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Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:203-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lüdicke F, Magnette J, Baker G, Weitkunat R. A Japanese cross-sectional multicentre study of biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease in smokers and non-smokers. Biomarkers 2016; 20:411-21. [PMID: 26616146 PMCID: PMC4720051 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1096303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We performed a cross-sectional, multicentre study in Japan to detect the differences in biomarkers of exposure and cardiovascular biomarkers between smokers and non-smokers. Several clinically relevant cardiovascular biomarkers differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers, including lipid metabolism (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations – lower in smokers), inflammation (fibrinogen and white blood cell count – both higher in smokers), oxidative stress (8-epi-prostaglandin F2α – higher in smokers) and platelet activation (11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 – higher in smokers) (p ≤ 0.0001). These results provide further evidence showing that cardiovascular biomarkers can discriminate smokers from non-smokers, and could be used to evaluate the risks associated with tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lüdicke
- a Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - John Magnette
- a Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- a Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- a Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
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van Poppel PCM, Breedveld P, Abbink EJ, Roelofs H, van Heerde W, Smits P, Lin W, Tan AH, Russel FG, Donders R, Tack CJ, Rongen GA. Salvia Miltiorrhiza Root Water-Extract (Danshen) Has No Beneficial Effect on Cardiovascular Risk Factors. A Randomized Double-Blind Cross-Over Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128695. [PMID: 26192328 PMCID: PMC4508048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Danshen is the dried root extract of the plant Salvia Miltiorrhiza and it is used as traditional Chinese medicinal herbal product to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. However, its efficacy has not been thoroughly investigated. This study evaluates the effect of Danshen on hyperlipidemia and hypertension, two well known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Methods This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study performed at a tertiary referral center. Participants were recruited by newspaper advertisement and randomized to treatment with Danshen (water-extract of the Salvia Miltiorrhiza root) or placebo for 4 consecutive weeks. There was a wash out period of 4 weeks. Of the 20 analysed participants, 11 received placebo first. Inclusion criteria were: age 40-70 years, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. At the end of each treatment period, plasma lipids were determined (primary outcome), 24 hours ambulant blood pressure measurement (ABPM) was performed, and vasodilator endothelial function was assessed in the forearm. Results LDL cholesterol levels were 3.82±0.14 mmol/l after Danshen and 3.52±0.16 mmol/l after placebo treatment (mean±SE; p<0.05 for treatment effect corrected for baseline). Danshen treatment had no effect on blood pressure (ABPM 138/84 after Danshen and 136/87 after placebo treatment). These results were further substantiated by the observation that Danshen had neither an effect on endothelial function nor on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, glucose metabolism, hemostasis and blood viscosity. Conclusion Four weeks of treatment with Danshen (water-extract) slightly increased LDL-cholesterol without affecting a wide variety of other risk markers. These observations do not support the use of Danshen to prevent or treat atherosclerosis. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01563770
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleun C. M. van Poppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Breedveld
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Evertine J. Abbink
- Clinical Research Centre Nijmegen, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hennie Roelofs
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Waander van Heerde
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Smits
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wenzhi Lin
- Medical Center Balans, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Aaitje H. Tan
- Practice for acupuncture and member of the Dutch Association of Acupuncture Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G. Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Donders
