1
|
Morales-Calva F, Leal SL. Tell me why: the missing w in episodic memory's what, where, and when. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024:10.3758/s13415-024-01234-4. [PMID: 39455523 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Endel Tulving defined episodic memory as consisting of a spatiotemporal context. It enables us to recollect personal experiences of people, things, places, and situations. In other words, it is made up of what, where, and when components. However, this definition does not include arguably the most important aspect of episodic memory: the why. Understanding why we remember has important implications to better understand how our memory system works and as a potential target of intervention for memory impairment. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to why some experiences are better remembered than others have been widely investigated but largely independently studied. How these factors interact with one another to drive an event to become a lasting memory is still unknown. This review summarizes research examining the why of episodic memory, where we aim to uncover the factors that drive core features of our memory. We discuss the concept of episodic memory examining the what, where, and when, and how the why is essential to each of these key components of episodic memory. Furthermore, we discuss the neural mechanisms known to support our rich episodic memories and how a why signal may provide critical modulatory impact on neural activity and communication. Finally, we discuss the individual differences that may further drive why we remember certain experiences over others. A better understanding of these elements, and how we experience memory in daily life, can elucidate why we remember what we remember, providing important insight into the overarching goal of our memory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie L Leal
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, 621 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Addante RJ, Clise E, Waechter R, Bengson J, Drane DL, Perez-Caban J. A third kind of episodic memory: Context familiarity is distinct from item familiarity and recollection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.15.603640. [PMID: 39071285 PMCID: PMC11275934 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.15.603640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memory is accounted for with two processes: 'familiarity' when generally recognizing an item and 'recollection' when retrieving the full contextual details bound with the item. Paradoxically, people sometimes report contextual information as familiar but without recollecting details, which is not easily accounted for by existing theories. We tested a combination of item recognition confidence and source memory, focusing upon 'item-only hits with source unknown' ('item familiarity'), 'low-confidence hits with correct source memory' ('context familiarity'), and 'high-confidence hits with correct source memory' ('recollection'). Results across multiple within-subjects (trial-wise) and between subjects (individual variability) levels indicated these were behaviorally and physiologically distinct. Behaviorally, a crossover interaction was evident in response times, with context familiarity being slower than each condition during item recognition, but faster during source memory. Electrophysiologically, a Condition x Time x Location triple dissociation was evident in event-related potentials (ERPs), which was then independently replicated. Context familiarity exhibited an independent negative central effect from 800-1200 ms, differentiated from positive ERPs for item-familiarity (400 to 600 ms) and recollection (600 to 900 ms). These three conditions thus reflect mutually exclusive, fundamentally different processes of episodic memory. Context familiarity is a third distinct process of episodic memory. Summary Memory for past events is widely believed to operate through two different processes: one called 'recollection' when retrieving confident, specific details of a memory, and another called 'familiarity' when only having an unsure but conscious awareness that an item was experienced before. When people successfully retrieve details such as the source or context of a prior event, it has been assumed to reflect recollection. We demonstrate that familiarity of context is functionally distinct from familiarity of items and recollection and offer a new, tri-component model of memory. The three memory responses were differentiated across multiple behavioral and brain wave measures. What has traditionally been thought to be two kinds of memory processes are actually three, becoming evident when using sensitive enough multi-measures. Results are independently replicated across studies from different labs. These data reveal that context familiarity is a third process of human episodic memory.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dugan S, Patch M, Hoang T, Anderson JC. Anoxic Brain Injury: A Subtle and Often Overlooked Finding in Non-Fatal Intimate Partner Strangulation. J Emerg Med 2024:S0736-4679(24)00191-4. [PMID: 39304396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A paucity of literature exists dedicated to the identification of anoxic brain injury in patients that survive non-fatal intimate partner strangulation (NF-IPS). While some individuals report experiencing symptoms of brain hypoxia followed by a loss of consciousness, other individuals report symptoms of brain hypoxia prior to amnesia, rendering some unable to recall loss of consciousness (LOC). OBJECTIVE Using a standardized clinical assessment tool, the purpose of this retrospective analysis is to describe anoxic brain injury symptom prevalence in a sample of patients reporting NF-IPS. METHODS One hundred and ninety-one unique patients, reporting a total of 267 strangulation events, were assessed by a member of the Shasta Community Forensic Care Team utilizing the Strangulation Hypoxia Anoxia Symptom TBI Assessment (SHASTA) tool. The sample is 98% female and includes adult patients ages 18-68. Examination records were categorized based on the presence or absence of hypoxia and anoxia symptoms. This manuscript utilizes the STROBE checklist. RESULTS Amnesia was reported in 145 of the 267 strangulations (54.3%). Of those, 74 reported LOC (51.0%) while 71 did not recall LOC (49.0%). CONCLUSIONS Within our sample, 49% of patients with amnesia did not recall losing consciousness, demonstrating that LOC is an imperfect measure of anoxia for patients following NF-IPS. Healthcare providers examining NF-IPS patients should inquire about additional symptoms of hypoxia and amnesia, which can be captured on the SHASTA tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Dugan
- Shasta Community Health Center, Redding, California.
