pretransfusion testing. This phenotype is rare in the white population, more commonly seen in various polynesians. Increased awareness among the blood bank personnel regarding the variability of the blood group phenotype and the capricious nature of the Kidd antibodies may contribute to the better management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeya Yousuf
- Blood Bank Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suria Abdul Aziz
- Blood Bank Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurasyikin Yusof
- Blood Bank Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chooi-Fun Leong
- Blood Bank Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lai YJ, Wu WY, Yang CM, Yang LR, Chu CC, Chan YS, Lin M, Yu LC. A systematic study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in theA4GALTgene suggests a molecular genetic basis for the P1/P2blood groups. Transfusion 2014; 54:3222-31. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Lai
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yi Wu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ming Yang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li-Rong Yang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Chu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yung-Syu Chan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Marie Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Yu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Blood Bank; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
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Hou JW, Hwang TL. Different gene preferences of maple syrup urine disease in the aboriginal tribes of Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol 2014; 55:213-7. [PMID: 24268812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex. Mutations in any one of the three different genes encoding for the BCKD components, namely, BCKDHA, BCKDHB, and DBT, may be responsible for this disease. In Taiwan, few MSUD cases were diagnosed clinically, and most of these patients are from Aboriginal tribes. MATERIALS AND METHODS To identify and detect the carrier frequency of MSUD in Taiwanese Aboriginal tribes, we performed biochemical and molecular studies from peripheral blood in MSUD patients and dried blood on filter paper in the enrolled screened populations. RESULTS Homozygous A208T and I281T of BCKDHA were found in two patients from Hans (non-Aboriginal Taiwanese), respectively; compound heterozygous mutations of the DBT gene [4.7 kb deletion/c.650-651insT (L217F or L217fsX223) and c.650-651insT/c.88-89delAT] were found in two patients from Amis, respectively, after direct DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism studies. There were no cases of deleted 4.7-kb heterozygote out of 302 normal people (Hans, n = 125; Atayal, n = 156; and Saisiyat, n = 21); by contrast, the DBT mutations c.650-651insT and deleted 4.7-kb heterozygote were noted in 2/121 and 1/121, respectively, from the general population of the Amis, a southeastern Taiwanese tribe. CONCLUSION Although the Taiwanese Austronesian Aboriginal tribes are considered to share a common origin, different gene preferences of MSUD were noted. The novel DBT mutation c.650-651insT was more prevalent than the deleted 4.7-kb heterozygote in the Amis population. The reported 4.7-kb deletion indicating a possible founder mutation may be preserved in the southern and eastern, but not in northern Aboriginal tribes of Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Woei Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Fu-Jen Catholic University School of Medicine, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsann-Long Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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MNSs blood group glycophorin variants in Taiwan: a genotype-serotype correlation study of 'Mi(a)' and St(a) with report of two new alleles for St(a). PLoS One 2014; 9:e98166. [PMID: 24858913 PMCID: PMC4032321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycophorin variants of the MNSs blood group are important in Taiwan. For more than 20 years, screening for the most frequent irregular antibody, anti-‘Mia’, has been conducted by using ‘Mia’(+) RBCs, with a significant success. However, the sensitivity and the specificity of this screening strategy have never been validated, and the true incidences of different glycophorin variants in Taiwan have been in controversy. Also, the significance of another less frequent and usually separately reported variant, Sta, has never been evaluated. Methodology/Principal Findings We ran a population-based screening (from unselected patients in our hospital) for MNSs blood group glycophorin variants by PCR-sequencing method. GP.Mur (Mil.III) was confirmed by sequence from 57 out of 1027 samples (5.6%), and there was no other Miltenberger subtype glycophorin variant found. Glycophorin variant Sta was found from 35 out of 1027 samples (3.4%). In contrast to anti-‘Mia’, which is the most frequently identified irregular antibody in Taiwan, the prevalence of anti-Sta was only 0.13% as determined by serologic method. In addition, two new alleles for Sta were found and reported. Conclusion/Significance We confirm the long-standing assumption that GP.Mur is the only prevalent Miltenberger subtype in Taiwan. The current anti-‘Mia’ screening method used in Taiwan, although neither sensitive nor specific, is still a suitable practice. Although Sta antigen has a high prevalence in Taiwan, routine screening for anti-Sta is not warranted based on current evidence.
