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Dominguez JH, Xie D, Dominguez JM, Kelly KJ. Role of coagulation in persistent renal ischemia following reperfusion in an animal model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F590-F601. [PMID: 36007891 PMCID: PMC9602917 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic acute kidney injury is common, deadly, and accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease, yet has no specific therapy. After ischemia, reperfusion is patchy with early and persistent impairment in regional renal blood flow and cellular injury. We tested the hypothesis that intrarenal coagulation results in sustained renal ischemia following reperfusion, using a well-characterized model. Markedly decreased, but heterogeneous, microvascular plasma flow with microthrombi was found postischemia by intravital microscopy. Widespread tissue factor expression and fibrin deposition were also apparent. Clotting was accompanied by complement activation and inflammation. Treatment with exosomes derived from renal tubular cells or with the fibrinolytic urokinase, given 24 h postischemia when renal failure was established, significantly improved microvascular flow, coagulation, serum creatinine, and histological evidence of injury. These data support the hypothesis that intrarenal clotting occurs early and the resultant sustained ischemia is a critical determinant of renal failure following ischemia; they demonstrate that the coagulation abnormalities are amenable to therapy and that therapy results in improvement in both function and postischemic inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ischemic renal injury carries very high morbidity and mortality, yet has no specific therapy. We found markedly decreased, heterogeneous microvascular plasma flow, tissue factor induction, fibrin deposition, and microthrombi after renal ischemia-reperfusion using a well-characterized model. Renal exosomes or the fibrinolytic urokinase, administered after renal failure was established, improved microvascular flow, coagulation, renal function, and histology. Data demonstrate that intrarenal clotting results in sustained ischemia amenable to therapy that improves both function and postischemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus H. Dominguez
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Danhui Xie
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James M. Dominguez
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - K. J. Kelly
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Xu GB, Zhu QF, Wang Z, Zhang CL, Yang X, Zhang JJ, Wang FR, Liu J, Zhou M, Wang YL, He X, Gan LS, Liao SG. Pseudosterins A-C, Three 1-Ethyl-3-formyl-β-carbolines from Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Their Cardioprotective Effects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165045. [PMID: 34443633 PMCID: PMC8398031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudostellaria heterophylla is used in China not only as a functional food but also as an herb to tonify the spleen, enhance immunity, and treat palpitation. Our previous investigation showed that a fraction enriched in glycosides obtained from the roots of P. heterophylla possessed pronounced protective effects on H9c2 cells against CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury. However, the active compounds responsible for the observed effects were still unknown. In the current investigation, pseudosterins A–C (1–3), three new alkaloids with a 1-ethyl-3-formyl-β-carboline skeleton, together with polydatin, have been isolated from the active fraction. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. The four compounds showed cardioprotective effects against sodium hydrosulfite-induced hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells, with the three alkaloids being more potent. This is also the first report of alkaloids with a β-carboline skeleton isolated from P. heterophylla as cardioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
| | - Qin-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Fu-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Meng Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
| | - Yong-Lin Wang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
| | - Xun He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.-S.G.); (S.-G.L.)
| | - Li-She Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.-S.G.); (S.-G.L.)
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.-S.G.); (S.-G.L.)
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The Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Dimethyl Oxalyl Glycine Decreases Early Gastrointestinal GVHD in Experimental Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Transplantation 2021; 104:2507-2515. [PMID: 32639407 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHI) promote stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and affect signaling cascades of inflammation and cell death. Their beneficial use in experimental models of ulcerative colitis and lung allograft rejection led us to test the effect of the PHI dimethyl oxalyl glycine (DMOG) in the pathophysiology of graft versus host disease (GVHD). METHODS Acute GVHD was induced in lethally irradiated BALB/c mice. DMOG was administered intraperitoneally on alternate days for the first 2-weeks posttransplant, and then twice a week till day +50, while controls received vehicle only. Animals were monitored for clinical GVHD and analyzed at day +7 and at day +50. RESULTS DMOG treatment of allogeneic recipients improved survival by day +50, which was associated with decreased early gut injury and serum tumor necrosis factor-α compared with allogeneic controls. DMOG treatment of allogeneic recipients resulted in increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression and reduced apoptosis in the terminal ileum via Fas-associated protein with death domain protein repression along with decreased T-cell infiltration. Reduced pathology in colon after DMOG treatment associates with intestinal epithelium integrity and reduced damage caused by diminished recruitment of neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we show protective effects of DMOG on early gut GVHD and improved survival in a model of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, providing the rationale for further evaluation of PHIs, in the prevention and treatment of acute GVHD.
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Nistri S, Fiorillo C, Becatti M, Bani D. Human Relaxin-2 (Serelaxin) Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Muscle Cells Exposed In Vitro to Hypoxia-Reoxygenation. Evidence for the Involvement of Reduced Glutathione Up-Regulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090774. [PMID: 32825567 PMCID: PMC7555919 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serelaxin (RLX) designates the pharmaceutical form of the human natural hormone relaxin-2 that has been shown to markedly reduce tissue and cell damage induced by hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR). The evidence that RLX exerts similar protective effects on different organs and cells at relatively low, nanomolar concentrations suggests that it specifically targets a common pathogenic mechanism of HR-induced damage, namely oxidative stress. In this study we offer experimental evidence that RLX (17 nmol L-1), added to the medium of HR-exposed H9c2 rat cardiac muscle cells, significantly reduces cell oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. These effects appear to rely on the up-regulation of the cellular availability of reduced glutathione (GSH), a ubiquitous endogenous antioxidant metabolite. Conversely, superoxide dismutase activity was not influenced by RLX, which, however, was not endowed with chemical antioxidant properties. Taken together, these findings verify the major pharmacological role of RLX in the protection against HR-induced oxidative stress, and shed first light on its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of, Experimental & Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Section of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of, Experimental & Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Section of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (D.B.); Tel.: +39-055-2751-261 (M.B.); +39-055-2758-153 (D.B.)
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (D.B.); Tel.: +39-055-2751-261 (M.B.); +39-055-2758-153 (D.B.)
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Lu Y, Wang S, Cai S, Gu X, Wang J, Yang Y, Hu Z, Zhang X, Ye Y, Shen S, Joshi K, Ma D, Zhang L. Propofol-induced MiR-20b expression initiates endogenous cellular signal changes mitigating hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced endothelial autophagy in vitro. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:681. [PMID: 32826852 PMCID: PMC7442825 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Certain miRNAs can attenuate hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced autophagic cell death reported in our previous studies, but how these miRNAs regulate the autophagy-related cellular signaling pathway in preventing cell death is largely unknown. In the current study, the autophagy-related miRNAs of hsa-miR-20b were investigated in an in vitro model of hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced endothelial autophagic cell death. Of these, miR-20b was found to be the most important miRNA which targeted on the key autophagy kinase ULK1 and inhibited hypoxia/re-oxygenation injury-induced autophagy by decreasing both autophagosomes and LC3I to II transition rate and P62 degradation. These processes were reversed by the transfection of an miR-20b inhibitor. Re-expression of ULK1 restores miR-20b-inhibited autophagy. Propofol, a commonly used anesthetic, promoted miR-20b and METTL3 expression and attenuated endothelial autophagic cell death. The inhibited endogenous expression of miR-20b or silenced METTL3 diminished the protective effect of propofol and accentuated autophagy. Additionally, METTL3 knockdown significantly inhibited miR-20b expression but up-regulated pri-miR-20b expression. Together, our data shows that propofol protects against endothelial autophagic cell death induced by hypoxia/re-oxygenation injury, associated with activation of METTL3/miR-20b/ULK1 cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Shuyun Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Xihe Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yongcai Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Siman Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Kiran Joshi
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Liangqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. In vitro cobalt-stimulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 overexpression does not correlate with cancer risk from cobalt exposure in humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319850167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Albemarle Corporation, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, King JA. Indirect oxidative stress from pulmonary inflammation exceeds direct oxidative stress from chemical damage to mitochondria. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319842845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Albemarle Corporation, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Judy A King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Bronchioloalveolar lung tumors induced in “mice only” by non-genotoxic chemicals are not useful for quantitative assessment of pulmonary adenocarcinoma risk in humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318816617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemicals classified as known human carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) show a low level of concordance between rodents and humans for induction of pulmonary carcinoma. Rats and mice exposed via inhalation for 2 years show a low level of concordance in both tumor development and organ site location. In 2-year inhalation studies using rats and mice, when pulmonary tumors are seen in only male or female mice or both, but not in either sex of rat, there is a high probability that the murine pulmonary tumor has been produced via Clara cell or club cell (CC) metabolism of the inhaled chemical to a cytotoxic metabolite. Cytotoxicity-induced mitogenesis increases mutagenesis via amplification of the background mutation rate. If the chemical being tested is also negative in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, and only mouse pulmonary tumors are induced, the probability that this pulmonary tumor is not relevant to human lung cancer risk goes even higher. Mice have a larger percentage of CCs in their distal airways than rats, and a much larger percentage than in humans. The CCs of mice have a much higher concentration of metabolic enzymes capable of metabolizing xenobiotics than CCs in either rats or humans. A principal threat to validity of extrapolating from the murine model lies in the unique capacity of murine CCs to metabolize a significant spectrum of xenobiotics which in turn produces toxicants not seen in rat or human pulmonary pathophysiology.