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J. Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A. Rongen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Chin SF, Ibahim J, Makpol S, Abdul Hamid NA, Abdul Latiff A, Zakaria Z, Mazlan M, Mohd Yusof YA, Abdul Karim A, Wan Ngah WZ. Tocotrienol rich fraction supplementation improved lipid profile and oxidative status in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:42. [PMID: 21702918 PMCID: PMC3148956 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin E supplements containing tocotrienols are now being recommended for optimum health but its effects are scarcely known. The objective was to determine the effects of Tocotrienol Rich Fraction (TRF) supplementation on lipid profile and oxidative status in healthy older individuals at a dose of 160 mg/day for 6 months. Methods Sixty-two subjects were recruited from two age groups: 35-49 years (n = 31) and above 50 years (n = 31), and randomly assigned to receive either TRF or placebo capsules for six months. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 3rd and 6th months. Results HDL-cholesterol in the TRF-supplemented group was elevated after 6 months (p < 0.01). Protein carbonyl contents were markedly decreased (p < 0.001), whereas AGE levels were lowered in the > 50 year-old group (p < 0.05). Plasma levels of total vitamin E particularly tocopherols were significantly increased in the TRF-supplemented group after 3 months (p < 0.01). Plasma total tocotrienols were only increased in the > 50 year-old group after receiving 6 months of TRF supplementation. Changes in enzyme activities were only observed in the > 50 year-old group. SOD activity was decreased after 3 (p < 0.05) and 6 (p < 0.05) months of TRF supplementation whereas CAT activity was decreased after 3 (p < 0.01) and 6 (p < 0.05) months in the placebo group. GPx activity was increased at 6 months for both treatment and placebo groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The observed improvement of plasma cholesterol, AGE and antioxidant vitamin levels as well as the reduced protein damage may indicate a restoration of redox balance after TRF supplementation, particularly in individuals over 50 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok-Fong Chin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipid profile in patients with chronic periaortitis: case–control study. Rheumatol Int 2009; 31:201-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Van Himbergen T, Roest M, De Waart F, De Graaf J, Voorbij H, Van Tits L, Stalenhoef A. Paraoxonase Genotype, LDL-oxidation and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Male Life-long Smokers. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:553-60. [PMID: 15346646 DOI: 10.1080/1071576042000206496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) associated enzyme that hydrolyzes lipid peroxides in vitro, which may therefore protect against the onset of atherosclerosis. Heavy smokers are more exposed to oxidative stress and hence at high-risk for oxidative modification of LDL. Our hypothesis is that the anti-oxidative properties of PON-1 inhibit LDL oxidation, especially in populations exposed to high oxidative stress. We have studied the effects of PON-1 genotype and smoking to variation in oxidative status parameters and intima-media thickness (IMT), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. The contribution of two common polymorphisms in the PON-1 gene (Q192R and L55M) to LDL oxidizability, autoantibodies directed against oxLDL and IMT were studied in 207 male life-long smokers. Smokers were classified into average, heavy and excessive smokers based on pack years of cigarettes smoked. PON-1 genotype was not associated with autoantibodies to oxLDL, LDL oxidizability or IMT. Smoking was associated with IMT in subgroups with the high levels of LDL, but not in the population at large. The lack of association of PON-1 genotype with oxidative status parameters and IMT suggests that PON-1 is not a major inhibitor of LDL oxidation in a population of life-long smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Himbergen
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H, Vetter H, Kraft K. Synergy research: vitamins and secondary plant components in the maintenance of the redox-homeostasis and in cell signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:2-16. [PMID: 19118991 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of the redox-homeostasis is an essential task of antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during oxidative stress can potentially damage the normal cellular functions and support pathological processes like atherosclerosis in vessels or malignant growth in other tissues, but also the aging process. However, recent findings link ROS also to cell survival and/or proliferation, which revolutionises the age-old dogmatic view of ROS being exclusively involved in cell damage and death. Low concentrations of hydrogenperoxide e.g. are involved in cell signaling and can activate mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) to initiate cell growth. Nutritional antioxidants like vitamin C or E can promote endothelial cell growth, but can also inhibit growth of muscle cells, and influence MAPK. Thus, keeping the redox-homeostasis in a steady state especially in the context of tissue regeneration appears to be more important than previously known and seems to be a controlled synergistic action of antioxidants and ROS. The present review summarizes the properties and functions of ROS and nutritional antioxidants like the vitamins C and E, and polyphenols in redox-homeostasis. Their relevance in the treatment of various diseases is discussed in the context of a multitarget therapy with nutraceuticals and phytotherapeutic drugs.
