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Luchian I, Surlari Z, Goriuc A, Ioanid N, Zetu I, Butnaru O, Scutariu MM, Tatarciuc M, Budala DG. The Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Health between Challenge and Synergy: A Narrative Review. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:112. [PMID: 38668024 PMCID: PMC11049074 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
By correctly repositioning teeth, orthodontic therapy improves both the function and appearance of an occlusion. The relationship between teeth and the tissues that surround and support them significantly influences these alterations. With ever more adults seeking orthodontic care, orthodontists are increasingly seeing patients with periodontal issues. Concerns about the patient's appearance, such as uneven gingival margins or functional issues caused by inflammatory periodontal diseases, should be accounted for when designing orthodontic treatment plans. Furthermore, orthodontics may increase the chances of saving and recovering a degraded dentition in cases of severe periodontitis. Today, general dentists, dontists, and orthodontists play integrative roles that enable them to achieve the best possible results for their patients. This review will improve the results of interdisciplinary treatments and increase cooperation between dental specialists by drawing attention to the essential connection between orthodontics and periodontics in regular clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Zenovia Surlari
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (Z.S.); (D.-G.B.)
| | - Ancuta Goriuc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Ioanid
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (Z.S.); (D.-G.B.)
| | - Irina Zetu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.Z.); (O.B.)
| | - Oana Butnaru
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.Z.); (O.B.)
| | - Monica-Mihaela Scutariu
- Department of Oro-Dental Diagnosis, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Monica Tatarciuc
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dana-Gabriela Budala
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (Z.S.); (D.-G.B.)
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Marincak Vrankova Z, Rousi M, Cvanova M, Gachova D, Ruzicka F, Hola V, Lochman J, Izakovicova Holla L, Brysova A, Borilova Linhartova P. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on gingival status and oral microbiota: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:455. [PMID: 36303145 PMCID: PMC9615380 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This pilot study aimed to investigate how fixed orthodontic appliances simultaneously applied on the upper and lower arches affect the oral environment in the medium term. Methods The oral status of 30 orthodontic patients was evaluated using the number of decay-missing-filled teeth (DMFT), plaque (PI), and gingival indices (GI) before bonding of fixed orthodontic appliances (T0) and during the therapy (T1). Besides, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and a dental plaque were collected. Samples were analyzed for selected Candida sp. and for 10 selected oral bacteria using mass spectroscopy and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results In 60% of patients, deterioration of the oral status (demonstrated by the increase in PI) was recorded (p < 0.05). Moreover, the changes in PI correlated with those of GI (p < 0.001). At the T1 time point, the mean representation of Actinomyces sp. in the total prokaryotic DNA in GCF and dental plaque of individual patients increased compared to T0 (p < 0.05). The probability of finding any of the 7 selected periodontal bacteria combined with Candida sp. was 10 times higher in patients in whom PI deteriorated between T0 and T1 (p < 0.01). Conclusions Changes in the oral microbial diversity and an increase in PI were observed in the medium term after bonding of orthodontic appliance. Our study highlights the importance of a complex approach in this type of research as the association between clinical characteristics and combined microbial parameters is higher than when evaluated separately. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02511-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Marincak Vrankova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Jihlavska 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Margarita Rousi
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.,Margarita Rousi Orthodontic Center, Athinon 91, 2035, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Michaela Cvanova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Gachova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- Department of Microbiology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hola
- Department of Microbiology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Izakovicova Holla
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Brysova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Borilova Linhartova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Jihlavska 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Feres MFN, Vicioni-Marques F, Romano FL, Roscoe MG, Souza VMD, Torneri AL, Bueno-Silva B. Streptococcus mutans adherence to conventional and self-ligating brackets: an in vitro study. Dental Press J Orthod 2021; 26:e212019. [PMID: 34932711 PMCID: PMC8690864 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.26.6.e212019.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although self-ligating brackets presumably provide better hygiene conditions, no consensus has been reached so far. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, in an in vitro experimental design, the adherence of Streptococcus mutans (SM) in self-ligating and conventional brackets of different manufacturers and ligature types. METHODS Four commercial brands of maxillary premolar metal brackets were tested (Abzil®; Morelli®; 3M Unitek®; and GAC®). Each one was subdivided into three groups, which varied according to the type of ligature and bracket model (metallic, elastic, and self-ligating), totalizing twelve groups, composed of six brackets each. Previously sterilized brackets were initially immersed in saliva for one hour, and subsequently washed and added in a bacterial suspension, maintained in aerobiosis for 72 hours. The adhered bacteria were then separated and quantified by colony forming units (CFU/mL) counting after 48 hours of growth. The groups were compared by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post-hoc tests (p< 0.05). RESULTS Regardless of the commercial brand, self-ligating brackets had significantly less CFU/mL. However, according to comparisons performed within each commercial brand, only Abzil® self-ligating brackets had significantly lower biofilm adhesion. Among all of the self-ligating models, GAC® brackets presented the highest bacterial adhesion rate. CONCLUSIONS Self-ligating brackets are likely to present lower rates of biofilm adhesion. Particularly, Abzil® and GAC® self-ligating brackets are less likely to accumulate biofilm. Although such results are derived from an in vitro study, practitioners might acknowledge findings concerning bacterial adhesion as one of the relevant features to be considered during bracket selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Fernando Neuppmann Feres
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil (Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil)
| | - Fernanda Vicioni-Marques
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil (Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil)
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil (Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil)
| | - Marina Guimarães Roscoe
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Biomateriais e Biologia Oral (São Paulo/SP, Brazil)
| | | | - Aline Lira Torneri
- Universidade de Guarulhos, Programa de Pós-Graduação, Mestrado em Ortodontia (Guarulhos/SP, Brazil)
| | - Bruno Bueno-Silva
- Universidade de Guarulhos, Programa de Pós-Graduação, Mestrado em Ortodontia (Guarulhos/SP, Brazil)
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Kozak U, Lasota A, Chałas R. Changes in Distribution of Dental Biofilm after Insertion of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5638. [PMID: 34884339 PMCID: PMC8658558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Good oral hygiene is an important factor in oral and general health, especially in orthodontic patients, because fixed appliances might impede effective oral hygiene and thus increase the risks of tooth decay, periodontal disease and general health complications. This study investigated the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on the distribution of dental biofilm in teenagers. Supragingival plaque was assessed at T0, T1 and T2. The distribution of the biofilm was analyzed. Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Bonded Bracket Index (BBI) were used to measure the presence of dental plaque. After insertion of the fixed appliance, the dental plaque indices values in the orthodontically treated group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the control group. Fixed orthodontic appliances caused significant changes in the distribution of the biofilm. This was characterized by the change of location of the dental plaque. In the orthodontic group, we observed an increase in the amount of the supragingival plaque on the vestibular surface of the teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kozak
- Chair and Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Lasota
- Chair and Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Renata Chałas
- Department of Oral Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several researchers have analyzed the dental identity of patients experience with corrective methods using fixed and removable appliances, the consequences stay debatable. This meta-analysis intended to verify whether the periodontal status of removable appliances is similar to that of the conventional fixed appliances. METHODS Relevant literature was retrieved from the database of Cochrane library, PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI until December 2019, without time or language restrictions. Comparative clinical studies assessing periodontal conditions between removable appliances and fixed appliances were included for analysis. The data was analyzed using the Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS A total of 13 articles involving 598 subjects were selected for this meta-analysis. We found that the plaque index (PLI) identity of the removable appliances group was significantly lower compared to the fixed appliances group at 3 months (OR = -0.57, 95% CI: -0.98 to -0.16, P = .006) and 6 months (OR = -1.10, 95% CI: -1.60 to -0.61, P = .000). The gingival index (GI) of the removable appliances group was lower at 6 months (OR = -1.14, 95% CI: -1.95 to -0.34, P = .005), but the difference was not statistically significant at 3 months (OR = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.50 to 0.10, P = .185) when compared with that of the fixed appliances group. The sulcus probing depth (SPD) of the removable appliances group was lower compared to the fixed appliances group at 3 months (OR = -0.26, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.01, P = .047) and 6 months (OR = -0.42, 95% CI: -0.83 to -0.01, P = .045). The shape of the funnel plot was symmetrical, indicating no obvious publication bias in the Begg test (P = .174); the Egger test also indicated no obvious publication bias (P = .1). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis demonstrated that malocclusion patients treated with the removable appliances demonstrated a better periodontal status as compared with those treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. However, the analyses of more numbers of clinical trials are warranted to confirm this conclusion.
