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Irastorza-Valera L, Soria-Gómez E, Benitez JM, Montáns FJ, Saucedo-Mora L. Review of the Brain's Behaviour after Injury and Disease for Its Application in an Agent-Based Model (ABM). Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:362. [PMID: 38921242 PMCID: PMC11202129 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body and, as such, its study entails great challenges (methodological, theoretical, etc.). Nonetheless, there is a remarkable amount of studies about the consequences of pathological conditions on its development and functioning. This bibliographic review aims to cover mostly findings related to changes in the physical distribution of neurons and their connections-the connectome-both structural and functional, as well as their modelling approaches. It does not intend to offer an extensive description of all conditions affecting the brain; rather, it presents the most common ones. Thus, here, we highlight the need for accurate brain modelling that can subsequently be used to understand brain function and be applied to diagnose, track, and simulate treatments for the most prevalent pathologies affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Irastorza-Valera
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
- PIMM Laboratory, ENSAM–Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Edgar Soria-Gómez
- Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José María Benitez
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Francisco J. Montáns
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Luis Saucedo-Mora
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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See WZC, Naidu R, Tang KS. Paraquat and Parkinson's Disease: The Molecular Crosstalk of Upstream Signal Transduction Pathways Leading to Apoptosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:140-151. [PMID: 36703582 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230126161524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disease involving a complex interaction between genes and the environment that affects various cellular pathways and neural networks. Several studies have suggested that environmental factors such as exposure to herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals, and other organic pollutants are significant risk factors for the development of PD. Among the herbicides, paraquat has been commonly used, although it has been banned in many countries due to its acute toxicity. Although the direct causational relationship between paraquat exposure and PD has not been established, paraquat has been demonstrated to cause the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The underlying mechanisms of the dopaminergic lesion are primarily driven by the generation of reactive oxygen species, decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress, leading to a cascade of molecular crosstalks that result in the initiation of apoptosis. This review critically analyses the crucial upstream molecular pathways of the apoptotic cascade involved in paraquat neurotoxicity, including mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Zhi Chung See
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li L, Li T, Qu X, Sun G, Fu Q, Han G. Stress/cell death pathways, neuroinflammation, and neuropathic pain. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:33-51. [PMID: 37688390 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common and debilitating modality of chronic pain induced by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Albeit the elucidation of numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of potential treatment compounds, safe and reliable therapies of neuropathic pain remain poor. Multiple stress/cell death pathways have been shown to be implicated in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of stress/cell death pathways and present an overview of the roles and molecular mechanisms of stress/cell death pathways in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain, covering intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, autophagy, mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and phagoptosis. Small molecule compounds that modulate stress/cell death pathways in alleviating neuropathic pain are discussed mainly based on preclinical neuropathic pain models. These findings will contribute to in-depth understanding of the pathological processes during neuropathic pain as well as bridge the gap between basic and translational research to uncover new neuroprotective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Ohmoto M, Takemoto M, Daikoku T. Butein inhibits corticosterone-induced apoptosis of Neuro2A cells by maintaining MEK-ERK signaling. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:447-452. [PMID: 37252631 PMCID: PMC10212788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced overactivation of glucocorticoid signaling may contribute to mental illness by inducing neuronal death and dysfunction. We previously reported that pretreatment with the plant flavonoid butein inhibits corticosterone (CORT)-induced apoptosis of Neuro2A (N2A) cells. In the current study, we examined whether MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways are involved in neuroprotection by butein. N2A cells were pre-incubated with serum-free DMEM containing 0.5 μM butein for 30 min, and then incubated with serum-free DMEM containing 0.5 µM butein, 50 µM CORT, 50 µM LY294002, or 50 µM PD98059 as indicated for 24 h. We subsequently performed the MTT assay and the western blot analysis. As expected, CORT considerably reduced N2A cell viability and increased relative expression of the apoptosis effector cleaved caspase-3, whereas pretreatment with butein blocked these cytotoxic effects. Treatment with CORT alone also decreased both AKT and ERK protein phosphorylation. Butein pretreatment had no effect on AKT phosphorylation, and only partially reversed the reduction in phosphorylated ERK. However, cotreatment with butein and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 during CORT exposure enhanced ERK phosphorylation, whereas cotreatment with butein and the ERK phosphorylation/activation inhibitor PD98059 enhanced AKT phosphorylation, suggesting that MEK-ERK negatively regulates AKT phosphorylation. Moreover, the protective efficacy of butein was blocked by PD98059 cotreatment but not LY294002 cotreatment. These findings suggest that butein protects neurons against glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis by sustaining ERK phosphorylation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ohmoto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
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Petanjek Z, Banovac I, Sedmak D, Hladnik A. Dendritic Spines: Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Pruning for the Developmental Organization of Brain Circuits. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:143-221. [PMID: 37962796 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic overproduction and elimination is a regular developmental event in the mammalian brain. In the cerebral cortex, synaptic overproduction is almost exclusively correlated with glutamatergic synapses located on dendritic spines. Therefore, analysis of changes in spine density on different parts of the dendritic tree in identified classes of principal neurons could provide insight into developmental reorganization of specific microcircuits.The activity-dependent stabilization and selective elimination of the initially overproduced synapses is a major mechanism for generating diversity of neural connections beyond their genetic determination. The largest number of overproduced synapses was found in the monkey and human cerebral cortex. The highest (exceeding adult values by two- to threefold) and most protracted overproduction (up to third decade of life) was described for associative layer IIIC pyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Therefore, the highest proportion and extraordinarily extended phase of synaptic spine overproduction is a hallmark of neural circuitry in human higher-order associative areas. This indicates that microcircuits processing the most complex human cognitive functions have the highest level of developmental plasticity. This finding is the backbone for understanding the effect of environmental impact on the development of the most complex, human-specific cognitive and emotional capacities, and on the late onset of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Banovac
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jain V, de Godoy LL, Mohan S, Chawla S, Learned K, Jain G, Wehrli FW, Alonso-Basanta M. Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic dysregulation in the postradiation brain. J Neuroimaging 2022; 32:1027-1043. [PMID: 36156829 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances in the delivery of radiation and other novel cancer therapies have significantly improved the 5-year survival rates over the last few decades. Although recent developments have helped to better manage the acute effects of radiation, the late effects such as impairment in cognition continue to remain of concern. Accruing data in the literature have implicated derangements in hemodynamic parameters and metabolic activity of the irradiated normal brain as predictive of cognitive impairment. Multiparametric imaging modalities have allowed us to precisely quantify functional and metabolic information, enhancing the anatomic and morphologic data provided by conventional MRI sequences, thereby contributing as noninvasive imaging-based biomarkers of radiation-induced brain injury. In this review, we have elaborated on the mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury and discussed several novel imaging modalities, including MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion imaging, functional MR, SPECT, and PET that provide pathophysiological and functional insights into the postradiation brain, and its correlation with radiation dose as well as clinical neurocognitive outcomes. Additionally, we explored some innovative imaging modalities, such as quantitative blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging, susceptibility-based oxygenation measurement, and T2-based oxygenation measurement, that hold promise in delineating the potential mechanisms underlying deleterious neurocognitive changes seen in the postradiation setting. We aim that this comprehensive review of a range of imaging modalities will help elucidate the hemodynamic and metabolic injury mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in the irradiated normal brain in order to optimize treatment regimens and improve the quality of life for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Jefferson University Hospital, 111 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Laiz Laura de Godoy
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suyash Mohan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanjeev Chawla
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kim Learned
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle Alonso-Basanta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wal P, Dwivedi J, Wal A, Vig H, Singh Y. Detailed insight into the pathophysiology and the behavioral complications associated with the Parkinson's disease and its medications. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, as well as other mostly catecholaminergic neurons, causes many of the motor symptoms that define Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is commonly thought of as a movement disorder, the significant prevalence of psychiatric complications such as cognitive impairment, and psychosis suggests it should be considered a neuropsychiatric illness, and all behavioral complications are linked to growing disability and the medication.