| | - Michelle Patch
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Taman Hoang
- Shasta Community Health Center, Redding, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schneider S, Coll SY, Schnider A, Ptak R. Electrophysiological analysis of signal detection outcomes emphasizes the role of decisional factors in recognition memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1358298. [PMID: 38571522 PMCID: PMC10989682 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1358298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Event-related potential (ERP) studies have identified two time windows associated with recognition memory and interpreted them as reflecting two processes: familiarity and recollection. However, using relatively simple stimuli and achieving high recognition rates, most studies focused on hits and correct rejections. This leaves out some information (misses and false alarms) that according to Signal Detection Theory (SDT) is necessary to understand signal processing. Methods We used a difficult visual recognition task with colored pictures of different categories to obtain enough of the four possible SDT outcomes and analyzed them with modern ERP methods. Results Non-parametric analysis of these outcomes identified a single time window (470 to 670 ms) which reflected activity within fronto-central and posterior-left clusters of electrodes, indicating differential processing. The posterior-left cluster significantly distinguished all STD outcomes. The fronto-central cluster only distinguished ERPs according to the subject's response: yes vs. no. Additionally, only electrophysiological activity within the posterior-left cluster correlated with the discrimination index (d'). Discussion We show that when all SDT outcomes are examined, ERPs of recognition memory reflect a single-time window that may reveal a bottom-up factor discriminating the history of items (i.e. memory strength), as well as a top-down factor indicating participants' decision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schneider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sélim Yahia Coll
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Radek Ptak
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zare M, Rezaei M, Nazari M, Kosarmadar N, Faraz M, Barkley V, Shojaei A, Raoufy MR, Mirnajafi‐Zadeh J. Effect of the closed-loop hippocampal low-frequency stimulation on seizure severity, learning, and memory in pilocarpine epilepsy rat model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14656. [PMID: 38439573 PMCID: PMC10912795 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this study, the anticonvulsant action of closed-loop, low-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) was investigated. In addition, the changes in brain rhythms and functional connectivity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were evaluated. METHODS Epilepsy was induced by pilocarpine in male Wistar rats. After the chronic phase, a tripolar electrode was implanted in the right ventral hippocampus and a monopolar electrode in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Subjects' spontaneous seizure behaviors were observed in continuous video recording, while the local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded simultaneously. In addition, spatial memory was evaluated by the Barnes maze test. RESULTS Applying hippocampal DBS, immediately after seizure detection in epileptic animals, reduced their seizure severity and duration, and improved their performance in Barnes maze test. DBS reduced the increment in power of delta, theta, and gamma waves in pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal periods. Meanwhile, DBS increased the post-ictal-to-pre-ictal ratio of theta band. DBS decreased delta and increased theta coherences, and also increased the post-ictal-to-pre-ictal ratio of coherence. In addition, DBS increased the hippocampal-mPFC coupling in pre-ictal period and decreased the coupling in the ictal and post-ictal periods. CONCLUSION Applying closed-loop, low-frequency DBS at seizure onset reduced seizure severity and improved memory. In addition, the changes in power, coherence, and coupling of the LFP oscillations in the hippocampus and mPFC demonstrate low-frequency DBS efficacy as an antiepileptic treatment, returning LFPs to a seemingly non-seizure state in subjects that received DBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mahmoud Rezaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Technology, Electrical EngineeringSharif UniversityTehranIran
| | - Nastaran Kosarmadar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mona Faraz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Victoria Barkley
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi‐Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
- Institute for Brain Sciences and CognitionTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bosmans J, Gommeren H, Zu Eulenburg P, Gilles A, Mertens G, Van Ombergen A, Cras P, Engelborghs S, Van Rompaey V. Is vestibular function related to human hippocampal volume? J Vestib Res 2024; 34:3-13. [PMID: 37927291 DOI: 10.3233/ves-230076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies implicate the effect of vestibular loss on cognitive decline, including hippocampal volume loss. As hippocampal atrophy is an important biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, exploring vestibular dysfunction as a risk factor for dementia and its role in hippocampal atrophy is of interest. OBJECTIVE To replicate previous literature on whole-brain and hippocampal volume in semicircular canal dysfunction (bilateral vestibulopathy; BV) and explore the association between otolith function and hippocampal volume. METHODS Hippocampal and whole-brain MRI volumes were compared in adults aged between 55 and 83 years. Participants with BV (n = 16) were compared to controls individually matched on age, sex, and hearing status (n = 16). Otolith influence on hippocampal volume in preserved semicircular canal function was evaluated (n = 34). RESULTS Whole-brain and targeted hippocampal approaches using volumetric and surface-based measures yielded no significant differences when comparing BV to controls. Binary support vector machines were unable to classify inner ear health status above chance level. Otolith parameters were not associated with hippocampal volume in preserved semicircular canal function. CONCLUSIONS No significant differences in whole-brain or hippocampal volume were found when comparing BV participants with healthy controls. Saccular parameters in subjects with preserved semicircular canal function were not associated with hippocampal volume changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Bosmans