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Novel Orthodontic Cement Comprising Unique Imidazolium-Based Polymerizable Antibacterial Monomers. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11040075. [PMID: 33080813 PMCID: PMC7712085 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot lesions (WSLs) can develop quickly and compromise the successful outcome of the orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic bonding cement with the capability to prevent or mitigate WSLs could be beneficial, especially for patients with high risk of caries. This study explored novel mono- and di-imidazolium-based polymerizable antibacterial monomers and evaluated orthodontic cement compositions comprising such novel monomers. Their antibacterial potentials, mechanical properties, and shear bond strength (SBS) to bovine enamel were investigated. Statistical tests were applied to SBS and mechanical tests (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test). For antibacterial resins C (ABR-C) and E (ABR-E), their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans bacterial strain UA159 were found to be 4 μg/mL and 8 μg /mL, respectively. The loss of dry mass from completely demineralized dentin beams in buffer solutions pre-dipped into ABR-C and ABR-E resins is much less than that in control buffer (artificial saliva) only. For unfilled resins comprising up to 12 wt % ABR-C, no significant decreases in flexural strength or modulus were observed. For experimental cements incorporating 1–4 wt % ABR-C, there was no drastic compromise to the SBS to enamel except for 3 wt % ABR-C. Furthermore, their SBS was all comparable to the commercially available orthodontic cements. The ISO-22196 antimicrobial test against S. aureus showed significant levels of antibacterial effects—up to over 5 logs of microorganism reduction exhibited by ABR-C-containing experimental cements. The imidazolium-based polymerizable monomers could be utilized to functionalize orthodontic bonding cement with steady antibacterial activity and develop a potential strategy to counteract WSLs.
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Akgün FA, Şenışık NE, Çetin ES. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Cleaning Methods for Orthodontic Thermoplastic Retainers in terms of Bacterial Colonization. Turk J Orthod 2020; 32:219-228. [PMID: 32110467 DOI: 10.5152/turkjorthod.2019.19061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of three different cleaning methods on Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus (LB) bacteria colonization in vivo. The three different cleaning methods were applied by volunteers on clear vacuum formed retainers (VFRs). Methods In this prospective, cross-over study, a total of 21 volunteers were included. All VFRs used by the volunteers were cleaned using three different cleaning methods in a sequence. These methods were peroxide-based cleanser tablets (PBCTs) plus brushing, control (only brushing), and vinegar plus brushing, respectively. The obtained salivary, VFR material, and periodontal data were statistically compared by factorial design repeated measures analysis of variance. Results The SM and LB bacteria counts on VFRs after using both PBCTs and vinegar were statistically similar (p>0.05), but bacteria counts were statistically lower than the control method (p<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the SM and LB bacteria counts in saliva samples taken before and after the application of the cleaning methods (p>0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences between periodontal data obtained from plaque and bleeding indices at all study times. The periodontal pocket depth gradually decreased in the successively performed cleaning applications (p<0.05). Conclusion The application of PBCTs and vinegar to VFRs at sequential time intervals resulted in similar bacteria counts. The higher LB counts and similarly higher SM counts on the VFR samples indicate that mechanical cleaning only (control method) is not adequate to obtain hygiene. Salivary flora was not correlated with bacteria counts of VFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Aydoğan Akgün
- Department of Orthodontics, Süleyman Demirel University School of Dentistry, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Ebru Şenışık
- Department of Orthodontics, Süleyman Demirel University School of Dentistry, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Emel Sesli Çetin
- Department of Microbiology, Süleyman Demirel University School of Dentistry, Isparta, Turkey
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Gujar AN, Al-Hazmi A, Raj AT, Patil S. Microbial profile in different orthodontic appliances by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization: An in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 157:49-58. [PMID: 31901280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The design of the orthodontic bracket or appliance is 1 of the most important factors for creating retentive areas for biofilm formation. In orthodontics, this would be the first study to compare the microbial level changes in 3 different types of orthodontic appliances using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the extent of appearance of orange and red microbial complexes in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment using aligners, conventional metallic fixed labial appliances, and lingual fixed appliances. METHODS A total of 60 patients, of which 20 patients were undergoing treatment with aligners, 20 patients with labial fixed appliances, and 20 patients with lingual fixed appliances, were included in our study. After 30 days, debonded brackets and rinsed aligners were stored and processed for analysis with checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS Most bacterial species showed moderate counts, with the exception of Treponema denticola, which showed a higher count in all 3 types of appliances. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and T denticola were present in a higher percentage in the lingual appliance. Fusobacterium periodontium and Prevotella intermedia were present in a higher percentage in the labial fixed appliance. Campylobacter rectus, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella melaninogenica counts were moderate in all 3 appliances, with the first 2 microbes showing slightly higher counts in aligners. The association between all the microorganisms were statistically insignificant, with the exception of F nucleatum, which showed a strong statistically significant association in all 3 types of appliances. CONCLUSIONS The microbial contamination in metallic brackets was higher than that of aligners, when used for a month. Lingual fixed appliances showed more microbial contamination than labial fixed appliances followed by aligners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anadha N Gujar
- Department of Orthodontics, KLES Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anwar Al-Hazmi
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara, Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Low-level laser-aided orthodontic treatment of periodontally compromised patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:729-739. [PMID: 31833004 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) shows effects in orthodontic pain relief and periodontal inflammation control. The aim of this article is to investigate the analgesic and inflammation-modulatory effects of low-level laser irradiation among orthodontic patients with compromised periodontium. A randomised controlled trial with split-mouth design was conducted in 27 adults with treated and controlled chronic periodontitis over 6 months. One side of the dental arch underwent repeated treatment under a 940-nm diode laser (EZlase; Biolase Technology Inc.) with a beam size of 2.8 cm2 for 60 seconds at 8.6 J/cm2, whilst the other side received pseudo-laser treatment. Laser irradiation was applied repeatedly for 8 times during the first 6 weeks after bracket bonding and monthly thereafter until the end of orthodontic treatment. Subjective pain (assessed by visual analogue scale in pain diary and by chairside archwire activation), periodontal status (assessed by periodontal clinical parameters), cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (interleukin 1β, prostaglandin E2, substance P) and periodontopathic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola) in supragingival plaque were assessed. The intensity of pain was lower on the laser-irradiated side at multiple follow-up visits (P < 0.05). The pain subsided 1 day earlier on the laser side, with a lower peak value during the first week after initial archwire placement (P < 0.05). The laser side exhibited a smaller reduction in bite force during the first month (mean difference = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.36-3.98, P < 0.05 at 1-week interval; mean difference = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.87-4.32, P < 0.05 at 1-month interval). A smaller increase was observed in the plaque index scores on the laser side at 1-month (mean difference = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.13-0.24, P < 0.05) and in the gingival index scores at the 3-month follow-up visit (mean difference = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.14-0.21, P < 0.05). Laser irradiation inhibited the elevation of interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E2 and substance P levels during the first month (P < 0.05). However, no intergroup difference was detected in the bacteria levels. Low-level laser irradiation exhibits benefits in pain relief and inflammation control during the early stage of adjunctive orthodontic treatment in periodontally compromised individuals.