Main body
Apart from the disease-induced abnormalities, there are several other side effects of the disease and also from the medication used to prevent the disease. This article focuses on the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and also the behavioral abnormalities caused by the disease and its medication. The study's data were gathered by searching several review articles and research papers from a variety of sources, including Elsevier, PubMed, Research Gate, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, etc., from the year 1985 to 2021. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a variety of complex processes. It is responsible not just for motor symptoms, but also for a variety of behavioral symptoms that can arise as a result of the disease and/or medication.
Conclusion
Only symptomatic drugs are available; thus, finding treatments that directly address the disease mechanisms causing Parkinson’s disease is essential. To alleviate the disease's burden on patients and their families, better treatments for the neuropsychiatric repercussions of Parkinson's disease are required.
Graphical Abstract
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Kuchta K, Aritake K, Urade Y, Tung NH, Yuan CS, Sasaki Y, Shimizu K, Shoyama Y. Preventing Dementia Using Saffron, The Kampo Medicine, Kamiuntanto, and Their Combination, Kamiuntantokabankoka. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:779821. [PMID: 35310894 PMCID: PMC8931200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to evaluate the anti-dementia activities of saffron and its combination with Kampo medicine. The Kampo formula Kamiuntanto composed of 13 crude drugs is well known for its anti-dementia activity. A significant increase in choline acetyltransferase activity and mRNA levels were observed. Polygala radix was identified as the most essential component drug in Kamiuntanto, probably due to the saponins, tenuifolin, and sinapinic acid. Ginseng was also identified as an essential Kamiuntanto component in terms of its synergistic functions with Polygala radix. Saffron, which was recommended in the Bencao Gangmu for memory and dementia, and is used as an anti-spasmodic, anti-catarrhal, and sedative herbal drug. Saffron and its major constituent, crocin were shown to enhance learning-memory, non-rapid eye movement (rem) sleep, and inhibit depression and neuronal cell death due to strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation activities. In addition based on the epidemiological studies such as the treatment of sleeping disorders and the clinical trials of saffron for Alzheimer patients, we demonstrated the indirect and direct anti-dementia activities of crocin and saffron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Kuchta
- Forschungsstelle für Fernöstliche Medizin, Department of Vegetation Analysis and Phytodiversity, Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yui Sasaki
- Association for Health Economics Research and Social Insurance and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Shimizu
- Association for Health Economics Research and Social Insurance and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukihiro Shoyama,
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Luckmann MR, de Melo MS, Spricigo MC, da Silva NM, Nazari EM. Pyriproxyfen exposure induces DNA damage, cell proliferation impairments and apoptosis in the brain vesicles layers of chicken embryos. Toxicology 2021; 464:152998. [PMID: 34695508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Larvicide pyriproxyfen (PPF), used in drinking water reservoirs to control Aedes mosquitoes, has already been shown as a possible cause of congenital anomalies in the central nervous system. However, the neurotoxic effects of PPF on the development of vertebrate embryos are still underexplored. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PPF on the morphometric parameters of the head and brain, as well as on the cell layers of the forebrain and midbrain, using embryos of Gallus domesticus as a model. Two sublethal PPF concentrations (0.01 mg/L and 10 mg/L), as defined by a survival curve, were tested. Analysis of the biometry of embryos showed significant reduction in body and brain mass and also in measurements of the head and brain. A reduction in cell layer thickness of the forebrain and midbrain was observed, accompanied by a reduction in the numerical density of cells per area. Changes in brain and head sizes and in the thickness of the cell layers of the forebrain and midbrain were significant at 10 mg/L PPF. Notably, PPF caused DNA doublestrand breaks and induced apoptosis in embryos exposed to 10 mg/L, which were accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation. Regarding neuronal and glial differentiation, no changes were observed in the number of neurons and glial cells on the analyzed layers. Furthermore, PPF did not impact the head ossification process. These findings reveal that PPF is a strong stressor for neurodevelopment, causing damage to the cell architecture of brain vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maico Roberto Luckmann
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Madson Silveira de Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Mirian Celene Spricigo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Norma Machado da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Evelise Maria Nazari
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Kuroda M, Matsuwaki T, Tanaka Y, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Convulsive responses to seizure-inducible drugs are exacerbated in progranulin-deficient mice. Neuroreport 2021; 31:478-483. [PMID: 32168097 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein that is widely expressed among organs, including the central nervous system. PGRN insufficiency is involved in various neurodegenerative disorders such as frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. One of the major causes of neuronal damage is hyperactivation of the cerebrum triggered by upregulation of excitatory systems. In the present study, we examined the possible involvement of PGRN in modulating excitability of the cerebrum using wild type and PGRN-deficient mice. First, we treated wild type and PGRN-deficient mice with seizure-inducible drugs, bicuculline or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), which provoke hyperexcitement of neurons. PGRN-deficient mice showed higher intensity of seizure and longer duration of convulsive behavior when treated with either bicuculline or NMDA. Next, we quantified the expression of NMDA receptor subunits in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The expression level of NR2A subunit protein was significantly higher in the hippocampus of PGRN-deficient mice, while no difference was observed in the cerebral cortex. On the other hand, mRNA levels of NMDA receptor subunits in the hippocampus were comparable or even lower in PGRN-deficient mice. These results suggest that PGRN modulates the excitability of the cerebrum by regulating at least partially the protein level of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machi Kuroda
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Takashi Matsuwaki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Yoshinori Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo.,Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamanouchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
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11
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Tonsomboon A, Prasanth MI, Plaingam W, Tencomnao T. Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Extract Inhibits Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in HT-22 Mouse Hippocampal Neuronal Cells and Extends Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:264. [PMID: 33810282 PMCID: PMC8066628 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP) or "Kra-chai-dam" has been shown to exhibit several pharmacological effects including anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, and sexual-enhancing activity. The objectives of this study included an investigation of the effect of KP rhizome extract against glutamate-induced toxicity in mouse hippocampal HT-22 neuronal cells, determination of the underlying mechanism of neuroprotection, and an evaluation of the effect of KP extract on the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans. HT-22 cells were co-treated with glutamate (5 mM) and KP extract (25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) for 14 h. Cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and Western blotting were performed. The longevity effect of KP extract on C. elegans was studied by lifespan measurement. In HT-22 cells, co-treatment of glutamate with KP extract significantly inhibited glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity and decreased intracellular ROS production. Additionally, the glutamate-induced apoptosis and apoptotic-inducing factor (AIF) translocation were blocked by KP extract co-treatment. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that KP extract significantly diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation induced by glutamate, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was recovered to the control. Moreover, this KP extract treatment prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. Altogether, this study suggested that KP extract possesses both neuroprotective and longevity-inducing properties, thus serving as a promising candidate for development of innovative health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunchalee Tonsomboon
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Waluga Plaingam
- College of Oriental Medicine, Rangsit University, 52/347 Muang Ake, Paholyothin Road, Lakhok, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand;
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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12
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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In deep evaluation of the neurotoxicity of orally administered TiO 2 nanoparticles. Brain Res Bull 2019; 155:119-128. [PMID: 31715315 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were widely used in food as dietary supplements, in drugs, in toothpaste, ect. Few numbers of studies were interested to the neurotoxicity of TiO2 NPs through oral pathway. The present study aims firstly to understand the connection between the physicochemical properties of TiO2 NPs and their associated toxicological oral pathway by evaluation the colloidal stability of TiO2 NPs over time in different media simulating physiological gastric, intestinal and serum conditions at 37 °C to be close to the oral administraton. Secondly, this study aims to evaluate the neurotoxicity of a subchronic intragastric administration of TiO2 NPs to rats. Different doses of anatase TiO2 NPs were administrated to Wistar rats every day for consecutives eight weeks. Titanium (Ti) content in brain, oxidative antioxidant biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) levels, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels, histophatological changes, degenerated and apoptosis neurons were investigated. Results suggested that TiO2 NPs can reach the brain and cross the brain blood barrier (BBB) to been accumulated in the brain of rats causing cerebral oxidative stress damage, increasing NO levels and histopathological injury. At higher dose, we observed the most cerebral injury by the highest accumulation of Ti and by the remarkable increase of TNF-α besides to the most increase of degenerated and apoptosis neurons in the brain of exposed rats. TiO2 NPs led to a neurotoxic damage accompanied by the increase of degenerated and apoptotic neurons in cerebral cortex.