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Francis A, Baynosa R. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury and hyperbaric oxygen pathways: a review of cellular mechanisms. Diving Hyperb Med 2017. [PMID: 28641323 DOI: 10.28920/dhm47.2.110-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia-induced tissue injury has wide-ranging clinical implications including myocardial infarction, stroke, compartment syndrome, ischaemic renal failure and replantation and revascularization. However, the restoration of blood flow produces a 'second hit' phenomenon, the effect of which is greater than the initial ischaemic event and characterizes ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Some examples of potential settings of IR injury include: following thrombolytic therapy for stroke, invasive cardiovascular procedures, solid organ transplantation, and major trauma resuscitation. Pathophysiological events of IR injury are the result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, microvascular vasoconstriction, and ultimately endothelial cell-neutrophil adhesion with subsequent neutrophil infiltration of the affected tissue. Initially thought to increase the amount of free radical oxygen in the system, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has demonstrated a protective effect on tissues by influencing the same mechanisms responsible for IR injury. Consequently, HBO has tremendous therapeutic value. We review the biochemical mechanisms of ischaemia-reperfusion injury and the effects of HBO following ischaemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Francis
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1701 W Charleston Blvd, Suite 400, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA,
| | - Richard Baynosa
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, USA
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Bakirtzi K, Law IKM, Xue X, Iliopoulos D, Shah YM, Pothoulakis C. Neurotensin Promotes the Development of Colitis and Intestinal Angiogenesis via Hif-1α-miR-210 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4311-21. [PMID: 27076683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) via its receptor 1 (NTR1) modulates the development of colitis, decreases HIF-1α/PHD2 interaction, stabilizes and increases HIF-1α transcriptional activity, and promotes intestinal angiogenesis. HIF-1α induces miR-210 expression, whereas miR-210 is strongly upregulated in response to NT in NCM460 human colonic epithelial cells overexpressing NTR1 (NCM460-NTR1). In this study, we examined whether NT activates a NTR1-HIF-1α-miR-210 cascade using in vitro (NCM460-NTR1 cells) and in vivo (transgenic mice overexpressing [HIF-1α-OE] or lacking HIF-1α [HIF-1α-knockout (KO)] in intestinal epithelial cells and mice lacking NTR1 [NTR1-KO]) models. Pretreatment of NCM460-NTR1 cells with the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 or silencing of HIF-1α (small interfering HIF-1α) attenuated miR-210 expression in response to NT. Intracolonic 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) administration (2-d model) increased colonic miR-210 expression that was significantly reduced in NTR1-KO, HIF-1α-KO mice, and wild-type mice pretreated intracolonically with locked nucleic acid anti-miR-210. In contrast, HIF-1α-OE mice showed increased miR-210 expression at baseline that was further increased following TNBS administration. HIF-1α-OE mice had also exacerbated TNBS-induced neovascularization compared with TNBS-exposed wild-type mice. TNBS-induced neovascularization was attenuated in HIF-1α-KO mice, or mice pretreated intracolonically with anti-miR-210. Intracolonic anti-miR-210 also reduced colitis in response to TNBS (2 d). Importantly, miR-210 expression was increased in tissue samples from ulcerative colitis patients. We conclude that NT exerts its proinflammatory and proangiogenic effects during acute colitis via a NTR1-prolyl hydroxylase 2/HIF-1α-miR-210 signaling pathway. Our results also demonstrate that miR-210 plays a proinflammatory role in the development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Bakirtzi
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ivy Ka Man Law
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Xiang Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Center for Systems Biomedicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are thought to occur through a loss of intestinal barrier leading to an inappropriate immune response toward intestinal microbiota. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided much information about susceptibility loci associated with these diseases, the etiology of IBD is still unknown. Metabolomic analysis allows for the comprehensive measurement of multiple small molecule metabolites in biological samples. During the past decade, metabolomic techniques have yielded novel and potentially important findings, revealing insight into metabolic perturbations associated with these diseases. This chapter provides metabolomic methodologies describing a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based non-targeted approach that has been utilized to make important contributions toward a better understanding of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jordi M Lanis
- Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erica Alexeev
- Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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Zeitouni NE, Fandrey J, Naim HY, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Measuring oxygen levels in Caco-2 cultures. HYPOXIA 2015; 3:53-66. [PMID: 27774482 PMCID: PMC5045089 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s85625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measuring oxygen levels in three different systems of Caco-2 cell culture. METHODS Caco-2 cells were cultured in three different systems, using conventional polystyrene 24-well plates, special 24-well gas permeable plates, or on membrane inserts in conventional plates. Optical sensor spots were used to measure dissolved O2 levels in these cultured cells over the course of 6 days under normoxia (143 mmHg) and for 6 hours under hypoxia (7 mmHg). Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in the different cultures. RESULTS All culture systems displayed lower O2 levels over time than expected when cultured under normoxia conditions. On average, O2 levels reached as low as 25 mmHg in 24-well plates but remained at 97 and 117 mmHg in gas permeable plates and membrane inserts, respectively. Under hypoxia, 1 mL cell cultures equilibrated to 7 mmHg O2 within the first 60 minutes and dropped to 0.39 and 0.61 mmHg O2 in 24-well and gas permeable plates, respectively, after the 6-hour incubation period. Cultures in membrane inserts did not equilibrate to 7 mmHg by the end of the 6-hour incubation period, where the lowest O2 measurements reached 23.12 mmHg. Western blots of HIF-1α protein level in the whole cell lysates of the different Caco-2 cultures revealed distinct stabilization of HIF-1α after hypoxic incubation for 1, 2, and 4 hours in 24-well plates as well as gas permeable plates. For membrane inserts, notable HIF-1α was seen after 4 hours of hypoxic incubation. CONCLUSION Cellular oxygen depletion was achieved in different hypoxic Caco-2 culture systems. However, different oxygen levels comparing different culture systems indicate that O2 level should be carefully considered in oxygen-dependent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie E Zeitouni
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Granger DN, Kvietys PR. Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: The evolution of a concept. Redox Biol 2015; 6:524-551. [PMID: 26484802 PMCID: PMC4625011 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 919] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury, the paradoxical tissue response that is manifested by blood flow-deprived and oxygen-starved organs following the restoration of blood flow and tissue oxygenation, has been a focus of basic and clinical research for over 4-decades. While a variety of molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) continues to receive much attention as a critical factor in the genesis of reperfusion injury. As a consequence, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying the dominant cellular and enzymatic sources of excess ROS production following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Of the potential ROS sources described to date, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase (Nox), mitochondria, and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase have gained a status as the most likely contributors to reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and represent priority targets for therapeutic intervention against reperfusion-induced organ dysfunction and tissue damage. Although all four enzymatic sources are present in most tissues and are likely to play some role in reperfusion injury, priority and emphasis has been given to specific ROS sources that are enriched in certain tissues, such as xanthine oxidase in the gastrointestinal tract and mitochondria in the metabolically active heart and brain. The possibility that multiple ROS sources contribute to reperfusion injury in most tissues is supported by evidence demonstrating that redox-signaling enables ROS produced by one enzymatic source (e.g., Nox) to activate and enhance ROS production by a second source (e.g., mitochondria). This review provides a synopsis of the evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury, the clinical implications of this phenomenon, and summarizes current understanding of the four most frequently invoked enzymatic sources of ROS production in post-ischemic tissue. Reperfusion injury is implicated in a variety of human diseases and disorders. Evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury continues to grow. Several enzymes are candidate sources of ROS in post-ischemic tissue. Inter-enzymatic ROS-dependent signaling enhances the oxidative stress caused by I/R. .
