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Demirci-Çekiç S, Özkan G, Avan AN, Uzunboy S, Çapanoğlu E, Apak R. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114477. [PMID: 34920302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are produced during normal metabolism in human body. These species can be both radical and non-radical and have varying degrees of reactivity. Although they have some important functions in the human body, such as contributing to signal transmission and the immune system, their presence must be balanced by the antioxidant defense system. The human body has an excellent intrinsic enzymatic antioxidant system in addition to different non-enzymatic antioxidants having small molecular masses. An extrinsic source of antioxidants are foodstuffs such as fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, mostly rich in polyphenols. When the delicate biochemical balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed in favor of oxidants, "oxidative stress" conditions emerge, under which reactive species can cause oxidative damage to biomacromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA. This oxidative damage is often associated with cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. Because reactive species are extremely short-lived, it is almost impossible to measure their concentrations directly. Although there are certain methods such as ESR / EPR that serve this purpose, they have some disadvantages and are quite costly systems. Therefore, products generated from oxidative damage of proteins, lipids and DNA are often used to quantify the extent of oxidative damage rather than direct measurement of reactive species. These oxidative damage products are usually known as biomarkers. Determination of the concentrations of these biomarkers and changes in the concentration of protective antioxidants can provide useful information for avoiding certain diseases and keep healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Demirci-Çekiç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Özkan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical Uviversity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Neslihan Avan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Uzunboy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Çapanoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical Uviversity, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Vedat Dalokay St. No. 112, Cankaya, 06670 Ankara, Turkey.
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Ng LF, Ng LT, van Breugel M, Halliwell B, Gruber J. Mitochondrial DNA Damage Does Not Determine C. elegans Lifespan. Front Genet 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 31031801 PMCID: PMC6473201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging (mFRTA) proposes that accumulation of oxidative damage to macromolecules in mitochondria is a causative mechanism for aging. Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage may be of particular interest in this context. While there is evidence for age-dependent accumulation of mtDNA damage, there have been only a limited number of investigations into mtDNA damage as a determinant of longevity. This lack of quantitative data regarding mtDNA damage is predominantly due to a lack of reliable assays to measure mtDNA damage. Here, we report adaptation of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay for the detection of sequence-specific mtDNA damage in C. elegans and apply this method to investigate the role of mtDNA damage in the aging of nematodes. We compare damage levels in old and young animals and also between wild-type animals and long-lived mutant strains or strains with modifications in ROS detoxification or production rates. We confirm an age-dependent increase in mtDNA damage levels in C. elegans but found that there is no simple relationship between mtDNA damage and lifespan. MtDNA damage levels were high in some mutants with long lifespan (and vice versa). We next investigated mtDNA damage, lifespan and healthspan effects in nematode subjected to exogenously elevated damage (UV- or γ-radiation induced). We, again, observed a complex relationship between damage and lifespan in such animals. Despite causing a significant elevation in mtDNA damage, γ-radiation did not shorten the lifespan of nematodes at any of the doses tested. When mtDNA damage levels were elevated significantly using UV-radiation, nematodes did suffer from shorter lifespan at the higher end of exposure tested. However, surprisingly, we also found hormetic lifespan and healthspan benefits in nematodes treated with intermediate doses of UV-radiation, despite the fact that mtDNA damage in these animals was also significantly elevated. Our results suggest that within a wide physiological range, the level of mtDNA damage does not control lifespan in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang Ng
- Ageing Research Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Theng Ng
- Ageing Research Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Gruber
- Ageing Research Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Wirth MD, Murphy EA, Hurley TG, Hébert JR. Effect of Cruciferous Vegetable Intake on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: Differences by Breast Cancer Status. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:277-287. [PMID: 28272911 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1289218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This post hoc analysis examined cruciferous vegetable intake on urinary oxidative metabolites in postmenopausal women. Intervention participants (n = 69) received cruciferous vegetables (≥14 cups/week) during a 3-week period. First morning urine measured 8-isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Dietary intake was estimated using 24-h recalls. When stratified by history of breast cancer, those with breast cancer had significantly lower post-intervention urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine values in the intervention arm versus. the control arm (1.1 ng/mL vs. 3.2 ng/mL, p = .01) after adjustment for baseline 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. This was not observed in those without breast cancer. Further work is needed to understand the role of breast cancer in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wirth
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,b Cancer Prevention and Control Program , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,c Connecting Health Innovation, LLC , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- d Department of Pathology , Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - Thomas G Hurley
- c Connecting Health Innovation, LLC , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - James R Hébert
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,b Cancer Prevention and Control Program , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,c Connecting Health Innovation, LLC , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
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Francés-Monerris A, Merchán M, Roca-Sanjuán D. Mechanism of the OH Radical Addition to Adenine from Quantum-Chemistry Determinations of Reaction Paths and Spectroscopic Tracking of the Intermediates. J Org Chem 2016; 82:276-288. [PMID: 27957829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The OH radical is a well-known mediator in the oxidation of biological structures like DNA. Over the past decades, the precise events taking place after reaction of DNA nucleobases with OH radical have been widely investigated by the scientific community. Thirty years after the proposal of the main routes for the reaction of •OH with adenine ( Vieira , A. ; Steenken , S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990 , 112 , 6986 - 6994 ), the present work demonstrates that the OH radical addition to C4 position is a minor pathway. Instead, the dehydration process is mediated by the A5OH adduct. Conclusions are based on density functional theory calculations for the ground-state reactivity and highly accurate multiconfigurational computations for the excited states of the radical intermediates. The methodology has been also used to study the mechanism giving rise to the mutagens 8-oxoA and FAPyA. Taking into account the agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical results, it is concluded that addition to the C5 and C8 positions accounts for at least ∼44.5% of the total •OH reaction in water solution. Finally, the current findings suggest that hydrophobicity in the DNA/RNA surroundings facilitates the formation of 8-oxoA and FAPyA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Merchán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , P.O. Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , P.O. Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
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Ahiskalioglu A, Ince I, Aksoy M, Ahiskalioglu EO, Comez M, Dostbil A, Celik M, Alp HH, Coskun R, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Suleyman B. Comparative Investigation of Protective Effects of Metyrosine and Metoprolol Against Ketamine Cardiotoxicity in Rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2016; 15:336-44. [PMID: 25503950 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of metyrosine against ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats and compared the results with the effect of metoprolol. In this study, rats were divided into groups A, B and C. In group A, we investigated the effects of a single dose of metyrosine (150 mg/kg) and metoprolol (20 mg/kg) on single dose ketamine (60 mg/kg)-induced cardiotoxicity. In group B, we investigated the effect of metyrosine and metoprolol, which were given together with ketamine for 30 days. In group C, we investigated the effect of metyrosine and metoprolol given 15 days before ketamine and 30 days together with ketamine on ketamine cardiotoxicity. By the end of this process, we evaluated the effects of the levels of oxidant-antioxidant parameters such as MDA, MPO, 8-OHGua, tGSH, and SOD in addition to CK-MB and TP I on cardiotoxicity in rat heart tissue. The experimental results show that metyrosine prevented ketamine cardiotoxicity in groups A, B and C and metoprolol prevented it in only group C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahiskalioglu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ilker Ince
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aksoy
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Oral Ahiskalioglu
- Department of Anaesthesiology And Reanimation, Regional Education And Research Hospital, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Comez
- Department of Anaesthesiology And Reanimation, Regional Education And Research Hospital, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Dostbil
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mine Celik
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 100, Yil University, 65000, Van, Turkey
| | - Resit Coskun
- Department of Cardiology, Bayburt State Hospital, 69000, Bayburt, Turkey
| | | | - Bahadir Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53000, Rize, Turkey.