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences and Dento-Otolaryngology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Gommeren
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences and Dento-Otolaryngology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Peter Zu Eulenburg
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annick Gilles
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences and Dento-Otolaryngology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Education, Health and Social Work, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Mertens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences and Dento-Otolaryngology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Angelique Van Ombergen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences and Dento-Otolaryngology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Discipline Lead for Life Sciences, SciSpacE Team, Directorate for Human Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration Programmes, European Space Agency
| | - Patrick Cras
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences and Dento-Otolaryngology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital and Born-Bunge Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel and Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Van Rompaey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences and Dento-Otolaryngology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kwon S, Rugg MD, Wiegand R, Curran T, Morcom AM. A meta-analysis of event-related potential correlates of recognition memory. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:2083-2105. [PMID: 37434046 PMCID: PMC10728276 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A longstanding question in memory research is whether recognition is supported by more than one mnemonic process. Dual-process models distinguish recollection of episodic detail from familiarity, while single-process models explain recognition in terms of one process that varies in strength. Dual process models have drawn support from findings that recollection and familiarity elicit distinct electroencephalographic event-related potentials (ERPs): a mid-frontal ERP effect that occurs at around 300-500 ms post-stimulus onset and is often larger for familiarity than recollection contrasts, and a parietal ERP effect that occurs at around 500-800 ms and is larger for recollection than familiarity contrasts. We sought to adjudicate between dual- and single-process models by investigating whether the dissociation between these two ERP effects is reliable over studies. We extracted effect sizes from 41 experiments that had used Remember-Know, source memory, and associative memory paradigms (1,000 participants). Meta-analysis revealed a strong interaction between ERP effect and mnemonic process of the form predicted by dual-process models. Although neither ERP effect was significantly process-selective taken alone, a moderator analysis revealed a larger mid-frontal effect for familiarity than recollection contrasts in studies using the Remember-Know paradigm. Mega-analysis of raw data from six studies further showed significant process-selectivity for both mid-frontal and parietal ERPs in the predicted time windows. On balance, the findings favor dual- over single-process theories of recognition memory, but point to a need to promote sharing of raw data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kwon
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ronny Wiegand
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tim Curran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alexa M Morcom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Euler MJ, Duff K, King JB, Hoffman JM. Recall and recognition subtests of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status and their relationship to biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:885-902. [PMID: 36110031 PMCID: PMC10014490 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, two new recognition subtests for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were developed and initially validated in a cohort of older adults who were cognitively intact or classified as amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current paper extends that validation by comparing the recall and recognition subtests of the RBANS, including the existing and recently developed scores, to three commonly used biomarkers in AD in an expanded sample from the initial validation. One hundred fifty-four older adults (65 intact, 46 MCI, 43 AD) were administered the RBANS, which included the recently developed subtests for Story Recognition and Figure Recognition (hits, false positives, total correct), as part of a study on memory and biomarkers. Participants also completed magnetic resonance imaging to obtain hippocampal volumes, positron emission tomography to obtain amyloid plaque deposition, and a blood draw to obtain APOE ε4 status. Whereas correlations between recall scores and biomarkers tended to be moderate (average r = ±0.48), these correlations were comparable across the three recognition total scores (average r = ±0.42), but tended to be lower for recognition hits (average r = ±0.28) and false positives (average r = ±0.38). These results further validate the existing and recently developed recognition scores on the RBANS as providing useful information about brain and genetic pathology in older adults with intact and impaired cognitive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Euler
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jace B King