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, United States.
| | - Peter R Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nistri S, Boccalini G, Bencini A, Becatti M, Valtancoli B, Conti L, Lucarini L, Bani D. A new low molecular weight, MnII-containing scavenger of superoxide anion protects cardiac muscle cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Free Radic Res 2014; 49:67-77. [PMID: 25348343 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.979168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury after oxygen starvation is a key pathogenic step in ischemic diseases. It mainly consists in oxidative stress, related to mitochondrial derangement and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly superoxide anion (O2(•2)), and peroxynitrite by cells exposed to hypoxia. This in vitro study evaluates whether Mn(II)(4,10-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diacetate).2H2O, or Mn(II)(Me2DO2A), a new low molecular weight, Mn(II)-containing O2(•) scavenger, has a direct protective action on H9c2 rat cardiac muscle cells subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation. Mn(II)(Me2DO2A) (1 and 10 μmol/l) was added to the culture medium at reoxygenation and maintained for 2 h. In parallel experiments, the inactive congener Zn(II)(Me2DO2A), in which Zn(II) replaced the functional Mn(II) center in the same organic scaffold, was used as negative control. Mn(II)(Me2DO2A) (10 μmol/l) significantly increased cardiac muscle cell viability (trypan blue assay), improved mitochondrial activity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test, membrane potential Δψ), reduced apoptosis (mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, caspase-3, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay), decreased intracellular ROS levels (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and MitoSOX assays), and decreased protein nitroxidation (nitrotyrosine [NT] expression) and DNA oxidation (8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels). Of note, Zn(II)(Me2DO2A) had no protective effect. The mechanism of Mn(II)(Me2DO2A) relies on concentration-dependent removal of harmful O2(•) generated at reoxygenation from dysfunctional mitochondria in hypoxia-induced cells, as indicated by the MitoSOX assay. This study suggests that Mn(II)(Me2DO2A) is a promising antioxidant drug capable of reducing O2(•)-mediated cell oxidative stress which occurs at reoxygenation after hypoxia. In perspective, Mn(II)(Me2DO2A) might be used to reduce ischemia-reperfusion organ damage in acute vascular diseases, as well as to extend the viability of explanted organs before transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nistri
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Bakirtzi K, West G, Fiocchi C, Law IKM, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C. The neurotensin-HIF-1α-VEGFα axis orchestrates hypoxia, colonic inflammation, and intestinal angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3405-14. [PMID: 25307345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The expression of neurotensin (NT) and its receptor (NTR1) is up-regulated in experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel disease; NT/NTR1 interactions regulate gut inflammation. During active inflammation, metabolic shifts toward hypoxia lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, which enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, promoting angiogenesis. We hypothesized that NT/NTR1 signaling regulates intestinal manifestations of hypoxia and angiogenesis by promoting HIF-1 transcriptional activity and VEGFα expression in experimental colitis. We studied NTR1 signaling in colitis-associated angiogenesis using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-treated wild-type and NTR1-knockout mice. The effects of NT on HIF-1α and VEGFα were assessed on human colonic epithelial cells overexpressing NTR1 (NCM460-NTR1) and human intestinal microvascular-endothelial cells. NTR1-knockout mice had reduced microvascular density and mucosal integrity score compared with wild-type mice after 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid treatment. VEGFα mRNA levels were increased in NCM460-NTR1 cells treated with 10(-7) mol/L NT, at 1 and 6 hours post-treatment. NT exposure in NCM460-NTR1 cells caused stabilization, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in a diacylglycerol kinase-dependent manner. NT did not stimulate tube formation in isolated human intestinal macrovascular endothelial cells but did so in human intestinal macrovascular endothelial cells cocultured with NCM460-NTR1 cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of an NTR1-HIF-1α-VEGFα axis in intestinal angiogenic responses and in the pathophysiology of colitis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Bakirtzi
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gail West
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ivy Ka Man Law
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Watanabe S, Arimura Y, Nagaishi K, Isshiki H, Onodera K, Nasuno M, Yamashita K, Idogawa M, Naishiro Y, Murata M, Adachi Y, Fujimiya M, Imai K, Shinomura Y. Conditioned mesenchymal stem cells produce pleiotropic gut trophic factors. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:270-82. [PMID: 24217964 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mounting evidence implicates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in intestinal tissue repair, controversy remains regarding the engraftment, proliferation, and differentiation for repopulating MSCs in recipient tissues. Therefore, we investigated the paracrine and/or endocrine role of MSCs in experimental colitis. METHODS We analyzed the therapeutic effects of MSC-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)- or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. We investigated the effects of MSC-CM on the epithelial cell viability, mobility, cell cycle, and cytokine production in ex vivo lamina propria/mesenteric lymphocytes, a macrophage cell line, and the mixed lymphocyte reaction. An optimal regimen against colitis was explored. The contents of MSC-CM were analyzed using a WNT signaling pathway polymerase chain reaction array, an inflammatory cytokines antibody array, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Independent of the systemic administration route, MSC-CM concentrates were effective for the inductive phase of TNBS-induced colitis and for the recovery phase of DSS-induced colitis. Hypoxia appeared to be one of the optimal preconditioning factors assessed by cell motility and viability through activating the PI3K-Akt pathway in rat small intestine epithelial cells, IEC-6. Thus, Hypoxia had profound effects on the contents of MSC-CM, which comprised pleiotropic gut trophic factors involved in each wound healing process, including the anti-inflammatory, proliferative, and tissue remodeling phases. CONCLUSIONS Identification and optimization of potential gut trophic factors in MSC-CM is urgently needed to form the basis for new drug discovery and for optimizing cell-based therapies for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
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17
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Keely S, Campbell EL, Baird AW, Hansbro PM, Shalwitz RA, Kotsakis A, McNamee EN, Eltzschig HK, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Contribution of epithelial innate immunity to systemic protection afforded by prolyl hydroxylase inhibition in murine colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:114-23. [PMID: 23695513 PMCID: PMC3772994 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) through prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibition limits mucosal damage associated with models of murine colitis. However, little is known about how PHD inhibitors (PHDi) influence systemic immune function during mucosal inflammation or the relative importance of immunological changes to mucosal protection. We hypothesized that PHDi enhances systemic innate immune responses to colitis-associated bacteremia. Mice with colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid were treated with AKB-4924, a new HIF-1 isoform-predominant PHDi, and clinical, immunological, and biochemical endpoints were assessed. Administration of AKB-4924 led to significantly reduced weight loss and disease activity compared with vehicle controls. Treated groups were pyrexic but did not become subsequently hypothermic. PHDi treatment augmented epithelial barrier function and led to an approximately 50-fold reduction in serum endotoxin during colitis. AKB-4924 also decreased cytokines involved in pyrogenesis and hypothermia, significantly reducing serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α while increasing IL-10. Treatment offered no protection against colitis in epithelial-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice, strongly implicating epithelial HIF-1α as the tissue target for AKB-4924-mediated protection. Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase with AKB-4924 enhances innate immunity and identifies that the epithelium is a central site of inflammatory protection afforded by PHDi in murine colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia,Correspondence to: Simon Keely, Ph.D., School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. Office phone: (02) 40420229 Fax: (02) 4042 0024
| | - Eric L. Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alan W. Baird
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Eoin N. McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Douglas J. Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Abstract
