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Shen S, Zhang C, Meng Y, Cui G, Wang Y, Liu X, He Q. Sensing of H2O2-induced oxidative stress by the UPF factor complex is crucial for activation of catalase-3 expression in Neurospora. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010985. [PMID: 37844074 PMCID: PMC10578600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UPF-1-UPF-2-UPF-3 complex-orchestrated nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a well-characterized eukaryotic cellular surveillance mechanism that not only degrades aberrant transcripts to protect the integrity of the transcriptome but also eliminates normal transcripts to facilitate appropriate cellular responses to physiological and environmental changes. Here, we describe the multifaceted regulatory roles of the Neurospora crassa UPF complex in catalase-3 (cat-3) gene expression, which is essential for scavenging H2O2-induced oxidative stress. First, losing UPF proteins markedly slowed down the decay rate of cat-3 mRNA. Second, UPF proteins indirectly attenuated the transcriptional activity of cat-3 gene by boosting the decay of cpc-1 and ngf-1 mRNAs, which encode a well-studied transcription factor and a histone acetyltransferase, respectively. Further study showed that under oxidative stress condition, UPF proteins were degraded, followed by increased CPC-1 and NGF-1 activity, finally activating cat-3 expression to resist oxidative stress. Together, our data illustrate a sophisticated regulatory network of the cat-3 gene mediated by the UPF complex under physiological and H2O2-induced oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Shen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhao Meng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guofei Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qun He
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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2
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Yan Y, Huang X, Zhou Y, Li J, Liu F, Li X, Hu X, Wang J, Guo L, Liu R, Takaya N, Zhou S. Cytosol Peroxiredoxin and Cell Surface Catalase Differentially Respond to H 2O 2 Stress in Aspergillus nidulans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1333. [PMID: 37507873 PMCID: PMC10376852 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Both catalase and peroxiredoxin show high activities of H2O2 decomposition and coexist in the same organism; however, their division of labor in defense against H2O2 is unclear. We focused on the major peroxiredoxin (PrxA) and catalase (CatB) in Aspergillus nidulans at different growth stages to discriminate their antioxidant roles. The dormant conidia lacking PrxA showed sensitivity to high concentrations of H2O2 (>100 mM), revealing that PrxA is one of the important antioxidants in dormant conidia. Once the conidia began to swell and germinate, or further develop to young hyphae (9 h to old age), PrxA-deficient cells (ΔprxA) did not survive on plates containing H2O2 concentrations higher than 1 mM, indicating that PrxA is an indispensable antioxidant in the early growth stage. During these early growth stages, absence of CatB did not affect fungal resistance to either high (>1 mM) or low (<1 mM) concentrations of H2O2. In the mature hyphae stage (24 h to old age), however, CatB fulfills the major antioxidant function, especially against high doses of H2O2. PrxA is constitutively expressed throughout the lifespan, whereas CatB levels are low in the early growth stage of the cells developing from swelling conidia to early growth hyphae, providing a molecular basis for their different contributions to H2O2 resistance in different growth stages. Further enzyme activity and cellular localization analysis indicated that CatB needs to be secreted to be functionalized, and this process is confined to the growth stage of mature hyphae. Our results revealed differences in effectiveness and timelines of two primary anti-H2O2 enzymes in fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xueying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaotao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lingyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Renning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Naoki Takaya
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Nava-Ramírez T, Gutiérrez-Terrazas S, Hansberg W. The Molecular Chaperone Mechanism of the C-Terminal Domain of Large-Size Subunit Catalases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040839. [PMID: 37107214 PMCID: PMC10135305 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-size subunit catalases (LSCs) have an additional C-terminal domain (CT) that is structurally similar to Hsp31 and DJ-1 proteins, which have molecular chaperone activity. The CT of LSCs derives from a bacterial Hsp31 protein. There are two CT dimers with inverted symmetry in LSCs, one dimer in each pole of the homotetrameric structure. We previously demonstrated the molecular chaperone activity of the CT of LSCs. Like other chaperones, LSCs are abundant proteins that are induced under stress conditions and during cell differentiation in bacteria and fungi. Here, we analyze the mechanism of the CT of LSCs as an unfolding enzyme. The dimeric form of catalase-3 (CAT-3) CT (TDC3) of Neurospora crassa presented the highest activity as compared to its monomeric form. A variant of the CAT-3 CT lacking the last 17 amino acid residues (TDC3Δ17aa), a loop containing hydrophobic and charged amino acid residues only, lost most of its unfolding activity. Substituting charged for hydrophobic residues or vice versa in this C-terminal loop diminished the molecular chaperone activity in all the mutant variants analyzed, indicating that these amino acid residues play a relevant role in its unfolding activity. These data suggest that the general unfolding mechanism of CAT-3 CT involves a dimer with an inverted symmetry, and hydrophobic and charged amino acid residues. Each tetramer has four sites of interaction with partially unfolded or misfolded proteins. LSCs preserve their catalase activity under different stress conditions and, at the same time, function as unfolding enzymes.
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Medina-Castellanos E, Salgado-Bautista DA, Martínez-Andrade JM, Cadena-Nava RD, Riquelme M. Nanosized extracellular vesicles released by Neurospora crassa hyphae. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 165:103778. [PMID: 36690295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized structures containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, released by living cells to the surrounding medium. EVs participate in diverse processes, such as intercellular communication, virulence, and disease. In pathogenic fungi, EVs carry enzymes that allow them to invade the host or undergo environmental adaptation successfully. In Neurospora crassa, a non-pathogenic filamentous fungus widely used as a model organism, the vesicle-dependent secretory mechanisms that lead to polarized growth are well studied. In contrast, biosynthesis of EVs in this fungus has been practically unexplored. In the present work, we analyzed N. crassa culture's supernatant for the presence of EVs by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proteomic analysis. We identified spherical membranous structures, with a predominant subpopulation averaging a hydrodynamic diameter (dh) of 68 nm and a particle diameter (dp) of 38 nm. EV samples stained with osmium tetroxide vapors were better resolved than those stained with uranyl acetate. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 252 proteins, including enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolic processes, oxidative stress response, cell wall organization/remodeling, and circadian clock-regulated proteins. Some of these proteins have been previously reported in exosomes from human cells or in EVs of other fungi. In view of the results, it is suggested a putative role for EVs in cell wall biosynthesis and vegetative development in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Medina-Castellanos
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Daniel A Salgado-Bautista
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Juan M Martínez-Andrade
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico.