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Reichardt E, Geraci J, Sachse S, Rödel J, Pfister W, Löffler B, Wagner Y, Eigenthaler M, Wolf M. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the oral bacterial flora occur shortly after implementation of fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 156:735-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Inquimbert C, Bourgeois D, Bravo M, Viennot S, Tramini P, Llodra JC, Molinari N, Dussart C, Giraudeau N, Carrouel F. The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E319. [PMID: 31491909 PMCID: PMC6780098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors-low and high-using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacteria from the red complex are positively correlated with carious risk. However, only 3 bacteria-S. sobrinus, E corrodens and T. forsythia-presented a significant increase in the highest group. Estimating the risk of caries associated with bacterial factors in interdental sites of molars in adolescents contributes to the better definition of carious risk status, periodicity and intensity of diagnostic, prevention and restorative services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Inquimbert
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Stéphane Viennot
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Paul Tramini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Juan Carlos Llodra
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Service DIM, CHU de Montpellier, UMR 5149 IMAG, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claude Dussart
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Nicolas Giraudeau
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Amini F, Asadi E, Hakimpour D, Rakhshan A. Salivary Nickel and Chromium Levels in Orthodontic Patients with and Without Periodontitis: a Preliminary Historical Cohort Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191:10-15. [PMID: 30554383 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many periodontal patients may need orthodontic treatment. Alterations in oral environment particularly the reduction of pH in periodontal patients could affect metal ion release from orthodontic appliances. However, there is no study on metal ion release in periodontal patients. The aim of this preliminary study was to comparatively evaluate, for the first time, salivary levels of nickel and chromium in periodontal patients (versus healthy controls) under orthodontic treatment for 2 months. In this in vivo study, 40 subjects were evaluated. Patient selection and standardization of orthodontic treatment protocols were prospectively designed and performed. Two groups of n = 20 each (control: healthy orthodontic patients, cohort: orthodontic patients with periodontitis) underwent similar protocols of fixed orthodontic treatment for 2 months. After 2 months, salivary nickel and chromium concentrations of the case and cohort groups were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The values were compared between the two groups using t test. There were 10 men and 10 women in each group. The mean age of patients was 34.6 ± 3.6 years old. The salivary level of nickel was 338.2 ± 235.5 ng/ml and 182.8 ± 116.5 ng/ml in the cohort and control groups, respectively (P = 0.0118). The salivary level of chromium was 7.4 ± 3.15 ng/ml in the cohort and 6.35 ± 2.39 ng/ml in the control group (P = 0.2214). Salivary level of nickel might be considerably higher in periodontal patients undergoing 2 months of orthodontic treatment compared to orthodontic patients with healthy gingivae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Amini
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, 9th Neyestan, Pasdaran, Tehran, 19585175, Iran
| | - Elmira Asadi
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, 9th Neyestan, Pasdaran, Tehran, 19585175, Iran.
| | | | - Aghdas Rakhshan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Ristoska S, Dzipunova B, Stefanovska E, Rendzova V, Radojkova-Nikolovska V, Evrosimovska B. Orthodontic Treatment of a Periodontally - Affected Adult Patient (Case Report). Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:2343-2349. [PMID: 31592049 PMCID: PMC6765088 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The advanced periodontal disease is characterised by a strongly pronounced loss of attachment and reduction of the alveolar bone support, which leads to luxation, migration of the teeth, functional discomfort and poor facial aesthetics. CASE PRESENTATION: The aim of this paper is to present the case of a 26-year-old female patient, registered at the Clinic of Periodontology with highly expressed gingivitis, unsatisfactory periodontal status, presence of diastemas between the frontal teeth and attachment loss of 5-6 millimetres in different areas. We conducted a thorough classic periodontal treatment, as well as training for proper maintenance of oral hygiene, with frequent professional oral-prophylactic sessions, complemented with orthodontic treatment. Fixed orthodontic appliances were installed, and mild forces were applied for gradual levelling of the teeth, with constant control of the periodontal status. After 20 months of treatment, the patient was in retention. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic therapy of periodontally-affected teeth can begin only after exhaustive administration of a periodontal treatment. Orthodontic treatment as an addition to the periodontal restoration must be gradual with mild forces for an optimal dental response, thus helping to improve function, facial aesthetics and psychological confidence of adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevica Ristoska
- Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Biljana Dzipunova
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Emilija Stefanovska
- Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Vasilka Rendzova
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Vera Radojkova-Nikolovska
- Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Biljana Evrosimovska
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Deumer J, Frentzen M, Meinke M. Investigation of active matrix- metaloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) as a reference parameter for path control in antimicrobial photothermal therapy (aPTT) using a split-mouth design. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01661. [PMID: 31193352 PMCID: PMC6526226 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This retrospective data-collection study aims to explain how the active matrix-metalloproteinase-8-titer (aMMP-titer) influences the immune response of the subject. This is done through monotherapy scaling and root planing (SRP) which is then compared to SRP combined with antimicrobial photothermal therapy (aPTT, Emundo®). METHODS Data collection was monocentric, randomized and split-mouth based. A study group of twenty patients with chronic periodontal disease with a periodontal pocket depth (PPD) 4 mm ≤ PPD ≤8 mm, a periodontal screening index (PSI: > 3), and a gingival recession ≤2 mm were selected.A diode laser, manufactured by A.R.C. Laser GmbH, with 810 nm wavelength was used. This device implemented three different light transmission systems for transgingival and intra-gingival irradiation. Power settings between 200 and 300 mW were deployed for 10 s during all treatment steps. The photothermic dye of EmunDo® system (A.R.C. Laser GmbH) was infracyaningreen.The adjuvant effect of the antimicrobial photothermal therapy (aPTT) with EmunDo® in combination with conventional SRP on the teeth 15 and 35 was compared with the results of monotherapy SRP on teeth 25 and 45. RESULTS A reduction of the aMMP-8-titer in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was observed in both groups (follow up group and control group) after one month. However; the decrease in the follow up group under SRP in combination with aPTT was significantly more pronounced. The periodontal pocket depths was reduced in both treatment groups. The periodontal probing depth (in mm) shows a larger decrease of the periodontal pocket depth within the follow up group (SPR with aPTT) compared with the control group (SRP). CONCLUSION The aMMP-8-titer showed differences in both groups prior to and after treatment. Active matrix-metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) as a reference parameter for path control in antimicrobial photothermal therapy (aPTT) seems acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Deumer
- MVZ Erstes Zahnärztliches Lasercentrum Berlin, Gatower Straße 296, 14089 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Frentzen
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Bonn University, Dental Faculty, Germany
| | - M.C. Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Germany
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Kolhe S, Patani S, Gulve N, Pawar R, Dhope S, Gajeshwar H. Oil pulling as an adjunct to improve oral health in orthodontic patients: A clinicomicrobial study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTIC REHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijor.ijor_34_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cerroni S, Pasquantonio G, Condò R, Cerroni L. Orthodontic Fixed Appliance and Periodontal Status: An Updated Systematic Review. Open Dent J 2018; 12:614-622. [PMID: 30369970 PMCID: PMC6182882 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901814010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontal implications of orthodontic therapy are frequent, gingival and periodontal conditions need to be evaluated for every appointment. Several studies have analyzed the effects of fixed appliance on periodontal health. Objective: To evaluate whether there is updated scientific evidence on the relationship between fixed orthodontic therapy and periodontal health. Methods: A literature search was performed using the Pubmed and Cochrane databases and manual search; the search was carried out using the keywords “orthodontic” and “periodontal”. Articles published only in the English language from January 1997 to April 2017 were included. The inclusion criteria were: RCTs, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and case-control studies only in English language; only studies on humans, with a minimum sample size of 20 patients and no restriction in terms of patient ages; orthodontic fixed appliances placed into the buccal tooth surface; standardization and training in oral hygiene; Periodontal Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Pocket Probing Depth (PPD), at least at baseline (before appliance was placed) and after follow up (with a minimum period of 3 months). The exclusion criteria were as follows: absence of baseline data before fixed appliances was placed; patients with systemic diseases, periodontal disease or craniofacial anomalies; removable appliances or orthodontic appliance on the lingual dental surface; and no standardization or training in oral hygiene. Studies were selected by abstract and title; then, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were evaluated and classified as having low, moderate or high methodology quality. Results: Fifty-five records were reviewed on the basis of title and abstract. After full-text reading, 47 full texts were excluded, and 3 articles were classified as having low methodological quality and 5 as having moderate methodological quality. Conclusions: The present systematic analysis suggests that there is moderate scientific evidence that a fixed appliance influences periodontal status; no article reported a high score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerroni
