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Paterniti I, Galuppo M, Mazzon E, Impellizzeri D, Esposito E, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Protective effects of apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase activity, in splanchnic artery occlusion and reperfusion. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:993-1003. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Histochemical localization of neutral proteases released during development of rat periradicular lesion. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:1128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ono T, Goto K, Takagi S, Iwasaki S, Komatsu H. Sclerosing effect of OC-108, a novel agent for hemorrhoids, is associated with granulomatous inflammation induced by aluminum. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 99:353-63. [PMID: 16314689 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpj05026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OC-108 is a novel sclerosing agent for hemorrhoids, containing aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) and tannic acid as its main ingredients. In clinical studies, OC-108 injection therapy for severe internal hemorrhoids proved to be highly effective, not only on bleeding but also for prolapse, and the effects were comparable to hemorrhoidectomy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mode of action by administrating the agent s.c. to mice and rats. In response to OC-108 injection, inflammation with necrosis developed at an early stage followed by granuloma formation with fibrosis at the injection site. Necrotic debris with aluminum was observed in the granuloma for a long period. Alum, as well as OC-108, induced vascular permeability, leukocyte infiltration, and granuloma formation; however, tannic acid did not. On the other hand, tannic acid inhibited leukocyte infiltration induced by alum but did not inhibit granuloma formation. These results indicate that OC-108 causes sclerosis and retraction of hemorrhoids through fibrosis associated with granulomatous chronic inflammation induced by the main active ingredient alum and that the adjunct ingredient tannic acid reduces excessive acute inflammation induced by alum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ono
- Pharmaceuticals Research Unit, Research & Development Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, Japan.
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Maeda K, Kai K, Hayashi T, Hasegawa K, Matsumura T. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1) Contribute to the Elimination of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) from the Lungs of Intranasally Infected BALB/c Mice. J Comp Pathol 2004; 130:162-70. [PMID: 15003474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in BALB/c mice produced by intranasal inoculation was studied. Infected mice were found to lose bodyweight (BW) during the acute phase of infection (i.e., within 1 week of inoculation) but to regain it during the convalescent phase. The intraperitoneal administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against ICAM-1 and LFA-1 one day before EHV-1 infection reduced the BW loss in the acute phase and retarded the recovery of BW in the convalescent phase. When mice pretreated with mAbs were killed 21 days after infection, the epithelial cells of the bronchi and bronchioles were found to contain viral antigens and to show degeneration and necrosis. In non-pretreated control mice, no viral antigens were detected and lesions were mild or absent. It was concluded that ICAM-1 and LFA-1 contributed to the elimination of EHV-1 from the lung, and to recovery. These findings may be relevant to EHV-1 infection in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi-city, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Price MO, Atkinson SJ, Knaus UG, Dinauer MC. Rac activation induces NADPH oxidase activity in transgenic COSphox cells, and the level of superoxide production is exchange factor-dependent. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19220-8. [PMID: 11896053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient expression of constitutively active Rac1 derivatives, (G12V) or (Q61L), was sufficient to induce phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in a COS-7 cell model in which human cDNAs for essential oxidase components, gp91(phox), p22(phox), p47(phox), and p67(phox), were expressed as stable transgenes. Expression of constitutively active Rac1 in "COS(phox)" cells induced translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox) to the membrane. Furthermore, translocation of p47(phox) was induced in the absence of p67(phox) expression, even though Rac does not directly bind p47(phox). Rac effector domain point substitutions (A27K, G30S, D38A, Y40C), which can selectively eliminate interaction with different effector proteins, impaired Rac1V12-induced superoxide production. Activation of endogenous Rac1 by expression of constitutively active Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) derivatives was sufficient to induce high level NADPH oxidase activity in COS(phox) cells. The constitutively active form of the hematopoietic-specific GEF, Vav1, was the most effective at activating superoxide production, despite detection of higher levels of Rac1-GTP upon expression of constitutively active Vav2 or Tiam1 derivatives. These data suggest that Rac can play a dual role in NADPH oxidase activation, both by directly participating in the oxidase complex and by activating signaling events leading to oxidase assembly, and that Vav1 may be the physiologically relevant GEF responsible for activating this Rac-regulated complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne O Price