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6
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Dizdaroglu M, Coskun E, Jaruga P. Measurement of oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair, by mass spectrometric techniques. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:525-48. [PMID: 25812590 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1014814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidatively induced damage caused by free radicals and other DNA-damaging agents generate a plethora of products in the DNA of living organisms. There is mounting evidence for the involvement of this type of damage in the etiology of numerous diseases including carcinogenesis. For a thorough understanding of the mechanisms, cellular repair, and biological consequences of DNA damage, accurate measurement of resulting products must be achieved. There are various analytical techniques, with their own advantages and drawbacks, which can be used for this purpose. Mass spectrometric techniques with isotope dilution, which include gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), provide structural elucidation of products and ascertain accurate quantification, which are absolutely necessary for reliable measurement. Both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), in single or tandem versions, have been used for the measurement of numerous DNA products such as sugar and base lesions, 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, base-base tandem lesions, and DNA-protein crosslinks, in vitro and in vivo. This article reviews these techniques and their applications in the measurement of oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dizdaroglu
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, MD , USA
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7
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Muftuoglu M, Mori MP, de Souza-Pinto NC. Formation and repair of oxidative damage in the mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrion 2014; 17:164-81. [PMID: 24704805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for only 13 polypeptides, components of 4 of the 5 oxidative phosphorylation complexes. But despite this apparently small numeric contribution, all 13 subunits are essential for the proper functioning of the oxidative phosphorylation circuit. Thus, accumulation of lesions, mutations and deletions/insertions in the mtDNA could have severe functional consequences, including mitochondrial diseases, aging and age-related diseases. The DNA is a chemically unstable molecule, which can be easily oxidized, alkylated, deaminated and suffer other types of chemical modifications, throughout evolution the organisms that survived were those who developed efficient DNA repair processes. In the last two decades, it has become clear that mitochondria have DNA repair pathways, which operate, at least for some types of lesions, as efficiently as the nuclear DNA repair pathways. The mtDNA is localized in a particularly oxidizing environment, making it prone to accumulate oxidatively generated DNA modifications (ODMs). In this article, we: i) review the major types of ODMs formed in mtDNA and the known repair pathways that remove them; ii) discuss the possible involvement of other repair pathways, just recently characterized in mitochondria, in the repair of these modifications; and iii) address the role of DNA repair in mitochondrial function and a possible cross-talk with other pathways that may potentially participate in mitochondrial genomic stability, such as mitochondrial dynamics and nuclear-mitochondrial signaling. Oxidative stress and ODMs have been increasingly implicated in disease and aging, and thus we discuss how variations in DNA repair efficiency may contribute to the etiology of such conditions or even modulate their clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Muftuoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem University, Atasehir, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mateus P Mori
- Depto. de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Nadja C de Souza-Pinto
- Depto. de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 Brazil.
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8
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Coskun R, Turan MI, Turan IS, Gulapoglu M. The protective effect of thiamine pyrophosphate, but not thiamine, against cardiotoxicity induced with cisplatin in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:290-4. [PMID: 24215635 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.851688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of thiamine pyrophosphate on oxidative damage associated with cardiotoxicity caused by cisplatin (CIS), an antineoplastic agent, in rats, and compared this with thiamine. Animals used in the study were divided into four groups of 6 rats each. These represented a control group receiving 5 mg/kg of CIS, study groups receiving 20 mg/kg of thiamine pyrophosphate plus 5 mg/kg of cisplatin (CTPG) or 20 mg/kg of thiamine plus 5 mg/kg of cisplatin and a healthy (H) group. All doses were administered intraperitoneally once a day for 14 days. Malondialdehyde, total glutathione and products of DNA injury results were similar in the CTPG and H groups (p > 0.05). Creatinine kinase, creatine kinase MB and troponin 1 levels were similar in the CTPG and H groups (p > 0.05). Thiamine pyrophosphate prevented CIS-associated oxidative stress and heart injury, whereas thiamine did not prevent these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resit Coskun
- Department of Cardiology, Numune State Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
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The effect of thiamine and thiamine pyrophosphate on oxidative liver damage induced in rats with cisplatin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:783809. [PMID: 23841092 PMCID: PMC3690212 DOI: 10.1155/2013/783809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thiamine and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) on oxidative stress induced with cisplatin in liver tissue. Rats were divided into four groups; thiamine group (TG), TPP + cisplatin group (TPG), healthy animal group (HG), and cisplatin only group (CG). Oxidant and antioxidant parameters in liver tissue and AST, ALT, and LDH levels in rat sera were measured in all groups. Malondialdehyde levels in the CG, TG, TPG, and HG groups were 11 ± 1.4, 9 ± 0.5, 3 ± 0.5, and 2.2 ± 0.48 μ mol/g protein, respectively. Total glutathione levels were 2 ± 0.7, 2.8 ± 0.4, 7 ± 0.8, and 9 ± 0.6 nmol/g protein, respectively. Levels of 8-OH/Gua, a product of DNA damage, were 2.7 ± 0.4 pmol/L, 2.5 ± 0.5, 1.1 ± 0.3, and 0.9 ± 0.3 pmol/L, respectively. A statistically significant difference was determined in oxidant/antioxidant parameters and AST, ALT, and LDH levels between the TPG and CG groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference was determined between the TG and CG groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, cisplatin causes oxidative damage in liver tissue. TPP seems to have a preventive effect on oxidative stress in the liver caused by cisplatin.
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Turan MI, Cayir A, Cetin N, Suleyman H, Turan IS, Tan H. An investigation of the effect of thiamine pyrophosphate on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat brain tissue compared with thiamine. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:14-21. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113485251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg on oxidative stress induced in rat brain tissue with cisplatin and compared this with thiamine. Cisplatin neurotoxicity represents one of the main restrictions on the drug being given in effective doses. Oxidative stress is considered responsible for cisplatin toxicity. Our results showed that cisplatin increased the levels of oxidant parameters such as lipid peroxidation (thio barbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS)) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in brain tissue and suppressed the effects of antioxidants such as total glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). TPP, especially at a dosage of 20 mg/kg, significantly reduced TBARS and MPO levels that increase with cisplatin administration compared with the thiamine group, while TPP significantly increases GSH and SOD levels. In addition, the level of 8-Gua (guanine), a product of DNA damage, was 1.7 ± 0.12 8-hydroxyl guanine (8-OH Gua)/105 Gua in brain tissue in the control group receiving cisplatin, compared with 0.97 ± 0.03 8-OH Gua/105 Gua in the thiamine pyrophosphate (20 mg/kg) group and 1.55 ± 0.11 8-OH Gua/105 Gua in the thiamine (20 mg/kg) group. These results show that thiamine pyrophosphate significantly prevents oxidative damage induced by cisplatin in brain tissue, while the protective effect of thiamine is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- MI Turan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A Cayir
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - N Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - H Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - I Siltelioglu Turan
- Ministry of Health Pasinler Hospital, Department of Internal medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - H Tan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Tiwari D, Kamble J, Chilgunde S, Patil P, Maru G, Kawle D, Bhartiya U, Joseph L, Vanage G. Clastogenic and mutagenic effects of bisphenol A: An endocrine disruptor. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 743:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lee SF, Pervaiz S. Assessment of Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage by Immunoflourescent Analysis of 8-OxodG. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 103:99-113. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385493-3.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dedon PC, DeMott MS, Elmquist CE, Prestwich EG, McFaline JL, Pang B. Challenges in developing DNA and RNA biomarkers of inflammation. Biomark Med 2010; 1:293-312. [PMID: 20477404 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is now a proven cause of human diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. One potential link between inflammation and disease involves secretion of reactive chemical species by immune cells, with chronic damage to host epithelial cells leading to disease. This suggests pathophysiologically that DNA and RNA damage products are candidate biomarkers of inflammation, both for mechanistic understanding of the process and for risk assessment. Of the current approaches to quantifying DNA damage products, mass spectrometry-based methods provide the most rigorous quantification needed for biomarker development, while antibody-based approaches provide the most practical way to implement biomarkers in a clinical setting. Nonetheless, all approaches are biased by adventitious formation of DNA and RNA damage products during sample processing. Recent studies of tissue-derived DNA biomarkers in mouse models of inflammation reveal significant changes only in DNA adducts derived from lipid peroxidation. These and other observations raise the question of the most appropriate sampling compartment for DNA biomarker studies and highlight the emerging role of lipid damage in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Dedon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, NE47-277, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Yokus B, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Cakir DU, Kizil M. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields cause oxidative DNA damage in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:789-95. [PMID: 18979312 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802348203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To detect the genotoxic effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) -magnetic fields (MF) on oxidative DNA base modifications [8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua), 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua) and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde)] in rat leucocytes, measured following exposure to ELF-MF. MATERIALS AND METHODS After exposure to ELF-MF (50 Hz, 100 and 500 microT, for 2 hours/day during 10 months), DNA was extracted, and measurement of DNA lesions was achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). RESULTS Levels of FapyAde, FapyGua and 8OHdG in DNA were increased by both 100 microT and 500 microT ELF-MF as compared to a cage-control and a sham group; however, statistical significance was observed only in the group exposed to 100 microT. CONCLUSION This is the first study to report that ELF-MF exposure generates oxidatively induced DNA base modifications which are mutagenic in mammalian cells, such as FapyGua, FapyAde and 8-OH-Gua, in vivo. This may explain previous studies showing DNA damage and genomic instability. These findings support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to 50-Hz MF may be potentially genotoxic. However, the intensity of ELF-MF has an important influence on the extent of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beran Yokus
- Dicle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Depertmant of Biochemistry, 21280, Diyarbakir Turkey.