In vitro studies of vascular physiology have traditionally relied on cultures of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes grown on centimeter-scale plates, filters, and flow chambers. The introduction of microfluidic tools has revolutionized the study of vascular physiology by allowing researchers to create physiologically relevant culture models, at the same time greatly reducing the consumption of expensive reagents. By taking advantage of the small dimensions and laminar flow inherent in microfluidic systems, recent studies have created in vitro models that reproduce many features of the in vivo vascular microenvironment with fine spatial and temporal resolution. In this review, we highlight the advantages of microfluidics in four areas: the investigation of hemodynamics on a capillary length scale, the modulation of fluid streams over vascular cells, angiogenesis induced by the exposure of vascular cells to well-defined gradients in growth factors or pressure, and the growth of microvascular networks in biomaterials. Such unique capabilities at the microscale are rapidly advancing the understanding of microcirculatory dynamics, shear responses, and angiogenesis in health and disease as well as the ability to create in vivo-like blood vessels in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith H K Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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19
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Kvietys PR, Granger DN. Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the vascular responses to inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:556-592. [PMID: 22154653 PMCID: PMC3348846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex and potentially life-threatening condition that involves the participation of a variety of chemical mediators, signaling pathways, and cell types. The microcirculation, which is critical for the initiation and perpetuation of an inflammatory response, exhibits several characteristic functional and structural changes in response to inflammation. These include vasomotor dysfunction (impaired vessel dilation and constriction), the adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes, endothelial barrier dysfunction (increased vascular permeability), blood vessel proliferation (angiogenesis), and enhanced thrombus formation. These diverse responses of the microvasculature largely reflect the endothelial cell dysfunction that accompanies inflammation and the central role of these cells in modulating processes as varied as blood flow regulation, angiogenesis, and thrombogenesis. The importance of endothelial cells in inflammation-induced vascular dysfunction is also predicated on the ability of these cells to produce and respond to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Inflammation seems to upset the balance between nitric oxide and superoxide within (and surrounding) endothelial cells, which is necessary for normal vessel function. This review is focused on defining the molecular targets in the vessel wall that interact with reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide to produce the characteristic functional and structural changes that occur in response to inflammation. This analysis of the literature is consistent with the view that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species contribute significantly to the diverse vascular responses in inflammation and supports efforts that are directed at targeting these highly reactive species to maintain normal vascular health in pathological conditions that are associated with acute or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Kvietys
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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20
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de Rebière de Pouyade G, Salciccia A, Ceusters J, Deby-Dupont G, Serteyn D, Mouithys-Mickalad A. Production of free radicals and oxygen consumption by primary equine endothelial cells during anoxia-reoxygenation. Open Biochem J 2011; 5:52-9. [PMID: 22207886 PMCID: PMC3242399 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01105010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays an active role in ischemia/reperfusion injuries. Herein, we report the effect of a single or successive cycles of anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) on the mitochondrial respiratory function of equine endothelial cells (cultured from carotids) monitored by high resolution oxymetry, and on their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) using POBN and DMPO spin traps, and by gas chromatography (GC) of ethylene released by ROS-induced α-keto-γ-(methylthio)butyric acid (KMB) oxidation. The oxygen consumption significantly decreased with the number of A/R cycles, and POBN-ESR spectra were specific of adducts formed in the cells from superoxide anion. After a one-hour A/R cycle, high intensity DMPO-ESR spectra were observed and assigned to superoxide anion trapping; the GC results confirmed an important production of ROS compared to normoxic cells. These results show that A/R induces mitochondrial alterations in endothelial cells, and strongly stimulates their oxidative activity as demonstrated by ESR and GC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy de Rebière de Pouyade
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, Institute of Chemistry B6a, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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21
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The role of activated neutrophils in the early stage of equine laminitis. Vet J 2011; 189:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kominsky DJ, Keely S, MacManus CF, Glover LE, Scully M, Collins CB, Bowers BE, Campbell EL, Colgan SP. An endogenously anti-inflammatory role for methylation in mucosal inflammation identified through metabolite profiling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6505-14. [PMID: 21515785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissues of the mucosa are lined by an epithelium that provides barrier and transport functions. It is now appreciated that inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel diseases are accompanied by striking shifts in tissue metabolism. In this paper, we examined global metabolic consequences of mucosal inflammation using both in vitro and in vivo models of disease. Initial analysis of the metabolic signature elicited by inflammation in epithelial models and in colonic tissue isolated from murine colitis demonstrated that levels of specific metabolites associated with cellular methylation reactions are significantly altered by model inflammatory systems. Furthermore, expression of enzymes central to all cellular methylation, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, are increased in response to inflammation. Subsequent studies showed that DNA methylation is substantially increased during inflammation and that epithelial NF-κB activity is significantly inhibited following treatment with a reversible S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, DZ2002. Finally, these studies demonstrated that inhibition of cellular methylation in a murine model of colitis results in disease exacerbation while folate supplementation to promote methylation partially ameliorates the severity of murine colitis. Taken together, these results identify a global change in methylation, which during inflammation, translates to an overall protective role in mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Kominsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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23
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Chiu JJ, Chien S. Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:327-87. [PMID: 21248169 PMCID: PMC3844671 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1416] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to hemodynamic forces, which modulate EC functions and vascular biology/pathobiology in health and disease. The flow patterns and hemodynamic forces are not uniform in the vascular system. In straight parts of the arterial tree, blood flow is generally laminar and wall shear stress is high and directed; in branches and curvatures, blood flow is disturbed with nonuniform and irregular distribution of low wall shear stress. Sustained laminar flow with high shear stress upregulates expressions of EC genes and proteins that are protective against atherosclerosis, whereas disturbed flow with associated reciprocating, low shear stress generally upregulates the EC genes and proteins that promote atherogenesis. These findings have led to the concept that the disturbed flow pattern in branch points and curvatures causes the preferential localization of atherosclerotic lesions. Disturbed flow also results in postsurgical neointimal hyperplasia and contributes to pathophysiology of clinical conditions such as in-stent restenosis, vein bypass graft failure, and transplant vasculopathy, as well as aortic valve calcification. In the venous system, disturbed flow resulting from reflux, outflow obstruction, and/or stasis leads to venous inflammation and thrombosis, and hence the development of chronic venous diseases. Understanding of the effects of disturbed flow on ECs can provide mechanistic insights into the role of complex flow patterns in pathogenesis of vascular diseases and can help to elucidate the phenotypic and functional differences between quiescent (nonatherogenic/nonthrombogenic) and activated (atherogenic/thrombogenic) ECs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of disturbed flow in EC physiology and pathophysiology, as well as its clinical implications. Such information can contribute to our understanding of the etiology of lesion development in vascular niches with disturbed flow and help to generate new approaches for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