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Hansberg W. Monofunctional Heme-Catalases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2173. [PMID: 36358546 PMCID: PMC9687031 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on four issues that are critical for the understanding of monofunctional catalases. How hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reaches the active site and outcompetes water molecules to be able to function at a very high rate is one of the issues examined. Part of the answer is a gate valve system that is instrumental to drive out solvent molecules from the final section of the main channel. A second issue relates to how the enzyme deals with an unproductive reactive compound I (Cpd I) intermediate. Peroxidatic two and one electron donors and the transfer of electrons to the active site from NADPH and other compounds are reviewed. The new ascribed catalase reactions are revised, indicating possible measurement pitfalls. A third issue concerns the heme b to heme d oxidation, why this reaction occurs only in some large-size subunit catalases (LSCs), and the possible role of singlet oxygen in this and other modifications. The formation of a covalent bond between the proximal tyrosine with the vicinal residue is analyzed. The last issue refers to the origin and function of the additional C-terminal domain (TD) of LSCs. The TD has a molecular chaperone activity that is traced to a gene fusion between a Hsp31-type chaperone and a small-size subunit catalase (SSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Hansberg
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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HDA-2-Containing Complex Is Required for Activation of Catalase-3 Expression in Neurospora crassa. mBio 2022; 13:e0135122. [PMID: 35699373 PMCID: PMC9426557 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01351-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is essential for aerobic organisms to maintain the homeostasis of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) for survival and adaptation to the environment. In line with other eukaryotes, the catalase of Neurospora crassa is an important enzyme for clearing ROS, and its expression is tightly regulated by the growth phase and various oxidative stresses. Our study reveals that, in N. crassa, histone deacetylase 2 (HDA-2) and its catalytic activity positively regulate the expression of the catalase-3 (cat-3) gene. HDA-2, SIF-2, and SNT-1 may form a subcomplex with such a regulation role. As expected, deletion of HDA-2 or SIF-2 subunit increased acetylation levels of histone H4, indicating that loss of HDA-2 complex fails to deacetylate H4 at the cat-3 locus. Furthermore, loss of HDA-2 or its catalytic activity led to dramatic decreases of TFIIB and RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) recruitment at the cat-3 locus and also resulted in high deposition of H2A.Z at the promoter and transcription start site (TSS) regions of the cat-3 gene. Collectively, this study strongly demonstrates that the HDA-2-containing complex activates the transcription of the cat-3 gene by facilitating preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly and antagonizing the inhibition of H2A.Z at the cat-3 locus through H4 acetylation. IMPORTANCE Clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical to the survival of aerobic organisms. In the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, catalase-3 (cat-3) expression is activated in response to H2O2-induced ROS stress. We found that histone deacetylase 2 (HDA-2) positively regulates cat-3 transcription in N. crassa; this is widely divergent from the classical repressive role of most histone deacetylases. Like HDA-2, the SIF-2 or SNT-1 subunit of HDA-2-containing complex plays a positive role in cat-3 transcription. Furthermore, we also found that HDA-2-containing complex provides an appropriate chromatin environment to facilitate PIC assembly and to antagonize the inhibition role of H2A.Z at the cat-3 locus through H4 acetylation. Taken together, our results establish a mechanism for how the HDA-2-containing complex regulates transcription of the cat-3 gene in N. crassa.
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Large-Size Subunit Catalases Are Chimeric Proteins: A H2O2 Selecting Domain with Catalase Activity Fused to a Hsp31-Derived Domain Conferring Protein Stability and Chaperone Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050979. [PMID: 35624843 PMCID: PMC9137513 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal large-size subunit catalases (LSCs) are like small-size subunit catalases (SSCs) but have an additional C-terminal domain (CT). The catalytic domain is conserved at both primary sequence and structural levels and its amino acid composition is optimized to select H2O2 over water. The CT is structurally conserved, has an amino acid composition similar to very stable proteins, confers high stability to LSCs, and has independent molecular chaperone activity. While heat and denaturing agents increased Neurospora crassa catalase-1 (CAT-1) activity, a CAT-1 version lacking the CT (C63) was no longer activated by these agents. The addition of catalase-3 (CAT-3) CT to the CAT-1 or CAT-3 catalase domains prevented their heat denaturation in vitro. Protein structural alignments indicated CT similarity with members of the DJ-1/PfpI superfamily and the CT dimers present in LSCs constitute a new type of symmetric dimer within this superfamily. However, only the bacterial Hsp31 proteins show sequence similarity to the bacterial and fungal catalase mobile coil (MC) and are phylogenetically related to MC_CT sequences. LSCs might have originated by fusion of SSC and Hsp31 encoding genes during early bacterial diversification, conferring at the same time great stability and molecular chaperone activity to the novel catalases.
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8
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Yuan P, Qian W, Jiang L, Jia C, Ma X, Kang Z, Liu J. A secreted catalase contributes to Puccinia striiformis resistance to host-derived oxidative stress. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:22. [PMID: 37676381 PMCID: PMC10441885 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to counteract pathogen invasion, and pathogens have also evolved corresponding ROS scavenging strategies to promote infection and pathogenicity. Catalases (CATs) have been found to play pivotal roles in detoxifying H2O2 formed by superoxide anion catalyzed by superoxide dismutases (SODs). However, few studies have addressed H2O2 removing during rust fungi infection of wheat. In this study, we cloned a CAT gene PsCAT1 from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), which encodes a monofunctional heme-containing catalase. PsCAT1 exhibited a high degree of tolerance to pH and temperature, and forms high homopolymers.Heterologous complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal that the signal peptide of PsCAT1 is functional. Overexpression of PsCAT1 enhanced S. cerevisiae resistance to H2O2. Transient expression of PsCAT1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed Bax-induced cell death. Knockdown of PsCAT1 using a host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) system led to the reduced virulence of Pst, which was correlated to H2O2 accumulation in HIGS plants. These results indicate that PsCAT1 acts as an important pathogenicity factor that facilitates Pst infection by scavenging host-derived H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China.
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Paixão FRS, Huarte-Bonnet C, Ribeiro-Silva CDS, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK, Pedrini N. Tolerance to Abiotic Factors of Microsclerotia and Mycelial Pellets From Metarhizium robertsii, and Molecular and Ultrastructural Changes During Microsclerotial Differentiation. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:654737. [PMID: 37744155 PMCID: PMC10512246 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.654737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium species fungi are able to produce resistant structures termed microsclerotia, formed by compact and melanized threads of hyphae. These propagules are tolerant to desiccation and produce infective conidia; thus, they are promising candidates to use in biological control programs. In this study, we investigated the tolerance to both ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation and heat of microsclerotia of Metarhizium robertsii strain ARSEF 2575. We also adapted the liquid medium and culture conditions to obtain mycelial pellets from the same isolate in order to compare these characteristics between both types of propagules. We followed the peroxisome biogenesis and studied the oxidative stress during differentiation from conidia to microsclerotia by transmission electron microscopy after staining with a peroxidase activity marker and by the expression pattern of genes potentially involved in these processes. We found that despite their twice smaller size, microsclerotia exhibited higher dry biomass, yield, and conidial productivity than mycelial pellets, both with and without UV-B and heat stresses. From the 16 genes measured, we found an induction after 96-h differentiation in the oxidative stress marker genes MrcatA, MrcatP, and Mrgpx; the peroxisome biogenesis factors Mrpex5 and Mrpex14/17; and the photoprotection genes Mrlac1 and Mrlac2; and Mrlac3. We concluded that an oxidative stress scenario is induced during microsclerotia differentiation in M. robertsii and confirmed that because of its tolerance to desiccation, heat, and UV-B, this fungal structure could be an excellent candidate for use in biological control of pests under tropical and subtropical climates where heat and UV radiation are detrimental to entomopathogenic fungi survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia R. S. Paixão
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carla Huarte-Bonnet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel M. Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária–Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Éverton K. K. Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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10
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Cui G, Dong Q, Duan J, Zhang C, Liu X, He Q. NC2 complex is a key factor for the activation of catalase-3 transcription by regulating H2A.Z deposition. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8332-8348. [PMID: 32633757 PMCID: PMC7470962 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative cofactor 2 (NC2), including two subunits NC2α and NC2β, is a conserved positive/negative regulator of class II gene transcription in eukaryotes. It is known that NC2 functions by regulating the assembly of the transcription preinitiation complex. However, the exact role of NC2 in transcriptional regulation is still unclear. Here, we reveal that, in Neurospora crassa, NC2 activates catalase-3 (cat-3) gene transcription in the form of heterodimer mediated by histone fold (HF) domains of two subunits. Deletion of HF domain in either of two subunits disrupts the NC2α–NC2β interaction and the binding of intact NC2 heterodimer to cat-3 locus. Loss of NC2 dramatically increases histone variant H2A.Z deposition at cat-3 locus. Further studies show that NC2 recruits chromatin remodeling complex INO80C to remove H2A.Z from the nucleosomes around cat-3 locus, resulting in transcriptional activation of cat-3. Besides HF domains of two subunits, interestingly, C-terminal repression domain of NC2β is required not only for NC2 binding to cat-3 locus, but also for the recruitment of INO80C to cat-3 locus and removal of H2A.Z from the nucleosomes. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel mechanism of NC2 in transcription activation through recruiting INO80C to remove H2A.Z from special H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiabin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Nava-Ramírez T, Hansberg W. Chaperone activity of large-size subunit catalases. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:99-106. [PMID: 32502516 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Large-size subunit catalases (LSCs) have a C-terminal domain that is structurally similar to DJ-1 and Hsp31 proteins, which have well documented molecular chaperone activity. Like chaperones, LSCs are abundant proteins that are induced under stress conditions and during cell differentiation in different microorganisms. Here we document that the C-terminal domain of LSCs assist other proteins to preserve their active conformation. Heat, urea, or H2O2 denaturation of alcohol dehydrogenase was prevented by LSCs or the C-terminal domain of Catalase-3 (TDC3); in contrast, small-size subunit catalases (SSCs) or LSCs without the C-terminal domain (C3ΔTD or C63) did not have this effect. Similar results were obtained if the alcohol dehydrogenase was previously denatured by heat and then the different catalases or truncated enzymes were added. The TDC3 also protected both the C3ΔTD and the bovine liver catalase from heat denaturation. The chaperone activity of CAT-3 or the TDC3 increased survival of E. coli under different stress conditions whereas the C3ΔTD did not. It is concluded that the C-terminal domain of LSCs has a chaperone activity that is instrumental for cellular resistance to stress conditions, such as oxidative stress that leads to cell differentiation in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Nava-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Wilhelm Hansberg
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico.