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Rai SN, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Singh SS, Zahra W, Rathore AS, Singh BK, Singh SP. The Role of PI3K/Akt and ERK in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:775-795. [PMID: 30707354 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's diseases, Huntington's disease, and many others. These regulatory proteins serve as the regulator of cell survival, motility, transcription, metabolism, and progression of the cell cycle. Therefore, targeting Akt and Erk pathway has been proposed as a reasonable approach to suppress ND progression. This review has emphasized on involvement of Akt/Erk cascade in the neurodegeneration. Akt has been reported to regulate neuronal toxicity through its various substrates like FOXos, GSK3β, and caspase-9 etc. Akt is also involved with PI3K in signaling pathway to mediate neuronal survival. ERK is another kinase which also regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of the neural cell. There has also been much progress in developing a therapeutic molecule targeting Akt and Erk signaling. Therefore, improved understanding of the molecular mechanism behind the regulatory aspect of Akt and Erk networks can make strong impact on exploration of the neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
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Key Words
- 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- HD, Huntington disease
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein-extracellular kinase
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- NDs, neurodegenerative disorders
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Abstract
The retina is a very fine and layered neural tissue, which vitally depends on the preservation of cells, structure, connectivity and vasculature to maintain vision. There is an urgent need to find technical and biological solutions to major challenges associated with functional replacement of retinal cells. The major unmet challenges include generating sufficient numbers of specific cell types, achieving functional integration of transplanted cells, especially photoreceptors, and surgical delivery of retinal cells or tissue without triggering immune responses, inflammation and/or remodeling. The advances of regenerative medicine enabled generation of three-dimensional tissues (organoids), partially recreating the anatomical structure, biological complexity and physiology of several tissues, which are important targets for stem cell replacement therapies. Derivation of retinal tissue in a dish creates new opportunities for cell replacement therapies of blindness and addresses the need to preserve retinal architecture to restore vision. Retinal cell therapies aimed at preserving and improving vision have achieved many improvements in the past ten years. Retinal organoid technologies provide a number of solutions to technical and biological challenges associated with functional replacement of retinal cells to achieve long-term vision restoration. Our review summarizes the progress in cell therapies of retina, with focus on human pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal tissue, and critically evaluates the potential of retinal organoid approaches to solve a major unmet clinical need—retinal repair and vision restoration in conditions caused by retinal degeneration and traumatic ocular injuries. We also analyze obstacles in commercialization of retinal organoid technology for clinical application.
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Kim DH, Kim DW, Jung BH, Lee JH, Lee H, Hwang GS, Kang KS, Lee JW. Ginsenoside Rb2 suppresses the glutamate-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal cell death in HT22 cells. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:326-334. [PMID: 30976171 PMCID: PMC6437470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of our study was to analyze the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside derivatives Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Rg3 against glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in HT22 hippocampal mouse neuron cells. Methods The neuroprotective effect of ginsenosides were evaluated by measuring cell viability. Protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Bcl2, Bax, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were determined by Western blot analysis. The occurrence of apoptotic and death cells was determined by flow cytometry. Cellular level of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated by image analysis using the fluorescent probes Fluor-3 and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, respectively. In vivo efficacy of neuroprotection was evaluated using the Mongolian gerbil of ischemic brain injury model. Result Reduction of cell viability by glutamate (5 mM) was significantly suppressed by treatment with ginsenoside Rb2. Phosphorylation of MAPKs, Bax, and nuclear AIF was gradually increased by treatment with 5 mM of glutamate and decreased by co-treatment with Rb2. The occurrence of apoptotic cells was decreased by treatment with Rb2 (25.7 μM). Cellular Ca2+ and ROS levels were decreased in the presence of Rb2, and in vivo data indicated that Rb2 treatment (10 mg/kg) significantly diminished the number of degenerated neurons. Conclusion Our results suggest that Rb2 possesses neuroprotective properties that suppress glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. The molecular mechanism of Rb2 is by suppressing the MAPKs activity and AIF translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoi Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Jung
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesu Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gacheun University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gacheun University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Natural Constituent Research Center, KIST, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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Yin E, Uchiyama M, Jin X, Kawai K, Takao M, Niimi M. More Hippocampal Weight and Cells in Cardiac Allograft Transplanted Mice. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:2798-2803. [PMID: 30401400 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain structure that plays a fundamental role in memory and learning. Many animal studies have demonstrated that the structure of the hippocampus has evolved through exercise and play. However, little is known on the relationship between the brain and immunological reaction. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the weight of the hippocampus and transplant immunology in a murine heart transplant model. Fully vascularized heterotopic hearts from CBA (H2k, allogeneic group) or C57BL/6 (H2b, syngeneic group) donors were transplanted into C57BL/6 recipients by using microsurgical techniques. The weights of the whole brain and hippocampus from syngeneic and allogeneic groups were recorded 1, 2, and 4 weeks after grafting, and histologic assessments were performed. The syngeneic group maintained beating cardiac grafts for over 30 days, but the allogeneic group rejected CBA cardiac allografts acutely within 8 days. The average weight of whole brain from syngeneic and allogeneic group 1, 2, and 4 weeks had no significant differences. However, the average weight of hippocampus at 2 and 4 weeks was considerably increased in the allogeneic group compared with the syngeneic group. Histologic assessments with hematoxylin-eosin and Kluver-Barrera staining of hippocampus from allogeneic group 1 week after grafting demonstrated a greater number of granule and pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. Alloimmune responses in our model increase the weight of hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yin
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - M Uchiyama
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan; Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - X Jin
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - K Kawai
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M Takao
- Department of Neurology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Niimi
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
We first considered that saffron is really safety food because it has a long-use history. The neuroprotective activities of saffron and its major constituent, crocin, are separately discussed in vitro and in vivo. We reviewed the inhibitory activities of crocin against PC-12 cell apoptosis. The oxidative stress decreased the cellular levels of glutathione (GSH) which is an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase). Therefore, the level of GSH was assayed by the addition of crocin resulted in the activation of glutathione reductase (GR). It became evident that crocin treatment prevents the N-SMase activation resulting in the decrease of ceramide release. From these evidences we summarized the role of crocin for neuronal cell death. We used the ethanol-blocking assay system for learning and memory activities. The effect of saffron and crocin on improving ethanol-induced impairment of learning behaviors of mice in passive avoidance tasks has been clear. Further, we did make clear that saffron and crocin prevent the inhibitory effect of ethanol on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus. Finally we found that 100 mg/kg of crocin gave non-rapid eye movement sleep (non-REM sleep) although mice were started to be active during night time.