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24
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Guarrera JV, Henry SD, Chen SWC, Brown T, Nachber E, Arrington B, Boykin J, Samstein B, Brown RS, Emond JC, Lee HT. Hypothermic machine preservation attenuates ischemia/reperfusion markers after liver transplantation: preliminary results. J Surg Res 2010; 167:e365-73. [PMID: 20451921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) has shown significant benefits in renal transplantation but is still in its infancy in liver transplantation. Potential benefits include diminished preservation injury and improved early graft function. METHODS We analyzed liver tissue and effluent collected during our Phase 1 trial of liver HMP. Liver allografts underwent HMP for 4-7 h using dual centrifugal perfusion with Vasosol solution at 4-8°C were transplanted and compared with cold stored (CS) transplant controls. Histology, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry on liver biopsies compared histology and expression of early proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Gel electrophoresis was used to evaluate effluent protein content representing residual metabolism. RESULTS We saw no differences between HMP and CS in early histologic findings after reperfusion. RT-PCR of reperfusion biopsy samples in the CS group showed high expression of proinflammatory cytokines and ICAM-1. This up-regulation was significantly attenuated by HMP (ICAM-1; P = 0.0152) (IL-8; P = 0.0014) (TNF-α; P = 0.0284). This was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. Albumin was identified in the perfusate throughout HMP. CONCLUSIONS HMP significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression compared with CS controls. Further studies of human liver HMP with detailed molecular investigations are now warranted to elucidate benefits of HMP in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Guarrera
- Department of Surgery, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 West 168th Street PH 14 Center, Room 202, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Li J, Wang C, Zhang JH, Cai JM, Cao YP, Sun XJ. Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer's disease by reduction of oxidative stress. Brain Res 2010; 1328:152-61. [PMID: 20171955 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study is to examine if hydrogen-rich saline reduced amyloid beta (Abeta) induced neural inflammation, and learning and memory deficits in a rat model. S-D male rats (n=84, 280-330g) were divided into three groups, sham-operated, Abeta1-42 injected and Abeta1-42 plus hydrogen-rich saline-treated animals. Hydrogen-rich saline (5ml/kg, i.p., daily) was injected for 14days after intracerebroventricular injection of Abeta1-42. The levels of MDA, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were assessed by biochemical and ELISA analysis. Morris Water Maze and open field task were used to assess the memory dysfunction and motor dysfunction, respectively. LTP were used to detect the electrophysiology changes, HNE and GFAP immunohistochemistry were used to assess the oxidative stress and glial cell activation. After Abeta1-42 injection, the levels of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were increased in brain tissues and hydrogen-rich saline treatment suppressed MDA, IL-6, and TNF-alpha concentration. Hydrogen-rich saline treatment improved Morris Water Maze and enhanced LTP in hippocampus blocked by Abeta1-42. Furthermore, hydrogen-rich saline treatment also decreased the immunoreactivitiy of HNE and GFAP in hippocampus induced by Abeta1-42. In conclusion, hydrogen-rich saline prevented Abeta-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the improvement of memory dysfunction in this rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, PR China
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26
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Abstract
The reader may be eager to examine in which diseases ozonetherapy can be proficiently used and she/he will be amazed by the versatility of this complementary approach (Table 9 1). The fact that the medical applications are numerous exposes the ozonetherapist to medical derision because superficial observers or sarcastic sceptics consider ozonetherapy as the modern panacea. This seems so because ozone, like oxygen, is a molecule able to act simultaneously on several blood components with different functions but, as we shall discuss, ozonetherapy is not a panacea. The ozone messengers ROS and LOPs can act either locally or systemically in practically all cells of an organism. In contrast to the dogma that “ozone is always toxic”, three decades of clinical experience, although mostly acquired in private clinics in millions of patients, have shown that ozone can act as a disinfectant, an oxygen donor, an immunomodulator, a paradoxical inducer of antioxidant enzymes, a metabolic enhancer, an inducer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and possibly an activator of stem cells with consequent neovascularization and tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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27
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Jiang ZL, Fletcher NM, Diamond MP, Abu-Soud HM, Saed GM. S-nitrosylation of caspase-3 is the mechanism by which adhesion fibroblasts manifest lower apoptosis. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:224-9. [PMID: 19320891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found that adhesion fibroblasts exhibit lower apoptosis and higher protein nitration as compared with normal peritoneal fibroblasts. In this study, we sought to determine whether the decreased apoptosis observed in adhesion fibroblasts is caused by lower caspase-3 activity due to an increase in caspase-3 S-nitrosylation. For this study, we have utilized primary cultures of fibroblasts obtained from normal peritoneum and adhesion tissues of the same patient(s). Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of peroxynitrite and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-caspase-3 polyclonal antibody. The biotinylated proteins were detected using a nitrosylation detection kit. Caspase-3 activity and apoptosis were measured by colorimetric and TUNEL assays, respectively. Our results showed that caspase-3 S-nitrosylation is significantly higher in adhesion fibroblasts as compared with normal peritoneal fibroblasts. This increase in S-nitrosylation resulted in a 30% decrease in caspase-3 activity in adhesion fibroblasts. Peroxynitrite treatment resulted in a dose response increase in caspase-3 S-nitrosylation, leading to a decrease in caspase-3 activity and apoptosis in normal peritoneal fibroblasts. We conclude that S-nitrosylation of caspase-3 is the reason for its decreased activity and subsequent decrease in apoptosis of adhesion fibroblasts. The mechanism by which caspase-3 S-nitrosylation occurs is not fully understood. However, the role of hypoxia in the formation of peroxynitrite via superoxide production may suggest a possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong L Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Mynbaev OA, Corona R. Possible mechanisms of peritoneal tissue-oxygen tension changes during CO2-pneumoperitoneum: the role of design, methodology and animal models. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1242-6. [PMID: 19258347 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ospan A Mynbaev
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya str. 20/1 127473, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Flamant L, Toffoli S, Raes M, Michiels C. Hypoxia regulates inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:733-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Mozaffarieh M, Grieshaber M, Orgül S, Flammer J. The Potential Value of Natural Antioxidative Treatment in Glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 53:479-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Natriuretic peptides: an update on bioactivity, potential therapeutic use, and implication in cardiovascular diseases. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:733-41. [PMID: 18464748 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide system includes three known peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). They contribute to the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis through diuretic, natriuretic, and vasodilatory properties. Among them, ANP has received particular attention because of its effects on blood pressure regulation and cardiac function. Although the potential for its therapeutic application in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure has been evaluated in several experimental and clinical investigations, no pharmacological approach directly targeted at modulation of ANP levels has ever reached the stage of being incorporated into clinical practice. Recently, ANP has also received attention as being a possible cardiovascular risk factor, particularly in the context of hypertension, stroke, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Abnormalities in either peptide levels or peptide structure are thought to underlie its implied role in mediating cardiovascular diseases. Meanwhile, BNP has emerged as a relevant marker of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and as a useful predictor of future outcome in patients with heart failure. This review deals with the major relevant findings related to the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of natriuretic peptides, to their potential therapeutic use, and to their role in mediating cardiovascular diseases.