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Chelland Campbell S, Moffatt RJ, Stamford BA. Smoking and smoking cessation -- the relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipoprotein metabolism: a review. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:225-35. [PMID: 18565528 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is generally accepted as the most preventable cause of death in the United States today. Individuals who smoke experience a wide range of physiologic side effects that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including insulin resistance, elevated catecholamine levels which contribute to an elevated heart rate and blood pressure, and hypercholesterolemia. The link between hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease has been extensively researched and is undeniable. What is more, this link is strengthened in smokers as cigarette smoking is known to increase total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while acting to decrease the cardio-protective high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Alterations in the enzymes that control lipid transport may be a key underlying mechanism contributing to these health destroying effects. This review examines the current literature related to: (1) smoking, lipoproteins, and lipid-related enzymes; (2) the impact of nicotine, carbon monoxide and free radicals on physiologic parameters related to health; and (3) metabolic issues involving smoking cessation and nicotine replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chelland Campbell
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1493, USA.
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van Tits LJH, Jacobs EMG, Swinkels DW, Lemmers HLM, van der Vleuten GM, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AFH. Non-transferrin-bound iron is associated with plasma level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 but not with in vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis 2007; 194:272-8. [PMID: 16963052 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess body iron is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, possibly via non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI)-mediated enhancement of inflammation and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). METHODS We assessed this proposed atherosclerotic mechanism of body iron by determining the relationship of levels of serum iron parameters, including NTBI, with plasma markers of inflammation and LDL oxidation in 232 subjects who visited the outpatient clinic for hemochromatosis family screening. RESULTS Plasma level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) was positively related to ferritin (standardized beta coefficient 0.16) and to NTBI (0.185) and negatively to total iron-binding capacity (TIBC, -0.166). Significant higher levels of sICAM-1 were found for subjects in the highest quartile of NTBI compared to the lowest quartile of NTBI (122 microg/L (107-141) and 106 microg/L (89-125), median (interquartile range), p<0.001). Odds ratio of subjects having sICAM-1 level above 134 microg/L (75th percentile) in the highest and lowest quartile of NTBI amounted 2.3. White blood cell count was positively related to ferritin (0.149). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, oxidized LDL, oxidized LDL/apolipoprotein B and IgG and IgM antibodies to oxidized LDL were not related to any of the markers of iron status. CONCLUSION Excess body iron, reflected by elevated serum ferritin and NTBI and decreased TIBC, is associated with increased plasma level of sICAM-1 but not with markers of in vivo LDL oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J H van Tits
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non-antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune function. Nutr Rev 2007; 65:181-217. [PMID: 17566547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to review the impact of supplementation with vitamins E and C, carotenoids, and the B vitamins on parameters of innate and adaptive immune function as reported from clinical trials in humans. There is evidence to support causal effects of supplementation with vitamins E and C and the carotenoids singly and in combination on selected aspects of immunity, including the functional capacity of innate immune cells, lymphocyte proliferation, and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Controlled intervention trials of B vitamin-containing multivitamin supplements suggest beneficial effects on immune parameters and clinical outcomes in HIV-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Webb
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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van Tits LJH, Jacobs EMG, Swinkels DW, Lemmers HLM, van der Vleuten GM, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AFH. Serum non-transferrin-bound iron and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in heterozygous hemochromatosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:371-6. [PMID: 16682004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is implicated in lipid peroxidation but the relation with oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is not known. We assessed variables reflecting in vitro and in vivo LDL oxidation in two age- and sex-matched groups (n=23) of hereditary hemochromatosis heterozygotes (C282Y), characterized by a clear difference in mean serum NTBI (1.55+/-0.57 micromol/L vs 3.70+/-0.96 micromol/L). Plasma level of oxidized LDL (absolute and relative to plasma apolipoprotein B), and IgG and IgM antibodies to oxidized LDL, markers of in vivo LDL oxidation, did not differ between the groups with low and high serum NTBI. Mean lag-phase of in vitro LDL oxidation was also not significantly different between both study groups. CONCLUSION these findings do not support the hypothesis that NTBI promotes oxidative modification of plasma LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambertus J H van Tits
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Tsoutsou PG, Gourgoulianis KI, Petinaki E, Mpaka M, Efremidou S, Maniatis A, Molyvdas PA. ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 in the Sera of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Inflammation 2004; 28:359-64. [PMID: 16245079 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-004-6647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to test the serum levels of ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), twenty patients with IPF and eleven with secondary interstitial fibrosis (SIF), as well as forty healthy volunteers (HV) were studied. Serum intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) 1, 2 and 3 were assessed by ELISA. Functional respiratory tests, which included spirometry and lung diffusing capacity were simultaneously performed. Median values of serum ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 were higher in the patients' than in the healthy volunteers' (HV) group: IPF group: 946.60 ng/ml and 400.14 ng/ml; SIF group: 901.58 ng/ml and 378.27 ng/ml; HV group: 308.40 ng/ml and 217.55 ng/ml, respectively (p<0.05). ICAM-3 serum levels were equal between the three groups. ICAM-2 negatively correlated to DLCO values. (p<0.005). It can be concluded that ICAM 1 and 2 are elevated in the sera of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. ICAM-2 might be associated with a more impaired clinical status.