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Qian Z, Lin Y, Xing J, Qiu Y, Ren L. Expression and functions of glutamate and γ‑aminobutyric acid transporters in ischemic models. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8196-8202. [PMID: 29693164 PMCID: PMC5984000 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporters serve central roles in normal neuronal activity and are associated with numerous pathological brain conditions, including ischemia and epilepsy. However, the interplay between these transporters in ischemia remains unclear. In the present study, the expression levels of the excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) and GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) were analyzed in vivo and in vitro within ischemic models by immunofluorescence, western blot and RT-qPCR. Cell survival rates were analyzed following altered expression of these transporters within neuronal cells by flow cytometry. Expression levels of EAAC1 were reduced within the cerebrum of focal cerebral ischemic middle cerebral artery occlusion rat models as well as in primary neurons cultured under hypoxia. However, GAT1 expression levels were slightly elevated under ischemic conditions. The altered expression levels of EAAC1 and GAT1 were combined within neuron cells and the effects were investigated. Apoptotic analysis revealed that EAAC1 suppression and overexpression of GAT1 increased neuronal cell apoptosis under hypoxic conditions; however, EAAC1 overexpression combined with GAT1 knockdown reduced neuronal cell apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. The present study detected the expression levels of the glutamate and GABA transporters under hypoxia, in association with ischemia. The results indicated that, increased expression of EAAC1 combined with GAT1 suppression may provide protective effects in the treatment of epilepsy and ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrun Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
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Yang F, Yu J, Ke F, Lan M, Li D, Tan K, Ling J, Wang Y, Wu K, Li D. Curcumin Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy in Experimental Diabetic Rats. Ophthalmic Res 2018; 60:43-54. [PMID: 29597206 DOI: 10.1159/000486574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential protective effects of curcumin on the retina in diabetic rats. METHODS An experimental diabetic rat model was induced by a low dose of streptozotocin combined with a high-energy diet. Rats which had blood glucose levels ≥11.6 mmol/L were used as diabetic rats. The diabetic rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: diabetic rats with no treatment (DM), diabetic rats treated with 100 mg/kg curcumin (DM + Cur 100 mg/kg), and diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg curcumin (DM + Cur 200 mg/kg). Curcumin was orally administered daily for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks of administration, the rats were euthanized, and eyes were dissected. Retinal histology was examined, and the thickness of the retina was measured. Ultrastructural changes of retinal ganglion cells, inner layer cells, retinal capillary, and membranous disks were observed by electron microscopy. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were measured by ELISA. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retina tissues were examined by immunohistochemical staining and ELISA. Expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in retina tissues were determined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS Curcumin reduced the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats and decreased diabetes-induced body weight loss. Curcumin prevented attenuation of the retina in diabetic rats and ameliorated diabetes-induced ultrastructure changes of the retina, including thinning of the retina, apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer cells, thickening of retinal capillary basement membrane and disturbance of photoreceptor cell membranous disks. We also found that curcumin has a strong antioxidative ability in the retina of diabetic rats. It was observed that curcumin attenuated the expression of VEGF in the retina of diabetic rats. We also discovered that curcumin had an antiapoptotic effect by upregulating the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulating the expression of Bax in the retina of diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that curcumin may have great therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy which could be attributed to the hypoglycemic, antioxidant, VEGF-downregulating and neuroprotection properties of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jinqiang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Feng Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Mei Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Dekun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai Li
- Xianning Aier Eye Hospital, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Song JH, Shin MS, Hwang GS, Oh ST, Hwang JJ, Kang KS. Chebulinic acid attenuates glutamate-induced HT22 cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress, calcium influx and MAPKs phosphorylation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:249-253. [PMID: 29317168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxidative stress is a major causative factor in neuronal cell death in acute brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The prevention of oxidative stress is a potential therapeutic strategy. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to examine a potential therapeutic agent and its protective mechanism against glutamate-mediated cell death. We first found that chebulinic acid isolated from extracts of the fruit of Terminalia chebula prevented glutamate-induced HT22 cell death. Chebulinic acid significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Ca2+ influx induced by glutamate. We further demonstrated that chebulinic acid significantly decreased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, as well as inhibiting pro-apoptotic Bax and increasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, we demonstrated that chebulinic acid significantly reduced the apoptosis induced by glutamate in HT22 cells. In conclusion, our results in this study suggest that chebulinic acid is a potent protectant against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death via inhibiting ROS production, Ca2+ influx, and phosphorylation of MAPKs, as well as reducing the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, which contribute to oxidative stress-mediated neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Wnuk A, Kajta M. Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor Signalling in Apoptosis and Autophagy of the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112394. [PMID: 29137141 PMCID: PMC5713362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are involved in neural development and in the response of the nervous system to a variety of insults. Apoptosis is responsible for cell elimination, whereas autophagy can eliminate the cells or keep them alive, even in conditions lacking trophic factors. Therefore, both processes may function synergistically or antagonistically. Steroid and xenobiotic receptors are regulators of apoptosis and autophagy; however, their actions in various pathologies are complex. In general, the estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors mediate anti-apoptotic signalling, whereas the androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors participate in pro-apoptotic pathways. ER-mediated neuroprotection is attributed to estrogen and selective ER modulators in apoptosis- and autophagy-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and retinopathies. PR activation appeared particularly effective in treating traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and ischemic stroke. Except for in the retina, activated GR is engaged in neuronal cell death, whereas MR signalling appeared to be associated with neuroprotection. In addition to steroid receptors, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the induction and propagation of apoptosis, whereas the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) inhibit this programmed cell death. Most of the retinoid X receptor-related xenobiotic receptors stimulate apoptotic processes that accompany neural pathologies. Among the possible therapeutic strategies based on targeting apoptosis via steroid and xenobiotic receptors, the most promising are the selective modulators of the ER, AR, AHR, PPARγ agonists, flavonoids, and miRNAs. The prospective therapies to overcome neuronal cell death by targeting autophagy via steroid and xenobiotic receptors are much less recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wnuk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Huang H, Liu H, Yan R, Hu M. PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK Signaling Promote Different Aspects of Neuron Survival and Axonal Regrowth Following Rat Facial Nerve Axotomy. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3515-3524. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Song H, Vijayasarathy C, Zeng Y, Marangoni D, Bush RA, Wu Z, Sieving PA. NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Photoreceptor Degeneration in Constitutively Active RAC1 Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2864-75. [PMID: 27233035 PMCID: PMC5113981 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The active form of small GTPase RAC1 is required for activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), which in turn generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nonphagocytic cells. We explored whether NOX-induced oxidative stress contributes to rod degeneration in retinas expressing constitutively active (CA) RAC1. Methods Transgenic (Tg)–CA-RAC1 mice were given apocynin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), a NOX inhibitor, or vehicle daily for up to 13 weeks. Superoxide production and oxidative damage were assessed by dihydroethidium staining and by protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde levels, respectively. Outer nuclear layer (ONL) cells were counted and electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes measured in Tg-CA-RAC1 mice. Outer nuclear layer cells were counted in wild-type (WT) mice after transfer of CA-Rac1 gene by subretinal injection of AAV8-pOpsin-CA Rac1-GFP. Results Transgenic-CA-RAC1 retinas had significantly fewer photoreceptor cells and more apoptotic ONL cells than WT controls from postnatal week (Pw) 3 to Pw13. Superoxide accumulation and protein and lipid oxidation were increased in Tg-CA-RAC1 retinas and were reduced in mice treated with apocynin. Apocynin reduced the loss of photoreceptors and increased the rod ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes when compared with vehicle-injected transgenic controls. Photoreceptor loss was also observed in regions of adult WT retina transduced with AAV8-pOpsin-CA Rac1-GFP but not in neighboring regions that were not transduced or in AAV8-pOpsin-GFP–transduced retinas. Conclusions Constitutively active RAC1 promotes photoreceptor cell death by oxidative damage that occurs, at least partially, through NOX-induced ROS. Reactive oxygen species are likely involved in multiple forms of retinal degenerations, and our results support investigating RAC1 inhibition as a therapeutic approach that targets this disease pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongman Song
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Camasamudram Vijayasarathy
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Yong Zeng
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Dario Marangoni
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ronald A Bush
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Zhijian Wu