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Jaruga P, Kirkali G, Dizdaroglu M. Measurement of formamidopyrimidines in DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1601-9. [PMID: 18926902 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Formamidopyrimidines, 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde) and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua), are among major lesions in DNA generated by hydroxyl radical attack, UV radiation, or photosensitization in vitro and in vivo. FapyAde and FapyGua exist in living cells at detectable background levels and are formed by exposure of cells to DNA-damaging agents. Numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA glycosylases exist for the repair of formamidopyrimidines by base excision repair pathways in cells, indicating their biological significance. Moreover, they are premutagenic lesions, albeit to different extents, revealing a possible role in disease processes. Methodologies using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with capillary columns have been developed to accurately measure FapyAde and FapyGua in DNA in vitro and in vivo. Stable isotope-labeled analogues of these compounds have been synthesized and are commercially available to be used as internal standards for accurate quantification. GC/MS with isotope dilution provides excellent sensitivity and selectivity for positive identification and accurate quantification, and has widely been applied in the past to the measurement of formamidopyrimidines under numerous experimental conditions. This paper reports on the details of this GC/MS methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jaruga
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Taghizadeh K, McFaline JL, Pang B, Sullivan M, Dong M, Plummer E, Dedon PC. Quantification of DNA damage products resulting from deamination, oxidation and reaction with products of lipid peroxidation by liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1287-98. [PMID: 18714297 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of damage products as biomarkers of inflammation has been hampered by a poor understanding of the chemical biology of inflammation, the lack of sensitive analytical methods and a focus on single chemicals as surrogates for inflammation. To overcome these problems, we developed a general and sensitive liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) method to quantify, in a single DNA sample, the nucleoside forms of seven DNA lesions reflecting the range of chemistries associated with inflammation: 2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-deoxyxanthosine and 2'-deoxyinosine from nitrosative deamination; 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine from oxidation; and 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine, 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine and 3,N(4)-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine arising from reaction of DNA with lipid peroxidation products. Using DNA purified from cells or tissues under conditions that minimize artifacts, individual nucleosides are purified by HPLC and quantified by isotope-dilution, electrospray ionization LC/MS-MS. The method can be applied to other DNA damage products and requires 4-6 d to complete depending upon the number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koli Taghizadeh
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Son J, Pang B, McFaline JL, Taghizadeh K, Dedon PC. Surveying the damage: the challenges of developing nucleic acid biomarkers of inflammation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:902-8. [PMID: 18704228 DOI: 10.1039/b719411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence points to a cause and effect relationship between chronic inflammation and human maladies such as cancer, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease. A critical link between inflammation and disease may lie in the secretion of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by macrophages and neutrophils, including hypohalous acids, nitrous anhydride, and nitrosoperoxycarbonate. Exposure of host epithelial cells to the resulting oxidation, nitration, nitrosation and halogenation chemistries leads to damage of all types of cellular molecules. Since nucleic acids sustain damage representative of the full spectrum of different chemistries and the damage likely plays a causative role in disease etiology, DNA and RNA damage products can serve as surrogates for the short-lived chemical mediators of inflammation, and as markers that provide both mechanistic understanding of the disease process and a means to quantify risk of disease. However, the very small quantities of the damaged molecules pose a challenge to the simultaneous quantification of the spectrum of lesions in the manner of proteomics or metabolomics. The goal of this Highlight is to provide an update on the chemistry of inflammation and the development of biomarkers of inflammation in the age of -omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Son
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE47-277, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Min K, Ebeler SE. Flavonoid effects on DNA oxidation at low concentrations relevant to physiological levels. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:96-104. [PMID: 17707569 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, which are abundant in fruits and vegetables, are known to have many beneficial health effects. Antioxidant activity is likely to be a main function but has been mostly studied at high flavonoid concentrations which are not feasible at the intracellular level. In this experiment, several flavonoids (e.g., catechin, quercetin, myricetin, luteolin, morin and cyanidin) were examined at low physiologically relevant concentrations. Calf thymus DNA was treated with different flavonoids at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microM using Fenton conditions to induce oxidation and several oxidative adducts including 8-hydroxy guanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8-OH guanine) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selective ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM). Catechin, quercetin and cyanidin inhibited 8-OH guanine formation by 92%, 33% and 45%, respectively, at low concentrations (0.1 microM). In addition catechin and quercetin showed antioxidant activities on 8-OH guanine formation over all concentrations. When the oxidative DNA adduct 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (fapy-adenine) was measured, however, the highest concentrations of catechin and quercetin actually increased adduct formation. These results indicate that flavonoids can act as antioxidants at low concentrations relevant to physiological levels. However measuring only one oxidative DNA adduct as a biomarker may result in misleading conclusions regarding antioxidant activities of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmi Min
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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19
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Shi YX, Chen Y, Zhu YZ, Huang GY, Moore PK, Huang SH, Yao T, Zhu YC. Chronic sodium hydrosulfide treatment decreases medial thickening of intramyocardial coronary arterioles, interstitial fibrosis, and ROS production in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2093-100. [PMID: 17630351 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00088.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gasotransmitter that regulates cardiovascular functions. The present study aimed to examine the hypothesis that chronic treatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an H(2)S donor) is able to prevent left-ventricular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Four-week-old SHR were treated with NaHS (10, 30, and 90 micromol x kg(-1) x day(-1)), a combination of NaHS (30 micromol x kg(-1) x day(-1)) and glibenclamide (5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)), glibenclamide alone (5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)), hydralazine alone (10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)), and placebo for 3 mo. At the end of the treatment period, variables such as cardiac geometry and function, intramyocardial arterioles ranging in diameter from 25 to 100 microm, perivascular and interstitial collagen content, reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiol groups, conjugated dienes, and DNA base modification were examined. The novel finding of the present study is that chronic NaHS treatment prevented the hypertrophy of intramyocardial arterioles and ventricular fibrosis, as well as decreased myocardial ROS and conjugated diene levels. The cardioprotective effects were blunted by coadministration of glibenclamide, suggesting a role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in mediating the action of NaHS. Hydralazine caused a comparable reduction of blood pressure compared with NaHS treatment; however, it exerted no effect on the remodeling process or on ROS and conjugated diene levels. Moreover, NaHS treatment caused an increase in myocardial thiol group levels, whereas DNA base modification was not altered by NaHS treatment. In conclusion, the superior cardioprotective effects of NaHS treatment are worthy to be further explored to develop novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cardiac remodeling in hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Blood Chemical Analysis
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cardiomegaly/etiology
- Cardiomegaly/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cardiomegaly/physiopathology
- Cardiomegaly/prevention & control
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Cardiotonic Agents/therapeutic use
- Collagen/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- DNA/drug effects
- DNA/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Fibrosis
- Glyburide/pharmacology
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Hydralazine/pharmacology
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Male
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Sulfides/therapeutic use
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/prevention & control
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xian Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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20
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Jaruga P, Jabil R, McCullough AK, Rodriguez H, Dizdaroglu M, Lloyd RS. Chlorella Virus Pyrimidine Dimer Glycosylase Excises Ultraviolet Radiation- and Hydroxyl Radical-induced Products 4,6-Diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine and 2,6-Diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine from DNA¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750085cvpdge2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Abstract
'Reactive species' (RS) of various types are formed in vivo and many are powerful oxidizing agents, capable of damaging DNA and other biomolecules. Increased formation of RS can promote the development of malignancy, and the 'normal' rates of RS generation may account for the increased risk of cancer development in the aged. Indeed, knockout of various antioxidant defence enzymes raises oxidative damage levels and promotes age-related cancer development in animals. In explaining this, most attention has been paid to direct oxidative damage to DNA by certain RS, such as hydroxyl radical (OH*). However, increased levels of DNA base oxidation products such as 8OHdg (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) do not always lead to malignancy, although malignant tumours often show increased levels of DNA base oxidation. Hence additional actions of RS must be important, possibly their effects on p53, cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis. Chronic inflammation predisposes to malignancy, but the role of RS in this is likely to be complex because RS can sometimes act as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, MD7 Level 2 Singapore 117597.