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Zeltser D, Kassirer M, Shapira I, Rogowski O, Regev D, Leibovitz E, Arber N, Aronson M, Berliner S. The leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation test as an inflammation-related, plasma-dependent agglutination phenomenon. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1998; 58:593-601. [PMID: 9890343 DOI: 10.1080/00365519850186229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation test (LAAT) is a non-specific marker of inflammation. In the present study, we examined the expression of the CD11b/CD18 as well as the CD62L antigens on the surface of peripheral blood leukocytes in 84 patients with various inflammatory conditions and 60 controls by using whole blood flow cytometry. We also conducted several in vitro experiments in order to explain the mechanism of the leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation. A significant (r= -0.36, p<0.001) negative correlation was found between the expression of CD62L on the surface of peripheral blood polymorphonuclears and the state of LAA. There was no correlation between the availability of the CD11b/CD18 antigen and the adhesive state of these cells. In a series of in vitro experiments, we could show that it is possible to significantly reduce the number of aggregated leukocytes in the peripheral blood by using dilutions with buffer but not with plasma. There is no change in the degree of aggregation following incubation at low temperature in the presence of an aerobic metabolism blocker or following incubation with a divalent ion chelator. Additionally, white blood cells could be seen to adhere to protein-rich areas in the peripheral slides. We assume that the state of LAA in the peripheral blood as revealed by the LAA test is more a plasma factor-dependent agglutination than a firm aggregation phenomenon. Factors other than the leukocyte integrins or selectins should be sought as being responsible for this LAA phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zeltser
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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Simms HH, D'amico R. Studies on polymorphonuclear leukocyte bactericidal function III: the role of extracellular matrix proteins. J Surg Res 1997; 72:123-8. [PMID: 9356232 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1997.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin (Fn) and laminin (Ln) on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) bactericidal activity. Adherence of PMN to increasing concentrations of Ln significantly increased the killing of Escherichia coli after 240 min of adherence, while fibronectin significantly increased PMN staphlacidal activity after 240 min of adherence. The addition of IL-1beta and IL-8 but not TNF-alpha increased PMN bactericidal activity against E. coli when PMN were adhered to Ln, while TNF-alpha and IL-8 increased PMN bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus when PMN were adhered to Ln. TNF-alpha increased PMN killing of E. coli when PMN were adhered to Fn, while only IL-1beta increased the killing of S. aureus when PMN were adhered to FN. Anti-VLA-3 (alpha3/beta1) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) inhibited the effect of Ln on PMN bactericidal activity, while anti-VLA-5 (alpha5/beta1) mAbs inhibited the effect of Fn on PMN bactericidal activity. Progressive cross-linkage of these two receptors led to a dose-dependent reduction in PMN bactericidal activity for both pathogens when PMN were adhered to Ln or Fn, respectively. These results demonstrate that extracellular matrix proteins +/- exogenously added cytokines have the capacity to regulate PMN bactericidal activity. The signals sent by these matrix proteins to increase PMN bactericidal activity are transduced primarily via separate alpha subunits of the beta1 integrin complex. Stimulation of these receptors might lead to potential upregulation of PMN bactericidal activity which would be potentially advantageous in vivo at sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Simms
- Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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Simms HH, D'Amico R, Bland KI. Integrin stimulation regulates polymorphonuclear leukocytes inflammatory cytokine expression. Ann Surg 1997; 225:757-63; discussion 763-5. [PMID: 9230816 PMCID: PMC1190884 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199706000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of these studies is to investigate the role of integrin binding on the regulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) cytokine receptor expression. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Current knowledge in this area revolves around the ability of beta 2 integrins to mediate PMN adherence and chemotaxis. The role of alpha 1-6/beta 1 integrins in regulating cytokine receptor expression has not been probed. METHODS Purified human PMN were adhered on plastic, fibronectin, or laminin-coated surfaces followed by the addition of iodine 125 (125I) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha R (TNF-alpha R) p60, p80, or interleukin-1 beta R (IL-1 beta R) types I, II. Receptor expression was calculated based on the counts per minute (cpm) bound. The role of individual beta 1 integrins was assessed using mAbs directed against the alpha 1-6 subunit of the beta 1 complex, and integrin cross-linkage was achieved using secondary goat antimouse F(ab')2 antibodies. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were pretreated with herbimycin A to determine the role of protein tyrosine kinase in mediating the effect of the beta 1 integrins. RESULTS Adherence of PMN to Ln decreased IL-1 beta types I, II receptor expression, whereas adherence to Fn increased TNF-alpha R p60 and p80 expression. Anti-VLA-5 (CD49e) but not anti-VLA-1 through VLA-4 and VLA-6, blocked the effect of Fn on TNF-alpha receptors, whereas anti-VLA-6 but not anti-VLA-1 through VLA-5 blocked the effect of Ln on IL-1 beta receptors. Modulation of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha receptors by VLA-5 and VLA-6 required protein tyrosine kinase activation as herbimycin A (10 micrograms/mL) blocked the affect of Fn and Ln. Changes in PMN cytokine receptor expression led to parallel changes in functional activity as assessed by the binding of 125I IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS Integrin stimulation regulates the cell surface expression of PMN cytokine receptors. Ligation of CD49e upregulates TNF-alpha receptor expression, whereas binding of CD49f downregulates IL-1 beta receptor expression. Both processes are protein tyrosine kinase dependent. Changes in PMN cytokine receptor expression led to corresponding changes in functional activity. These results provide the first demonstration that chemotaxis of PMN into the interstitium provides a mechanism for ongoing participation in the local inflammatory response and is regulated by matrix protein integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Simms