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Jiang ZL, Fletcher NM, Diamond MP, Abu-Soud HM, Saed GM. Hypoxia regulates iNOS expression in human normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts through nuclear factor kappa B activation mechanism. Fertil Steril 2008; 91:616-21. [PMID: 18281043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanism by which hypoxia increases expression of iNOS in human normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University medical center. PATIENT(S) Primary cultures of fibroblasts from normal peritoneum and adhesion tissues. INTERVENTION(S) Hypoxia-treated cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to quantify mRNA levels of iNOS and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Western blots were used to determine iNOS, NF-kappaB, IkappaB-alpha, and phospho-IkappaB expression levels in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts in response to hypoxia. RESULT(S) Hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in iNOS and NF-kappaB expression in normal and adhesion fibroblasts. Furthermore, both cell types manifested lower levels of NF-kappaB, cytoplasmic phospho-IkappaB-alpha, and iNOS proteins. In contrast, they manifested higher levels of cytoplasmic IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB ratios as well as a phosphorylated-IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB ratio. Under hypoxic conditions, both cell types exhibited significantly decreased cytoplasmic NF-kappaB, IkappaB-alpha levels, and significantly increased cytoplasmic phospho-IkappaB-alpha, iNOS, and NF-kappaB protein levels. CONCLUSION(S) Hypoxia increases iNOS expression by a mechanism involving activation of NF-kappaB. The ratio of IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB or IkappaB-alpha/p-IkappaB-alpha can be used to monitor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong L Jiang
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Kuhlicke J, Frick JS, Morote-Garcia JC, Rosenberger P, Eltzschig HK. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 coordinates induction of Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR6 during hypoxia. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1364. [PMID: 18159247 PMCID: PMC2147045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During acute infection and inflammation, dramatic shifts in tissue metabolism are typical, thereby resulting in profound tissue hypoxia. Therefore, we pursued the hypothesis, that tissue hypoxia may influence innate immune responses by transcriptional modulation of Toll-like receptor (TLRs) expression and function. Methodology/Principal Findings We gained first insight from transcriptional profiling of murine dendritic cells exposed to hypoxia (2% oxygen for 24 h). While transcript levels of other TLRs remained unchanged, we found a robust induction of TLR2 (2.36±0.7-fold; P<0.05) and TLR6 (3.46±1.56-fold; P<0.05). Additional studies in different cells types and cell-lines including human dendritic cells, monocytic cells (MM6), endothelia (HMEC-1) or intestinal epithelia (Caco-2) confirmed TLR2 and TLR6 induction of transcript, protein and function during hypoxia. Furthermore, analysis of the putative TLR2 and TLR6 promoters revealed previously unrecognized binding sites for HIF-1, which were shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation to bind the pivotal hypoxia-regulating transcription factor HIF-1alpha. Studies using loss and gain of function of HIF-1 confirmed a critical role of HIF-1alpha in coordinating TLR2 and TLR6 induction. Moreover, studies of murine hypoxia (8% oxygen over 6 h) showed TLR2 and TLR 6 induction in mucosal organs in vivo. In contrast, hypoxia induction of TLR2 and TLR6 was abolished in conditional HIF-1α mutant mice. Conclusions/Significance Taking together, these studies reveal coordinated induction of TLR2 and TLR6 during hypoxia and suggest tissue hypoxia in transcriptional adaptation of innate immune responses during acute infection or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kuhlicke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia S. Frick
- Department of Microbiology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julio C. Morote-Garcia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rosenberger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Mohapatra SS. Role of natriuretic peptide signaling in modulating asthma and inflammation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:754-9. [PMID: 17823639 DOI: 10.1139/y07-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), the C-terminal peptide comprising residues 99-126 of the pro-ANP hormone, has been studied for 3 decades for its cardiovascular effects. Recent reports suggest that it plays a significant role in modulation of the immune system. Immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, express receptors for ANP. ANP plays a significant role in shaping the early immune response to environmental antigens and may play a critical role in the interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems; it also appears to be involved in polarizing the immune response to allergens. Thus, ability to alter the magnitude of natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) signaling could be exploited to develop therapeutics for several allergic diseases, including asthma. This report will review and critically evaluate the role of the ANP pathway in asthma and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Mohapatra
- Division of Allergy and Immunology-JMC Airway Disease Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida and VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Hypoxia and gastrointestinal disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:1295-300. [PMID: 18026919 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is a richly perfused vascular bed directly juxtaposed with the anaerobic and nonsterile lumen of the gut. As such, intestinal epithelial cells, which line the mucosa, experience a uniquely steep physiologic oxygen gradient in comparison with other cells of the body. Inflammation associated with a loss of epithelial barrier function and unregulated exposure of the mucosal immune system to luminal antigens leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a relatively common disorder with severe morbidity and a limited therapeutic repertoire. During IBD, increased tissue metabolism and vasculitis renders the chronically inflamed mucosa and particularly the epithelium hypoxic, giving rise to the activation of the hypoxia-responsive transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Recent studies utilizing conditional intestinal epithelial hif1a-null mice have revealed a protective role for epithelial HIF-1alpha in murine models of IBD. Such protection occurs, at least in part, through HIF-dependent induction of barrier-protective genes in the epithelium. More recently, studies employing pharmacologic activation of HIF via inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylases revealed a profoundly protective effect of these agents in murine models of colitis. In this paper, we review this pathway in detail and examine the therapeutic potential for targeting HIF hydroxylases in intestinal mucosal inflammatory disease.
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is a richly perfused vascular bed directly juxtaposed with the anaerobic and nonsterile lumen of the gut. As such, intestinal epithelial cells, which line the mucosa, experience a uniquely steep physiologic oxygen gradient in comparison with other cells of the body. Inflammation associated with a loss of epithelial barrier function and unregulated exposure of the mucosal immune system to luminal antigens leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a relatively common disorder with severe morbidity and a limited therapeutic repertoire. During IBD, increased tissue metabolism and vasculitis renders the chronically inflamed mucosa and particularly the epithelium hypoxic, giving rise to the activation of the hypoxia-responsive transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Recent studies utilizing conditional intestinal epithelial hif1a-null mice have revealed a protective role for epithelial HIF-1alpha in murine models of IBD. Such protection occurs, at least in part, through HIF-dependent induction of barrier-protective genes in the epithelium. More recently, studies employing pharmacologic activation of HIF via inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylases revealed a profoundly protective effect of these agents in murine models of colitis. In this paper, we review this pathway in detail and examine the therapeutic potential for targeting HIF hydroxylases in intestinal mucosal inflammatory disease.