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22
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Lim KS, Jenner A, Halliwell B. Quantitative gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of 2′-deoxyinosine in tissue DNA. Nat Protoc 2006; 1:1995-2002. [PMID: 17487188 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several studies examining DNA deamination have published levels of 2'-deoxyinosine that illustrated a large variation between studies. Most of them are the result of artifactual DNA deamination that occurs during the process of sample preparation, particularly acid hydrolysis. This protocol for measurement of 2'-deoxyinosine describes the use of nuclease P1 and alkaline phosphatase to achieve release of nucleosides from DNA, followed by HPLC prepurification with subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the nucleosides. It has been used in the measurement of the levels of 2'-deoxyinosine in DNA of commercial sources and DNA from cells and animal tissues, and gives values ranging from 3 to 7 2'-deoxyinosine per 10(6) 2-deoxyadenosine. This protocol should take approximately 7 days to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Seong Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Lim KS, Huang SH, Jenner A, Wang H, Tang SY, Halliwell B. Potential artifacts in the measurement of DNA deamination. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1939-48. [PMID: 16716895 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attack on DNA by some reactive nitrogen species results in deamination of adenine and guanine, leading to the formation of hypoxanthine and xanthine, respectively. Published levels of these products in cellular DNA have varied widely. Although these two deamination products are often measured by GC-MS analysis, the procedure of acid hydrolysis to release DNA bases for derivatization poses a risk of artifactual deamination of the DNA. In this study, we demonstrated the artifactual formation of these two deamination products during acid hydrolysis and hence developed a method for detecting and measuring 2'-deoxyinosine, the nucleoside of hypoxanthine. Our assay for 2'-deoxyinosine employs nuclease P1 and alkaline phosphatase to achieve release of the nucleosides from DNA, followed by HPLC prepurification with subsequent GC-MS analysis of the nucleosides. This assay detected an increase in the levels of 2'-deoxyinosine in DNA when commercial salmon testis DNA was treated with nitrous acid. We also used it to measure levels in various rat tissues of both normal and endotoxin-treated rats, but could not find increased 2'-deoxyinosine formation in tissues even though *NO production was substantially increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Seong Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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24
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Egler RA, Fernandes E, Rothermund K, Sereika S, de Souza-Pinto N, Jaruga P, Dizdaroglu M, Prochownik EV. Regulation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and c-Myc function by peroxiredoxin 1. Oncogene 2005; 24:8038-50. [PMID: 16170382 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of c-Myc results in transformation and multiple other phenotypes, and is accompanied by the deregulation of a large number of target genes. We previously demonstrated that peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), interacts with a region of the c-Myc transcriptional regulatory domain that is essential for transformation. This results either in the suppression or enhancement of some c-Myc functions and in the altered expression of select target genes. Most notably, c-Myc-mediated transformation is inhibited, implying a tumor suppressor role for Prdx1. Consistent with this, prdx1-/- mice develop age-dependent hemolytic anemias and/or malignancies. We now show that erythrocytes and embryonic fibroblasts from these animals contain higher levels of ROS, and that the latter cells show evidence of c-Myc activation, including the ability to be transformed by a ras oncogene alone. In contrast, other primary cells from prdx1-/- mice do not have elevated ROS, but nonetheless show increased oxidative DNA damage. This apparent paradox can be explained by the fact that ROS localize primarily to the cytoplasm of prdx1+/+ cells, whereas in prdx1-/- cells, much higher levels of nuclear ROS are seen. We suggest that increased DNA damage and tumor susceptibility in prdx1-/- animals results from this shift in intracellular ROS. prdx1-/- mice should be useful in studying the role of oxidative DNA damage in the causation of cancer and its prevention by antioxidants. They should also help in studying the relationship between oncogenes such as c-Myc and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Egler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, 3460 Fifth Ave., USA
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25
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Banoub JH, Newton RP, Esmans E, Ewing DF, Mackenzie G. Recent developments in mass spectrometry for the characterization of nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, and nucleic acids. Chem Rev 2005; 105:1869-915. [PMID: 15884792 DOI: 10.1021/cr030040w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Banoub
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's NL A1C 5X1, Canada.
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26
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Bergman V, Leanderson P, Starkhammar H, Tagesson C. Urinary excretion of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde after high dose radiochemotherapy preceding stem cell transplantation. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:300-6. [PMID: 15036349 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The urinary excretion of the hydroxylated DNA base 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) was monitored in 11 patients with hematological malignancies undergoing total body irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy preceding bone marrow transplantation. Nine patients showed a prompt increase in urinary 8-OHdG (8-25 times the initial baseline level) on days 0-7 after irradiation onset; the excretion then decreased during the aplastic period and increased again when engraftment took place (in 7 patients). A significant positive correlation was found between urinary 8-OHdG and whole blood leukocyte count, both on day 5 (p =.04, r =.72) and on day 22 (p =.009, r =.80) after irradiation onset. One patient who lacked the first peak of 8-OHdG excretion showed low blood leukocyte counts (less than 2 x 10(9)/l) before therapy onset; this patient, however, later had a successful engraftment and then also showed considerable increases in both 8-OHdG excretion and leukocyte count. These observations suggest leukocytes play a part in the excretion of 8-OHdG after conditioning therapy preceding bone marrow transplantation. As opposed to the biphasic 8-OHdG excretion, the excretion of MDA showed a single peak appearing on days 11-19 after radiochemotherapy onset, i.e., during the period in which the patients suffered from cytopenia, mucositis, and other side effects of the treatment. It is suggested, therefore, that these clinical manifestations are associated with increased lipid peroxidation. Altogether, these findings illustrate the utility of serial urinary samples for monitoring oxidative stress due to conditioning therapy in clinical practice. They also demonstrate that different oxidative stress markers may behave quite differently regarding their appearance in the urine after whole-body oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Bergman
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Oncology, Sweden.