- Brown University School of Medicine/Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Surgery, Providence, USA
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Eriksson AS, Sinclair R. Leukocyte hydrogen peroxide production in a surgical wound in mice. The effects of an amide local anaesthetic. Inflammation 1996; 20:569-79. [PMID: 8894719 DOI: 10.1007/bf01487047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is of importance in local tissue repair processes. Amide local anaesthetics are commonly used to relieve surgical wound pain. The cellular effects of local anaesthetics in vivo is poorly described in the literature. However, interactions between amide local anaesthetics and the oxygen metabolism of leukocytes have been reported. To extend that knowledge, this paper investigates the influence of lidocaine treatment on the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by leukocyte oxygen metabolism. A soft tissue chamber model in the mouse was used, allowing measurements of the H2O2 production spontaneously and after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) addition, from two different leukocyte pools. Exudate leukocytes were generally more reactive to PMA stimulation in comparison to tissue chamber adherent leukocytes. Topically administered lidocaine significantly influenced the number of leukocytes in the wound exudate at 24 h postoperatively. Exudate leukocytes, topically exposed to lidocaine, showed an enhanced H2O2 production in comparison to leukocytes receiving lidocaine systemically. At 6 days, the viability and the H2O2 production differed significantly between the group receiving topically applied lidocaine in comparison to placebo. We conclude that the wound healing process may be effected by topically applied lidocaine, administered in clinical doses, at least via interference with leukocyte oxygen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Eriksson
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Payne CM, Bernstein C, Bernstein H. Apoptosis overview emphasizing the role of oxidative stress, DNA damage and signal-transduction pathways. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 19:43-93. [PMID: 8574171 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509059662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a central protective response to excess oxidative damage (especially DNA damage), and is also essential to embryogenesis, morphogenesis and normal immune function. An understanding of the cellular events leading to apoptosis is important for the design of new chemotherapeutic agents directed against the types of leukemias and lymphomas that are resistant to currently used chemotherapeutic protocols. We present here a review of the characteristic features of apoptosis, the cell types and situations in which it occurs, the types of oxidative stress that induce apoptosis, the signal-transduction pathways that either induce or prevent apoptosis, the biologic significance of apoptosis, the role of apoptosis in cancer, and an evaluation of the methodologies used to identify apoptotic cells. Two accompanying articles, demonstrating classic apoptosis and non-classic apoptosis in the same Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoid cell line, are used to illustrate the value of employing multiple criteria to determine the type of cell death occurring in a given experimental system. Aspects of apoptosis and programmed cell death that are not covered in this review include histochemistry, details of cell deletion processes in the sculpting of tissues and organs in embryogenesis and morphogenesis, and the specific pathways leading to apoptosis in specific cell types. The readers should refer to the excellent books and reviews on the morphology, biochemistry and molecular biology of apoptosis already published on these topics. Emphasis is placed, in this review, on a proposed common pathway of apoptosis that may be relevant to all cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Payne
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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Bates EJ. Eicosanoids, fatty acids and neutrophils: their relevance to the pathophysiology of disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 53:75-86. [PMID: 7480077 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PUFA and their eicosanoid metabolites are potent biological modifiers. They have beneficial effects in a number of diseases, which may result in part from their direct actions on neutrophils as well as from their ability to modulate eicosanoid biosynthesis. A consideration of their interactions with other cell types, e.g. lymphocytes and macrophages, is beyond the scope of this review. Small alterations in structure can result in large changes in the neutrophil response. This will have important implications for the further development and use of fatty acids for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bates