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12
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Wang X, Che MZ, Khalil HB, McCallum BD, Bakkeren G, Rampitsch C, Saville BJ. The role of reactive oxygen species in the virulence of wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2956-2967. [PMID: 32390310 PMCID: PMC7496513 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role during host–pathogen interactions and are often an indication of induced host defence responses. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that Puccinia triticina (Pt) generates ROS, including superoxide, H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals, during wheat infection. Through pharmacological inhibition, we found that ROS are critical for both Pt urediniospore germination and pathogenic development on wheat. A comparative RNA‐Seq analysis of different stages of Pt infection process revealed 291 putative Pt genes associated with the oxidation–reduction process. Thirty‐seven of these genes encode known proteins. The expressions of five Pt genes, including PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR, PtCat and PtSod, were subsequently verified using RT‐qPCR analysis. The results show that the expressions of PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR, PtCat and PtSod are up‐regulated during urediniospore germination. In comparison, the expressions of PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR and PtCat are down‐regulated during wheat infection from 12 to 120 h after inoculation (HAI), whereas the expression of PtSod is up‐regulated with a peak of expression at 120 HAI. We conclude that ROS are critical for the full virulence of Pt and a coordinate down‐regulation of PtNox genes may be important for successful infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiben Wang
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Mingzhe Z Che
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, People's Republic of China
| | - Hala B Khalil
- Summerland Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0, Canada.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 68 Hadayek Shoubra, Postal code, Cairo, 11241, Egypt
| | - Brent D McCallum
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Summerland Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Morden Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Barry J Saville
- Forensic Science Program Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
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13
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Duan J, Liu Q, Su S, Cha J, Zhou Y, Tang R, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu Y, He Q. The Neurospora RNA polymerase II kinase CTK negatively regulates catalase expression in a chromatin context-dependent manner. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:76-90. [PMID: 31599077 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clearance and adaptation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial for cell survival. As in other eukaryotes, the Neurospora catalases are the main enzymes responsible for ROS clearance and their expression are tightly regulated by the growth and environmental conditions. The RNA polymerase II carboxyl terminal domain (RNAPII CTD) kinase complex (CTK complex) is known as a positive elongation factor for many inducible genes by releasing paused RNAPII near the transcription start site and promoting transcription elongation. However, here we show that deletion of CTK complex components in Neurospora led to high CAT-3 expression level and resistance to H2 O2 -induced ROS stress. The catalytic activity of CTK-1 is required for such a response. On the other hand, CTK-1 overexpression led to decreased expression of CAT-3. ChIP assays shows that CTK-1 phosphorylates the RNAPII CTD at Ser2 residues in the cat-3 ORF region during transcription elongation and deletion of CTK-1 led to dramatic decreases of SET-2 recruitment and H3K36me3 modification. As a result, histones at the cat-3 locus become hyperacetylated to promote its transcription. Together, these results demonstrate that the CTK complex is negative regulator of cat-3 expression by affecting its chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sodgerel Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Joonseok Cha
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Yike Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruiqi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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14
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Riquelme M, Aguirre J, Bartnicki-García S, Braus GH, Feldbrügge M, Fleig U, Hansberg W, Herrera-Estrella A, Kämper J, Kück U, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Takeshita N, Fischer R. Fungal Morphogenesis, from the Polarized Growth of Hyphae to Complex Reproduction and Infection Structures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00068-17. [PMID: 29643171 PMCID: PMC5968459 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00068-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi constitute a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that grow by forming simple tube-like hyphae that are capable of differentiating into more-complex morphological structures and distinct cell types. Hyphae form filamentous networks by extending at their tips while branching in subapical regions. Rapid tip elongation requires massive membrane insertion and extension of the rigid chitin-containing cell wall. This process is sustained by a continuous flow of secretory vesicles that depends on the coordinated action of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons and the corresponding motors and associated proteins. Vesicles transport cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and accumulate in a special structure, the Spitzenkörper, before traveling further and fusing with the tip membrane. The place of vesicle fusion and growth direction are enabled and defined by the position of the Spitzenkörper, the so-called cell end markers, and other proteins involved in the exocytic process. Also important for tip extension is membrane recycling by endocytosis via early endosomes, which function as multipurpose transport vehicles for mRNA, septins, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Cell integrity, hyphal branching, and morphogenesis are all processes that are largely dependent on vesicle and cytoskeleton dynamics. When hyphae differentiate structures for asexual or sexual reproduction or to mediate interspecies interactions, the hyphal basic cellular machinery may be reprogrammed through the synthesis of new proteins and/or the modification of protein activity. Although some transcriptional networks involved in such reprogramming of hyphae are well studied in several model filamentous fungi, clear connections between these networks and known determinants of hyphal morphogenesis are yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Fleig
- Institute for Functional Genomics of Microorganisms, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hansberg
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Ruhr University Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Norio Takeshita