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27
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Malins DC, Johnson PM, Barker EA, Polissar NL, Wheeler TM, Anderson KM. Cancer-related changes in prostate DNA as men age and early identification of metastasis in primary prostate tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5401-6. [PMID: 12702759 PMCID: PMC154357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0931396100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using statistical analyses of Fourier transform-IR spectra, we show that DNA of the histologically normal prostates of men 16-80 years old undergoes structural changes in the bases and backbone with increasing age. Of the older men (ages 55-80), 42% exhibited a DNA phenotype mimicking that of primary prostate tumors from a comparable age group. This cancer-like phenotype, which was not found in the younger men (ages 16-36), appears to arise from progressive age-related damage to DNA. The mean concentrations of 8-hydroxypurine lesions (e.g., 8-hydroxyguanine) were substantially higher for the older men than for the younger men. This finding suggests that the hydroxyl radical contributed to the structural changes that characterize the cancer-like phenotype. Strikingly, we were additionally able to discriminate between the DNA of primary prostate tumors and the DNA of primary prostate tumors from which distant metastases had been identified. Moreover, logistic regression analysis was able to predict the probability that a tumor had metastasized with approximately 90% sensitivity and specificity. Collectively, these findings are particularly promising for identifying men at risk for developing prostate cancer, as well as for the early determination of whether a primary tumor has progressed to the metastatic state. This is highly important because the prognosis of histologically similar prostate carcinomas varies, thus creating a need to predict which cancers are most likely metastatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Malins
- Biochemical Oncology Program, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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28
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Koc H, Swenberg JA. Applications of mass spectrometry for quantitation of DNA adducts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778:323-43. [PMID: 12376138 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts are formed when electrophilic molecules or free radicals attack DNA. 32P-postlabeling has been the most commonly used assay for quantitation of DNA adducts due mainly to its excellent sensitivity that allows quantitation at concentrations as low as approximately 1 adduct per 10(9) normal bases. Such methods, however, do not have the specificity desired for accurate and reliable quantitation, and are prone to produce false positives and artifacts. In the last decade, mass spectrometry in combination with liquid and gas chromatography has presented itself as a good alternative to these techniques since it can satisfy the need for specificity and reliability through the use of stable isotope-labeled internal standards and highly specific detection modes such as selected reaction monitoring and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In this article, the contribution of mass spectrometry to the quantitation of DNA adducts is reviewed with special emphasis on unique applications of mass spectrometry in the area of DNA adduct quantitation and recent applications with improvements in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Koc
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
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29
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Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley M, van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA. Oxidative DNA damage: biological significance and methods of analysis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2002; 39:331-457. [PMID: 12385502 DOI: 10.1080/10408360290795547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
All forms of aerobic life are subjected constantly to oxidant pressure from molecular oxygen and also reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced during the biochemical utilization of O2 and prooxidant stimulation of O2 metabolism. ROS are thought to influence the development of human cancer and more than 50 other human diseases. To prevent oxidative DNA damage (protection) or to reverse damage, thereby preventing mutagenesis and cancer (repair), the aerobic cell possesses antioxidant defense systems and DNA repair mechanisms. During the last 20 years, many analytical techniques have been developed to monitor oxidative DNA base damage. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are the two pioneering contributions to the field. Currently, the arsenal of methods available include the promising high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique, capillary electrophoresis, 32P-postlabeling, fluorescence postlabeling, 3H-postlabeling, antibody-base immunoassays, and assays involving the use of DNA repair glycosylases such as the comet assay, the alkaline elution assay, and the alkaline unwinding method. Recently, the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been introduced for the measurement of a number of modified nucleosides in oxidatively damaged DNA. The bulk of available chromatographic methods aimed at measuring individual DNA base lesions require either chemical hydrolysis or enzymatic digestion of oxidized DNA, following extraction from cells or tissues. The effect of experimental conditions (DNA isolation, hydrolysis, and/or derivatization) on the levels of oxidatively modified bases in DNA is enormous and has been studied intensively in the last 10 years.
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30
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Whiteman M, Hong HS, Jenner A, Halliwell B. Loss of oxidized and chlorinated bases in DNA treated with reactive oxygen species: implications for assessment of oxidative damage in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:883-9. [PMID: 12200130 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to DNA has been reported to occur in a wide variety of disease states. The most widely used "marker" for oxidative DNA damage is 8-hydroxyguanine. However, the use of only one marker has limitations. Exposure of calf thymus DNA to an .OH-generating system (CuCl(2), ascorbate, H(2)O(2)) or to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), led to the extensive production of multiple oxidized or chlorinated DNA base products, as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The addition of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) (<200 microM) or SIN-1 (1mM) to oxidized DNA led to the extensive loss of 8-hydroxyguanine, 5-hydroxycytosine, 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine, 2-hydroxyadenine, 8-hydroxyadenine, and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine were lost at higher ONOO(-) concentrations (>200 microM). Exposure of DNA to HOCl led to the generation of 5-Cl uracil and 8-Cl adenine and addition of ONOO(-) (<200 microM) or SIN-1 (1mM) led to an extensive loss of 8-Cl adenine and a small loss of 5-Cl uracil at higher concentrations (>500 microM). An .OH-generating system (CuCl(2)/ascorbate/H(2)O(2)) could also destroy these chlorinated species. Treatment of oxidized or chlorinated DNA with acidified nitrite (NO(2)(-), pH 3) led to substantial loss of various base lesions, in particular 8-OH guanine, 5-OH cytosine, thymine glycol, and 8-Cl adenine. Our data indicate the possibility that when ONOO(-), nitrite in regions of low pH or .OH are produced at sites of inflammation, levels of certain damaged DNA bases could represent an underestimate of ongoing DNA damage. This study emphasizes the need to examine more than one modified DNA base when assessing the role of reactive species in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Whiteman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
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31
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Abstract
As part of an aerobic life, we oxidize a large pool of biomolecules to obtain chemical energy. During this process, several intermediates are formed; some are chemically unstable and are referred to as free radicals (FR). FR tend to react quickly with their surrounding biological environment; depending on the nature of the molecule attacked, different reactions can occur, i.e., lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, or DNA oxidation products. As aerobic life has evolved, antioxidant defense systems against FR have developed. When an imbalance between production of FR (oxidants) and defense systems against them (antioxidants) happens, a situation of oxidative stress occurs. This can lead to irreversible biochemical changes, with subsequent tissue damage and disease. Establishing the involvement of FR in the pathogenesis of a disease has been difficult because of the lack of sensitive and specific methodology to detect them. No ideal biomarkers for in vivo FR-induced damage are available as yet. However, some reliable indices of FR formation are now available, and in some pathologic conditions, evidence is accumulating to show that FR damage might play a functional role. The task for the near future will be to try to simplify the analytical methodology and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation, disposition, and kinetics of FR marker molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Praticò
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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32
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Dizdaroglu M, Jaruga P, Birincioglu M, Rodriguez H. Free radical-induced damage to DNA: mechanisms and measurement. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:1102-15. [PMID: 12031895 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals are produced in cells by cellular metabolism and by exogenous agents. These species react with biomolecules in cells, including DNA. The resulting damage to DNA, which is also called oxidative damage to DNA, is implicated in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and aging. Mechanisms of damage involve abstractions and addition reactions by free radicals leading to carbon-centered sugar radicals and OH- or H-adduct radicals of heterocyclic bases. Further reactions of these radicals yield numerous products. Various analytical techniques exist for the measurement of oxidative damage to DNA. Techniques that employ gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) simultaneously measure numerous products, and provide positive identification and accurate quantification. The measurement of multiple products avoids misleading conclusions that might be drawn from the measurement of a single product, because product levels vary depending on reaction conditions and the redox status of cells. In the past, GC/MS was used for the measurement of modified sugar and bases, and DNA-protein cross-links. Recently, methodologies using LC/tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) and LC/MS techniques were introduced for the measurement of modified nucleosides. Artifacts might occur with the use of any of the measurement techniques. The use of proper experimental conditions might avoid artifactual formation of products in DNA. This article reviews mechanistic aspects of oxidative damage to DNA and recent developments in the measurement of this type of damage using chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miral Dizdaroglu
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive species are generated in vivo and many of them can cause oxidative damage to DNA. Although there are methodological uncertainties about accurate quantitation of oxidative DNA damage, the levels of such damage that escape immediate repair and persist in DNA appear to be in the range that could contribute significantly to mutation rates in vivo. The observation that diets rich in fruits and vegetables can decrease both oxidative DNA damage and cancer incidence is consistent with this. By contrast, agents increasing oxidative DNA damage usually increase risk of cancer development. Such agents include cigarette smoke, several other carcinogens, and chronic inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes are accompanied by increased oxidative DNA damage but the pattern of increased cancer risk seems unusual. Other uncertainties are the location of oxidative DNA damage within the genome and the variation in rate and level of oxidative damage between different body tissues. In well-nourished human volunteers, fruits and vegetables have been shown to decrease oxidative DNA damage in several studies, but data from short-term human intervention studies suggest that the protective agents are not vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, or flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260.