- Ocular Gene Therapy Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States 3National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Heal
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Chen S, Liu Y, Rong X, Li Y, Zhou J, Lu L. Neuroprotective Role of the PI3 Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway in Zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:21. [PMID: 28228749 PMCID: PMC5296330 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal survival and growth in the embryo is controlled partly by trophic factors. For most trophic factors (such as Insulin-like growth factor-1), the ability to regulate cell survival has been attributed to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt kinase cascade. This study presents data illustrating the role of PI3K/Akt in attainment of normal brain size during zebrafish embryogenesis. Blocking PI3K with inhibitor LY294002 caused a significant reduction in brain size (in addition to global growth retardation) during zebrafish embryogenesis. This PI3 Kinase inhibition-induced brain size decrease was recovered by the overexpression of myristoylated Akt (myr-Akt), a constitutive form of Akt. Further analysis reveals that expressing exogenous myr-Akt significantly augmented brain size. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis of several marker genes showed that myr-Akt overexpression did not alter brain patterning. Furthermore, the expression of myr-Akt was found to protect neuronal cells from apoptosis induced by heat shock and UV light, suggesting that inhibition of neuronal cell death may be part of the underlying cause of the increased brain size. These data provide a foundation for addressing the role of PI3K/Akt in brain growth during zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yunzhang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaozhi Rong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Lu,
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a prototypic inflammatory cytokine up-regulated in most if not all neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have reported variable roles in the adult or pathological brain. In contrast, the implication of TNFα in developmental neuronal cell death has been well documented in few studies. In sympathetic and trigeminal neurons, TNFα acts in an autocrine manner to induce immediate cell death on neurotrophic factor deprivation. In the spinal cord, TNFα is transiently produced by macrophages and commits motoneurons to become competent to die 2 days later. TNFα is also likely to induce immediate and delayed prodeath effects in adult and pathological tissues. Data obtained in embryonic systems will thus help to develop new therapeutic approaches to pathological neuronal death in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Bessis
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire de la Synapse Normale et Pathologique, INSERM U497 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
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27
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Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the life versus death of mammalian neurons is important not only for our understanding of the normal biology of the nervous system but also for our efforts to devise approaches to maintain neuronal survival in the face of traumatic injury or neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the emerging evidence that a key survival/death checkpoint in both peripheral and central neurons involves the p53 tumor suppressor and its newly discovered family members, p73 and p63. The full-length isoforms of these proteins function as proapoptotic proteins, whereas naturally occurring N-terminal truncated variants of p73 and p63 act as prosurvival proteins, at least partially by antagonizing the full-length family members. The authors propose that together, these isoforms comprise an upstream rheostat that sums different environmental cues to ultimately determine neuronal survival during development, during neuronal maintenance in adult animals, and even following traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bradley Jacobs
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shen L, Yan M, He L. D5 receptor agonist 027075 promotes cognitive function recovery and neurogenesis in a Aβ 1-42 -induced mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ye F, Zhao T, Liu X, Jin X, Liu X, Wang T, Li Q. Long-term Autophagy and Nrf2 Signaling in the Hippocampi of Developing Mice after Carbon Ion Exposure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18636. [PMID: 26689155 PMCID: PMC4686898 DOI: 10.1038/srep18636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore charged particle radiation-induced long-term hippocampus damage, we investigated the expression of autophagy and antioxidant Nrf2 signaling-related proteins in the mouse hippocampus after carbon ion radiation. Heads of immature female Balb/c mice were irradiated with carbon ions of different LETs at various doses. Behavioral tests were performed on the mice after maturation. Acute and chronic expression of LC3-II, p62/SQSTM1, nuclear Nrf2, activated caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were measured in the hippocampi. Secondary X-ray insult was adopted to amplify potential damages. Long-term behavioral changes were observed in high-LET carbon ion-irradiated mice. There were no differences in the rates of LC3-II induction and p62/SQSTM1 degradation compared to the control group regardless of whether the mice received the secondary X-ray insult. A high nuclear Nrf2 content and low apoptosis level in hippocampal cells subjected to secondary X-rays were observed for the mice exposed to relatively low-LET carbon ions. Therefore, carbon ion exposure in the immature mouse led to an LET-dependent behavioral change after maturation. Although autophagy was intact, the persistently high nuclear Nrf2 content in the hippocampus might account for the unchanged behavioral pattern in mice exposed to the relatively low-LET carbon ions and the subsequent increased radioresistance of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Department of Modern Physics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiongxiong Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinguo Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Department of Modern Physics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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30
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Pinelli C, Sansone A, De Maio A, Morgillo A, Scandurra A, D'Aniello B. Proliferative events and apoptotic remodelling in retinal development of common toad (Bufo bufo). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 326:19-30. [PMID: 26541902 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and apoptosis are fundamental processes in the development of the retina, and a proper balance of the two phenomena is crucial to correct development of the organ. Despite intense investigation in different vertebrates, only a few studies have analyzed the cell death and the cell division quantitatively in the same species during development. Here we studied the time course of apoptosis and proliferation in the retina of common toad, Bufo bufo, and discuss the findings in an evolutionary perspective. We found cells that were dividing first scattered throughout the retina, then, in later stages, proliferation was confined to the ciliary marginal zone. This pattern was confirmed by the expression of the proliferative marker PCNA. Both proliferation and apoptosis occurred in successive waves, and two apoptotic peaks were detected: one at premetamorphosis 1 and the second at prometamorphosis. PARP-1, a known molecular marker of apoptosis, was used to confirm the data obtained by counting pyknotic nuclei. In summary, proliferative and apoptotic waves display an inverse time-relationship through development, with apoptotic peaks coinciding with low proliferation phases. In a comparative perspective, amphibians follow a developmental pattern similar to other vertebrates, although with different timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pinelli
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alfredo Sansone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", MSA Campus, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna De Maio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", MSA Campus, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Morgillo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", MSA Campus, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", MSA Campus, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", MSA Campus, Naples, Italy
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31
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Dennys CN, Armstrong J, Levy M, Byun YJ, Ramdial KR, Bott M, Rossi FH, Fernández-Valle C, Franco MC, Estevez AG. Chronic inhibitory effect of riluzole on trophic factor production. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:301-7. [PMID: 26071088 PMCID: PMC4864959 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Riluzole is the only FDA approved drug for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the drug affords moderate protection to ALS patients, extending life for a few months by a mechanism that remains controversial. In the presence of riluzole, astrocytes increase the production of factors protective to motor neurons. The stimulation of trophic factor production by motor neuron associated cells may contribute to riluzole's protective effect in ALS. Here, we investigated the effects of media conditioned by astrocytes and Schwann cells acutely or chronically incubated with riluzole on trophic factor-deprived motor neuron survival. While acute riluzole incubation induced CT-1 secretion by astrocytes and Schwann cells, chronic treatment stimulated a significant decrease in trophic factor production compared to untreated cultures. Accordingly, conditioned media from astrocytes and Schwann cells acutely treated with riluzole protected motor neurons from trophic factor deprivation-induced cell death. Motor neuron protection was prevented by incubation with CT-1 neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, conditioned media from astrocytes and Schwann cells chronically treated with riluzole was not protective. Acute and chronic treatment of mice with riluzole showed opposite effects on trophic factor production in spinal cord, sciatic nerve and brain. There was an increase in the production of CT-1 and GDNF in the spinal cord and CT-1 in the sciatic nerve during the first days of treatment with riluzole, but the levels dropped significantly after chronic treatment with the drug. Similar results were observed in brain for CT-1 and BDNF while there was no change in GDNF levels after riluzole treatment. Our results reveal that riluzole regulates long-lasting processes involving protein synthesis, which may be relevant for riluzole therapeutic effects. Changing the regimen of riluzole administration to favor the acute effect of the drug on trophic factor production by discontinuous long-term treatment may improve the outcome of ALS patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra N Dennys
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - JeNay Armstrong
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Mark Levy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Youn Jung Byun
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Kristina R Ramdial
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Marga Bott
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Fabian H Rossi
- Orlando Veteran Administration Healthcare System, Orlando, FL 32803, United States
| | - Cristina Fernández-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Maria Clara Franco
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Alvaro G Estevez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, United States.