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Pasquantonio
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Condò
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Cerroni
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Antezack A, Monnet-Corti V. [Oral and periodontal hygiene in orthodontic patients]. Orthod Fr 2018; 89:181-190. [PMID: 30040617 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2018015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic appliances promote dental plaque retention and make tooth-brushing less easy. They result in both quantitative and qualitative changes in dental plaque, exposing orthodontic patients to dental caries and periodontal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors explain the effects of orthodontic treatments on dental plaque and the occurrence of dental and periodontal problems; they emphasize the role of pathogenic bacteria and highlight the need for efficient (both individual and professional) control of dental plaque. DISCUSSION Therefore, orthodontists have to educate their patients on oral and periodontal hygiene in order to control this bacterial factor and to avoid the occurrence of dental and/or periodontal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéline Antezack
- Hôpital de la Timone AP-HM, Pôle Odontologie, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France - UFR d'Odontologie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Monnet-Corti
- Hôpital de la Timone AP-HM, Pôle Odontologie, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France - UFR d'Odontologie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
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Papageorgiou SN, Xavier GM, Cobourne MT, Eliades T. Effect of orthodontic treatment on the subgingival microbiota: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018; 21:175-185. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon N. Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Guilherme M. Xavier
- Department of Orthodontics; King's College London Dental Institute; London United Kingdom
| | - Martyn T. Cobourne
- Department of Orthodontics; King's College London Dental Institute; London United Kingdom
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Department of Orthodontics; King's College London Dental Institute; London United Kingdom
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Lucchese A, Bondemark L, Marcolina M, Manuelli M. Changes in oral microbiota due to orthodontic appliances: a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1476645. [PMID: 29988826 PMCID: PMC6032020 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1476645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral microbiota has been at the center of cultural attention in recent years. In daily clinical practice, orthodontic appliances may be associated with an increased cariogenic risk and a worsening of preexisting periodontal diseases. Objective: The purpose of this review is to investigate the available evidence regarding the association between orthodontic appliances and changes in the quality and quantity of the oral microbiota. Design: The research included every article published up to October 2017 featuring the keywords 'Orthodontic appliance* AND (microbiological colonization OR periodontal pathogen* OR Streptococcus mutans OR Lactobacillus spp. OR Candida OR Tannerella forsythia OR Treponema denticola OR Fusobacterium nucleatum OR Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans OR Prevotella intermedia OR Prevotella nigrescens OR Porphyromonas gingivalis)' and was conducted in the major medical databases. The methodological quality of selected papers was scored using the 'Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies' (SBU) method. Results: Orthodontic appliances influence the oral microbiota with an increase in the counts of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. and in the percentage of potentially pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: There is moderate/high evidence regarding the association between orthodontic appliances and changes in the oral microbiota. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018091589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lucchese
- Department of Orthodontics, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Research area in Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lars Bondemark
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmő University, Malmő, Sweden
| | - Marta Marcolina
- Department of Orthodontics, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Research area in Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manuelli
- Department of Orthodontics, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Research area in Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Lu H, Tang H, Zhou T, Kang N. Assessment of the periodontal health status in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and Invisalign system: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0248. [PMID: 29595680 PMCID: PMC5895427 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, many scholars have studied the periodontal health status of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and invisalign. However, those results are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis, and then provide reference for clinical treatment. METHODS Most databases, such as the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Medline, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, CNKI, and Wan Fang Data were retrieved for related articles from the establishment of the database to October 2017. Meanwhile, we also searched the references of the related literatures manually, in order to increase the included literatures. Two researchers screened the related literatures according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Stata 12.0 software was used for data analysis, and results are estimated by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Finally, 7 articles, including 368 patients, were included into our meta-analysis. Meta-analysis results showed that there was no statistically significant difference of gingival index (GI) and sulcus probing depth (SPD) status between the invisalign group and the control group, including at 1, 3, and 6 months (all P > .05). When compared with the control group, the invisalign group presented a lower plaque index (PLI) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) status at 1 month (OR = -0.53, 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.18; OR = -0.44, 95% CI: -0.70 to -0.19, respectively), 3 months (OR = -0.69, 95% CI: -1.12 to -0.27; OR = -0.49, 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.05, respectively), and 6 months (OR = -0.91, 95% CI: -1.47 to -0.35; OR = -0.40, 95% CI: -0.63 to -0.07, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that the SPD status was lower in the invisalign group at 6 months when measured the teeth using Ramfjord index (OR = -0.74, 95% CI: -1.35 to -0.12). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups when using other measure methods (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: -0.26 to 0.17). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggests that comparing with the traditional fixed appliances, patients treated with invisalign have a better periodontal health. However, more studies are needed to confirm this conclusion in the future.
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Guo R, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Li W. The microbial changes in subgingival plaques of orthodontic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:90. [PMID: 28576147 PMCID: PMC5455174 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthodontic treatment was found to have an impact on the quantity and constitution of subgingival microbiota. However, contradictory findings regarding the effects of fixed appliances on microbial changes were reported. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the microbial changes in subgingival plaques of orthodontic patients. Methods The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were searched up to November 20, 2016. Longitudinal studies observing microbial changes in subgingival plaques at different time points of orthodontic treatment are included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS). The studies that reported the frequency of subgingival periodontopathogens were used for quantitative analysis. Other studies were analysed qualitatively to describe the microbial changes during orthodontic treatment. Results Thirteen studies were selected, including two controlled clinical trials, three cohort studies and eight self-controlled studies. Four periodontopathogens, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Tannerella forsythia (Tf), were analysed. Following orthodontic appliance placement, the frequencies of Pg and Aa showed no significant change (P = 0.97 and P = 0.77), whereas the frequency of Tf significantly increased (P < 0.01) during short-term observation (0–3 months). The frequency of Pi showed a tooth-specific difference, as it presented no significant difference (P = 0.25) at the site of the first molar but was significantly increased (P = 0.01) at the incisor. During long-term observation (> = 6 months), two studies reported that the levels of subgingival periodontopathogens exhibited a transient increase but decreased to the pretreatment levels afterwards. After removal of the orthodontic appliance, the four periodontopathogens showed no significant difference compared with before removal. Conclusion The levels of subgingival pathogens presented temporary increases after orthodontic appliance placement, and appeared to return to pretreatment levels several months later. This indicates that orthodontic treatment might not permanently induce periodontal disease by affecting the level of subgingival periodontal pathogen levels. Further studies of high methodological quality are required to provide more reliable evidence regarding this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Orthodontic Management in Aggressive Periodontitis. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2017; 2017:8098154. [PMID: 28299350 PMCID: PMC5337368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8098154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive periodontitis is a type of periodontitis with early onset and rapid progression and mostly affecting young adults who occupy a large percentage of orthodontic patients. The role of the orthodontist is important in screening the disease, making a provisional diagnosis, and referring it to a periodontist for immediate treatment. The orthodontist should be aware of the disease not only before starting the appliance therapy, but also during and after the active mechanotherapy. The orthodontic treatment plan, biomechanics, and appliance system may need to be modified to deal with the teeth having reduced periodontal support. With proper force application and oral hygiene maintenance, orthodontic tooth movement is possible without any deleterious effect in the tooth with reduced bone support. With proper motivation and interdisciplinary approach, orthodontic treatment is possible in patients with controlled aggressive periodontitis.