- Department of Immunology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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Payne CM, Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Garewal H. Role of apoptosis in biology and pathology: resistance to apoptosis in colon carcinogenesis. Ultrastruct Pathol 1995; 19:221-48. [PMID: 7571081 DOI: 10.3109/01913129509064227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The overview of apoptosis presented here emphasizes cell deletion in the immune system, with particular reference to T- and B-lymphocyte development, and the in vivo and in vitro senescence of human neutrophils. Some biochemical criteria that are used to identify apoptotic cells are described. Pitfalls in using agarose gel electrophoresis as the sole method for the identification of apoptotic cells are discussed. There are multiple modes of cell death that can be identified at the morphologic level. Thus the central role of microscopic methods, and in particular, electron microscopy, as an important tool in the study of cell death mechanisms, is presented. Apoptosis has a protective role against disease and could, a priori, have an important role in either the initiation or progression of cancer. Two paradoxes concerning the relationship of tumor aggressiveness at the clinical level to mitotic activity have been explained by an evaluation of apoptotic index. In the first case, basal cell carcinomas grow slowly but show a high rate of mitosis. Here, the apoptotic rate is quite high, but just below the mitotic rate, thereby accounting for the slow rate of growth. A second instance is follicular lymphoma, which has a low rate of mitosis that is less than that described for reactive germinal centers. However, apoptosis is markedly reduced in follicular lymphomas compared with that seen in reactive germinal centers, thus providing an explanation for the progressive growth of the follicle. We present a brief description of recent work from our laboratory that indicates that apoptosis may play an important role in colon carcinogenesis. We have shown that sodium deoxycholate, the particular bile salt present in highest concentration in the colon, induces apoptosis in the goblet cells of the human colonic mucosa in an in vitro assay. The intriguing finding is that cells of the normal-appearing mucosa of colon cancer patients are resistant to bile salt-induced apoptosis. This suggests a novel hypothesis about the etiologic role of bile salts in colon cancer. The chronic presence of bile salts that accompany a high-fat diet could select for apoptosis-resistant epithelial cells in the colon over time. Thus, a resistance-to-apoptosis bioassay may prove useful as an intermediate biomarker for determining which individuals are at high risk for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Payne
- Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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Pollock JD, Williams DA, Gifford MA, Li LL, Du X, Fisherman J, Orkin SH, Doerschuk CM, Dinauer MC. Mouse model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited defect in phagocyte superoxide production. Nat Genet 1995; 9:202-9. [PMID: 7719350 DOI: 10.1038/ng0295-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a recessive disorder characterized by a defective phagocyte respiratory burst oxidase, life-threatening pyogenic infections and inflammatory granulomas. Gene targeting was used to generate mice with a null allele of the gene involved in X-linked CGD, which encodes the 91 kD subunit of the oxidase cytochrome b. Affected hemizygous male mice lacked phagocyte superoxide production, manifested an increased susceptibility to infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus fumigatus and had an altered inflammatory response in thioglycollate peritonitis. This animal model should aid in developing new treatments for CGD and in evaluating the role of phagocyte-derived oxidants in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Pollock
- Department of Pediatrics, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Rauschenberger CR, McClanahan SB, Pederson ED, Turner DW, Kaminski EJ. Comparison of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil elastase, polymorphonuclear neutrophil cathepsin-G, and alpha 2-macroglobulin levels in healthy and inflamed dental pulps. J Endod 1994; 20:546-50. [PMID: 7543925 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are found in dental pulp secondary to carious exposures, periodontal disease, or trauma. Lysosomal degranulation of these cells liberates cellular proteases, including elastase (PMN-E) and cathepsin-G (PMN-CG), which produce connective tissue degradation. However, nonspecific pulpal tissue destruction can be modified by a naturally occurring serum protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2-M). This study relates the concentrations of human PMN-E, PMN-CG, and A2-M in healthy and inflamed pulpal samples. Evaluation of 21 specimens yielded statistically significant differences between healthy and moderate to severely inflamed pulps for all groups (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was detected among human PMN-E, PMN-CG, and A2-M in the healthy tissues (P > 0.05). However, in the moderate to severely inflamed pulps, there was a significant correlation between PMN-CG and A2-M (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Rauschenberger
- Department of Endodontics, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, University of Maryland 21201-1586, USA