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Khoury J, Ibla JC, Neish AS, Colgan SP. Antiinflammatory adaptation to hypoxia through adenosine-mediated cullin-1 deneddylation. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:703-11. [PMID: 17318263 PMCID: PMC1797604 DOI: 10.1172/jci30049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A major adaptive pathway for hypoxia is hypoxic preconditioning (HPC), a form of endogenous protection that renders cells tolerant to severe challenges of hypoxia. We sought to define the antiinflammatory properties of HPC. cDNA microarray analysis of lung tissue from mice subjected to hypoxia or HPC identified a cluster of NF-kappaB-regulated genes whose expression is attenuated by HPC. Studies using an NF-kappaB luciferase reporter assay confirmed a significant suppression of NF-kappaB activation during HPC. HPC-elicited activity was conferrable, as a soluble supernatant from HPC-treated cells, and the active fraction was purified and identified as adenosine (Ado). Guided by recent studies demonstrating bacterial inhibition of NF-kappaB through cullin-1 (Cul-1) deneddylation, we found a dose-dependent deneddylation of Cul-1 by Ado receptor stimulation predominantly mediated by the Ado A2B receptor subtype. Further, siRNA-mediated repression of CSN5, a subunit of the COP9 signalosome responsible for deneddylation of Cul-1, partially reversed HPC-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB. Cul-1 deneddylation was evident in a murine model of HPC and lost in animals lacking extracellular Ado (Cd73-/- mice). Taken together, these results demonstrate that HPC induces extracellular accumulation of Ado and suppresses NF-kappaB activity through deneddylation of Cul-1. These results define a molecular regulatory pathway by which Ado provides potent antiinflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Khoury
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan C. Ibla
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Wang Y, Schmeichel AM, Iida H, Schmelzer JD, Low PA. Enhanced inflammatory response via activation of NF-kappaB in acute experimental diabetic neuropathy subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Neurol Sci 2006; 247:47-52. [PMID: 16631800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion following ischemia increases ischemic fiber degeneration (IFD) in diabetic nerves compared to control normoglycemic nerves. The mechanism of this excessive susceptibility is unclear. Since reperfusion injury results in an inflammatory response, we tested the hypothesis that the diabetic state increases the inflammatory cascade. We used an animal model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nerve to evaluate the density and localization of mediators of the inflammatory response using selective immunolabeling methods (for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cytokines and inflammatory cells). We studied a 1-month diabetic group and an age-matched control group (n=6 each). The right limb underwent 3 h ischemia at 35 degrees C and 7 days reperfusion. This was achieved by ligating the supplying arteries and collaterals to the right sciatic-tibial nerve for 3 h, followed by releasing the ties. Immunohistochemistry was performed on proximal sciatic and mid tibial nerves. NF-kappaB expression in diabetic sciatic endothelial cell and Schwann cell (SC) was significantly increased over that of controls subjected to identical IR injury. We observed a nearly 2-fold increase in density of NF-kappaB and ICAM-1 expression in microvessels of diabetic nerve compared with control nerve. Extensive infiltration of monocyte macrophages (1C7) was observed in the endoneurium of diabetic nerves, while only mild infiltration of granulocytes (HIS 48) occurred in the endoneurium of diabetic tibial nerves. This study provides evidence for an enhanced inflammatory response in diabetic nerves subjected to IR injury apparently via NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Louis NA, Hamilton KE, Kong T, Colgan SP. HIF-dependent induction of apical CD55 coordinates epithelial clearance of neutrophils. FASEB J 2006; 19:950-9. [PMID: 15923405 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3251com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sites of inflammation are associated with dramatic shifts in tissue metabolism. Inflammation can result in significant tissue hypoxia, with resultant induction of hypoxia-responsive genes. Given this association, we hypothesized that neutrophil (PMN) ligands expressed on epithelial cells may be regulated by hypoxia. Initial studies confirmed earlier results that epithelial hypoxia enhances PMN transepithelial migration and promotes apical clearance of PMN from the epithelial surface. A screen of known PMN ligands revealed a surprisingly stable expression pattern in hypoxia. However, this screen identified one gene, CD55, as a highly hypoxia-inducible molecule expressed on the apical membrane of mucosal epithelia. Subsequent studies verified the induction of CD55 mRNA and protein expression by hypoxia. Overexpression of CD55 by transfection in nonhypoxic epithelia resulted in a similar pattern of apical PMN clearance, and peptide mimetics corresponding to the PMN binding site on DAF blocked such apical clearance of PMN. Studies directed at understanding molecular pathways of hypoxia inducibility revealed that a approximately 200 bp region of the CD55 gene conferred hypoxia inducibility for CD55. These studies identified a functional binding site for the transcriptional regulator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Taken together, these results identify HIF-dependent induction of epithelial CD55 in the resolution of ongoing inflammation through clearance of apical PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Louis
- Neonatology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Sureda A, Batle JM, Tauler P, Ferrer MD, Tur JA, Pons A. Vitamin C supplementation influences the antioxidant response and nitric oxide handling of erythrocytes and lymphocytes to diving apnea. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:838-46. [PMID: 16482080 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have investigated the influence of vitamin C diet supplementation on the antioxidant response and nitrite levels in lymphocytes and erythrocytes during diving apnea. SUBJECTS Seven male professional apnea divers participated in a double blind crossover study. Divers were randomly assigned to either vitamin C supplemented or placebo groups. The subjects did not take any other supplements than the ones provided for this study. INTERVENTION One group was supplemented with vitamin C capsules (1 g per day) for 7 days while the other group took a placebo composed of lactose. The usual dietary habits of participants were assessed using a self-reported 7-days 24-h recall before the day of the study. Blood samples were taken under basal conditions, immediately after diving apnea for 4 h and after 1 h of recovery. RESULTS Catalase activity increased in erythrocytes (23%) and superoxide dismutase increased in lymphocytes (35%) during the recovery only in the placebo group. Lymphocyte ascorbate levels increased in the supplemented group after diving (85%) and maintained high at recovery. Plasma nitrite levels increased about twofold in both groups during the recovery. Erythrocyte nitrite levels increased after diving (50%) and about twofold during the recovery in the supplemented group. Nitrite levels and iNOS levels in lymphocytes were higher in the placebo group than in the supplemented during the recovery. Erythrocyte carbonyl derivates were unchanged in all situations. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin C supplementation influenced the antioxidant response and NO handling in erythrocytes and lymphocytes to the oxidative stress induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sureda
- Laboratori de Ciències de l'Activitat Física, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
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Aldinucci C, Carretta A, Pessina GP. The effect of mild and severe hypoxia on rat cortical synaptosomes. Neurochem Res 2006; 30:981-7. [PMID: 16258847 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-6529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain ischemia results in neuronal injury and neurological disability. The present study examined the effect of mild (6% O2) and severe (2% O2) hypoxia on mitochondria of rat cortical synaptosomes. During mild and severe hypoxia, JO2 and ATP production significantly decreased and mitochondrial membranes depolarized. Synaptosomal calcium concentration increased slightly, albeit not significantly. After a 1 h re-oxygenation period, JO2, ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential returned to control levels in synaptosomes incubated in 6% O2. In synaptosomes incubated in 2% O2, however, the ATP production was not restored after re-oxygenation and intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ significantly increased. The results indicate that both mild and severe hypoxia influence the physiology of synaptosomal mitochondria; the modifications are reversible after mild hypoxia and but partly irreversible after severe hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aldinucci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Louis NA, Hamilton KE, Colgan SP. Lipid mediator networks and leukocyte transmigration. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73:197-202. [PMID: 15979294 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In intact tissues, vascular endothelial cells lie anatomically positioned as the central coordinator of inflammation. Endothelia communicate with underlying cells (e.g. smooth muscle, fibroblasts, epithelia) in ways that both coordinate leukocyte trafficking, and control the composition of the inflammatory microenvironment. Such coordination occurs through both direct communication (e.g. cell adhesion) as well as via soluble mediators liberated at sites of inflammation (e.g. chemokines, cytokines, lipids). Locally generated mediators bind to surface receptors, and mediate both physiologic and pathophysiologic functional responses. Important in this regard, both endothelial and subendothelial cell populations express enzymes capable of utilizing arachidonic acid substrates to generate bioactive lipid mediators (e.g. lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases). Such lipid mediators can signal via autocrine or paracrine pathways and, depending on the tissue microenvironment, can convey a pro- or anti-inflammatory message. This review will highlight recent studies characterizing inflammatory responses to lipid mediators liberated at sites of inflammation, with a particular emphasis on neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte or PMN) trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Louis
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Dynamic purine signaling and metabolism during neutrophil-endothelial interactions. Purinergic Signal 2005; 1:229-39. [PMID: 18404508 PMCID: PMC2096542 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-005-6323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During episodes of hypoxia and inflammation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) move into underlying tissues by initially passing between endothelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels (transendothelial migration, TEM). TEM creates the potential for disturbances in vascular barrier and concomitant loss of extravascular fluid and resultant edema. Recent studies have demonstrated a crucial role for nucleotide metabolism and nucleoside signaling during inflammation. These studies have implicated multiple adenine nucleotides as endogenous tissue protective mechanisms invivo. Here, we review the functional components of vascular barrier, identify strategies for increasing nucleotide generation and nucleoside signaling, and discuss potential therapeutic targets to regulate the vascular barrier during inflammation.