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Alani A, Kelleher M. Restorative complications of orthodontic treatment. Br Dent J 2016; 221:389-400. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Agrawal N, Kundu D, Agrawal K, Singhal A. Comparison of longitudinal changes in clinical periodontal parameters of canines and first molars treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 149:325-30. [PMID: 26926019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to learn the possible effects of fixed orthodontic therapy on the periodontium of the extraction sites adjacent to canines and first molars. This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS Sixty-two systemically healthy subjects were selected. The study was divided into the period of oral hygiene instructions and the period of active orthodontic treatment. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were recorded for the canines and first molars at baseline, after 1 month of orthodontic therapy, and every 3 months until the completion of the orthodontic treatment. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in all clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and attachment loss; P <0.05) on the first molars compared with the canines. Significant increases in attachment loss were noted in both the canines (baseline, 0.06 ± 0.01 mm; end of treatment, 0.17 ± 0.02 mm) and the molars (baseline, 0.07 ± 0.01 mm; end of treatment, 0.20 ± 0.02 mm). CONCLUSIONS Attachment loss cannot be explained solely by the effect of plaque or the banding of teeth. Other factors such as tooth extractions adjacent to the canines, tooth movement, and occlusal trauma may have contributing roles in the loss of periodontal support in adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Agrawal
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, People's Dental Academy, Bhopal, India.
| | - Debabrata Kundu
- Professor and head, Department of Periodontology, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Kavita Agrawal
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Ankit Singhal
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garwha, India
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Abellán R, Gómez C, Oteo MD, Scuzzo G, Palma JC. Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Periodontal Status in Lingual Orthodontic Patients. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:284-90. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Abellán
- Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Gómez
- Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Oteo
- Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Scuzzo
- Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Palma
- Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM, Madrid, Spain
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Zanatta FB, Ardenghi TM, Antoniazzi RP, Pinto TMP, Rösing CK. Association between gingivitis and anterior gingival enlargement in subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Dental Press J Orthod 2015; 19:59-66. [PMID: 25162567 PMCID: PMC4296628 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.19.3.059-066.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association among gingival enlargement (GE), periodontal conditions and socio-demographic characteristics in subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS A sample of 330 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment for at least 6 months were examined by a single calibrated examiner for plaque and gingival indexes, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and gingival enlargement. Socio-economic background, orthodontic treatment duration and use of dental floss were assessed by oral interviews. Associations were assessed by means of unadjusted and adjusted Poisson's regression models. RESULTS The presence of gingival bleeding (RR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.01) and excess resin around brackets (RR 1.02; 95% CI 1.02-1.03) were associated with an increase in GE. No associations were found between socio-demographic characteristics and GE. CONCLUSION Proximal anterior gingival bleeding and excess resin around brackets are associated with higher levels of anterior gingival enlargement in subjects under orthodontic treatment.
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Dittmer MP, Hellemann CF, Grade S, Heuer W, Stiesch M, Schwestka-Polly R, Demling AP. Comparative three-dimensional analysis of initial biofilm formation on three orthodontic bracket materials. Head Face Med 2015; 11:10. [PMID: 25889778 PMCID: PMC4403927 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-015-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare early biofilm formation on biomaterials, which are being used in contemporary fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS This study comprised 10 healthy volunteers (5 females and 5 males) with a mean age of 27.3 +-3.7 years. Three slabs of different orthodontic materials (stainless steel, gold and ceramic) were placed in randomized order on a splint in the mandibular molar region. Splints were inserted intraorally for 48 h. Then the slabs were removed from the splints and the biofilms were stained with a two color fluorescence assay for bacterial viability (LIVE/DEAD BacLight-Bacterial Viability Kit 7012, Invitrogen, Mount Waverley, Australia). The quantitative biofilm formation was analyzed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS The biofilm coverage was 32.7 ± 37.7% on stainless steel surfaces, 59.5 ± 40.0% on gold surfaces and 56.8 ± 43.6% on ceramic surfaces. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in biofilm coverage between the tested materials (p=0.033). The Wilcoxon test demonstrated significantly lower biofilm coverage on steel compared to gold (p=0.011). Biofilm height on stainless steel surfaces was 4.0 ± 7.3 μm, on gold surfaces 6.0 ± 6.6 μm and on ceramic 6.5 ± 6.0 μm. The Friedman test revealed no significant differences between the tested materials (p=0.150). Pairwise comparison demonstrated significant differences between stainless steel and gold (p=0.047). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that initial biofilm formation seemed to be less on stainless steel surfaces compared with other traditional materials in a short-term observation. Future studies should examine whether there is a difference in long-term biofilm accumulation between stainless steel, gold and ceramic brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Philipp Dittmer
- Center of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | | | - Sebastian Grade
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Wieland Heuer
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Rainer Schwestka-Polly
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Anton Phillip Demling
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
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de Freitas AOA, Marquezan M, Nojima MDCG, Alviano DS, Maia LC. The influence of orthodontic fixed appliances on the oral microbiota: a systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod 2014; 19:46-55. [PMID: 24945514 PMCID: PMC4296609 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.19.2.046-055.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether there is scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of orthodontic fixed appliances influences the oral microbiota. METHODS The search for articles was conducted in PubMed; ISI Web of Knowledge and Ovid databases, including articles published in English until May 17th, 2012. They should report human observational studies presenting the following keywords: "fixed orthodontic appliance" AND "microbiological colonization"; OR "periodontal pathogens"; OR "Streptococcus"; OR "Lactobacillus"; OR "Candida"; OR "Tannerella forsythia"; OR "Treponema denticola"; OR "Fusobacterium nucleatum"; OR "Actimomyces actinomycetemcomitans"; OR "Prevotella intermedia"; OR "Prevotella nigrescens"; OR "Porphyromonas gingivalis". Articles were previously selected by title and abstract. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and classified as having low, moderate or high methodology quality. A new detailed checklist for quality assessment was developed based on the information required for applicable data extraction for reviews. The study design, sample, follow-up period, collection and microbial analysis methods, statistical treatment, results and discussion were assessed. RESULTS The initial search retrieved 305 articles of which 33 articles were selected by title and abstract. After full-text reading, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria, out of which 4 articles were classified as having low and 4 as moderate methodological quality. The moderate methodological quality studies were included in the systematic review. CONCLUSIONS The literature revealed moderate evidence that the presence of fixed appliances influences the quantity and quality of oral microbiota.
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do Nascimento LEAG, de Souza MMG, Azevedo ARP, Maia LC. Are self-ligating brackets related to less formation of Streptococcus mutans colonies? A systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod 2014; 19:60-8. [PMID: 24713561 PMCID: PMC4299422 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.19.1.060-068.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify, by means of a systematic review, whether the design of brackets (conventional or self-ligating) influences adhesion and formation of Streptococcus mutans colonies. METHODS SEARCH STRATEGY four databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid ALL EMB Reviews, PubMed and BIREME) were selected to search for relevant articles covering the period from January 1965 to December 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA in first consensus by reading the title and abstract. The full text was obtained from publications that met the inclusion criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently extracted data using the following keywords: conventional, self-ligating, biofilm, Streptococcus mutans, and systematic review; and independently evaluated the quality of the studies. In case of divergence, the technique of consensus was adopted. RESULTS The search strategy resulted in 1,401 articles. The classification of scientific relevance revealed the high quality of the 6 eligible articles of which outcomes were not unanimous in reporting not only the influence of the design of the brackets (conventional or self-ligating) over adhesion and formation of colonies of Streptococcus mutans, but also that other factors such as the quality of the bracket type, the level of individual oral hygiene, bonding and age may have greater influence. Statistical analysis was not feasible because of the heterogeneous methodological design. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that there is no evidence for a possible influence of the design of the brackets (conventional or self-ligating) over colony formation and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans.