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34
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Chen HJC, Row SW, Hong CL. Detection and quantification of 5-chlorocytosine in DNA by stable isotope dilution and gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:262-8. [PMID: 11849053 DOI: 10.1021/tx015578g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is generated from activated phagocytes during infections and inflammation. One of the major products of HOCl reaction with DNA was 5-chlorocytosine (5Cl-Cyt). In this report, a gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (GC/NICI/MS) assay with stable isotope dilution was developed for detection and quantification of 5Cl-Cyt in DNA. During hydrolysis of DNA, 5Cl-Cyt undergoes spontaneous deamination quantitatively forming 5-chlorouracil (5Cl-Ura). The stable isotope of 5Cl-Ura with six mass units higher than the normal 5Cl-Ura was synthesized and used as internal standard of the assay. The adduct-enriched fraction of DNA hydrolysate was derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide before GC/NICI/MS analysis with selected ion monitoring at [M - 181](-) fragments of bispentafluorobenzylated 5Cl-Ura and its isotope analogue. The limit of detection was 20 amol (S/N = 8) of bispentafluorobenzylated 5Cl-Ura injected on column with selective ion monitoring mode and the limit of quantification for the entire assay was 14 fmol of 5Cl-Cyt. Analysis of hypochlorous acid-treated calf thymus DNA by both GC/NICI/MS and HPLC/UV detection provided similar adduct levels and thus verified this new GC/NICI/MS assay. Using this highly specific and ultrasensitive GC/NICI/MS method, the levels of 5Cl-Cyt in untreated calf thymus DNA and human placental DNA were determined as 0.6 and 6.6 adducts per 10(7) normal cytosine, respectively. Peroxynitrite also contributed to 5Cl-Cyt formation in DNA. Level of 5Cl-Cyt in DNA treated with peroxynitrite in the presence of chloride was higher than that without addition of chloride. Thus, quantification of 5Cl-Cyt in DNA by this isotope dilution GC/NICI/MS assay may facilitate research on the role of DNA chlorination in carcinogenesis and in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 160 San-Hsing, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan.
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35
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Jaruga P, Jabil R, McCullough AK, Rodriguez H, Dizdaroglu M, Lloyd RS. Chlorella virus pyrimidine dimer glycosylase excises ultraviolet radiation- and hydroxyl radical-induced products 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine from DNA. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 75:85-91. [PMID: 11883607 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0085:cvpdge>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A DNA glycosylase specific for UV radiation-induced pyrimidine dimers has been identified from the Chlorella virus Paramecium Bursaria Chlorella virus-1. This enzyme (Chlorella virus pyrimidine dimer glycosylase [cv-pdg]) exhibits a 41% amino acid identity with endonuclease V from bacteriophage T4 (T4 pyrimidine dimer glycosylase [T4-pdg]), which is also specific for pyrimidine dimers. However, cv-pdg possesses a higher catalytic efficiency and broader substrate specificity than T4-pdg. The latter excises 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde), a UV radiation- and hydroxyl radical-induced monomeric product of adenine in DNA. Using gas chromatography-isotope-dilution mass spectrometry and y-irradiated DNA, we show in this work that cv-pdg also displays a catalytic activity for excision of FapyAde and, in addition, it excises 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua). Kinetic data show that FapyAde is a better substrate for cv-pdg than FapyGua. On the other hand, cv-pdg possesses a greater efficiency for the extension of FapyAde than T4-pdg. These two enzymes exhibit different substrate specificities despite substantial structural similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jaruga
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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36
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Branum ME, Reardon JT, Sancar A. DNA repair excision nuclease attacks undamaged DNA. A potential source of spontaneous mutations. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25421-6. [PMID: 11353769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101032200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair is a general repair system that eliminates many dissimilar lesions from DNA. In an effort to understand substrate determinants of this repair system, we tested DNAs with minor backbone modifications using the ultrasensitive excision assay. We found that a phosphorothioate and a methylphosphonate were excised with low efficiency. Surprisingly, we also found that fragments of 23-28 nucleotides and of 12-13 nucleotides characteristic of human and Escherichia coli excision repair, respectively, were removed from undamaged DNA at a significant rate. Considering the relative abundance of undamaged DNA in comparison to damaged DNA in the course of the life of an organism, we conclude that, in general, excision from and resynthesis of undamaged DNA may exceed the excision and resynthesis caused by DNA damage. As resynthesis is invariably associated with mutations, we propose that gratuitous repair may be an important source of spontaneous mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Branum
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Mary Ellen Jones Bldg., University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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37
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Doroshow JH, Synold TW, Somlo G, Akman SA, Gajewski E. Oxidative DNA base modifications in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients treated with high-dose infusional doxorubicin. Blood 2001; 97:2839-45. [PMID: 11313279 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.9.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In prior studies, it was demonstrated that the redox metabolism of doxorubicin leads to the formation of promutagenic oxidized DNA bases in human chromatin, suggesting a potential mechanism for doxorubicin-related second malignancies. To determine whether a similar type of DNA damage is produced in the clinic, peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA from 15 women treated with infusional doxorubicin (165 mg/m(2)) as a single agent was examined for 14 modified bases by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Prior to the 96-hour doxorubicin infusion, 13 different oxidized bases were present in all DNA samples examined. Chemotherapy, producing a steady-state level of 0.1 microM doxorubicin, increased DNA base oxidation up to 4-fold compared to baseline values for 9 of the 13 bases studied. Maximal base oxidation was observed 72 to 96 hours after doxorubicin treatment was begun; the greatest significant increases were found for Thy Gly (4.2-fold), 5-OH-Hyd (2.5-fold), FapyAde (2.4-fold), and 5-OH-MeUra (2.4-fold). The level of the promutagenic base FapyGua increased 1.6-fold (P < .02), whereas no change in 8-OH-Gua levels was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA during the doxorubicin infusion. These results suggest that DNA base damage similar to that produced by ionizing radiation occurs under clinical conditions in hematopoietic cells after doxorubicin exposure. If doxorubicin-induced DNA base oxidation occurs in primitive hematopoietic precursors, these lesions could contribute to the mutagenic or toxic effects of the anthracyclines on the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Doroshow
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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38
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Dizdaroglu M, Jaruga P, Rodriguez H. Identification and quantification of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxy-adenosine in DNA by liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:774-84. [PMID: 11275477 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine may play a role in diseases with defective nucleotide-excision repair. This compound is one of the major lesions, which is formed in DNA by hydroxyl radical attack on the sugar moiety of 2'-deoxyadenosine. It is likely to be repaired by nucleotide-excision repair rather than by base-excision repair because of a covalent bond between the sugar and base moieties. We studied the measurement of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA by liquid chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. A methodology was developed for the analysis of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine by liquid chromatography in DNA hydrolyzed to nucleosides by a combination of four enzymes, i.e., DNase I, phosphodiesterases I and II, and alkaline phosphatase. Detection by mass spectrometry was performed using atmospheric pressure ionization-electrospray process in the positive ionization mode. Results showed that liquid chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry is well suited for identification and quantification of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA. Both (5'R)- and (5'S)-diastereomers of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine were detected. The level of sensitivity of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring amounted to 2 fmol of this compound on the column. The yield of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine was measured in DNA in aqueous solution exposed to ionizing radiation at doses from 2.5 to 80 Gray. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was also used to measure this compound in DNA. Both techniques yielded similar results. The yield of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine was comparable to the yields of some of the other major modified bases in DNA, which were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The measurement of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry may contribute to the understanding of its biological properties and its role in diseases with defective nucleotide-excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dizdaroglu