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Feldman C, Anderson R, Kanthakumar K, Vargas A, Cole PJ, Wilson R. Oxidant-mediated ciliary dysfunction in human respiratory epithelium. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 17:1-10. [PMID: 7959161 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of human nasal ciliated epithelium to reactive oxidants generated by the enzymatic xanthine-xanthine oxidase superoxide/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose-glucose oxidase H2O2-generating systems, or to reagent H2O2 or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) resulted in significant alterations in ciliary beating. The earliest change noted was the presence of ciliary slowing, progressing eventually to complete ciliary stasis in some areas. Ciliary dyskinesia was seen within the first hour, often from as early as 15 min after exposure of the cells to reactive oxidants. Using peroxidases, various antioxidant enzymes, and oxidant scavengers, we confirmed that these detrimental effects on ciliary function were mediated primarily by H2O2 and HOCl. Moreover, 3-aminobenzamide (3-ABA), an inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase, prevented H2O2-mediated inhibition of ciliary function, indicating that oxidant-mediated damage to DNA may well be the basis of the effects of H2O2 on ciliated epithelium. Acute and chronic inflammatory responses may therefore present the possible threat of H2O2- or HOCl-inflicted injury on bystander respiratory epithelium, leading to ciliary dyskinesia and slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Hillbrow Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Payne CM, Glasser L, Tischler ME, Wyckoff D, Cromey D, Fiederlein R, Bohnert O. Programmed cell death of the normal human neutrophil: an in vitro model of senescence. Microsc Res Tech 1994; 28:327-44. [PMID: 7919520 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070280408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides experimental data which indicate that the neutrophil is ideal for studying programmed cell death or apoptosis in vitro. Neutrophils can be obtained from human peripheral blood in large numbers with minimal experimental manipulation and are easily separated from other leukocytes, providing nearly pure cell suspensions. The neutrophil life span in vitro is sufficiently short to allow observations to be made within eight hours after experimental manipulation. Neutrophils can also be easily maintained in serum-free, chemically defined media which can be systematically altered, thereby defining specific variables that influence the apoptotic process. Since the neutrophils do not need an exogenous trigger to undergo programmed cell death, it is also an excellent model to study senescence. It was determined from this study that neutrophils undergo apoptosis most efficiently at 37 degrees C, a temperature requirement for physiologic cell death. Neutrophils undergo apoptosis at a slightly faster rate and maintain membrane integrity better when incubated in a tissue culture medium (e.g., RPMI 1640) compared with a balanced salt solution (e.g., HBBB). Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was shown to accelerate apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of Zn++ significantly decreased the rate of apoptosis, whereas the presence of Ca++ and Mg++ had no apparent effect. These studies indicate that the process of senescence, culminating in cell death, is subject to modulation by a variety of agents and experimental conditions. In addition, the ultrastructural features of neutrophils undergoing programmed cell death in vitro were compared in detail to those occurring in vivo and were found to be comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Payne
- Arizona Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724
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Marton IJ, Balla G, Hegedus C, Redi P, Szilagyi Z, Karmazsin L, Kiss C. The role of reactive oxygen intermediates in the pathogenesis of chronic apical periodontitis. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 8:254-7. [PMID: 8247615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1993.tb00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The level of malondialdehyde, a stable end product of lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen intermediates and the activity of two potent antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, was investigated in tissue homogenates of 22 surgical periapical granuloma specimens. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher and glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in periapical granuloma samples than in healthy gingival tissue homogenates, which were used as controls. The activity of superoxide dismutase was similar in periapical granuloma and in control samples. Our results indicate an altered balance between the production and the elimination of toxic oxygen metabolites in chronic apical periodontitis. We hypothesize that reactive oxygen intermediates, which are being produced by activated phagocytic cells abundantly present in periapical granulomas, can contribute to periapical tissue injury and bone loss in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Marton
- Department of Stomatology, Medical University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Novak RM, Holzer TJ, Libertin CR. Human neutrophil oxidative response and phagocytic killing of clinical and laboratory strains of Enterococcus faecalis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 17:1-6. [PMID: 8395373 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(93)90061-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis produce a hemolysin/bacteriocin that is plasmid mediated. Recent human epidemiologic studies and animal research suggest that this hemolysin/bacteriocin may enhance the pathogenicity of hemolysin-producing enterococci compared with non-hemolysin-producing strains. These studies determined that clinical strains that produce hemolysin/bacteriocin differed from non-hemolysin-producing clinical and laboratory strains in their ability to induce the production of reactive oxygen intermediates in human peripheral blood neutrophils and in their susceptibility to phagocytic killing in vitro. The induction of superoxide anion generation by neutrophils was demonstrated to be directly proportional to the presence of the hemolysin/bacteriocin plasmid and was transferable to a non-hemolysin-producing laboratory strain by transconjugation. The presence of the plasmid, however, did not effect killing by phagocytic cells in vitro. It is proposed that hemolysin/bacteriocin-producing strains of enterococcus may be more pathogenic due to reactive oxygen product-induced tissue injury in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Novak