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Dong Q, Wang Y, Qi S, Gai K, He Q, Wang Y. Histone variant H2A.Z antagonizes the positive effect of the transcriptional activator CPC1 to regulate catalase-3 expression under normal and oxidative stress conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:136-148. [PMID: 29738831 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, deposition of the histone variant H2A.Z into nucleosomes through the chromatin remodeling complex, SWR1, is a crucial step in modulating gene transcription. Recently, H2A.Z has been shown to control the expression of responsive genes, but the underlying mechanism of how H2A.Z responds to physiological stimuli is not well understood. Here, we reveal that, in Neurospora crassa, H2A.Z is a negative regulator of catalase-3 gene, which is responsible for resistance to oxidative stress. H2A.Z represses cat-3 gene expression through direct incorporation at cat-3 locus in a SWR1 complex dependent pathway. Notably, loss of H2A.Z or SWR1 subunits leads to increased binding of a transcription factor, CPC1, at cat-3 locus. Additionally, introduction of plasmids containing gene encoding H2A.Z or SWR1 complex subunits into wild-type strains decreased CAT-3 expression, indicating that H2A.Z counteracts the positive effect of CPC1 to achieve low level cat-3 expression under non-inductive condition. Furthermore, upon oxidative stress, H2A.Z is rapidly evicted from cat-3 locus for the recruitment of CPC1, resulting in robust and full cat-3 gene expression in response to external stimuli. Collectively, this study strongly demonstrates that H2A.Z antagonizes the function of transcription factor to regulate responsive gene transcription under normal conditions and to poise for gene full activation under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaohua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Qi S, He L, Zhang Q, Dong Q, Wang Y, Yang Q, Tian C, He Q, Wang Y. Cross-pathway control gene CPC1/GCN4 coordinates with histone acetyltransferase GCN5 to regulate catalase-3 expression under oxidative stress in Neurospora crassa. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:218-227. [PMID: 29421311 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Catalase is an important enzyme found in nearly all aerobic organisms and plays an essential role in protecting cells from oxidative damage by catalyzing the degradation of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. In filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the expression levels of catalases are rigorously regulated by morphogenetic transition during growth and development in cells. Our study revealed that catalase-3 transcription is positively regulated by histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and the cross-pathway control gene cpc-1, as the cat-3 expression level is significantly decreased in gcn5KO and cpc-1 (j-5) mutants. Moreover, gcn5KO and cpc-1 (j-5) mutants could not respond to H2O2 treatment due to the inadequate cat-3 transcription, while wild-type strains showed high expression levels of catalase upon H2O2 treatment. The global H3 acetylation and the acetylation of H3 at cat-3 locus dramatically decreased in gcn5KO under normal or oxidative stress conditions. Meanwhile, the expression of CAT-3 is reduced in gcn5E146Q, the catalytically dead mutant, suggesting that the catalytic activity of GCN5 functions in regulation of cat-3 transcription. In addition, GCN5 cannot acetylate histone H3 efficiently at cat-3 locus in cpc-1 (j-5) mutant strains under normal or oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, ChIP assays data revealed that the CPC1/GCN4 can directly target the cat-3 promoter region, which may recruit GCN5 to modify the histone acetylation of this region. These results disclosed a distinctive function of CPC1/GCN4 in the regulatory pathway of cat-3 transcription, which is mediated by GCN5-dependent acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingaonan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuying Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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17
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Vega-García V, Díaz-Vilchis A, Saucedo-Vázquez JP, Solano-Peralta A, Rudiño-Piñera E, Hansberg W. Structure, kinetics, molecular and redox properties of a cytosolic and developmentally regulated fungal catalase-peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 640:17-26. [PMID: 29305053 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CAT-2, a cytosolic catalase-peroxidase (CP) from Neurospora crassa, which is induced during asexual spore formation, was heterologously expressed and characterized. CAT-2 had the Met-Tyr-Trp (M-Y-W) adduct required for catalase activity. Its KM for H2O2 was micromolar for peroxidase and millimolar for catalase activity. A Em = -158 mV reduction potential value was obtained and the Soret band shift suggested a mixture of low and high spin ferric iron. CAT-2 EPR spectrum at 10 K indicated an axial and a rhombic component. With peroxyacetic acid (PAA), formation of Compound I* was observed with EPR. CAT-2 homodimer crystallographic structure contained two K+ ions; Glu107 residues were displaced to bind them. CAT-2 showed the essential amino acid residues for activity in similar positions to other CPs. CAT-2 Arg426 is oriented towards the M-Y-W adduct, interacting with the deprotonated Tyr238 hydroxyl group. A perhydroxy modification of the indole nitrogen of Trp90 was oriented toward the catalytic His91. In contrast to cytochrome c peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, the catalase-peroxidase heme propionates are not exposed to the solvent. Together with other N. crassa enzymes that utilize H2O2 as a substrate, CAT-2 has many tryptophan and proline residues at its surface, probably related to H2O2 selection in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vega-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Adelaida Díaz-Vilchis
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Saucedo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Solano-Peralta
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación y a la Industria, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Wilhelm Hansberg
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico.
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18
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Osorio-Concepción M, Cristóbal-Mondragón GR, Gutiérrez-Medina B, Casas-Flores S. Histone Deacetylase HDA-2 Regulates Trichoderma atroviride Growth, Conidiation, Blue Light Perception, and Oxidative Stress Responses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02922-16. [PMID: 27864177 PMCID: PMC5244289 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02922-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal blue-light photoreceptors have been proposed as integrators of light and oxidative stress. However, additional elements participating in the integrative pathway remain to be identified. In Trichoderma atroviride, the blue-light regulator (BLR) proteins BLR-1 and -2 are known to regulate gene transcription, mycelial growth, and asexual development upon illumination, and recent global transcriptional analysis revealed that the histone deacetylase-encoding gene hda-2 is induced by light. Here, by assessing responses to stimuli in wild-type and Δhda-2 backgrounds, we evaluate the role of HDA-2 in the regulation of genes responsive to light and oxidative stress. Δhda-2 strains present reduced growth, misregulation of the con-1 gene, and absence of conidia in response to light and mechanical injury. We found that the expression of hda-2 is BLR-1 dependent and HDA-2 in turn is essential for the transcription of early and late light-responsive genes that include blr-1, indicating a regulatory feedback loop. When subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS), Δhda-2 mutants display high sensitivity whereas Δblr strains exhibit the opposite phenotype. Consistently, in the presence of ROS, ROS-related genes show high transcription levels in wild-type and Δblr strains but misregulation in Δhda-2 mutants. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitations of histone H3 acetylated at Lys9/Lys14 on cat-3 and gst-1 promoters display low accumulation of H3K9K14ac in Δblr and Δhda-2 strains, suggesting indirect regulation of ROS-related genes by HDA-2. Our results point to a mutual dependence between HDA-2 and BLR proteins and reveal the role of these proteins in an intricate gene regulation landscape in response to blue light and ROS. IMPORTANCE Trichoderma atroviride is a free-living fungus commonly found in soil or colonizing plant roots and is widely used as an agent in biocontrol as it parasitizes other fungi, stimulates plant growth, and induces the plant defense system. To survive in various environments, fungi constantly sense and respond to potentially threatening external factors, such as light. In particular, UV light can damage biomolecules by producing free-radical reactions, in most cases involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). In T. atroviride, conidiation is essential for its survival, which is induced by light and mechanical injury. Notably, conidia are typically used as the inoculum in the field during biocontrol. Therefore, understanding the linkages between responses to light and exposure to ROS in T. atroviride is of major basic and practical relevance. Here, the histone deacetylase-encoding gene hda-2 is induced by light and ROS, and its product regulates growth, conidiation, blue light perception, and oxidative stress responses.