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Sarkar RS, Philip J, Mallhi RS, Yadav P. Proportion of Rh phenotypes in voluntary blood donors. Med J Armed Forces India 2014; 69:330-4. [PMID: 24600138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rh system is the major blood group system besides ABO system. Even after proper blood grouping and cross matching there is a possibility of alloimmunization and antibody production in the recipients against the Rh or minor blood group antigens like Kell, MNSs, Duffy etc. Keeping in view the heavy financial burden of complete phenotyping of blood; the determination of only Rh phenotypes can play a major role in preventing alloimmunization and adverse events in multitransfusion cases. To determine the proportion of Rh phenotypes in voluntary blood donors with a view to generate blood bank data for constitution of panel of blood donors for multipurpose utilities. METHOD Identification of Rhesus factors (Rh) was done by the antigen antibody agglutination test by the test tube method on 10,133 healthy voluntary donors. RESULTS The phenotypic frequencies of Rh blood groups in the studied population were D-92.25%, C-87.55%, E-26.55%, c-51.06% and e-98.42%. Thus 'e' was the most common and E was the least common of all the Rh types. Phenotypically DCCee group was the most common phenotype and dccee was least common type. CONCLUSION Determination of Rh phenotypes can play a major role in preventing alloimmunization and avoiding adverse events in multitransfusion cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sarkar
- Commandant, 151 Base Hospital, C/o 99 APO, India
| | - Joseph Philip
- Associate Professor, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 40, India
| | - R S Mallhi
- Associate Professor, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 40, India
| | - Pramod Yadav
- Resident, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 40, India
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Hsu K, Lin YC, Chao HP, Lee TY, Lin M, Chan YS. Assessing the frequencies of GP.Mur (Mi.III) in several Southeast Asian populations by PCR typing. Transfus Apher Sci 2013; 49:370-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Edinur HA, Dunn PPJ, Lea RA, Chambers GK. Molecular approaches to transfusion medicine in Polynesians and Maori in New Zealand. Int J Immunogenet 2013; 40:460-70. [PMID: 23870060 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the application of genotyping technology, there has been a substantial increase in the number of reported blood group alleles. This survey was designed to evaluate new molecular blood group genotyping methods and compile reference blood group data sets for Polynesian and Maori subjects. Subsequent analyses of these results were used to calculate probability of random match, to trace Polynesian ancestry and migration patterns and to reveal past and present episodes of genetic admixture. Genomic DNA samples from Maori and Polynesian subjects were drawn from the Victoria University of Wellington DNA Bank and genotyped using combination of commercial PCR-SSP kits, hybridization SNP assay services or sequence-based typing. This survey also involves compilation of serological ABO and Rhesus blood group data from RakaiPaaka Iwi tribal members for comparison with those generated during our molecular blood group study. We observed perfect consistency between results obtained from all molecular methods for blood group genotyping. The A, O, DCcEe, DCCee, MNs, K-k+, Jk(a+b-), Jk(a+b+), Fy(a+b-), Fy(a+b+), Di(a+b-), Co(a+b-) and Do(a-b+) were predominant blood group phenotypes in both Polynesians and Maori. Overall, our survey data show only small differences in distributions of blood group phenotypes between Polynesian and Maori groups and their subgroups. These differences might be associated with selection, population history and gene flow from Europeans. In each case, we estimate that patients with certain blood groups have a very low probability of an exact phenotypic match, even if the patients were randomly transfused with blood from donors of their own ethnicity. The best way to avoid haemolytic transfusion reaction in such cases is to perform a pretransfusion cross-match and recruit increased numbers of donors with rare phenotype profiles. The conclusion of this study is that application of molecular method covering as many known variants as possible may help to improve the accuracy blood group genotyping and potentially conserve the routine requirements of transfusion centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Edinur
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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22
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Mirabal S, Cadenas AM, Garcia-Bertrand R, Herrera RJ. Ascertaining the role of Taiwan as a source for the Austronesian expansion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:551-64. [PMID: 23440864 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Taiwanese aborigines have been deemed the ancestors of Austronesian speakers which are currently distributed throughout two-thirds of the globe. As such, understanding their genetic distribution and diversity as well as their relationship to mainland Asian groups is important to consolidating the numerous models that have been proposed to explain the dispersal of Austronesian speaking peoples into Oceania. To better understand the role played by the aboriginal Taiwanese in this diaspora, we have analyzed a total of 451 individuals belonging to nine of the tribes currently residing in Taiwan, namely the Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Tsou, and the Yami from Orchid Island off the coast of Taiwan across 15 autosomal short tandem repeat loci. In addition, we have compared the genetic profiles of these tribes to populations from mainland China as well as to collections at key points throughout the Austronesian domain. While our results suggest that Daic populations from Southern China are the likely forefathers of the Taiwanese aborigines, populations within Taiwan show a greater genetic impact on groups at the extremes of the current domain than populations from Indonesia, Mainland, or Southeast Asia lending support to the "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis. We have also observed that specific Taiwanese aboriginal groups (Paiwan, Puyuma, and Saisiyat), and not all tribal populations, have highly influenced genetic distributions of Austronesian populations in the pacific and Madagascar suggesting either an asymmetric migration out of Taiwan or the loss of certain genetic signatures in some of the Taiwanese tribes due to endogamy, isolation, and/or drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyla Mirabal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Chen N, Huang TL, Tsai RK, Sheu MM. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in elderly Amis aborigines in eastern Taiwan (the Amis Eye Study). Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012; 56:624-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-012-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hsu K, Lin YC, Chang YC, Chan YS, Chao HP, Lee TY, Lin M. A direct blood polymerase chain reaction approach for the determination of GP.Mur (Mi.III) and other Hil+ Miltenberger glycophorin variants. Transfusion 2012; 53:962-71. [PMID: 22924868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GP.Mur (Mi.III) is a glycophorin B-A-B hybrid sialoglycoprotein expressing several potent immunogens, including Mi(a), Mur, and Hil. GP.Mur is considered one of the most important red blood cell (RBC) phenotypes in blood banking in Southeast Asia. However, there are no antibodies commercially available for the screening of GP.Mur RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To develop a direct blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach for the screening of GP.Mur cells, we first confirmed the genomic sequence differences among four GP.Mur and three Mi(a-) samples by sequencing their GYP.Mur and GYPB genes. With these data, we designed PCR primers that best discriminate GYPB and GYP.Mur. Our primer design also allows the detection of other Hil+ glycophorin variants. We also constructed two plasmids--pGBi2i3 and pMiIIIi2i3--which serve as the negative and positive control DNA, respectively, for the PCR procedure. Additionally, we designed a control PCR to be run side by side with the typing PCR. RESULTS Because of the high specificity of our primers, we found it unnecessary to extract DNA from blood samples for PCR. We have tested this PCR method on 379 fresh and frozen blood samples. The results were further validated by serology and DNA sequencing and were shown to be completely accurate in our hand. We also found that the rapid genotyping method--high-resolution melting--can be a timesaving alternative for DNA sequencing. CONCLUSION This direct blood PCR approach for determination of GP.Mur and related Hil+ phenotypes is reliable and economical and is expected to be useful for blood banking in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hsu
- Mackay Memorial Hospital Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Tamsui, Taiwan
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Hsu K, Lee TY, Chao HP, Chan YS, Lin YC, Lin M. Expression of the Rh/RhAG complex is reduced in Mi.III erythrocytes. Vox Sang 2011; 102:221-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hsu K, Lin YC, Lee TY, Lin M. Miltenberger blood group antigen subtype III (Mi.III) supports Wrb expression. Vox Sang 2010; 100:389-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hsu K, Chi N, Gucek M, Van Eyk JE, Cole RN, Lin M, Foster DB. Miltenberger blood group antigen type III (Mi.III) enhances the expression of band 3. Blood 2009; 114:1919-28. [PMID: 19564639 PMCID: PMC2738576 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-195180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The special blood group antigen Mi.III exhibits a characteristic hybrid structure of glycophorin A (GPA) and glycophorin B, termed Gp.Mur. This phenotype has exceptionally high occurrence rates in several indigenous tribes in Taiwan ( approximately 21.2%-88.4%). Because glycophorin/Miltenberger begins interaction with anion exchanger-1 (AE1) in the endoplasmic reticulum, we hypothesized that the AE1-based macrocomplexes on erythrocyte membranes obtained from Mi.III(+) people could be differentiated from those obtained from non-Miltenberger people. Quantitative mass spectrometric comparison of the AE1-based complexes by iTRAQ (Applied Biosystems) revealed 25% to 67% higher expression of AE1 in Mi.III(+) erythrocytes. In accordance with the higher AE1 level, the Mi.III(+) erythrocytes exhibited superior HCO(3)(-) capacities, pH homeostasis, and osmotic resistance. Cotransfection experiments in HEK293 cells showed that Gp.Mur, like GPA, enhanced trafficking of AE1 to the plasma membrane. In summary, the increased surface expression of AE1 in Mi.III(+) erythrocytes could be attributed to the additive effect of GPA and Gp.Mur coexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hsu
- Mackay Memorial Hospital Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Tamsui, Taiwan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A prior study suggested serum heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) as a potential marker for pancreatic carcinoma, but its accuracy in differentiating cancer from chronic pancreatitis was not evaluated. We aimed to analyze HSP27 levels in pancreatic carcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, and healthy subjects and assess its diagnostic efficacy. METHODS Pretreatment serums from 58 pancreatic carcinoma, 44 chronic pancreatitis, and 102 control subjects were collected. Serum HSP27 and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. RESULTS Heat shock protein 27 levels were significantly higher in cancer and pancreatitis compared with control (P < 0.001 for both), but no significant difference was noted between cancer and pancreatitis (P = 0.978). By logistic regression, HSP27 was a significant predictor of differentiation between cancer and control (P < 0.0001) but not between cancer and pancreatitis (P = 0.885). At a cutoff of 1650 ng/L, the sensitivity and specificity for differentiating cancer from healthy control were 62.1% and 95.1%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed a greater area under curve for CA19-9 compared with HSP27 in differentiating between cancer and control (0.92 and 0.84, respectively, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Serum HSP27 is increased in both chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. It should not be recommended as a diagnostic marker for pancreatic carcinoma.