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago
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20
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Wyatt TA, Lincoln TM, Pryzwansky KB. Regulation of human neutrophil degranulation by LY-83583 and L-arginine: role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:C201-11. [PMID: 8338131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.1.c201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) on the secretory response of activated human neutrophils were investigated using LY-83583, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, and L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide formation. A 30% release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lactoferrin (LF) from the primary and specific granules, respectively, was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in adhered neutrophils stimulated with 0.1 microM N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or 20 microM A-23187. LY-83583 (100 microM) inhibited the release of both LF and MPO after stimulation with FMLP or A-23187. Conversely, preincubation of neutrophils with 0.5 mM L-arginine augmented the release of LF and MPO in FMLP- and A-23187-stimulated cells. Concurrent with the increase in the degranulation response was an elevation of cGMP levels in L-arginine-treated cells, while stimulated cGMP levels were reduced in LY-83583-treated cells. Furthermore, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) activity was reduced in LY-83583-treated cells, as determined by the delay in G-kinase translocation to intermediate filaments and the inhibition of vimentin phosphorylation. Degranulation, elevation of cGMP levels, and targeting of G-kinase were also dependent on the concentration of A-23187 or FMLP. These data suggest that activators of neutrophil degranulation mediate this response through a cGMP-dependent protein kinase mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wyatt
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7525
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21
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Lundqvist H, Karlsson A, Follin P, Sjölin C, Dahlgren C. Phagocytosis following translocation of the neutrophil b-cytochrome from the specific granule to the plasma membrane is associated with an increased leakage of reactive oxygen species. Scand J Immunol 1992; 36:885-91. [PMID: 1462125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of neutrophil b-cytochrome translocation on the respiratory burst activation generated during phagocytosis of yeast particles was investigated. Secretion of neutrophil specific granules was induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin prior to phagocytosis. The secretory process is associated with a translocation from the specific granules to the plasma membrane of the respiratory burst b-cytochrome. Respiratory burst activity was measured as release of hydrogen peroxide in the absence of azide (extracellular leakage) and in the presence of azide (total production). The subcellular localization of the b-cytochrome was found to affect the extracellular release of hydrogen peroxide in that a plasma membrane localization was associated with a significantly increased release during phagocytosis. It should be pointed out, however, that most of the hydrogen peroxide, both in control and in ionomycin-treated cells, is produced intracellularly, probably in the phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lundqvist
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Dougherty
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, El Paso
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Dougherty
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, El Paso
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24
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WALAN ASA, DAHLGREN CLAES, KIHLSTRÖM ERIK, STENDAHL OLLE, LOCK RONNY. Phagocyte killing ofCampylobacter jejuniin relation to oxidative activation. APMIS 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The effect of vitamin C on the common cold has been the subject of several studies. These studies do not support a considerable decrease in the incidence of the common cold with supplemental vitamin C. However, vitamin C has consistently decreased the duration of cold episodes and the severity of symptoms. The benefits that have been observed in different studies show a large variation and, therefore, the clinical significance may not be clearly inferred from them. The biochemical explanation for the benefits may be based on the antioxidant property of vitamin C. In an infection, phagocytic leucocytes become activated and they produce oxidizing compounds which are released from the cell. By reacting with these oxidants, vitamin C may decrease the inflammatory effects caused by them. Scurvy, which is caused by a deficiency in vitamin C, is mostly attributed to the decreased synthesis of collagen. However, vitamin C also participates in several other reactions, such as the destruction of oxidizing substances. The common cold studies indicate that the amounts of vitamin C which safely protect from scurvy may still be too low to provide an efficient rate for other reactions, possibly antioxidant in nature, in infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hemilä