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32
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Plasma Prolidase Activity and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:598028. [PMID: 26347150 PMCID: PMC4546767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/598028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase deficiency has been related to mental retardation and oxidative stress. The study aimed to observe plasma prolidase activity (PPA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). 240 subjects with PD and 150 healthy volunteers were considered as cases and controls, respectively. PPA, TOS, TAS, and OSI were measured spectrophotometrically. PPA and TAS in cases were more significantly decreased than controls (P < 0.01), while TOS and OSI were significantly increased (P < 0.001). In cases, nonsignificant, positive correlation was observed between PPA and TOS and OSI while significant, negative correlation was observed between PPA and TAS (P = 0.047). PPA in cases was nonsignificantly decreased with increased duration of PD (P = 0.747) while TAS was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) and TOS and OSI were significantly increased (P < 0.001). It was observed that higher age groups had decreased PPA, and TAS and increased TOS and OSI compared to lower age groups in cases. In summary, patients with PD have decreased PPA and increased oxidative stress compared to healthy volunteers. PPA was associated with oxidative stress markers in patients with PD. Decreased PPA and TAS and increased TOS and OSI were associated with progression of disease and higher age.
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Koszinowski S, Boerries M, Busch H, Krieglstein K. RARβ regulates neuronal cell death and differentiation in the avian ciliary ganglion. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1204-18. [PMID: 25663354 PMCID: PMC4832352 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death during chicken ciliary ganglion (CG) development is mostly discussed as an extrinsically regulated process, guided either by the establishment of a functional balance between preganglionic and postganglionic activity or the availability of target‐derived neurotrophic factors. We found that the expression of the gene coding for the nuclear retinoic acid receptor β (RARB) is transiently upregulated prior to and during the execution phase of cell death in the CG. Using retroviral vectors, the expression of RARB was knocked down during embryonic development in ovo. The knockdown led to a significant increase in CG neuron number after the cell death phase. BrdU injections and active caspase‐3 staining revealed that this increase in neuron number was due to an inhibition of apoptosis during the normal cell death phase. Furthermore, apoptotic neuron numbers were significantly increased at a stage when cell death is normally completed. While the cholinergic phenotype of the neurons remained unchanged after RARB knockdown, the expression of the proneural gene Cash1 was increased, but somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity, a hallmark of the mature choroid neuron population, was decreased. Taken together, these results point toward a delay in neuronal differentiation as well as cell death. The availability of nuclear retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) and RARβ‐induced transcription of genes could therefore be a new intrinsic cue for the maturation of CG neurons and their predisposition to undergo cell death. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1204–1218, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Koszinowski
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Centre for Biochemistry und Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ), University of Freiburg, ALU, Stefan-Meier-Str.17, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Centre for Biochemistry und Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ), University of Freiburg, ALU, Stefan-Meier-Str.17, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg (ALU), Freiburg, Germany
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Yokota T, Kamimura N, Igarashi T, Takahashi H, Ohta S, Oharazawa H. Protective effect of molecular hydrogen against oxidative stress caused by peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide in rat retina. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 43:568-77. [PMID: 25801048 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative and nitrative processes have an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress occurs when cellular production of reactive oxygen species outweighs the protective capacity of antioxidant defences. Reactive oxygen species are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism, primarily in the mitochondria. Herein, we present a novel investigation of the effects of molecular hydrogen (H2 ) on retinal cells exposed to oxidative stress. METHODS We cultured adult rat retinal tissues in an organotypic culture system with a nitric oxide donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, in the presence or absence of H2 . Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis of retinal cells were analysed using a MitoTMRE detection kit and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. Tyrosine nitration levels and oxidative stress damage in the retina were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. Retinal damage was quantified by measuring the numbers of cells in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers and the thickness of the retina. RESULTS H2 suppressed loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in retinal cells. Moreover, H2 decreased the tyrosine nitration level and suppressed oxidative stress damage in retinal cells. S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine treatment decreased the cell numbers in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, but the presence of H2 inhibited this reduction. These findings suggest that H2 has a neuroprotective effect against retinal cell oxidative damage, presumably by scavenging peroxynitrite. CONCLUSIONS H2 reduces cellular peroxynitrite, a highly toxic reactive nitrogen species. Thus, H2 may be an effective and novel clinical tool for treating glaucoma and other oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokota
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naomi Kamimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Igarashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oharazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Musashikosugi Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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35
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Toyoda H. Involvement of leak K + channels in neurological disorders. World J Neurol 2015; 5:52-56. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v5.i1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK) channels give rise to leak K+ currents which influence the resting membrane potential and input resistance. The wide expression of TASK1 and TASK3 channels in the central nervous system suggests that these channels are critically involved in neurological disorders. It has become apparent in the past decade that TASK channels play critical roles for the development of various neurological disorders. In this review, I describe evidence for their roles in ischemia, epilepsy, learning/memory/cognition and apoptosis.
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36
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Improved fracture healing in patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury: proven or not? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:204842. [PMID: 25873754 PMCID: PMC4385630 DOI: 10.1155/2015/204842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, scientific evidence advocates an association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and accelerated fracture healing. Multiple clinical and preclinical studies have shown an enhanced callus formation and an increased callus volume in patients, respectively, rats with concomitant TBI. Over time, different substances (cytokines, hormones, etc.) were in focus to elucidate the relationship between TBI and fracture healing. Until now, the mechanism behind this relationship is not fully clarified and a consensus on which substance plays the key role could not be attained in the literature. In this review, we will give an overview of current concepts and opinions on this topic published in the last decade and both clinical and pathophysiological theories will be discussed.