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Frequencies of theJKnull(IVS5-1g>a) allele in Taiwanese, Fujian, Filipino, and Indonesian populations. Transfusion 2008; 48:1768. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A dermatoglyphic study of the Amis aboriginal population of Taiwan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:80-5. [PMID: 18176795 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Amis is the largest aboriginal population in Taiwan. The previous dermatoglyphic studies of the Amis only reported limited data. In this study, we collected and analyzed the dermatoglyphs of 200 Amis individuals, and we reported a wide range of dermatoglyphic variables including total finger ridge count, a-b ridge count, atd angle, axial triradius percent distance, and frequencies of fingerprint pattern, palmar thenar pattern, palmar interdigital pattern, and simian line. This study is the first comprehensive dermatoglyphic research of Amis since 1960s, and its dermatoglyphic data will be useful for future research in anthropology, genetics and medicine.
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Sheu MJ, Yang HB, Sheu BS, Cheng HC, Lin CY, Wu JJ. Erythrocyte Lewis (A+B-) host phenotype is a factor with familial clustering for increased risk of Helicobacter pylori-related non-cardiac gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1054-8. [PMID: 16724994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to test whether host erythrocyte Lewis phenotypes correlated with the risk of gastric cancers. Because of the association of gastric cancer with familial clustering, cancer relatives were investigated as to whether they had unique distribution of Lewis phenotypes. METHODS The study prospectively enrolled 74 Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric cancer patients and 100 H. pylori-positive duodenal ulcer patients to serve as non-cancer controls after panendoscopy. In addition, 433 family members from the 74 index cancer and 100 non-cancer control patients were enrolled. All enrolled cases were checked for their H. pylori status and erythrocyte Lewis phenotypes, defined as Le(a-b-), Le(a-b+), Le(a+b-), and Le(a+b+) subtypes by the anti-Le(a) and anti-Le(b) monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS These H. pylori-infected patients with gastric cancer had a higher rate of Le(a+b-) phenotype and a lower rate of Le(a-b+) phenotype than the non-cancer duodenal ulcer controls (20.3% vs 9%; 51.4% vs 72%, P < 0.05). Among these H. pylori-infected patients, the risk of the patients with Le(a+b-) phenotype having gastric cancer was 3.15-fold higher as compared with those with the Le(a-b+) phenotype (P = 0.02, 95% confidence interval: 1.26-7.87). The offspring and cousins of the cancer patients had a higher rate of Le(a+b-) phenotype as compared to either that of the spouses of cancer index patients or to that of the family members of the non-cancer control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Le(a+b-) phenotype of the H. pylori-infected host could be a risk factor (with familial clustering) for gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jen Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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Lin M. Taiwan experience suggests that RhD typing for blood transfusion is unnecessary in southeast Asian populations. Transfusion 2006; 46:95-8. [PMID: 16398736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high frequency of RhD (D) antigen among Taiwanese persons (99.67%) often imposes unnecessary risks of under-transfusion on D- patients awaiting D- blood. Also because of the rare occurrence of anti-D among Taiwanese persons, routine pretransfusion D typing has been discontinued in the Mackay Memorial Hospital since 1988. This report is the retrospective evaluation of the outcome of abolishing RhD typing for Taiwanese. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS More than 10 years of alloantibody data at Mackay Memorial Hospital Blood Bank were reviewed. The cases with anti-D were further used to analyze the potency of D antigen and to observe whether there were differences in the incidence of anti-D before and after discontinuation of routine D typing among Taiwanese individuals. RESULTS The incidence of anti-D before and after discontinuation of routine pretransfusion D typing has remained unchanged. The immunogenicity of D and "Mi(a)" in Taiwanese persons is found to be similar. In terms of opportunity for immunization, however, the "Mi(a)" antigen (phenotype frequency 7.3% in Taiwanese persons) has become the most important blood group antigen in Taiwan. CONCLUSION The results strongly support the exclusion of D typing from routine compatibility testing for individuals of Taiwanese origin. Because the low incidence of D- and relatively high incidence of "Mi(a)"+ phenotypes are common findings throughout southeast Asia, and because a population genetic study revealed that the Taiwanese people are genetically related to southern Asian populations, it is suggested that RhD typing for blood transfusion is unnecessary among southeast Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lin
- Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wu KH, Chu SL, Chang JG, Shih MC, Peng CT. Haemolytic disease of the newborn due to maternal irregular antibodies in the Chinese population in Taiwan. Transfus Med 2004; 13:311-4. [PMID: 14617342 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2003.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From 1991 to 2000, amongst 23,886 full-term healthy Chinese babies delivered at our hospital, 2615 babies developed neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. After excluding other causes of hyperbilirubinaemia and identifying the irregular antibodies, 15 cases of haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to maternal irregular antibodies were diagnosed; three cases were born in our hospital and 12 cases were referred. Amongst these 15 babies, six cases had HDN due to anti-E, three cases due to anti-E + c, three cases due to anti-D, one case due to anti-c and two cases due to 'Mi' antibodies reacting with MiIII phenotype cells (anti-Hil and anti-Mur). Although there were four cases of hydrops fetalis, only one of the patients expired. The prevalence of HDN caused by maternal irregular antibodies has been estimated to be 0.01%. Therefore, routine prenatal screening for irregular antibodies was not rational in the Chinese population in Taiwan. Anti-E and anti-E + c were the important irregular antibodies resulting in HDN. Although few cases of HDN due to anti-'Mi' have been reported, Anti-'Mi' is significant in regions with a high prevalence of the MiIII phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Wu
- China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A simple and rapid slide Polybrene method (SP) for pretransfusion compatibility testing is described. SP is particularly suitable for use in developing countries where, due to limited resources, centrifuges and biologic reagents may not be readily available. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The original manual Polybrene method (MP) was modified for use on glass microscope slides, eliminating the need for test tubes and centrifugation. The sensitivity of SP for detecting alloantibodies to RBC antigens was compared with that of MP and the IAT. RESULTS Both SP and MP were more sensitive than the IAT for detecting anti-E. SP detected 21 of 23 examples of anti'-Mi(a)' and 7 of 8 examples of anti-E. Kidd and Diego system antibodies were also readily detectable by SP, although the reactions were weaker than those observed with both MP and IAT. However, both SP and MP failed to detect some examples of antibodies to Kell system antigens. CONCLUSIONS SP is an acceptable method for compatibility testing in developing countries, particularly in populations where the frequency of K is low (e.g., southeast Asia). The reagents are inexpensive and can be prepared in-house. SP is simple to use, does not require a centrifuge, and can be performed by personnel with minimal training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lin
- Immunohematology Reference Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Section 2, Chuong-Shan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Sun CF, Yu LC, Chen IP, Chou DL, Twu YC, Wang WT, Lin M. Molecular genetic analysis for the Ae1 and A3 alleles. Transfusion 2003; 43:1138-44. [PMID: 12869122 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the common ABO phenotypes, numerous phenotypes with a weak expression of the A or B antigens on RBCs have been found. This study describes the molecular genetic analysis of the Ael and the A3 phenotypes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The seven-exon regions of the ABO genes of Ael and A3B individuals were amplified by PCR and cloned, and the sequences of the exons and their adjacent splice sites were analyzed. Samples from 30 randomly selected A1 individuals were also assessed. RESULTS The A gene with wild-type coding sequence was demonstrated in the Ael propositus, but all the six unrelated Taiwanese people with the Ael or AelB phenotype were shown to possess an A allele with the G-->A mutation at the +5 position of intron 6 (IVS6+5G-->A). RT-PCR analysis showed that the complete A transcript structure was absent in the Ael RNA samples. The A3B individual possessed an A gene with an 838C-->T missense mutation. CONCLUSION The results suggest an association of the Ael*IVS6+5G-->A allele with the Ael phenotype in Taiwanese people. The mechanism defining how the Ael*IVS6+5G-->A allele leads to the Ael phenotype awaits elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Feng Sun
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
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Abstract