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Rauschenberger CR, Turner DW, Kaminski EJ, Osetek EM. Human polymorphonuclear granule components: relative levels detected by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in normal and inflamed dental pulps. J Endod 1991; 17:531-6. [PMID: 1812201 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) contain proteolytic enzymes and other components important in the regulation of inflammation and the elimination of bacteria or debris associated with pulp disease. However, PMN lysosomal degranulation is nonspecific and can result in destruction of healthy connective tissue adjacent to the areas of damaged or infected tissue. For this study a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the human PMN lysosomal granule products: elastase, cathepsin G, and lactoferrin. Evaluation of 55 pulp samples yielded a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.05) among the levels of elastase and lactoferrin in normal and moderate to severely inflamed pulps. Although cathepsin G levels were increased, there was no statistical significance (p greater than 0.05) among groups. The results indicate that a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique can be used to measure PMN lysosomal granule components in dental pulp tissues. Additionally, elastase and lactoferrin levels appear to be valid diagnostic markers of advanced dental pulp disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Rauschenberger
- Department of Endodontics, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, University of Maryland 21201-1586
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Li X, Castleman WL. Effects of 4-ipomeanol on bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus-induced pneumonia in calves. Vet Pathol 1991; 28:428-37. [PMID: 1661042 DOI: 10.1177/030098589102800511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that 4-ipomeanol toxicosis can enhance the severity of para-influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mice. The objectives of this study were to determine whether calves are susceptible to 4-ipomeanol-induced enhancement of parainfluenza type 3 viral pneumonia and to determine whether 4-ipomeanol alters pulmonary replication of parainfluenza virus. Male Holstein calves were injected with either 4-ipomeanol (3 mg/kg) or vehicle (polyethylene glycol) 3 days prior to intratracheal inoculation with either parainfluenza virus or sham inoculum of culture medium. Calves in the four treatment groups (ipomeanol-parainfluenza, ipomeanol-medium, vehicle-parainfluenza, and vehicle-medium) were necropsied at 5 days after inoculation with parainfluenza virus or medium. The lungs were studied by correlated methods of light and electron microscopy, digitizing morphometry and pulmonary lavage to quantitate the severity of pneumonia. Pulmonary viral titers were determined, and viral antigen was identified in the lung by immunoperoxidase technique. The calves in the ipomeanol-virus treatment group had over a 9-fold higher (P less than 0.05) volume density of virus-induced interstitial pneumonia than did the calves in the other three treatment groups. This 4-ipomeanol-enhanced viral pneumonia was associated with significantly greater (P less than 0.05) numbers of pulmonary macrophages and neutrophils in the lavage fluid and higher (P less than 0.05) pulmonary titers of pulmonary infectious parainfluenza virus. Four-ipomeanol-enhanced viral pneumonia was characterized in part by extensive hyperplasia of type II alveolar epithelial cells and by dense aggregates of macrophages and neutrophils in alveolar spaces and interalveolar septa. The results indicate that 4-ipomeanol exacerbates interstitial pneumonia in calves induced by bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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28
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Roberts DR, Mah ET, Nyman TL, Davis RW. Quality of blood prepared for autotransfusion in primary cemented total hip replacement. Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19:382-4. [PMID: 1767907 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x9101900313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have measured levels of contaminants (products of cell lysis and other substances) in blood salvaged from patients undergoing primary cemented total hip replacement. Washing of this blood removed an average of 91.4% of the free haemoglobin mass, reduced white cell lysozyme concentrations by 86% and almost totally eliminated fats and particulate matter. Osmotic fragility was significantly improved by washing although not to control levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Roberts
- Department of Anaesthetics, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, Adelaide, South Australia
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Dahlgren C, Sundqvist T. The effects of N-ethylmaleimide on extracellularly and intracellularly generated chemiluminescence in neutrophils indicate that the rate of deactivation of NADPH-oxidase is higher when the oxidase system is localized on the plasma membrane than when it is localized on the phagosomal membrane. JOURNAL OF BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE 1991; 6:81-6. [PMID: 1882710 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1170060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sustained generation of reactive oxygen metabolites following respiratory burst activation in neutrophils is a result of continued replenishment of a pool of active NADPH-oxidase. The sulphydryl-modifying reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) has been shown to be without effect on the turnover of activated NADPH-oxidase but to inhibit the replenishment of active oxidase molecules (Akard et al., 1988). NEM was thus used to determine the rate of deactivation of extracellularly and intracellularly generated chemiluminescence in human neutrophils. We have shown that deactivation is more rapid when activation leads to a release of oxygen metabolites (extracellular chemiluminescence) than when the metabolites are generated intracellularly. The results indicate that the rate of deactivation of NADPH-oxidase is higher when the oxidase system is localized on the plasma membrane than when it is localized on the phagosomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dahlgren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Linköping, Sweden