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Prostate cancer continues to be the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in the United States. Despite aggressive intervention, a significant number of men with prostate cancer will not be cured of their disease and will face the possibility of metastatic disease. Thus, development of potent prevention strategies to diminish or eliminate this threat is in order. Cellular exposure to chronic oxidative stress may be 1 possible etiologic factor in the development of many cancers, including prostate cancer. Oxygen radicals can attack DNA directly and result in the accumulation of potentially promutagenic oxidized DNA bases such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. In addition, chronic oxidant stress may also result in lipid peroxidation and the subsequent generation of a range of reactive products that can damage DNA. Disruption of certain genes may result in cellular tolerance to oxidative genomic injury. GSTP1 is an enzyme that helps catalyze the conjugation reaction between potentially damaging electrophiles and glutathione. Inactivation of GSTP1 has been documented to occur in nearly 100% of human prostate cancers; it is also frequently inactivated in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions. This inactivation may leave the cell vulnerable to oxidative DNA damage and/or tolerant to accumulation of oxidized DNA base adducts. These base adducts can be measured by several quantitative methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. These sophisticated methods can be readily integrated into prostate cancer chemoprevention studies of new and developing prevention agents by providing quantitative assessment of oxidative DNA damage before and after administration of these candidate chemopreventive drugs. The combination of genetic information, state-of-the-art assessment tools, and novel agents will allow rational, directed prostate cancer chemoprevention studies to be performed and, together, will help determine the role of chronic oxidative stress in the carcinogenic process of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L DeWeese
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Experimental Therapeutics, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA
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40
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Dizdaroglu M, Jaruga P, Rodriguez H. Measurement of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: comparison with measurement by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:E12. [PMID: 11160914 PMCID: PMC30413 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.3.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2000] [Revised: 11/23/2000] [Accepted: 12/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dGuo) in DNA by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was studied. A methodology was developed for separation by LC of 8-OH-dGuo from intact and modified nucleosides in DNA hydrolyzed by a combination of four enzymes: DNase I, phosphodiesterases I and II and alkaline phosphatase. The atmospheric pressure ionization-electrospray process was used for mass spectral measurements. A stable isotope-labeled analog of 8-OH-dGuo was used as an internal standard for quantification by isotope-dilution MS (IDMS). Results showed that LC/IDMS with selected ion-monitoring (SIM) is well suited for identification and quantification of 8-OH-dGuo in DNA at background levels and in damaged DNA. The sensitivity level of LC/IDMS-SIM was found to be comparable to that reported previously using LC-tandem MS (LC/MS/MS). It was found that approximately five lesions per 10(6) DNA bases can be detected using amounts of DNA as low as 2 microgram. The results also suggest that this lesion may be quantified in DNA at levels of one lesion per 10(6) DNA bases, or even lower, when more DNA is used. Up to 50 microgram of DNA per injection were used without adversely affecting the measurements. Gas chromatography/isotope-dilution MS with selected-ion monitoring (GC/IDMS-SIM) was also used to measure this compound in DNA following its removal from DNA by acidic hydrolysis or by hydrolysis with Escherichia coli Fpg protein. The background levels obtained by LC/IDMS-SIM and GC/IDMS-SIM were almost identical. Calf thymus DNA and DNA isolated from cultured HeLa cells were used for this purpose. This indicates that these two techniques can provide similar results in terms of the measurement of 8-OH-dGuo in DNA. In addition, DNA in buffered aqueous solution was damaged by ionizing radiation at different radiation doses and analyzed by LC/IDMS-SIM and GC/IDMS-SIM. Again, similar results were obtained by the two techniques. The sensitivity of GC/MS-SIM for 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine was also examined and found to be much greater than that of LC/MS-SIM and the reported sensitivity of LC/MS/MS for 8-OH-dGuo. Taken together, the results unequivocally show that LC/IDMS-SIM is well suited for sensitive and accurate measurement of 8-OH-dGuo in DNA and that both LC/IDMS-SIM and GC/IDMS-SIM can provide similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dizdaroglu
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA.
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41
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Podmore ID, Cooper D, Evans MD, Wood M, Lunec J. Simultaneous measurement of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine by HPLC-MS/MS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 277:764-70. [PMID: 11062026 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An assay with high selectivity and sensitivity has been developed which, for the first time, allows quantitative, simultaneous measurement in DNA of both 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine (8-oxodA)-important biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage in vivo. Using reversed-phase HPLC coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode it was possible to detect background levels of these lesions in commercially available calf thymus DNA (85 +/- 3 and 7.1 +/- 0.2 per 10(6) DNA bases for 8-oxodG and 8-oxodA respectively; n = 3). Levels of 8-oxodG determined by HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detection system (HPLC-EC) were found to be similar (75 +/- 6 per 10(6) DNA bases; n = 3) to those obtained using tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Podmore
- Oxidative Stress Group, Division of Chemical Pathology, Leicester, LE2 7LX, United Kingdom.
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Halliwell B. Why and how should we measure oxidative DNA damage in nutritional studies? How far have we come? Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1082-7. [PMID: 11063432 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive species are constantly generated in vivo and cause oxidative damage to DNA at a rate that is probably a significant contributor to the age-related development of cancer. Agents that decrease oxidative DNA damage should thus decrease the risk of cancer development. That is, oxidative DNA damage is a "biomarker" for identifying persons at risk (for dietary or genetic reasons, or both) of developing cancer and for suggesting how the diets of these persons could be modified to decrease that risk. This biomarker concept presupposes that we can measure oxidative damage accurately in DNA from relevant tissues. Little information is available on whether oxidative DNA damage in blood cells mirrors such damage in tissues at risk of cancer development. Measurement of 8-hydroxylated guanine (eg, as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8OHdG) is the commonest method of assessing DNA damage, but there is no consensus on what the true levels are in human DNA. If the lowest levels reported are correct, 8OHdG may be only a minor product of oxidative DNA damage. Indeed, 8OHdG may be difficult to measure because of the ease with which it is formed artifactually during isolation, hydrolysis, and analysis of DNA. Mass spectrometry can accurately measure a wide spectrum of DNA base damage products, but the development of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques and improved DNA hydrolysis procedures is urgently required. The available evidence suggests that in Western populations, intake of certain fruit and vegetables can decrease oxidative DNA damage, whereas ascorbate, vitamin E, and beta-carotene cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore.