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Baka ZM, Basciftci FA, Arslan U. Effects of 2 bracket and ligation types on plaque retention: a quantitative microbiologic analysis with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 144:260-7. [PMID: 23910207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets ligated with stainless steel ligatures on dental plaque retention and microbial flora. METHODS Twenty boys (mean age, 14.2 ± 1.5 years) underwent bonding with self-ligating bracket systems and conventional standard edgewise bracket systems ligated with stainless steel ligatures with a split-mouth design. Clinical measurements, including plaque index, probing pocket depth, and bleeding on probing, were obtained before bonding, 1 week after bonding, and 3 months after bonding. Supragingival plaque samples were obtained at baseline and 3 months after bonding for the detection of bacteria. A quantitative analysis for Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Hotelling T(2) multivariate test were used for statistical comparisons of the groups. RESULTS The numbers of S mutans, S sobrinus, L casei, and L acidophilus were not statistically different between self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets ligated with stainless steel ligatures (P >0.05). The 2 archwire ligation techniques showed no statistically significant differences in plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth values of the bonded teeth (P >0.05). All clinical parameters and the numbers of all microorganisms showed statistically significant increases from baseline to 3 months after bonding in both groups (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets ligated with stainless steel ligatures do not differ with regard to dental plaque retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Müge Baka
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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Fuchslocher Hellemann C, Grade S, Heuer W, Dittmer MP, Stiesch M, Schwestka-Polly R, Demling AP. Three-dimensional analysis of initial biofilm formation on polytetrafluoroethylene in the oral cavity. J Orofac Orthop 2013; 74:458-67. [PMID: 24158582 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-013-0174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is published evidence that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) exhibits beneficial surface characteristics by means of long-term biofilm accumulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare early biofilm formation on polytetrafluoroethylene, ceramic-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene and as the control group, stainless steel. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study comprised 10 healthy volunteers (5 females and 5 males) with a mean age of 27.3 ± 3.7 years. Three different slabs (two PTFE coatings: one pure and one ceramic-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene, and stainless steel) were placed in random order on a splint in the mandibular molar region. Intraoral splints were inserted for 48 h. After 48 h, we removed the slabs from the splints and stained the biofilm with a two-color fluorescence assay for bacterial viability (LIVE/DEAD BacLight-Bacterial Viability Kit 7012, Invitrogen, Mount Waverley, Australia). The amount of biofilm accumulation was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS The biofilm surface coverage was 55.8 ± 39.8% on pure PTFE-coated probes, 55.9 ± 35.0% on ceramic-reinforced PTFE-coated probes, and 33.3 ± 37.8% on stainless steel. The differences among the three groups were not significant (p = 0.301). Biofilm depth was 5.6 ± 5.4 μm on pure PTFE-coated probes, 5.2 ± 3.8 μm on ceramic-reinforced PTFE-coated probes, and 2.4 ± 2.9 μm on stainless steel. The Friedman test revealed a significant difference in biofilm depth (p = 0.002). Pairwise comparison of biofilm accumulation yielded a significant difference between pure PTFE and ceramic-reinforced PTFE compared to stainless steel (p = 0.017; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the beneficial surface characteristics of PTFE coatings by reducing long-term biofilm are not a result of inhibiting initial bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fuchslocher Hellemann
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Lombardo L, Ortan YÖ, Gorgun Ö, Panza C, Scuzzo G, Siciliani G. Changes in the oral environment after placement of lingual and labial orthodontic appliances. Prog Orthod 2013; 14:28. [PMID: 24326120 PMCID: PMC4384913 DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study compared the oral hygiene and caries risk of patients treated with labial and lingual orthodontic appliances throughout a prospective evaluation of the status of the oral environment before and after bracket placement. Methods A total of 20 orthodontic patients aged 19 to 23 years were included in the study and were divided into two groups: 10 patients wore Roth labial appliance (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA) and 10 patients wore STb lingual appliance (Ormco Corporation, Glendora, CA, USA). Plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), salivary flow rate, saliva buffer capacity, salivary pH, and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts in saliva were determined at three time points: before orthodontic appliance placement (T0), 4 weeks after bonding (T1), and 8 weeks after bonding (T2). After appliance placement, all patients were periodically educated to the oral hygiene procedures. Wilcoxon rank and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine intragroup and intergroup differences as regards qualitative data. To compare quantitative data between the groups, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were undertaken, while intragroup differences were tested with McNemar test. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Statistical analysis of the data obtained revealed a statistically significant difference between the data of T0 and T1 and the data of T0 and T2 of the PI scores and between T0 and T2 of the GBI scores in the group treated with the lingual appliance. The GBI value increased significantly between T0 and T1 but decreased significantly between T1 and T2 (p < 0.01) in the group treated with labial appliance. S. mutans counts increased significantly between T0 and T2 in the saliva samples of patients treated with lingual appliance. No statistically significant differences were found between S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts at the three terms of saliva collection in patients treated with labial appliance. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups at the three time points as regards the salivary flow rate and saliva buffer capacity. Conclusions Lingual and labial orthodontic appliances showed a different potential in modifying the investigated clinical parameters: patients wearing STb lingual orthodontic appliance had more plaque retention 4 and 8 weeks after bonding, while there were more gingival inflammation and more S. mutans counts 8 weeks after bonding. No differences were found between the two groups as regards the Lactobacillus counts, the salivary flow rate, and saliva buffer capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lombardo
- Postgraduate school of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Montebello, 31 Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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Hazan-Molina H, Levin L, Einy S, Aizenbud D. Aggressive periodontitis diagnosed during or before orthodontic treatment. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:1023-31. [PMID: 23210838 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2012.749515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to review the literature on aggressive periodontitis diagnosed during or before the initiation of orthodontic treatment and to propose preventive recommendations before, during and after orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature searches of free text and MeSH terms were performed by using PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library and the appropriate studies were selected. The retrieved articles were analyzed and the relevant data was tabulated according to different parameters. RESULTS A total of 220 articles were found in the preliminary search. Eighteen studies, all case reports, describing 21 cases from this search met all the criteria. The mean age of the reported cases was 21.12 years, all treated with combined periodontal and orthodontic modalities. Most of the reported cases were female. CONCLUSION An interdisciplinary dental team must approve the periodontal health prior to and during the course of the orthodontic therapy. In subjects with periodontal pathology, a periodontal consultation and interceptive/corrective therapy should be performed prior to commencing with orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic treatment should be postponed or replanned in order to shorten treatment duration and reduce the orthodontic forces exerted on the aggressive periodontitis involved dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Hazan-Molina