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Raijmakers MTM, van Tits BJH, Hak-Lemmers HLM, Roes EM, Steegers EAP, Peters WHM. Low plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein in preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83:1173-7. [PMID: 15548151 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Markers of lipid peroxidation are commonly used to assess oxidative stress in preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a novel marker for lipid peroxidation, and that of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the pathogenesis of severe preeclampsia and to investigate the influence of gestational age on these parameters. METHOD Plasma levels of oxLDL and TBARS were assayed in women with severe preeclampsia (n = 40), normotensive pregnant controls matched for gestational age (n = 24) and normotensive pregnant controls at full term (n = 16). RESULTS Women with preeclampsia showed lower oxLDL levels (mean +/- SE) than matched controls (181 +/- 12 vs. 219 +/- 14; p = 0.027), whereas no differences were found for the TBARS concentration (3.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.4). When women with preeclampsia were compared to control women at full term, TBARS were elevated (3.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.2; p = 0.01). However, in women with normotensive pregnancy TBARS were also lower in full-term control pregnancy compared to early third-trimester values (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Plasma TBARS decreased during the third trimester of pregnancy, underlining the importance of matching for gestational age when studying markers of lipid peroxidation in pregnant women. Women with preeclampsia had lower plasma levels of oxLDL compared to gestational age-matched controls, indicating that oxLDL could be a marker for preeclampsia.
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Liu ML, Ylitalo K, Salonen R, Salonen JT, Taskinen MR. Circulating Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and Its Association With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Asymptomatic Members of Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia Families. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1492-7. [PMID: 15205217 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000135982.60383.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circulating oxidation-specific epitopes on plasma Ox-LDL has been linked with coronary artery disease, but its determinants and its association with early development of atherosclerosis in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) has not been very well studied. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of the circulating Ox-LDL and the association between Ox-LDL and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in asymptomatic members of FCHL families. METHODS AND RESULTS Ox-LDL, susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in vitro, plasma 8-isoprostane and antioxidants, lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, and carotid IMT were measured in 150 asymptomatic FCHL family members. Affected FCHL family members had reduced LDL particle size and lag time for LDL oxidation, increased plasma levels of Ox-LDL, increased plasma urate and alpha-tocopherol, and a trend for the increase of 8-isoprostane as compared with nonaffected FCHL. Ox-LDL was independently associated with serum LDL cholesterol, apoB, and 8-isoprostane in multivariate analysis but only univariately correlated with LDL particle size and lag time for LDL oxidation. In addition, Ox-LDL was significantly associated with carotid mean IMT independently of other clinical and biochemical variables in a multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS Serum LDL cholesterol, apoB levels, and 8-isoprostane were the most important determinants of Ox-LDL. Ox-LDL is independently associated with carotid IMT in asymptomatic FCHL family members and can be used as a marker of early atherosclerosis in FCHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Effects of Atorvastatin and Simvastatin on Low-Density Lipoprotein Subtraction Profile, Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidizability, and Antibodies to Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Relation to Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Investig Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/108155890405200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Little is known about the effects of statins on the quality of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in relation to atherosclerosis progression. Methods In a double-blind, randomized trial of 325 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), we assessed the effects of high-dose atorvastatin (80 mg) and conventional-dose simvastatin (40 mg) on LDL subtraction profile ( n = 289), LDL oxidizability ( n = 121), and circulating autoantibodies to oxidized LDL ( n = 220). Progression of atherosclerosis was measured by carotid intima media thickness (IMT) ( n = 325). Results At baseline, the patients showed an intermediate