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Shi C, Andersson R, Zhao X, Wang X. Potential role of reactive oxygen species in pancreatitis-associated multiple organ dysfunction. Pancreatology 2005; 5:492-500. [PMID: 16020935 DOI: 10.1159/000087063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis is still associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent early occurring inflammatory mediators contributing to cell dysfunction, both locally in the pancreas and remote organs. METHOD A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the potential roles of intra- and intercellular, as well as interorgan signaling of ROS in the development of pancreatitis-associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). A text word search of the Medline, PubMed and Cochrane databases, and a manual search of the citations from these references, was performed. RESULTS ROS directly compromise cellular damage and regulate intercellular signals in pancreatitis-associated MODS. ROS are involved in leukocyte activation, production of cytokines, endothelial barrier dysfunction, and microcirculatory barrier dysfunction in acute pancreatitis. Beside effects on intercellular signaling, ROS also affect intracellular events and activate the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B that regulates inflammatory cytokine expression. CONCLUSION ROS is a critical factor responsible for the development of pancreatitis-induced remote organ dysfunction via intercellular and interorgan signaling. The role of antioxidant treatment, included as a part of multimodal management, remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbin Shi
- Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone predominately produced by the heart atria which regulates the water and salt balance as well as blood pressure homeostasis. Being expressed in various parts of the immune system a link of the peptide to the immune system has been proposed. In fact, this review focus on effects of ANP in the immune system and reports about the role of the peptide in innate immune functions as well as in the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-11, 81375 Munich, Germany.
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Wei JF, Sun K, Xu SG, Xie HY, Zheng SS. Inhibition of PMA-induced endothelial cell activation and adhesion by over-expression of domain negative IκBα protein. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3080-4. [PMID: 15918194 PMCID: PMC4305844 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i20.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: NF-κB, regulate the expression of cytokine-inducible genes involving immune and inflammatory responses, will be potential therapy approach for allograft from rejection. In this study, we use pCMV-IκBαM vector to inhibit NF-κB activation and investigate the effect of pCMV-IκBαM in inhibition of T cells adhesion to endothelial cells.
METHODS: The NF-κB activity was detected with pNF-κB reporter gene and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Expression of cell surface molecules was detected by RT-PCR and flow cytometer. The cell-cell adhesion assay was performed to determine the effect of pCMV-IκBαM in inhibition of T cells adhesion to endothelial cells.
RESULTS: We could find that NF-κB activity is inhibited by over-expression of non-degraded IκBα protein. Expression of adhesion molecules like ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P-selectin as well as cell-cell adhesion were inhibited significantly by transfection of the pCMV-IκBαM vector.
CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the pCMV-IκBαM, which inhibit the activity of NF-κB through over-expression of non-degraded IκBα protein, can be used for gene therapy in diseases involving NF-κB activation abnormally like organ transplantation via inhibiting cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Wei
- Key Lab of Multi-organ Transplantation of Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Sharp CD, Houghton J, Elrod JW, Warren A, Jackson TH, Jawahar A, Nanda A, Minagar A, Alexander JS. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation in human cerebral endothelium promotes intracellular oxidant stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H1893-9. [PMID: 15576430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01110.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral endothelial cells in the rat, pig, and, most recently, human have been shown to express several types of receptors specific for glutamate. High levels of glutamate disrupt the cerebral endothelial barrier via activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We have previously suggested that this glutamate-induced barrier dysfunction was oxidant dependent. Here, we provide evidence that human cerebral endothelial cells respond to glutamate by generating an intracellular oxidant stress via NMDA receptor activation. Cerebral endothelial cells loaded with the oxidant-sensitive probe dihydrorhodamine were used to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in response to glutamate receptor agonists, antagonists, and second message blockers. Glutamate (1 mM) significantly increased ROS formation compared with sham controls (30 min). This ROS response was significantly reduced by 1) MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist; 2) 8-( N, N-diethylamino)- n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, an intracellular Ca2+antagonist; 3) LaCl3, an extracellular Ca2+channel blocker; 4) diphenyleiodonium, a heme-ferryl-containing protein inhibitor; 5) itraconazole, a cytochrome P-450 3A4 inhibitor; and 6) cyclosporine A, which prevents mitochondrial membrane pore transition required for mitochondrial-dependent ROS generation. Our results suggest that the cerebral endothelial barrier dysfunction seen in response to glutamate is Ca2+dependent and may require several intracellular signaling events mediated by oxidants derived from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, cytochrome P-450, and the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Sharp
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Kong T, Eltzschig HK, Karhausen J, Colgan SP, Shelley CS. Leukocyte adhesion during hypoxia is mediated by HIF-1-dependent induction of beta2 integrin gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10440-5. [PMID: 15235127 PMCID: PMC478589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401339101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are associated with significant changes in tissue metabolism. In particular, metabolic shifts during inflammation can result in significant tissue hypoxia, with resultant induction of hypoxia-responsive genes. Given this association, we hypothesized that leukocyte functional responses are influenced by hypoxia. Initial experiments revealed that exposure of the promonocytic cell line U937 to hypoxia resulted in increased adhesion to activated endothelia. Such increases were transcription-dependent and were blocked by antibodies directed against beta2, but not beta1, integrins. Analysis of beta2 integrin mRNA and protein in U937 cells revealed a 5- to 6-fold increase with hypoxia. Extension of this analysis to hypoxic human whole blood revealed prominent induction of beta2 integrin mRNA and protein ex vivo. Furthermore, murine beta2 integrin mRNA was found to be significantly induced during hypoxia in vivo. Subsequent studies identified a binding site for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in the CD18 gene. This gene encodes the subunit common to all four known types of beta2 integrin heterodimer. HIF-1 binding was demonstrated in vivo, and mutational analysis of the HIF-1 site within the CD18 promoter resulted in a loss of hypoxia inducibility. Taken together, these results demonstrate that hypoxia induces leukocyte beta2 integrin expression and function by transcriptional mechanisms dependent upon HIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Kong
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Shimamura K, Takashiro Y, Akiyama N, Hirabayashi T, Murayama T. Expression of adhesion molecules by sphingosine 1-phosphate and histamine in endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 486:141-50. [PMID: 14975703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate and histamine on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin, and their signaling pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sphingosine 1-phosphate increased the mRNA and protein level of VCAM-1, and the mRNAs of E-selectin and ICAM-1. The effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate were inhibited by the pertussis toxin and the respective inhibitors (10 microM 1-[6-[[(17beta)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122) for phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C; 10 microM 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580) for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); 1 microM 12-(2-cyanoethyl)-6,7,12,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-5H-indolo(2,3-a)pyrrolo(3,4-c)-carbazole (Gö6976) for the alpha form of protein kinase C (PKC-alpha)), but not by a PKC-delta inhibitor (1 microM rottlerin). Histamine, which alone showed no effect, enhanced the sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced expressions via histamine H(1) receptor. The histamine response decreased by U73122 and rottlerin, but not by SB203580 and Gö6976. The effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate with and without histamine were abolished by the higher concentrations of PKC inhibitors and in the PKC-depleted cells. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and histamine alone stimulated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-dependent but not in a PKCs-independent manner. These findings suggest that sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced expression of adhesion molecules was mediated by phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and preferentially by PKC-alpha and p38 MAPK, and the histamine response was mediated by phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and PKC-delta in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shimamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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