Molecular genetic analysis of 14 samples from unrelated individuals with the B(3) phenotype is reported here. Two different molecular changes in the blood group B gene were observed. One case was demonstrated to possess a 247G --> T mutation, which predicts an Asp83Tyr alteration. The B genes of the other 13 cases were shown to have a G --> A mutation at the +5 nucleotide of intron 3 (intervening sequence 3 [IVS3] + 5G --> A). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the complete exon 1-exon 7 B transcript was absent, and transcripts that skipped exon 3 were instead present in the RNA sample from the B(3) individual with the IVS3 + 5G --> A mutation. The result shows that the IVS3 + 5G --> A mutation destroys the conserved sequence of the splice donor site and leads to the skipping of exon 3 during messenger RNA processing. The B(3) transcript without exon 3 predicts a B-transferase product that lacks 19 amino acids in the N-terminal segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Chih Yu
- Transfusion Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin M, Chu CC, Chang SL, Lee HL, Loo JH, Akaza T, Juji T, Ohashi J, Tokunaga K. The origin of Minnan and Hakka, the so-called "Taiwanese", inferred by HLA study. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2001; 57:192-9. [PMID: 11285126 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057003192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Minnan and Hakka people groups, the so-called "Taiwanese", are the descendants of early settlers from the southeast coast of China during the last few centuries. Genetically they showed affinities to southern Asian populations, as determined by phylogenetic trees and correspondence analysis calculated from HLA allele frequencies. This corresponds historically with the fact that they are the descendants of the southeast coastal indigenous population (Yueh) of China and should therefore not be considered as descendants of "pure" northern Han Chinese. A33-B58-DRB1*03 (A33-Cw10-B58-DRB1*03-DQB1*02), the most common HLA haplotype among "Taiwanese", with a haplotype frequency of 6.3%, has also been found to be the most common haplotype among Thai-Chinese and Singapore Chinese, two other populations also originating from the southeast coast of China. These observations suggests that this haplotype is the most well-conserved ancient haplotype of the Yueh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lin
- Transfusion Medicine Research Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lin M, Chu CC, Lee HL, Chang SL, Ohashi J, Tokunaga K, Akaza T, Juji T. Heterogeneity of Taiwan's indigenous population: possible relation to prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2000; 55:1-9. [PMID: 10703601 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.550101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Taiwan's 9 indigenous tribes (Tsou, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Atayal, Saisiat, Ami, Puyuma, Yami) are highly homogeneous within each tribe, but diversified among the different tribes due to long-term isolation, most probably since Taiwan became an island about 12,000 years ago. Homogeneity of each tribe is evidenced by many HLA-A,B,C alleles having the world's highest ever reported frequencies, e.g. A24 (86.3%), A26 (18.8%), Cw10 (36.8%), Cw7 (66%), Cw8 (32.1%), B13 (27.9%), B62 (37.4%), B75 (18%), B39 (53.5%), B60 (33.3%), and B48 (24%). Also, all of these tribes have HLA class I haplotype frequencies greater than 10%, with A24-Cw7-B39 in Saisiat (44.5%) being the highest, suggesting Taiwan's indigenous tribes are probably the most homogeneous ( the "purest") population in the world. A24-Cw8-B48, A24-Cw10-B60 and A24-Cw9-B61 found common to many Taiwan indigenous tribes, have also been observed in Maori, Papua New Guinea Highlanders, Orochons, Mongolians, Inuit, Japanese, Man, Buryat, Yakut, Tlingit, Tibetans and Thais. These findings suggest Taiwan's indigenous groups are more or less genetically related to both northern and southern Asians. Principal component analysis and the phylogenetic tree (using the neighbor-joining method) showed close relationship between the indigenous groups and Oceanians. This relationship supports the hypothesis that Taiwan was probably on the route of prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals that most likely took place along the coastal lowland of the Asian continent (which is under the sea today). Cultural anthropology also suggests a relationship between Taiwan's indigenous tribes and southern Asians and to a lesser extent, northern Asians. However, the indigenous groups show little genetic relationship to current southern and northern Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lin
- Transfusion Medicine Research Laboratory, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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