LDL subtraction profile composed of three LDL subtractions (LDL1, LDL2, LDL3), with LDL2 as the predominant subtraction. A strong negative correlation was found between plasma triglycerides and the LDL subtraction profile ( r = - .64, p = .000). Both plasma levels of triglycerides and small dense LDL3 correlated weakly with baseline IMT ( r = .11, p = .04 and r = .15, p = .01, respectively; n = 289). No association was found between baseline IMT and oxidation parameters or circulating antibodies to oxidized LDL. Atorvastatin reduced triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and all LDL subtractions to a greater extent than did simvastatin and led to regression of carotid IMT. However, LDL subtraction pattern and plasma levels of autoantibodies to oxidized LDL remained unchanged in both treatment groups, and LDL oxidizability increased minimally to a similar extent in both groups. Significant treatment differences were found for the rate of in vitro oxidation of LDL and the amount of dienes formed during in vitro oxidation of LDL, which both decreased more following atorvastatin than after simvastatin. Conclusion Change of IMT after statin treatment was associated with baseline IMT ( r = .41), LDL cholesterol ( r = -.20), and the amount of dienes formed during in vitro oxidation of LDL ( r = .28) but not with plasma levels of antibodies to oxidized LDL, in vitro LDL oxidizability, and LDL subtraction profile.
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Abstract
The relative importance of mechanisms relevant to smoking-induced vascular injury is poorly understood. Cigarette smoke is a source of free radicals but also results in cellular activation and consequent generation of free radicals in vivo. Here we consider several approaches to estimating the consequences of free radical generation in vivo, using measurements of modified lipids, proteins, and DNA. Smoking appears to result in elevation of several biomarkers of oxidant stress, some in a dose-related fashion. There is also some evidence that disordered endothelial function in smokers may be partly attributable to oxidant stress. Other effects of smoking on hemostatic activation, sympathoadrenal function, and lipoprotein structure and function may also be modulated by smoking-induced oxidant stress. The emergence and application of rational quantitatively reliable indexes of oxidant stress in vivo is likely to elucidate the relative contribution of oxidant stress to smoking-induced vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burke
- Gastrointestinal Division and the Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA
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Van Tits L, De Graaf J, Hak-Lemmers H, Bredie S, Demacker P, Holvoet P, Stalenhoef A. Increased levels of low-density lipoprotein oxidation in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. J Transl Med 2003; 83:13-21. [PMID: 12533682 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000048633.76607.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis suffer from accelerated atherosclerosis. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is crucial in atherogenesis. In the present study, we determined the LDL oxidation level and oxidizability of isolated LDL of 11 male patients with FH, 15 male ESRD patients on hemodialysis, and 15 age-matched male normolipidemic healthy controls. FH patients were without lipid-lowering medication for at least 4 weeks and were reassessed after 2 years of cholesterol-lowering therapy (statins). LDL oxidation level was measured by ELISA using monoclonal antibody 4E6 to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) as the capture antibody and anti-human apoB antibody for detection; results were expressed as percentage oxLDL. In FH patients and in ESRD patients on hemodialysis, both groups having a higher percentage of cardiovascular disease, mean plasma LDL oxidation levels were significantly elevated compared with controls (4.9 +/- 1.3; 3.7 +/- 2.0; 1.7 +/- 0.6%, respectively). Within each group of subjects, LDL oxidation level was not associated with history of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, in neither group was a significant correlation found between plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol and LDL oxidation level. After cholesterol-lowering therapy, LDL oxidation level in FH patients had not changed significantly and remained elevated compared with controls, despite a reduction of LDL cholesterol by 55% on average. Also, absolute plasma oxLDL concentrations, obtained by multiplying LDL oxidation level with plasma LDL cholesterol concentration, were significantly higher in FH patients before and after cholesterol-lowering therapy and in ESRD patients on hemodialysis than in controls (489 +/- 145; 189 +/- 122; 100 +/- 65; and 59 +/- 27 micro moles/L, respectively). No correlation was found between plasma oxLDL concentration and parameters of LDL oxidizability, LDL fatty acids, and LDL alpha-tocopherol content. We conclude that cholesterol-lowering therapy does not normalize elevated LDL oxidation levels in FH patients and elevated LDL oxidation level in FH and in ESRD might mirror atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambertus Van Tits