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19
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Wang Y, Dong Q, Ding Z, Gai K, Han X, Kaleri FN, He Q, Wang Y. Regulation of Neurospora Catalase-3 by global heterochromatin formation and its proximal heterochromatin region. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:139-152. [PMID: 27458122 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Catalase-3 (CAT-3) constitutes the main catalase activity in growing hyphae of Neurospora crassa, and its activity increases during exponential growth or is induced under different stress conditions. Although extensive progress has been made to identify catalase regulators, the regulation mechanism of CAT-3 at the chromatin level still remains unclear. Here, we aim at investigating the molecular regulation mechanisms of cat-3 at the chromatin level. We found that CAT-3 protein levels increased in mutants defective in proper global heterochromatin formation. Bioinformatics analysis identified a 5-kb AT-rich sequence adjacent to the cat-3 promoter as a heterochromatin region because of its enrichment of H3K9me3 and HP1. Expression of CAT-3 was induced by H2O2 treatment in wild-type and such change occurred along with the accumulation of histone H3 acetylation at 5-kb heterochromatin boundaries and cat-3 locus, but without alteration of its H3K9me3 repressive modification. Moreover, disruption of 5-kb heterochromatin region results in elevated cat-3 expression, and higher levels of cat-3 expression were promoted by the combination with global heterochromatin defective mutants. Interestingly, the molecular weight and activity bands of CAT-3 protein are different in heterochromatin defective mutants compared with those in wild-type, suggesting that its N-terminal processing and modification may be altered. Our study indicates that the local chromatin structure creates a heterochromatin repressive environment to repress nearby gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaolan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Han
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Farah Naz Kaleri
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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20
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Yin S, Gao Z, Wang C, Huang L, Kang Z, Zhang H. Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species Coordinately Regulate the Germination of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Urediniospores. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:178. [PMID: 26941716 PMCID: PMC4763058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules in a number of critical signal transduction pathways in plants, including plant biotic interactions. In addition to the role of plant-derived NO and ROS in plant resistance, which has been well documented, pathogen-produced NO and ROS have recently emerged as important players in fungal development and pathogenesis. However, the effects of pathogenic fungi-derived NO and ROS on signaling pathways during fungal pre-infection development remain unknown. Here, using a combination of pharmacological approaches and confocal microscopy, we investigated the roles of NO and ROS during the germination of Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici (Pst) the wheat stripe rust pathogen. Both NO and ROS have a crucial role in uredinial germination. The scavengers of NO and ROS delayed spore germination and decreased the lengths of germ tubes. A similar phenotype was produced after treatment with the promoter. However, the spores germinated and grew normally when the levels of NO and ROS were simultaneously elevated by the application of a promoter of NO and a donor of ROS. Confocal laser microscopy indicated that both NO and ROS preferentially localized at the germ pores and apexes of growing germ tubes when the ROS/NO ratio in the spores was maintained in a specific range. We concluded that both NO and ROS are critical signaling molecules in the pre-infection development of Pst and that the polar growth of the germ tube is coordinately regulated by NO and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuining Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhijuan Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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Oxidative stress in entomopathogenic fungi grown on insect-like hydrocarbons. Curr Genet 2014; 61:289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gyöngyösi N, Káldi K. Interconnections of reactive oxygen species homeostasis and circadian rhythm in Neurospora crassa. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:3007-23. [PMID: 23964982 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Both circadian rhythm and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are fundamental features of aerobic eukaryotic cells. The circadian clock enhances the fitness of organisms by enabling them to anticipate cycling changes in the surroundings. ROS generation in the cell is often altered in response to environmental changes, but oscillations in ROS levels may also reflect endogenous metabolic fluctuations governed by the circadian clock. On the other hand, an effective regulation and timing of antioxidant mechanisms may be crucial in the defense of cellular integrity. Thus, an interaction between the circadian timekeeping machinery and ROS homeostasis or signaling in both directions may be of advantage at all phylogenetic levels. RECENT ADVANCES The Frequency-White Collar-1 and White Collar-2 oscillator (FWO) of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is well characterized at the molecular level. Several members of the ROS homeostasis were found to be controlled by the circadian clock, and ROS levels display circadian rhythm in Neurospora. On the other hand, multiple data indicate that ROS affect the molecular oscillator. CRITICAL ISSUES Increasing evidence suggests the interplay between ROS homeostasis and oscillators that may be partially or fully independent of the FWO. In addition, ROS may be part of a complex cellular network synchronizing non-transcriptional oscillators with timekeeping machineries based on the classical transcription-translation feedback mechanism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigations are needed to clarify how the different layers of the bidirectional interactions between ROS homeostasis and circadian regulation are interconnected.
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Hansberg W, Salas-Lizana R, Domínguez L. Fungal catalases: Function, phylogenetic origin and structure. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 525:170-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang ZL, Zhang LB, Ying SH, Feng MG. Catalases play differentiated roles in the adaptation of a fungal entomopathogen to environmental stresses. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:409-18. [PMID: 22891860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The catalase family of Beauveria bassiana (fungal entomopathogen) consists of catA (spore-specific), catB (secreted), catP (peroxisomal), catC (cytoplasmic) and catD (secreted peroxidase/catalase), which were distinguished in phylogeny and structure and functionally characterized by constructing single-gene disrupted and rescued mutants for enzymatic and multi-phenotypic analyses. Total catalase activity decreased 89% and 56% in ΔcatB and ΔcatP, corresponding to the losses of upper and lower active bands gel-profiled for all catalases respectively, but only 9-12% in other knockout mutants. Compared with wild type and complement mutants sharing similar enzymatic and phenotypic parameters, all knockout mutants showed significant (9-56%) decreases in the antioxidant capability of their conidia (active ingredients of mycoinsecticides), followed by remarkable phenotypic defects associated with the fungal biocontrol potential. These defects included mainly the losses of 40% thermotolerance (45°C) in ΔcatA, 46-48% UV-B resistance in ΔcatA and ΔcatD, and 33-47% virulence to Spodoptera litura larvae in ΔcatA, ΔcatP and ΔcatD respectively. Moreover, the drastic transcript upregulation of some other catalase genes observed in the normal culture of each knockout mutant revealed functionally complimentary effects among some of the catalase genes, particularly between catB and catC whose knockout mutants displayed little or minor phenotypic changes. However, the five catalase genes functioned redundantly in mediating the fungal tolerance to either hyperosmotic or fungicidal stress. The differentiated roles of five catalases in regulating the B. bassiana virulence and tolerances to oxidative stress, high temperature and UV-B irradiation provide new insights into fungal adaptation to stressful environment and host invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Arockiaraj J, Easwvaran S, Vanaraja P, Singh A, Othman RY, Bhassu S. Molecular cloning, characterization and gene expression of an antioxidant enzyme catalase (MrCat) from Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:670-82. [PMID: 22293093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we reported a full length of catalase gene (designated as MrCat), identified from the transcriptome database of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The complete gene sequence of the MrCat is 2504 base pairs in length, and encodes 516 amino acids. The MrCat protein contains three domains such as catalase 1 (catalase proximal heme-ligand signature) at 350-358, catalase 2 (catalase proximal active site signature) at 60-76 and catalase 3 (catalase family profile) at 20-499. The mRNA expressions of MrCat in healthy and the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) challenged M. rosenbergii were examined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The MrCat is highly expressed in digestive tract and all the other tissues (walking leg, gills, muscle, hemocyte, hepatopancreas, pleopods, brain and eye stalk) of M. rosenbergii taken for analysis. The expression is strongly up-regulated in digestive tract after IHHNV challenge. To understand its biological activity, the recombinant MrCat gene was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant MrCat existed in high thermal stability and broad spectrum of pH, which showed over 95% enzyme activity between pH 5 and 10.5, and was stable from 40 °C to 70 °C, and exhibited 85-100% enzyme activity from 30 °C to 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Centre for Biotechnology in Agriculture Research, Division of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bourdais A, Bidard F, Zickler D, Berteaux-Lecellier V, Silar P, Espagne E. Wood utilization is dependent on catalase activities in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29820. [PMID: 22558065 PMCID: PMC3338752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalases are enzymes that play critical roles in protecting cells against the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. They are implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions but some of their functions remain unclear. In order to decipher the role(s) of catalases during the life cycle of Podospora anserina, we analyzed the role of the four monofunctional catalases and one bifunctional catalase-peroxidase genes present in its genome. The five genes were deleted and the phenotypes of each single and all multiple mutants were investigated. Intriguingly, although the genes are differently expressed during the life cycle, catalase activity is dispensable during both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction in laboratory conditions. Catalases are also not essential for cellulose or fatty acid assimilation. In contrast, they are strictly required for efficient utilization of more complex biomass like wood shavings by allowing growth in the presence of lignin. The secreted CATB and cytosolic CAT2 are the major catalases implicated in peroxide resistance, while CAT2 is the major player during complex biomass assimilation. Our results suggest that P. anserina produces external H2O2 to assimilate complex biomass and that catalases are necessary to protect the cells during this process. In addition, the phenotypes of strains lacking only one catalase gene suggest that a decrease of catalase activity improves the capacity of the fungus to degrade complex biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bourdais
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8621, Orsay, France
- CNRS, Orsay, France
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6061, Rennes, France
- UEB Université Rennes 1, IFR 140, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Frederique Bidard
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8621, Orsay, France
- CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Denise Zickler
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8621, Orsay, France
- CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Veronique Berteaux-Lecellier
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8621, Orsay, France
- CNRS, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence « CORAIL », USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE, BP 1013, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Philippe Silar
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8621, Orsay, France
- CNRS, Orsay, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Eric Espagne
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 8621, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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The reaction mechanisms of heme catalases: an atomistic view by ab initio molecular dynamics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 525:121-30. [PMID: 22516655 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalases are ubiquitous enzymes that prevent cell oxidative damage by degrading hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen (2H(2)O(2) → 2H(2)O+O(2)) with high efficiency. The enzyme is first oxidized to a high-valent iron intermediate, known as Compound I (Cpd I, Por(·+)-Fe(IV)=O) which, at difference from other hydroperoxidases, is reduced back to the resting state by further reacting with H(2)O(2). The normal catalase activity is reduced if Cpd I is consumed in a competing side reaction, forming a species named Cpd I*. In recent years, Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods have unraveled the electronic configuration of these high-valent iron species, helping to assign the intermediates trapped in the crystal structures of oxidized catalases. It has been demonstrated that the a priori assumption that the H(+)/H(-) type of mechanism for Cpd I reduction leads to the generation of singlet oxygen is not justified. Moreover, it has been shown by ab initio metadynamics simulations that two pathways are operative for Cpd I reduction: a His-mediated mechanism (described as H·/H(+) + e(-)) in which the distal His acts as an acid-base catalyst and a direct mechanism (described as H·/H·) in which the distal His does not play a direct role. Independently of the mechanism, the reaction proceeds by two one-electron transfers rather than one two-electron transfer, as previously assumed. Electron transfer to Cpd I, regardless of whether the electron is exogenous or endogenous, facilitates protonation of the oxoferryl group, to the point that formation of Cpd I* may be controlled by the easiness of protonation of reduced Cpd I.