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Follin P, Johansson A, Dahlgren C. Intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in human neutrophils following activation by the soluble stimuli FMLP, dioctanoylglycerol and ionomycin. Cell Biochem Funct 1991; 9:29-37. [PMID: 1648459 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The stimuli, sn-1, 2-dioctanoylglycerol; (DG8) the calcium specific ionophore, ionomycin, and the chemotactic peptide formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) can interact with normal human neutrophils and activate their superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generating NADPH-oxidase. In response to the peptide as well as DG8, the neutrophils produced both superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Since interaction between the cells and ionomycin was not associated with any notable superoxide production and hydrogen peroxide was induced only in the presence of azide, a potent inhibitor of the hydrogen peroxide-consuming enzymes catalase and myeloperoxidase, we conclude that this stimulus can generate oxygen metabolites intracellularly. Since the DG8-induced production of hydrogen peroxide was increased in the presence of azide, whereas the FMLP-induced response was largely unaffected, we concluded that the three stimuli differ in their capacity to generate oxygen metabolites intracellularly. The use of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol (DG10) as stimulating agent did not result in any detectable activation of the NADPH-oxidase. However, preincubation caused an increased (primed) response during stimulation with the chemotactic peptide FMLP. The response of primed neutrophils to FMLP proceeds with a time-course different from that seen in normal cells. From the results presented on FMLP-induced activity in the presence of azide, we conclude that FMLP causes normal cells to produce oxygen radicals which are released from the cells. However, the primed cells are also capable of generating oxygen metabolites that are retained inside the cells. In fact, measurement of the intracellularly generated metabolites discloses this to be the predominant part of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Follin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, School of Medicine, Sweden
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Sieunarine K, Langton S, Lawrence-Brown MM, Goodman MA, Prendergast FJ, Hellings M. Elastase levels in salvaged blood and the effect of cell washing. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1990; 60:613-6. [PMID: 2390047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blood was salvaged from the operating field of 16 orthopaedic and vascular operations and processed by the Shiley Dideco cell saver for retransfusion. Plasma elastase levels in the salvaged blood were used as a marker of white cell lysosomal granule release. The plasma level of this enzyme was measured by the technique described by Dreher et al. using the immuno-activation (IMAC) system (Merck-Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany). The levels of the enzyme rose dramatically in the salvaged blood and were reduced to preoperative levels after washing in the cell saver. Washing of the salvaged blood before retransfusion is effective in reducing the plasma levels of white cell lysosomal contents which have the potential for producing harmful systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sieunarine
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia
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Lock R, Dahlgren C, Lindén M, Stendahl O, Svensbergh A, Ohman L. Neutrophil killing of two type 1 fimbria-bearing Escherichia coli strains: dependence on respiratory burst activation. Infect Immun 1990; 58:37-42. [PMID: 1967171 PMCID: PMC258405 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.1.37-42.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen metabolites by neutrophils is thought to play a key role in host defense against invading microorganisms. In this study, the generation of oxygen metabolites induced by two uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, ABU2 and PN7, and their subsequent killing in neutrophils were investigated. Both strains were grown to promote type 1 (mannose-sensitive) fimbria formation, but they differ with respect to other surface structures. When interacting with human neutrophils, the ABU2 bacteria adhered to and were phagocytized by the neutrophils, whereas PN7 bacteria adhered to the neutrophils but resisted phagocytosis. Both strains induced a pronounced neutrophil chemiluminescence response. However, when the intracellular and extracellular parts of the oxidative response were separated, we found that the predominant part of the response was of intracellular origin with the ABU2 bacteria as prey, whereas a large fraction of the response induced by the PN7 bacteria was extracellular. The general opinion is that production of reactive oxygen metabolites should be intraphagosomal to minimize the tissue-damaging effects of the metabolites and to optimize their bactericidal effects. However, since the surface-adherent bacteria (the PN7 cells) are killed in an aerobic but not an anaerobic milieu, whereas the ingested bacteria (the ABU2 cells) are killed in both aerobic and anaerobic milieu, we propose that extracellularly generated oxygen metabolites are of importance in killing E. coli strains that can resist neutrophil engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Sweden
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Lane
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161
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34
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