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43
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Alam ZI, Halliwell B, Jenner P. No evidence for increased oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, or DNA in Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2000; 75:840-6. [PMID: 10899962 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that mitochondrial dysfunction and excitotoxic mechanisms lead to oxidative damage in the brain of Huntington;s disease patients. We sought evidence that increased oxidative damage occurs by examining postmortem brain material from patients who had died with clinically and pathologically diagnosed Huntington's disease. Oxidative damage was measured using methods that have already demonstrated the presence of increased oxidative damage in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and senile dementia of the Lewy body type. No alterations in the levels of lipid peroxidation (as measured by lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid-malondialdehyde adducts) were found in the caudate nucleus, putamen, or frontal cortex of patients with Huntington's disease compared with normal controls. Similarly, there were no elevations in the levels of 8-hydroxyguanine or of a wide range of other markers of oxidative DNA damage. Levels of protein carbonyls in these tissues were also unaltered. Our data suggest that oxidative stress is not a major component of the degenerative processes occurring in Huntington's disease, or at least not to the extent that occurs in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Alam
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, England
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44
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Rodriguez H, Jurado J, Laval J, Dizdaroglu M. Comparison of the levels of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA as measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry following hydrolysis of DNA by Escherichia coli Fpg protein or formic acid. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:E75. [PMID: 10908368 PMCID: PMC102694 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.15.e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) is one of many lesions generated in DNA by oxidative processes including free radicals. It is the most extensively investigated lesion, due to its miscoding properties and its potential role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging, and also to the existence of analytical methods using HPLC and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Some studies raised the possibility of artifacts generated during sample preparation. We investigated several experimental conditions in order to eliminate possible artifacts during the measurement of 8-OH-Gua by GC/MS. Derivatization has been reported to produce artifacts by oxidation of guanine to 8-OH-Gua in acid-hydrolysates of DNA, although the extent of artifacts seems to depend on experimental conditions. For removal of 8-OH-Gua from DNA, we used either formic acid hydrolysis or specific enzymatic hydrolysis with Escherichia coli Fpg protein. Derivatization of enzyme-hydrolysates should not generate additional 8-OH-Gua because of the absence of guanine, which is not released by the enzyme, whereas guanine released by acid may be oxidized to yield 8-OH-Gua. The measurement of 8-OH-Gua in calf thymus DNA by GC/isotope-dilution MS (GC/IDMS) using these two different hydrolyses yielded similar levels of 8-OH-Gua. This indicated that no artifacts occurred during derivatization of acid-hydrolysates of DNA. Pyridine instead of acetonitrile and room temperature were used during derivatization. Pyridine reduced the level of 8-OH-Gua, when compared with acetonitrile, indicating its potential to prevent oxidation. Two different stable-isotope labeled analogs of 8-OH-Gua used as internal standards for GC/IDMS analysis yielded similar results. A comparison of the present results with the results of recent trials by the European Standards Committee for Oxidative DNA Damage (ESCODD) is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rodriguez
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building 227/A239, MS 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA
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45
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Audebert M, Radicella JP, Dizdaroglu M. Effect of single mutations in the OGG1 gene found in human tumors on the substrate specificity of the Ogg1 protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:2672-8. [PMID: 10908322 PMCID: PMC102664 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.14.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2000] [Revised: 06/01/2000] [Accepted: 06/01/2000] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of single amino acid substitutions of conserved arginines on the catalytic activities of the human Ogg1 protein (alpha-hOgg1-Ser(326)) (wild-type alpha-hOgg1). Mutant forms of hOgg1 with mutations Arg(46)-->Gln (alpha-hOgg1-Gln(46)) and Arg(154)-->His (alpha-hOgg1-His(154)) have previously been identified in human tumors. The mutant proteins alpha-hOgg1-Gln(46) and alpha-hOgg1-His(154) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The substrate specificities of these proteins and wild-type alpha-hOgg1 were investigated using gamma-irradiated DNA and the technique of gas chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. All three enzymes excised 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua) and 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) from gamma-irradiated DNA containing a multiplicity of base lesions. Michaelis-Menten kinetics of excision were measured. Significant differences between excision kinetics of these three enzymes were observed. Excision of FapyGua and 8-OH-Gua by wild-type alpha-hOgg1 was greater than that by alpha-hOgg1-Gln(46) and alpha-hOgg1-His(154). The latter mutant protein was less active than the former. The diminished activity of the mutant proteins was more pronounced for 8-OH-Gua than for FapyGua. Cleavage assays were also performed using (32)P-labeled 34mer oligonucleotide duplexes containing a single 8-OH-Gua paired to each of the four DNA bases. The results obtained with the oligonucleotide containing the 8-OH-Gua/Cyt pair were in good agreement with those observed with gamma-irradiated DNA. Wild-type alpha-hOgg1 and its mutants repaired the three mismatches less efficiently than the 8-OH-Gua/Cyt pair. The substitution of Arg(154), in addition to diminishing the activity on 8-OH-Gua, relaxes the selectivity found in the wild-type alpha-hOgg1 for the base opposite 8-OH-Gua. Taken together the results show that the mutant forms alpha-hOgg1-Gln(46) and alpha-hOgg1-His(154) found in human tumors are defective in their catalytic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Audebert
- CEA, Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, UMR217 CNRS-CEA, 60 avenue du Général Leclerc, 92265-Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Bal W, Liang R, Lukszo J, Lee SH, Dizdaroglu M, Kasprzak KS. Ni(II) specifically cleaves the C-terminal tail of the major variant of histone H2A and forms an oxidative damage-mediating complex with the cleaved-off octapeptide. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13:616-24. [PMID: 10898594 DOI: 10.1021/tx000044l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The acetyl-TESHHK-amide peptide, modeling a part of the C-terminal "tail" of histone H2A, was found previously by us to undergo at pH 7. 4 a Ni(II)-assisted hydrolysis of the E-S peptide bond with formation of a stronger Ni(II) complex with the SHHK-amide product [Bal, W., et al. (1998) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 1014-1023]. To further characterize the hydrolysis and test the resulting Ni(II) complex for redox activity, bovine histone H2A and three peptides were investigated: acetyl-LLGKVTIAQGGVLPNIQAVLLPKKTESHHKAKGK (H2A(34)), modeling the entire "C-tail" of H2A; SHHKAKGK (H2A(8)), modeling the cutoff product of hydrolysis; and acetyl-KTESHKAKGK (H2A(10)), modeling a putative Ni(II) binding site in a minor variant H2A.4 of human histone H2A. The Ni(II)-assisted hydrolysis of H2A and H2A(34) was found to proceed approximately 7-fold faster than that of the Ni(II)-acetyl-TESHHK-amide complex under comparable conditions. In both cases, the Ni(II) complex with H2A(8) was the smaller product of the hydrolysis, indicating a high site specificity of the reaction. Of three other metals tested with H2A(34), only Cu(II) cleaved the E-S bond, although much less efficiently than Ni(II); Co(II) and Zn(II) had no effect whatsoever. The H2A(10) peptide appeared to be fully resistant to hydrolytic cleavage and did not exhibit any redox activity versus H(2)O(2) in the presence of Ni(II) at pH 7.4. Likewise, redox-inactive was the Ni(II)-H2A(34) complex. In contrast, the Ni(II)-H2A(8) complex promoted oxidative damage of pUC19 DNA by H(2)O(2), evidenced by a significant increase in the number of single strand breaks and nucleobase modifications typical for a hydroxyl radical-like species attack on DNA. Interestingly, instead of 8-oxopurines, the corresponding formamidopyrimidines were the major products of the damage. The difference in redox activity between the Ni(II)-H2A(34) and Ni(II)-H2A(8) complexes is most likely associated with their different geometries: octahedral and square planar, respectively. Incubation of the Ni(II)-H2A(8) complex with H(2)O(2) also resulted in degradation of the peptide ligand, especially at its Ser and His residues. Thus, binding of Ni(II) to the ESHHK motif of the histone H2A C-tail is damaging to the histone C-terminal tail and to histone-associated DNA. The results support a dual mechanism of Ni(II)-induced carcinogenesis, including both genotoxic and epigenetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bal
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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England T, Beatty E, Rehman A, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Pereira P, O'Reilly J, Wiseman H, Geissler C, Halliwell B. The steady-state levels of oxidative DNA damage and of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) are not correlated in healthy human subjects. Free Radic Res 2000; 32:355-62. [PMID: 10741856 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to DNA in human tissues can be determined by measuring multiple products of oxidative damage to the purine and pyrimidine bases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Oxidative damage to lipids (lipid peroxidation) can be quantitated by the mass spectrometry-based determination of F2-isoprostanes, specific end-products of the peroxidation of arachidonic acid residues in lipids. For both DNA base damage products and 8-epi prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), there is a wide variation in levels between different healthy human subjects. We measured multiple products of oxidative damage to DNA bases in white cells, and 8-epi PGF2alpha in plasma, from blood samples obtained from healthy human subjects in the UK and in Portugal. No correlation of 8-epi PGF2alpha levels with levels of any modified DNA base (including 8-hydroxyguanine) was observed. We conclude that no single parameter can be measured as an index of "oxidative stress" or "oxidative damage" in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T England
- International Antioxidant Research Centre, King's College, Guys Campus, London, UK
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