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Carneiro P, Duarte M, Videira A. Disruption of alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases leads to decreased mitochondrial ROS in Neurospora crassa. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:402-9. [PMID: 22100504 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a main providers of high levels of energy, but also a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal oxidative metabolism. The involvement of Neurospora crassa alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in mitochondrial ROS production was evaluated. The growth responses of a series of respiratory mutants to several stress conditions revealed that disrupting alternative dehydrogenases leads to an increased tolerance to the redox cycler paraquat, with a mutant devoid of the external NDE1 and NDE2 enzymes being significantly more resistant. The nde1nde2 mutant mitochondria show a significant decrease in ROS generation in the presence and absence of paraquat, regardless of the respiratory substrate used, and an intrinsic increase in catalase activity. Analysis of ROS production by a complex I mutant (nuo51) indicates that, as in other organisms, paraquat-derived ROS in Neurospora mitochondria occur mainly at the level of complex I. We propose that disruption of the external NAD(P)H dehydrogenases NDE1 and NDE2 leads to a synergistic effect diminishing ROS generation by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This, in addition to a robust increase in scavenging capacity, provides the mutant strain with an improved ability to withstand paraquat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Carneiro
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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29
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Catalase evolved to concentrate H2O2 at its active site. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Fungi are amongst the most industrially important microorganisms in current use within the biotechnology industry. Most such fungal cultures are highly aerobic in nature, a character that has been frequently referred to in both reactor design and fungal physiology. The most fundamentally significant outcome of the highly aerobic growth environment in fermenter vessels is the need for the fungal culture to effectively combat in the intracellular environment the negative consequences of high oxygen transfer rates. The use of oxygen as the respiratory substrate is frequently reported to lead to the development of oxidative stress, mainly due to oxygen-derived free radicals, which are collectively termed as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, there has been extensive research on the occurrence, extent, and consequences of oxidative stress in microorganisms, and the underlying mechanisms through which cells prevent and repair the damage caused by ROS. In the present study, we critically review the current understanding of oxidative stress events in industrially relevant fungi. The review first describes the current state of knowledge of ROS concisely, and then the various antioxidant strategies employed by fungal cells to counteract the deleterious effects, together with their implications in fungal bioprocessing are also discussed. Finally, some recommendations for further research are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Strathclyde Fermentation Centre, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Medium Selection and Effect of Higher Oxygen Concentration Pulses on Metarhizium anisopliae var. lepidiotum Conidial Production and Quality. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:387-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ponts N, Couedelo L, Pinson-Gadais L, Verdal-Bonnin MN, Barreau C, Richard-Forget F. Fusariumresponse to oxidative stress by H2O2is trichothecene chemotype-dependent. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 293:255-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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33
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Structure–Function Relationships in Fungal Large-Subunit Catalases. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:218-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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ATF-1 transcription factor regulates the expression of ccg-1 and cat-1 genes in response to fludioxonil under OS-2 MAP kinase in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1562-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alfonso-Prieto M, Vidossich P, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Carpena X, Fita I, Loewen PC, Rovira C. Electronic State of the Molecular Oxygen Released by Catalase. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12842-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Laboratori de Simulació Computacional i Modelització (CoSMoLab), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Department
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Laboratori de Simulació Computacional i Modelització (CoSMoLab), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Department
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Laboratori de Simulació Computacional i Modelització (CoSMoLab), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Department
| | - Xavi Carpena
- Laboratori de Simulació Computacional i Modelització (CoSMoLab), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Department
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Laboratori de Simulació Computacional i Modelització (CoSMoLab), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Department
| | - Peter C. Loewen
- Laboratori de Simulació Computacional i Modelització (CoSMoLab), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Department
| | - Carme Rovira
- Laboratori de Simulació Computacional i Modelització (CoSMoLab), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional de la Universitat de Barcelona (IQTCUB), Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-CSIC), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Department
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Yamashita K, Shiozawa A, Banno S, Fukumori F, Ichiishi A, Kimura M, Fujimura M. Involvement of OS-2 MAP kinase in regulation of the large-subunit catalases CAT-1 and CAT-3 in Neurospora crassa. Genes Genet Syst 2008; 82:301-10. [PMID: 17895581 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.82.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurospora crassa has four catalase genes--cat-1, cat-2, cat-3, and ctt-1/cat-4. cat-1 and cat-3 encode two fungal-specific large-subunit catalases CAT-1 and CAT-3 normally produced in conidia and growing hyphae, respectively. cat-2 encodes CAT-2 catalase-peroxidase normally produced in conidia. ctt-1 (or cat-4), of which expression was controlled by OS-2 MAP kinase (Noguchi et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 44, 208-218), encodes a small-subunit catalase with unknown function. To clarify the contribution of OS-2 on the regulation of CAT-1, CAT-2, and CAT-3, we performed quantitative RT-PCR and in-gel catalase activity analyses. When the hyphae were treated with a fungicide (1 mug/ml fludioxonil) or subjected to an osmotic stress (1 M sorbitol), cat-1 was strongly upregulated and CAT-1 was reasonably induced in the wild-type strain. Interestingly, fludioxonil caused not only the CAT-1 induction but also a remarkable CAT-3 decrease in the wild-type hyphae, implying of an abnormal stimulation of asexual differentiation. These responses were not observed in an os-2 mutant hyphae, indicating an involvement of OS-2 in the cat-1 expression; however, os-2 was dispensable for the production of CAT-1 in conidia. In contrast, the expression of cat-2 was significantly induced by heat shock (45 degrees C) and that of cat-3 was moderately stimulated by an oxidative stress (50 microg/ml methyl viologen) in both the wild-type strain and the os-2 mutant, and corresponding enzyme activities were detected after the treatments. Although basal levels of transcription of cat-1 and cat-3 in an os-2 mutant hyphae were a few-fold lower than in the wild-type hyphae, the os-2 mutant exhibited a considerably lower levels of CAT-3 activity than the wild-type strain. These findings suggest that OS-2 MAP kinase regulated the expression of cat-1 and cat-3 transcriptionally, and probably that of cat-3 posttranscriptionally, even though the presence of another regulatory system for each of these two genes is evident.