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37
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Deng Z, Fu H, Xiao Y, Zhang B, Sun G, Wei Q, Ai B, Hu Q. Effects of selenium on lead-induced alterations in Aβ production and Bcl-2 family proteins. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:221-228. [PMID: 25528413 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in humans and animals have suggested that lead (Pb) may increase the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aβ). Our previous studies have revealed that selenium (Se) can partially improve memory deficits induced by Pb exposure. In this study we sought to investigate the effect of Pb and Se on the endogenous expression of APP, Aβ40 and Bcl-2 family proteins. In vitro, the protein levels of APP and Aβ significantly decreased in SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells co-incubated with Pb-acetate and selenomethionine (SeMet) for 48h, compared with cells treated with Pb-acetate alone. Furthermore, these reductions induced by Se appeared to be concentration-dependent. In Wistar rats, we observed that the mRNA and protein levels of APP, the protein level of Bax, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein significantly increased after Pb treatment at embryonic stage and in neonates. These increases were significantly reversed by the treatment of Se. Taken together, our results suggest that Se can attenuate the alterations in APP expression and Aβ production as well as Bcl-2 family proteins induced by lead exposure in cells and in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Hongjun Fu
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Baomin Ai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis represents an intrinsic «suicide» program, by which a neuron orchestrates its own destruction. Although engagement of apoptosis requires transcription and protein synthesis, the complete spectrum of genes involved in distinct temporal domains remained unknown until the advent of genomics. In the last 10 years, the genome sequences and the development of high-throughput genomic technologies, such as DNA microarrays, have offered the unprecedented experimental opportunities to explore the transcriptional mechanisms underlying apoptosis from a new systems-level perspective. This review goes over this genomic approach and illustrates the use of microarray methodology to dissecting the multigenic program underlying neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Functional Genomics Center, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy,
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Stifani N. Motor neurons and the generation of spinal motor neuron diversity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:293. [PMID: 25346659 PMCID: PMC4191298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neurons (MNs) are neuronal cells located in the central nervous system (CNS) controlling a variety of downstream targets. This function infers the existence of MN subtypes matching the identity of the targets they innervate. To illustrate the mechanism involved in the generation of cellular diversity and the acquisition of specific identity, this review will focus on spinal MNs (SpMNs) that have been the core of significant work and discoveries during the last decades. SpMNs are responsible for the contraction of effector muscles in the periphery. Humans possess more than 500 different skeletal muscles capable to work in a precise time and space coordination to generate complex movements such as walking or grasping. To ensure such refined coordination, SpMNs must retain the identity of the muscle they innervate. Within the last two decades, scientists around the world have produced considerable efforts to elucidate several critical steps of SpMNs differentiation. During development, SpMNs emerge from dividing progenitor cells located in the medial portion of the ventral neural tube. MN identities are established by patterning cues working in cooperation with intrinsic sets of transcription factors. As the embryo develop, MNs further differentiate in a stepwise manner to form compact anatomical groups termed pools connecting to a unique muscle target. MN pools are not homogeneous and comprise subtypes according to the muscle fibers they innervate. This article aims to provide a global view of MN classification as well as an up-to-date review of the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of SpMN diversity. Remaining conundrums will be discussed since a complete understanding of those mechanisms constitutes the foundation required for the elaboration of prospective MN regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stifani
- Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
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Sharma D, Kim MS, D'Mello SR. Transcriptome profiling of expression changes during neuronal death by RNA-Seq. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:242-51. [PMID: 25258427 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214551688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal death are poorly understood. One of the most widely used models to study neuronal death are cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) which undergo apoptosis when switched from a medium containing depolarizing levels of potassium (HK) to a medium with low non-depolarizing levels of potassium (LK). Previously, other labs have used DNA microarray analysis to characterize gene expression changes in LK-treated CGNs. However, microarray analysis is only capable of measuring the status of known transcripts, and expression of low-abundance mRNAs is often not detected by the hybridization-based approach. We have used RNA-sequencing to conduct a more detailed and comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes in CGNs induced to die by LK treatment. RNA-seq investigates the status of both known transcripts as well as exploring new ones and is substantially more sensitive than the microarray approach. We have found that the expression of 4334 genes is significantly altered in LK-treated CGNs with 2199 being up-regulated while 2135 are down-regulated. Genes functioning in cell death and survival regulation, cell growth and proliferation and molecular transport were most affected by LK treatment. Further, a large number of genes involved in nervous system development and function were also deregulated. Analysis of signaling pathways that were affected in LK-induced death included but were not limited to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation, consistent with a number of studies showing perturbations of these pathways in neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, our study identifies a large number of new genes that are affected during the process of neuronal death. While a majority of these changes may reflect consequences of the induction of neuronal death, many of the genes that we have identified are likely to be critical and potentially novel mediators of neuronal death, including death associated with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75272, USA
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santosh R D'Mello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75272, USA
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Gu H, Jiang Z, Wang M, Jiang H, Zhao F, Ding X, Cai B, Zhan Z. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from wine-processed Fructus corni inhibits hippocampal neuron apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2605-14. [PMID: 25206571 PMCID: PMC4146024 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.28.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, a compound extracted from wine-processed Fructus corni, has a protective effect on hippocampal neurons. The present study was designed to explore the related mechanisms. Our study revealed that high and medium doses (10, 1 μmol/L) of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural could improve the morphology of H2O2-treated rat hippocampal neurons as revealed by inverted phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. MTT results showed that incubation with high and medium doses of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural caused a significant increase in the viability of neuronal cells injured by H2O2. Flow cytometry assays firmed that H2O2 could induce cell apoptosis, while high and medium doses of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural had a visible protective effect on apoptotic rat hippocampal neurons. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that high and medium doses of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural prevented H2O2-induced up-regulation of p53, Bax and caspase-3 and an-tagonized the down-regulation of Bcl-2 induced by H2O2 treatment. These results suggested that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural could inhibit apoptosis of cultured rat hippocampal neurons injured by H2O2 via increase in Bcl-2 levels and decrease in p53, Bax and caspase-3 protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zequn Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengming Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China
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Yu H, Cheng L, Cho KS. The potential of stem cell-based therapy for retinal repair. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1100-3. [PMID: 25206766 PMCID: PMC4146102 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.135311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, China ; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA
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A dual-labeled Annexin A5 is not suited for SPECT imaging of brain cell death in experimental murine stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:jcbfm2014115. [PMID: 24984896 PMCID: PMC4158671 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is one of the pathophysiological hallmarks after stroke. Markers to image cell death pathways in vivo are highly desirable. We previously showed that fluorescently labeled Annexin A5 (AnxA5), which binds specifically to phosphatidylserine (PS) on dead/dying cells, can be used in experimental stroke for monitoring cell death with optical imaging. Here we investigated whether dual-labeled AnxA5 (technetium and fluorescence label) can be used for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of cell death in the same model. C57Bl6/N mice were subjected to 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and underwent SPECT imaging at 24, 48, and 72 hours afterwards. They were injected intravenously with either PS-binding AnxA5 or the nonfunctional AnxA5 (negative control), labeled with 99mTc and Alexa Fluor 568, respectively. After SPECT imaging, brain sections were cut for autoradiography and fluorescence microscopy. Ethanol-induced cell death in the femur muscle was used as positive control. We detected dual-labeled AnxA5 in the model of ethanol-induced cell death in the femur muscle, but not after MCAO at any time point, either with SPECT or with ex vivo autoradiography or fluorescence microscopy. Dual-labeled AnxA5 appears to be unsuited for visualizing death of brain cells in this MCAO model.