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, UMC Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Sekher Pannala A, Bruckdorfer KR, Rice-Evans CA. Smoking has no effect on the amino acid composition of apolipoprotein B100 of LDL while directly influencing the antioxidant status. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:175-83. [PMID: 11890689 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated increased plasma levels of oxidised low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in chronic smokers, which has been associated with the extent of endothelial dysfunction. In this study we examine the relationship between the amino acid composition of apolipoprotein B100 (apo B) of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), by reverse phase HPLC after precolumn derivatisation, between smokers (> or =40 cigarettes/day) and nonsmokers in relation to their plasma and LDL antioxidant status. While there was a significant difference in the levels of plasma vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol between female smokers and nonsmokers, as well as in the levels of LDL alpha-tocopherol, there was no significant difference in the amino acid composition of apo B between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananth Sekher Pannala
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Hsu RM, Devaraj S, Jialal I. Autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 317:145-50. [PMID: 11814469 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a crucial step in atherogenesis. There is an urgent need for direct measures of in vivo oxidative stress. Autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ab against Ox-LDL) are a direct measure of oxidative stress and predict cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to evaluate an ELISA for Ab against Ox-LDL in Type 2 diabetes, a condition with increased oxidative stress. METHODS Ab against Ox-LDL were measured by ELISA and expressed as a ratio of Ox-LDL to native LDL (N-LDL). Samples were obtained from 45 Type 2 diabetic patients and 25 matched controls before and after supplementation with alpha tocopherol (AT, 1200 IU/day). RESULTS The assay had good precision. While there was no interference with bilirubin and hemolysis, triglycerides 500 mg/dl increased antibody titer, which was abrogated by airfuging. Compared to controls, significantly increased titers of Ab against Ox-LDL were found in diabetics (diabetes mellitus Type 2) with macrovascular disease (DM2-MV), but not without macrovascular disease (DM2) (DM2: 1.32+/-0.33; DM2-MV: 1.48+/-0.44 vs. controls, 1.21+/-0.28; p<0.05). AT supplementation significantly decreased titers of Ab against Ox-LDL in both diabetic groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION This assay may serve as a future test for the assessment of cardiovascular risk especially in patients with increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Human Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9073, USA
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Scott DA, Palmer RM. The influence of tobacco smoking on adhesion molecule profiles. Tob Induc Dis 2002; 1:7-25. [PMID: 19570245 PMCID: PMC2671531 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-1-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2001] [Revised: 02/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/19/2002] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential interactions between several adhesion molecules and their ligands regulate lymphocyte circulation and leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory foci. Adhesion molecules are, therefore, central and critical components of the immune and inflammatory system. We review the evidence that tobacco smoking dysregulates specific components of the adhesion cascade, which may be a common factor in several smoking-induced diseases. Smoking causes inappropriate leukocyte activation, leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and neutrophil entrapment in the microvasculature, which may help initiate local tissue destruction. Appropriate inflammatory reactions may thus be compromised. In addition to smoke-induced alterations to membrane bound endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecule expression, which may help explain the above phenomena, smoking has a profound influence on circulating adhesion molecule profiles, most notably sICAM-1 and specific sCD44 variants. Elevated concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules may simply reflect ongoing inflammatory processes. However, increasing evidence suggests that specific soluble adhesion molecules are immunomodulatory, and that alterations to soluble adhesion molecule profiles may represent a significant risk factor for several diverse diseases. This evidence is discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Scott
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada.
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