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Gessler NN, Aver’yanov AA, Belozerskaya TA. Reactive oxygen species in regulation of fungal development. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:1091-109. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Wang N, Yoshida Y, Hasunuma K. Catalase-1 (CAT-1) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase-1 (NDK-1) play an important role in protecting conidial viability under light stress in Neurospora crassa. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 278:235-42. [PMID: 17636331 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently we reported that Catalase-1 (CAT-1) played an important role in protecting conidial viability in Neurospora crassa, and interacted with a light signal transducer, nucleoside diphosphate kinase-1 (NDK-1). To disclose the functional interaction between CAT-1 and NDK-1 at the genetic level, we created CAT-1 and NDK-1 double mutants, cat-1;ndk-1-1 and cat-1;ndk-1-2, by crossing single mutants of cat-1 ( RIP ) and ndk-1 ( P72H ) previously isolated in our laboratory. The double mutant strains grew normally, but showed increased CAT-2 activity. In cat-1 ( RIP ), NDK activity was increased when dCDP was used as a substrate. ndk-1 ( P72H ), cat-1;ndk-1-1, and cat-1;ndk-1-2 were more sensitive to riboflavin than the wild type and cat-1 ( RIP ) under strong light (100 microE m(-2) s(-1)). The pull-down experiment suggests that His-tagged NDK-1 is bound to [(32)P]NADH. However, his-tagged NDK-1(P72H) was not bound to [(32)P]NADH. The double mutants showed much lower conidial viability and lost all conidial germination ability much more rapidly than cat-1 ( RIP ), when they were cultured under continuous light for more than 2 weeks. These results indicate that the interaction of CAT-1 with NDK-1 plays an important role in supporting the survival of conidia under oxidative and light-induced stress including singlet oxygen, and confirm our former conclusion that reactive oxygen species play an important role in light signal transduction via NDK-1 at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyan Wang
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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Skamnioti P, Henderson C, Zhang Z, Robinson Z, Gurr SJ. A novel role for catalase B in the maintenance of fungal cell-wall integrity during host invasion in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:568-80. [PMID: 17506334 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-5-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Asexual spores of the rice blast fungus germinate to produce a specialized and melanized infection structure, the appressorium, which is pivotal to successful plant penetration. To investigate whether Magnaporthe grisea counteracts the toxic burst of H2O2 localized beneath the site of attempted invasion, we examined the temporal expression of five candidate antioxidant genes. Of these, the putatively secreted large subunit catalase CATB gene was 600-fold up-regulated in vivo, coincident with penetration, and moderately up-regulated in vitro, in response to exogenous H2O2. Targeted gene replacement of CATB led to compromised pathogen fitness; the catB mutant displayed paler pigmentation and accelerated hyphal growth but lower biomass, poorer sporulation, fragile conidia and appressoria, and impaired melanization. The catB mutant was severely less pathogenic than Guy 11 on barley and rice, and its infectivity was further reduced on exposure to H2O2. The wild-type phenotype was restored by the reintroduction of CATB into the catB mutant We found no evidence to support a role for CATB in detoxification of the host-derived H2O2 at the site of penetration. Instead, we demonstrated that CATB plays a part in strengthening the fungal wall, a role of particular importance during forceful entry into the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Skamnioti
- Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Schliebs W, Würtz C, Kunau WH, Veenhuis M, Rottensteiner H. A eukaryote without catalase-containing microbodies: Neurospora crassa exhibits a unique cellular distribution of its four catalases. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:1490-502. [PMID: 16963632 PMCID: PMC1563580 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00113-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbodies usually house catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide generated within the organelle by the action of various oxidases. Here we have analyzed whether peroxisomes (i.e., catalase-containing microbodies) exist in Neurospora crassa. Three distinct catalase isoforms were identified by native catalase activity gels under various peroxisome-inducing conditions. Subcellular fractionation by density gradient centrifugation revealed that most of the spectrophotometrically measured activity was present in the light upper fractions, with an additional small peak coinciding with the peak fractions of HEX-1, the marker protein for Woronin bodies, a compartment related to the microbody family. However, neither in-gel assays nor monospecific antibodies generated against the three purified catalases detected the enzymes in any dense organellar fraction. Furthermore, staining of an N. crassa wild-type strain with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H(2)O(2) did not lead to catalase-dependent reaction products within microbodies. Nonetheless, N. crassa does possess a gene (cat-4) whose product is most similar to the peroxisomal type of monofunctional catalases. This novel protein indeed exhibited catalase activity, but was not localized to microbodies either. We conclude that N. crassa lacks catalase-containing peroxisomes, a characteristic that is probably restricted to a few filamentous fungi that produce little hydrogen peroxide within microbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schliebs
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abt. Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Wang N, Yoshida Y, Hasunuma K. Loss of Catalase-1 (Cat-1) results in decreased conidial viability enhanced by exposure to light in Neurospora crassa. Mol Genet Genomics 2006; 277:13-22. [PMID: 17077971 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-006-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Light is one of the most important factors inducing morphogenesis in Neurospora crassa. The reception of light triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Catalase-1 (Cat-1) is one of three catalases known to detoxify H(2)O(2) into water and oxygen. We reported that the photomorphogenetic characteristics of mutants in nucleoside diphosphate kinase-1 (NDK-1), a light signal transducer, are severely affected, and NDK-1 interacted with Cat-1 in a yeast two-hybrid assay. To disclose the function of Cat-1, we created a Cat-1 loss-of-function mutant (cat-1 ( RIP )) by the repeat induced point-mutation (RIPing) method. No Cat-1 activity was detected in the mutant strain. Forty guanines were replaced with adenines in the cat-1 gene of cat-1 ( RIP ), which caused 30 amino acid substitutions. The mutant strain grew normally, but its conidia and mycelia were more sensitive to H(2)O(2) than those of the wild type. The lack of Cat-1 activity also caused a significant reduction in the conidial germination rate. Furthermore, light enhanced this reduction in cat-1 ( RIP ) more than that in the wild type. Introduction of cat-1 into the mutant reversed all of these defective phenotypes. These results indicate that Cat-1 plays an important role in supporting the survival of conidia under oxidative and light-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyan Wang
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
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Belozerskaya TA, Gessler NN. Oxidative stress and differentiation in Neurospora crassa. Microbiology (Reading) 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261706040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yoshida Y, Ogura Y, Hasunuma K. Interaction of nucleoside diphosphate kinase and catalases for stress and light responses in Neurospora crassa. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3282-6. [PMID: 16697373 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) is an ubiquitous enzyme with the function of a signal transducer. In Neurospora crassa, an ndk-1(P72H) mutant carrying the point mutation Pro72His was isolated. We found that ndk-1(P72H) showed hypersensitivity to oxidative and heat stress and a decrease in the levels of catalase (Cat)-1 and -3 induced by oxidative, heat stress and illumination compared with wild type (Wt). We found, by conducting a yeast two-hybrid assay, that Cat-1 interacted with NDK-1. NDK-1 was suggested to control Cat-1 and Cat-3 at the post-transcriptional level in response to heat, oxidative stress and light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshida