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Xu F, Huang H, Wu Y, Lu L, Jiang L, Chen L, Zeng S, Li L, Li M. Upregulation of Gem relates to retinal ganglion cells apoptosis after optic nerve crush in adult rats. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:565-71. [PMID: 24948002 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GTP-binding protein Gem, a member protein of the Ras superfamily, can regulate actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediated by Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK). One attractive activity of the ROCK is playing a potential role in physiological and pathological process in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) apoptosis. However, the function of Gem in retina is still with limited understanding. To investigate whether Gem is involved in optic nerve injury, we performed an optic nerve crush (ONC) model in adult rats. Western blot analysis indicated that Gem was significantly increased in the retina at the 3rd day after ONC. Meanwhile, double-immunofluorescent staining showed that Gem expression was mainly up-regulated in ganglion cell layer and co-localized with NeuN (a marker of RGCs). Additionally, the co-localizations of Gem/active-caspase-3 and Gem/TUNEL-positive cells were detected in RGCs. Furthermore, the expression of active-caspase-3 and TUNEL-positive cells was parallel with that of Gem. Finally, expression pattern of ROCK family (only ROCK2 but not ROCK1) was increased in the differentiated process, which was collected with the expression of GEM and active-caspase-3. Based on the present results, it is suggested that Gem might play a crucial role in RGCs apoptosis after ONC, which might be involved in ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Transcriptional analysis of apoptotic cerebellar granule neurons following rescue by gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5596-622. [PMID: 24694544 PMCID: PMC4013584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis triggered by exogenous or endogenous stimuli is a crucial phenomenon to determine the fate of neurons, both in physiological and in pathological conditions. Our previous study established that gastric inhibitory polypeptide (Gip) is a neurotrophic factor capable of preventing apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), during its pre-commitment phase. In the present study, we conducted whole-genome expression profiling to obtain a comprehensive view of the transcriptional program underlying the rescue effect of Gip in CGNs. By using DNA microarray technology, we identified 65 genes, we named survival related genes, whose expression is significantly de-regulated following Gip treatment. The expression levels of six transcripts were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The proteins encoded by the survival related genes are functionally grouped in the following categories: signal transduction, transcription, cell cycle, chromatin remodeling, cell death, antioxidant activity, ubiquitination, metabolism and cytoskeletal organization. Our data outline that Gip supports CGNs rescue via a molecular framework, orchestrated by a wide spectrum of gene actors, which propagate survival signals and support neuronal viability.
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Aung KH, Win-Shwe TT, Kanaya M, Takano H, Tsukahara S. Involvement of hemeoxygenase-1 in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced apoptosis of Neuro-2a cells. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:217-29. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Htet Aung
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Moeko Kanaya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) represent the two major forms of motoneuron disease. In both forms of disease, spinal and bulbar motoneurons become dysfunctional and degenerate. In ALS, cortical motoneurons are also affected, which contributes to the clinical phenotype. The gene defects for most familial forms of ALS and SMA have been discovered and they point to a broad spectrum of disease mechanisms, including defects in RNA processing, pathological protein aggregation, altered apoptotic signaling, and disturbed energy metabolism. Despite the fact that lack of neurotrophic factors or their corresponding receptors are not found as genetic cause of motoneuron disease, signaling pathways initiated by neurotrophic factors for motoneuron survival, axon growth, presynaptic development, and synaptic function are disturbed in ALS and SMA. Better understanding of how neurotrophic factors and downstream signaling pathways interfere with these disease mechanisms could help to develop new therapies for motoneuron disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sendtner
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany,
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Sampath U, Janardhanam VA. Asiaticoside, a trisaccaride triterpene induces biochemical and molecular variations in brain of mice with parkinsonism. Transl Neurodegener 2013; 2:23. [PMID: 24262283 PMCID: PMC4177538 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease characterized by oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in the pars compacta of substantia nigra remains a challenge to manage with an added disadvantage of side effects of L-levo dopa, the standard drug used for therapy. Thus, an alternative approach of utilizing natural components would be beneficial in the management of the disease. The present study was aimed to investigate the potential role of asiaticoside (As), a trisaccaride triterpene against1 - methyl 4 - phenyl 1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in experimental mice. METHODS Mice were divided into 4 groups: Group I received vehicle saline, group II was treated with 20 mg/kg of body weight of MPTP (2 doses with 2 h intervals), group III received MPTP along with 50 mg/kg body weight of As for the 21 consecutive days starting from the day of MPTP intoxication. Group IV received 50 mg/kg body weight of asiaticoside for the same period serving as drug control. Animals were sacrificed at the end of experimental period and the striatum and midbrain samples were analyzed for enzyme assays, transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. Immunofluorescent assay was performed to study the expression of GFAP to detect astrocyte, which are activated due to neuronal damage. Imunohistochemical studies were carried out to quantify the expression of Bax and Bcl2, the molecular signatures that would provide clues of the extent of neurodegeneration. RESULTS The activities of enzymes were increased on As administration when compared with those of group II animals. Expressions of Bax and Bcl2 along with GFAP did show significant variations (p < 0.05) on MPTP treatment when compared to control animals and the changes were found to be reversed significantly (p < 0.05) after treatment with asiaticoside. TEM analysis also showed attenuated degenerative architecture on As administration. The mice which received As alone (drug control IV) did not show significant variation from that of the control mice. CONCLUSION The observations suggest that asiaticoside may be efficacious in protecting neurons from the oxidative damage caused by the insult of MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvarajan Sampath
- Department of Biochemistry, Indo-American College, Cheyyar, Tamilnadu, India
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Vega-Meléndez GS, Blagburn JM, Blanco RE. Ciliary neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor increase the speed and number of regenerating axons after optic nerve injury in adult Rana pipiens. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:13-23. [PMID: 24166589 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) play important roles in neuronal survival and in axonal outgrowth during development. However, whether they can modulate regeneration after optic nerve injury in the adult animal is less clear. The present study investigates the effects of application of these neurotrophic factors on the speed, number, and distribution of regenerating axons in the frog Rana pipiens after optic nerve crush. Optic nerves were crushed and the factors, or phosphate-buffered saline, were applied to the stump or intraocularly. The nerves were examined at different times after axotomy, using anterograde labeling with biotin dextran amine and antibody against growth-associated protein 43. We measured the length, number, and distribution of axons projecting beyond the lesion site. Untreated regenerating axons show an increase in elongation rate over 3 weeks. CNTF more than doubles this rate, FGF-2 increases it, and BDNF has little effect. In contrast, the numbers of regenerating axons that have reached 200 μm at 2 weeks were more than doubled by FGF-2, increased by CNTF, and barely affected by BDNF. The regenerating axons were preferentially distributed in the periphery of the nerve; although the numbers of axons were increased by neurotrophic factor application, this overall distribution was substantially unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giam S Vega-Meléndez
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Old San Juan, Puerto Rico; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Wang B, Watkins T, Ghosh AS, Pozniak CD, Bustos D, Newton K, Kirkpatrick DS, Lewcock JW. JNK-mediated phosphorylation of DLK suppresses its ubiquitination to promote neuronal apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:747-63. [PMID: 23979718 PMCID: PMC3760612 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201303066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal injury induces JNK phosphorylation of DLK, which reduces DLK ubiquitination and creates a positive feedback loop to enhance JNK signaling and increase apoptosis. Neurons are highly polarized cells that often project axons a considerable distance. To respond to axonal damage, neurons must transmit a retrograde signal to the nucleus to enable a transcriptional stress response. Here we describe a mechanism by which this signal is propagated through injury-induced stabilization of dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (DLK/MAP3K12). After neuronal insult, specific sites throughout the length of DLK underwent phosphorylation by c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), which have been shown to be downstream targets of DLK pathway activity. These phosphorylation events resulted in increased DLK abundance via reduction of DLK ubiquitination, which was mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase PHR1 and the de-ubiquitinating enzyme USP9X. Abundance of DLK in turn controlled the levels of downstream JNK signaling and apoptosis. Through this feedback mechanism, the ubiquitin–proteasome system is able to provide an additional layer of regulation of retrograde stress signaling to generate a global cellular response to localized external insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Huntwork-Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, 2 Department of Microchemical Proteomics, and 3 Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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