- Orthodontic and Craniofacial Department, School of Graduate Dentistry Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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Nelson-Filho P, Carpio-Horta KO, Andrucioli MCD, Feres M, Bezerra da Silva RA, Garcia Paula-Silva FW, Romano FL. Molecular detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on metallic brackets by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 142:481-6. [PMID: 22999671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this randomized clinical study was to evaluate the presence of the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on metallic brackets and the effectiveness of a 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash in inhibiting this microorganism. METHODS The study involved 35 patients of both sexes having orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances between the ages of 14 and 22 years, randomized into 2 groups: experimental (n = 17) and control (n = 18). Two new metallic brackets were placed on the patients' premolars, and the subjects rinsed with a solution of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate or a placebo solution twice a week for 30 days. After that, the brackets were removed and underwent microbiologic analysis with the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Data were analyzed by using the Student t, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney tests at the significance level of 5%. RESULTS The results showed that A actinomycetemcomitans was present in all brackets from the subjects in the control group vs 83% of the subjects who rinsed with chlorhexidine digluconate (P <0.0001). There were also significantly lower levels of this species in the chlorhexidine digluconate group compared with the control group (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate rinsing, twice a week for 30 days during orthodontic treatment, is effective in reducing the presence and levels of A actinomycetemcomitans on metallic brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Vinod K, Reddy YG, Reddy VP, Nandan H, Sharma M. Orthodontic-periodontics interdisciplinary approach. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012; 16:11-5. [PMID: 22628956 PMCID: PMC3357017 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.94597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present era, when a significant number of patients seeking orthodontic treatment are adults, importance of multidisciplinary treatment approach cannot be overemphasized. Higher susceptibility of plaque accumulation in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment makes involvement of periodontist almost unavoidable. Also, orthodontic treatment frequently results in undesirable periodontal changes which require immediate attention. More recently, orthodontics has been used as an adjunct to periodontics to increase connective tissue support and alveolar bone height. The purpose of this article is to review the adverse effects of orthodontic treatment on the periodontal tissues and to discuss the mutually beneficial relationship shared between the two specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vinod
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, A. B.Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
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Bolamperti L, Montanari P, Levrini L, Macchi A, Tagliabue A, Caprioglio A. Tissue response during self-ligating treatment. Prog Orthod 2012; 13:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pio.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Pejda S, Varga ML, Milosevic SA, Mestrovic S, Slaj M, Repic D, Bosnjak A. Clinical and microbiological parameters in patients with self-ligating and conventional brackets during early phase of orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 2012; 83:133-9. [PMID: 22765511 DOI: 10.2319/010412-8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of different bracket designs (conventional brackets and self-ligating brackets) on periodontal clinical parameters and periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque. MATERIAL AND METHODS The following inclusion criteria were used: requirement of orthodontic treatment plan starting with alignment and leveling, good general health, healthy periodontium, no antibiotic therapy in the previous 6 months before the beginning of the study, and no smoking. The study sample totaled 38 patients (13 male, 25 female; mean age, 14.6 ± 2.0 years). Patients were divided into two groups with random distribution of brackets. Recording of clinical parameters was done before the placement of the orthodontic appliance (T0) and at 6 weeks (T1), 12 weeks (T2), and 18 weeks (T3) after full bonding of orthodontic appliances. Periodontal pathogens of subgingival microflora were detected at T3 using a commercially available polymerase chain reaction test (micro-Dent test) that contains probes for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. RESULTS There was a statistically significant higher prevalence of A actinomycetemcomitans in patients with conventional brackets than in patients with self-ligating brackets, but there was no statistically significant difference for other putative periodontal pathogens. The two different types of brackets did not show statistically significant differences in periodontal clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Bracket design does not seem to have a strong influence on periodontal clinical parameters and periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque. The correlation between some periodontal pathogens and clinical periodontal parameters was weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Pejda
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
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The effect of released galvanic corrosion products caused by wire bracket contact on bacterial flora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.omx.0000412905.80544.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zanatta FB, Moreira CHC, Rösing CK. Association between dental floss use and gingival conditions in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 140:812-21. [PMID: 22133946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence comparing periodontal conditions in orthodontic patients who regularly use or do not use dental floss is scarce. METHODS The subjects were 330 patients who had been under fixed orthodontic treatment for at least 6 months. They were examined by 1 calibrated examiner for plaque and gingival indexes, probing pocket depths, clinical attachment losses, and excessive resin around brackets. Socioeconomic background, time with orthodontic appliances, and use of dental floss were assessed in interviews. Unadjusted and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations. RESULTS The results demonstrated statistically significant higher means of plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth, and clinical attachment loss for nonusers of dental floss. Intragroup analyses showed higher means of these parameters in proximal sites and posterior teeth, compared with their counterparts' buccal and lingual sites and anterior teeth, respectively. After multivariate analysis, male subjects (P = 0.044) with a household income less than 5 national minimum wages (P = 0.044), and nonusers of dental floss (P = 0.000) showed higher probabilities of gingival bleeding (>30%) than did their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic patients who use dental floss regularly have somewhat better gingival conditions than those who do not use floss.
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Ryu HS, Bae IH, Lee KG, Hwang HS, Lee KH, Koh JT, Cho JH. Antibacterial effect of silver-platinum coating for orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod 2012; 82:151-157. [PMID: 21810004 PMCID: PMC8881025 DOI: 10.2319/021411-111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a hard coating for stainless surfaces based on silver (Ag)-platinum (Pt) alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ag-Pt alloys, which have high degree of biocompatibility, excellent resistance to sterilization conditions, and antibacterial properties to different bacteria, are associated with long-term antibacterial efficiency. Approximately 1.03-µm to 2.34-µm-thick coatings, as determined by scanning electron microscopy, were deposited on stainless surfaces by the simultaneous vaporization of both metals (Ag and Pt) in an inert argon atmosphere. The coating was done by physical vapor deposition. Microorganisms and eukaryotic culture cells were grown on these surfaces. RESULTS The coatings released sufficient Ag ions when immersed in phosphate-buffered saline and showed significant antimicrobial potency against Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strains. At the same time, human gingival fibroblast cells were not adversely affected. CONCLUSION Ag-Pt coatings on load-bearing orthodontic bracket surfaces can provide suitable antimicrobial activity during active orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Sog Ryu
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Amasyali M, Enhos S, Uysal T, Saygun I, Kilic A, Bedir O. Effect of a self-etching adhesive containing an antibacterial monomer on clinical periodontal parameters and subgingival microbiologic composition in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140:e147-53. [PMID: 21967952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of a self-etching adhesive system containing an antibacterial monomer on periodontal health and subgingival microbiologic composition in orthodontic patients and to compare it with a conventional adhesive system. METHODS A split-mouth design was chosen, and 15 patients were included in the study. Brackets in contralateral quadrants were bonded with either a conventional adhesive system (control) or a self-etching adhesive system that contained an antibacterial monomer. Clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index, gingival index, probing depths, and bleeding on probing were determined. Subgingival plaque samples were collected before bracket placement (T0) and at the 6-month follow-up (T1). The real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction assay was used to determine the subgingival counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Campylobacter rectus. For clinical periodontal parameters, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and, for bacterial counts, Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical comparisons at the P <0.05 level. RESULTS Clinical periodontal parameters were not changed, and they were not different between the groups from T0 to T1. T forsythensis and F nucleatum increased during the treatment period in both groups (P <0.05). The majority of the bacteria were T nucleatum at T0 and T1 in both groups. Changes in bacterial load from T0 to T1 were not different between groups except for T forsythensis and F nucleatum (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of an antibacterial monomer did not have an additional positive effect on clinical periodontal parameters. When used in bonding orthodontic brackets, the antibacterial monomer failed to reduce periodontopathogenic bacteria when compared with the conventional adhesive system during a 6-month treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihri Amasyali