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research and Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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Gessler NN, Leonovich OA, Rabinovich YM, Rudchenko MN, Belozerskaya TA. A comparative study of the components of the antioxidant defense system during growth of the mycelium of a wild-type Neurospora crassa strain and mutants, white collar-1 and white collar-2. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683806030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bowman SM, Piwowar A, Al Dabbous M, Vierula J, Free SJ. Mutational analysis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor pathway demonstrates that GPI-anchored proteins are required for cell wall biogenesis and normal hyphal growth in Neurospora crassa. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:587-600. [PMID: 16524913 PMCID: PMC1398062 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.3.587-600.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using mutational and proteomic approaches, we have demonstrated the importance of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor pathway for cell wall synthesis and integrity and for the overall morphology of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Mutants affected in the gpig-1, gpip-1, gpip-2, gpip-3, and gpit-1 genes, which encode components of the N. crassa GPI anchor biosynthetic pathway, have been characterized. GPI anchor mutants exhibit colonial morphologies, significantly reduced rates of growth, altered hyphal growth patterns, considerable cellular lysis, and an abnormal "cell-within-a-cell" phenotype. The mutants are deficient in the production of GPI-anchored proteins, verifying the requirement of each altered gene for the process of GPI-anchoring. The mutant cell walls are abnormally weak, contain reduced amounts of protein, and have an altered carbohydrate composition. The mutant cell walls lack a number of GPI-anchored proteins, putatively involved in cell wall biogenesis and remodeling. From these studies, we conclude that the GPI anchor pathway is critical for proper cell wall structure and function in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cooke Hall, Room 109, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Hisada H, Hata Y, Kawato A, Abe Y, Akita O. Cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from Aspergillus oryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:562-8. [PMID: 16233832 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. We cloned two catalase genes, catA and catB, from Aspergillus oryzae. The catA gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with Aspergillus fumigatus catalase (catA) and 77% with Aspergillus nidulans catalase (catA). The catB gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with A. fumigatus catalase (catB) and 75% with A. nidulans catalase (catB). However, the catA and catB genes share little homology (41%) with one another, suggesting that each gene belongs to a distinct gene family. Overexpression studies demonstrated that both genes encode a functional catalase. Promoter assays indicated that the catA gene is developmentally regulated as it was preferentially expressed in solid-state cultures undergoing sporulation. However, its expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Conversely, the catB gene was highly expressed under all culture conditions tested, and it was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. These results suggest that the catB gene may be mainly used for detoxification of oxidative stress while the catA gene may have another role such as chaperoning proteins in the spore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromoto Hisada
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 24 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8361, Japan.
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Wang J, Higgins VJ. Nitric oxide has a regulatory effect in the germination of conidia of Colletotrichum coccodes. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:284-92. [PMID: 15749048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) was first detected in mammals and has since been found in plants and in micro-organisms such as bacteria. NO is an important signalling molecule involved in a number of critical signal transduction pathways. To date, NO has not been directly detected in fungi, and little research on NO and fungi has been completed. Here, the role of NO in the germination of Colletotrichum coccodes conidia was investigated. Conidia were germinated on microscope slides, treated with chemicals to block NO, to add NO, and/or to detect NO, and assessed for their stage of development over 24 h. NO was detected in germinating conidia at all stages of development. Exogenous NO delayed germination, while treatment with NO inhibitors accelerated germination, suggesting NO may have a regulatory effect in germination. The differential effect of the various inhibitors suggests the fungal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) may be biochemically similar to mammalian constitutive NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wang
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3B2
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Aguirre J, Ríos-Momberg M, Hewitt D, Hansberg W. Reactive oxygen species and development in microbial eukaryotes. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:111-8. [PMID: 15737729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been regarded as inevitable harmful by-products of aerobic metabolism. Growing evidence, however, suggests that ROS play important physiological roles. This raises questions about the pathways that different groups of organisms use to produce and sense ROS. In microbial eukaryotes, recent data show (i) increased ROS levels during cell differentiation, (ii) the existence of ROS-producing enzymes, such as NADPH oxidases (NOX), (iii) the involvement of NOX in developmental processes, and (iv) a conservation in the signal-transduction mechanisms used to detect ROS. This shows that manipulation of reactive species, as strategy to regulate cell differentiation, is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and suggests that such strategy was selected early in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular-UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-242, 04510 México, D.F., México.
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Rerngsamran P, Murphy MB, Doyle SA, Ebbole DJ. Fluffy, the major regulator of conidiation in Neurospora crassa, directly activates a developmentally regulated hydrophobin gene. Mol Microbiol 2005; 56:282-97. [PMID: 15773996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fluffy (fl) gene of Neurospora crassa is required for asexual sporulation and encodes an 88 kDa polypeptide containing a typical fungal Zn2Cys6 DNA-binding motif. Identification of genes regulated by fl will provide insight into how fungi regulate growth during morphogenesis. As a step towards identifying the target genes on which FL may act, we sought to define target sequences to which the FL protein binds. The DNA binding domain of FL was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with glutathione S-transferase (GST) and purified using glutathione-sepharose affinity chromatography. The DNA binding sites were selected and amplified by means of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated random-site selection method involving affinity bead-binding and gel mobility shift analysis. Sequencing and comparison of the selected clones suggested that FL binds to the motif 5'-CGG(N)9CCG-3'. A potential binding site was found in the promoter region of the eas (ccg-2) gene, which encodes a fungal hydrophobin. In vitro competitive binding assays revealed a preferred binding site for FL in the eas promoter, 5'-CGGAAGTTTC CTCCG-3', which is located 1498 bp upstream of the eas translation initiation codon. In vivo experiments using a foreign DNA sequence tag also confirmed that this sequence resides in a region required for FL regulation. In addition, yeast one hybrid experiments demonstrated that the C-terminal portion of FL functions in transcriptional activation. Transcriptional profiling was used to identify additional potential targets for regulation by fl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panan Rerngsamran
- Program for the Biology of Filamentous Fungi, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Díaz A, Horjales E, Rudiño-Piñera E, Arreola R, Hansberg W. Unusual Cys-Tyr covalent bond in a large catalase. J Mol Biol 2004; 342:971-85. [PMID: 15342250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Catalase-1, one of four catalase activities of Neurospora crassa, is associated with non-growing cells and accumulates in asexual spores. It is a large, tetrameric, highly efficient, and durable enzyme that is active even at molar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Catalase-1 is oxidized at the heme by singlet oxygen without significant effects on enzyme activity. Here we present the crystal structure of catalase-1 at 1.75A resolution. Compared to structures of other catalases of the large class, the main differences were found at the carboxy-terminal domain. The heme group is rotated 180 degrees around the alpha-gamma-meso carbon axis with respect to clade 3 small catalases. There is no co-ordination bond of the ferric ion at the heme distal side in catalase-1. The catalase-1 structure exhibited partial oxidation of heme b to heme d. Singlet oxygen, produced catalytically or by photosensitization, may hydroxylate C5 and C6 of pyrrole ring III with a subsequent formation of a gamma-spirolactone in C6. The modification site in catalases depends on the way dioxygen exits the protein: mainly through the central channel or the main channel in large and small catalases, respectively. The catalase-1 structure revealed an unusual covalent bond between a cysteine sulphur atom and the essential tyrosine residue of the proximal side of the active site. A peptide with the predicted theoretical mass of the two bound tryptic peptides was detected by mass spectrometry. A mechanism for the Cys-Tyr covalent bond formation is proposed. The tyrosine bound to the cysteine residue would be less prone to donate electrons to compound I to form compound II, explaining catalase-1 resistance to substrate inhibition and inactivation. An apparent constriction of the main channel at Ser198 lead us to propose a gate that opens the narrow part of the channel when there is sufficient hydrogen peroxide in the small cavity before the gate. This mechanism would explain the increase in catalytic velocity as the hydrogen peroxide concentration rises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Díaz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., CP 04510, México
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