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Sciences, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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Cantekin K, Celikoglu M, Karadas M, Yildirim H, Erdem A. Effects of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances on oral health status: A comprehensive study. J Dent Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Kim SH, Choi DS, Jang I, Cha BK, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Song JS. Microbiologic changes in subgingival plaque before and during the early period of orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 2011; 82:254-60. [PMID: 21827233 DOI: 10.2319/030311-156.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in subgingival microbiota before and during the leveling and alignment orthodontic stage using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty orthodontic patients (17 females and 13 males; aged 16.7 ± 6.5 y) were included in this study. Subgingival microbial samples were taken from the disto-buccal gingival crevice of the left upper central incisors, the left lower central incisors, the mesio-buccal gingival crevice of the left upper first molars, and the left lower first molars, at four different times: at baseline, before placement of orthodontic appliances (T1), and 1 week (T2), 3 months (T3), and 6 months after placement of orthodontic appliances (T4). DNA was extracted from the samples, and the 16S rRNA-based PCR detection method was used to determine the prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobactor rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Treponema denticola, which are considered as putative periodontopathogens. RESULTS The frequency of T forsythia, C rectus, and P nigrescens significantly increased after placement of orthodontic appliances. For the other species, the frequency tended to increase but no statistically significant difference was noted. The frequency of the change, representing microorganisms not existing at T1 but newly developing at T2, T3, and T4, was higher at the molars than at the incisors. CONCLUSION The placement of orthodontic appliances affects the subgingival microbial composition even during the early period of orthodontic treatment, increasing the prevalence of periodontopathogens, especially in the molar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
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44
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Quantity and distribution of plaque in orthodontic patients treated with molar bands. J Orofac Orthop 2011; 72:13-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00056-010-0001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Demling A, Demling C, Schwestka-Polly R, Stiesch M, Heuer W. Short-term influence of lingual orthodontic therapy on microbial parameters and periodontal status. A preliminary study. Angle Orthod 2010; 80:480-4. [PMID: 20050740 DOI: 10.2319/061109-330.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a preliminary study of the short-term effect of fixed, customized lingual orthodontic appliances on periodontal and microbial parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample comprised 20 subjects (6 males and 14 females) with a mean age of 22.3 years +/- 8.6 years. Before (T(0)) and 4 weeks after placement (T(1)) of custom-made lingual appliances on the lower teeth only, plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured. A 16S rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( Aa ) and Porphyromonas gingivalis ( Pg ) in the crevicular fluid. To compare periodontal parameters on bonded lingual (testing) and unbonded palatal (control) and labial (control) sites between T(0) and T(1), the Wilcoxon test was applied. RESULTS On the lingual aspects of bonded teeth, a significant increase of BOP (T(0): 23.4 +/- 22.5%; T(1): 46.2 +/- 23.5%; P = .001) and PI (T(0): 0.3 +/- 0.3; T(1): 1.0 +/- 0.7; P = .001) was observed, but no significant changes for PPD (T(0): 2.1 +/- 0.4 mm; T(1): 2.2 +/- 0.3 mm; P = .286) were found. On control sites, no significant changes were recorded for any periodontal parameter. Aa was found in 25% of the patients at baseline (5 subjects) and in 35% of the patients at T(1) (2 additional positive subjects), whereas Pg was found in 5% of the cohort at T(0) and at T(1) (same patient). CONCLUSIONS Even in the short term, insertion of fixed lingual appliances induced a worsening of periodontal parameters restricted to bonded lingual sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Demling
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Dilsiz A, Kiliç N, Aydin T, Ates FN, Zihni M, Bulut C. Leptin levels in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2010; 80:504-8. [PMID: 20050744 DOI: 10.2319/072109-402.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test if leptin can be detected in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) around moving teeth, and to determine whether any changes occur during orthodontic tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS An upper canine requiring distal movement served as the test tooth; the contralateral canine was used as a control tooth. The control tooth was included in the orthodontic appliance, but was not subjected to the orthodontic force. GCF sampling from the distal sites of the test and control teeth was done at baseline, 1 hour, 24 hours, and 168 hours. RESULTS Leptin concentrations of the test teeth decreased in a time-dependent manner. When compared with the baseline measurement, the decrease was significant at 168 hours (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The concentration of leptin in GCF is decreased by orthodontic tooth movement; the results of the present study also suggest that leptin may have been one of the mediators responsible for orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alparslan Dilsiz
- Department of Periodontology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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GKANTIDIS N, CHRISTOU P, TOPOUZELIS N. The orthodontic-periodontic interrelationship in integrated treatment challenges: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil 2010; 37:377-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
It is mainly because of periodontal tissues and, more particularly, the periodontal ligament that the orthodontist is able to move teeth. According the ratio cost/benefit/security, the orthodontist needs to prevent and/or to avoid the deleterious effects of its treatments on periodontal tissues. Gingival inflammation with a high hyperplasia compound, periodontal attachment loss, bone loss and root resorption may result, in absolute value, in a reduction of periodontal support. The key to prevent these problems is plaque control, phase too often neglected. The challenge before any orthodontic treatment, both in children or in adults, is to change the behavior of the patient concerning the mouth and the dental plaque. The aim of this paper is to explore the evidence based literature (systematic revues, meta-analysis), to provide thought elements and concrete proposals to definitely resolve this critical phase of orthodontic treatment that is the motivation, phase that can also be achieved by "dental auxiliaries".
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Choi DS, Cha BK, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Lee SY, Chang BS, Jang I, Song JS. Microbiologic changes in subgingival plaque after removal of fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod 2010; 79:1149-55. [PMID: 19852608 DOI: 10.2319/111808-593r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes that occur in the subgingival microbiota after removal of fixed orthodontic appliances using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty orthodontic patients (11 males and 19 females; aged 20 +/- 7.3 yr) were included in this study. Subgingival plaque samplings were gathered from the disto-buccal gingival crevice of the left upper central incisors and the left lower central incisors, and from the mesio-buccal gingival crevice of the left upper first molars and the left lower first molars, at two different times: 2 weeks before appliance removal (T1), and 3 months after appliance removal (T2). DNA was extracted from the samples and the 16S rRNA-based PCR detection method was used to determine the prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Tannerella forsythia , Campylobacter rectus , Eikenella corrodens , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia , Prevotella nigrescens , and Treponema denticola , which are considered as putative periodontopathogens. RESULTS The frequency of positive sites at T1 and T2 was 65% and 43.3% for C. rectus , and 53.3% and 30.8% for E. corrodens , respectively. For the other bacteria, the frequency tended to be reduced between times. CONCLUSION Periodontopathogens during orthodontic treatment were significantly reduced within 3 months of appliance removal. However, how long it takes to return to the preorthodontic composition of the subgingival microbiota and whether it happens at all remain to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Kangnung National University, Gangneung, South Korea
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Gastel J, Quirynen M, Teughels W, Pauwels M, Coucke W, Carels C. Microbial Adhesion on Different Bracket Types in vitro. Angle Orthod 2009; 79:915-21. [DOI: 10.2319/092908-507.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that there are differences in total bacterial counts and capacity for biofilm formation between seven different bracket types.
Material and Methods: By means of an in vitro experiment, seven commercially available bracket systems (Damon [A], Clarity [B], Mystique [C], Speed [D], Victory MBT [E], Micro-loc [F], and Generus [G]) were compared. A total of 25 premolar brackets of each bracket system were incubated in brain heart infusion medium containing the saliva and bacteria of two orthodontic patients. After 72 hours, the amounts of aerobe and anaerobe bacteria were determined by counting the colony-forming units (CFU). The CFU ratio (aerobe/anaerobe) also was calculated, and the black pigmented bacteria were analyzed.
Results: Significant differences between the different bracket types in terms of biofilm formation were found. Bracket types can be arbitrarily divided into low, intermediate, and high plaque-retaining brackets. The group with low adhesion consists of bracket types E, F, and G; the group with high adhesion of bracket types A, B, and C; and type D exhibits intermediate adhesion. The group with high microbial adhesion (A, B, and C) did present significantly lower CFU ratios (aerobe/anaerobe) than were exhibited by the other bracket systems (P < .05).
Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. Orthodontic brackets serve as different loci for biofilm formation; in this in vitro study, significant differences were noted between the different types of brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janvan Gastel
- a Postgraduate and doctorate student, Department of Orthodontics, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Quirynen
- b Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- c Professor, Department of Periodontology, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Pauwels
- d Head, Laboratory for Periodontal Microbiology, Department of Periodontology, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Coucke
- e Scientific Institute of Public Health, Clinical Biology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carine Carels
- f Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium
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