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kanagamani T, Chakravarthy VS, Ravindran B, Menon RN. A deep network-based model of hippocampal memory functions under normal and Alzheimer's disease conditions. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1092933. [PMID: 37416627 PMCID: PMC10320296 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1092933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a deep network-based model of the associative memory functions of the hippocampus. The proposed network architecture has two key modules: (1) an autoencoder module which represents the forward and backward projections of the cortico-hippocampal projections and (2) a module that computes familiarity of the stimulus and implements hill-climbing over the familiarity which represents the dynamics of the loops within the hippocampus. The proposed network is used in two simulation studies. In the first part of the study, the network is used to simulate image pattern completion by autoassociation under normal conditions. In the second part of the study, the proposed network is extended to a heteroassociative memory and is used to simulate picture naming task in normal and Alzheimer's disease (AD) conditions. The network is trained on pictures and names of digits from 0 to 9. The encoder layer of the network is partly damaged to simulate AD conditions. As in case of AD patients, under moderate damage condition, the network recalls superordinate words ("odd" instead of "nine"). Under severe damage conditions, the network shows a null response ("I don't know"). Neurobiological plausibility of the model is extensively discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamizharasan Kanagamani
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Balaraman Ravindran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and AI, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Ramshekhar N. Menon
- Cognition and Behavioural Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Slotnick SD. No convincing evidence the hippocampus is associated with working memory. Cogn Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37300307 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2023.2223919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In a previous discussion paper , twenty-six working memory fMRI studies that reported activity in the hippocampus were systematically analyzed. None of these studies provided convincing evidence that the hippocampus was active during the late delay phase, the only period in which working memory can be isolated from long-term memory processes. Based on these results, it was concluded that working memory does not activate the hippocampus. Six commentaries on the discussion paper were received from Courtney (2022), Kessels & Bergmann (2022), Peters and Reithler (2022), Rose and Chao (2022), Stern & Hasselmo (2022), and Wood, Clark, and Nee (2022). Based on these commentaries, the present response paper considered whether there is evidence of sustained hippocampal activity during the working memory delay period based on depth-electrode recording, whether there are activity-silent working memory mechanisms in the hippocampus, and whether there is hippocampal lesion evidence indicating this region is important for working memory. There was no convincing electrophysiological or neuropsychological evidence that the hippocampus is associated with working memory maintenance, and activity-silent mechanisms were arguably speculative. Given that only a small fraction (approximately 5%) of fMRI studies have reported hippocampal activity in working memory tasks and lesion evidence indicates the hippocampus is not necessary for working memory, the burden of proof is on proponents of view that the hippocampus is important for working memory to provide compelling evidence to support their position. To date, in my view, there is no convincing evidence that the hippocampus is associated with working memory.
Collapse
|
11
|
Waters SJ, Basile BM, Murray EA. Reevaluating the role of the hippocampus in memory: A meta-analysis of neurotoxic lesion studies in nonhuman primates. Hippocampus 2023; 33:787-807. [PMID: 36649170 PMCID: PMC10213107 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and perirhinal cortex are both broadly implicated in memory; nevertheless, their relative contributions to visual item recognition and location memory remain disputed. Neuropsychological studies in nonhuman primates that examine memory function after selective damage to medial temporal lobe structures report various levels of memory impairment-ranging from minor deficits to profound amnesia. The discrepancies in published findings have complicated efforts to determine the exact magnitude of visual item recognition and location memory impairments following damage to the hippocampus and/or perirhinal cortex. To provide the most accurate estimate to date of the overall effect size, we use meta-analytic techniques on data aggregated from 26 publications that assessed visual item recognition and/or location memory in nonhuman primates with and without selective neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus or perirhinal cortex. We estimated the overall effect size, evaluated the relation between lesion extent and effect size, and investigated factors that may account for between-study variation. Grouping studies by lesion target and testing method, separate meta-analyses were conducted. One meta-analysis indicated that impairments on tests of visual item recognition were larger after lesions of perirhinal cortex than after lesions of the hippocampus. A separate meta-analysis showed that performance on tests of location memory was severely impaired by lesions of the hippocampus. For the most part, meta-regressions indicated that greater impairment corresponds with greater lesion extent; paradoxically, however, more extensive hippocampal lesions predicted smaller impairments on tests of visual item recognition. We conclude the perirhinal cortex makes a larger contribution than the hippocampus to visual item recognition, and the hippocampus predominately contributes to spatial navigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J. Waters
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Basile
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
- Department of Psychology, Dickinson College, Carlisle PA, USA
| | - Elisabeth A. Murray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Recall memory and sequential dependence threaten the independence of successive beauty ratings. Such independence is usually assumed when using repeated measures to estimate the intrinsic variance of a rating. We call "intrinsic" the variance of all possible responses that the participant could give on a trial. Variance arises within and across participants. In attributing the measured variance to sources, the first step is to assess how much is intrinsic. In seven experiments, we measure how much of the variability across beauty ratings can be attributed to recall memory and sequential dependence. With a set size of one, memory is a problem and contributes half the measured variance. However, we showed that for both beauty and ellipticity, with set size of nine or more, recall memory causes a mere 10% increase in the variance of repeated ratings. Moreover, we showed that as long as the stimuli are diverse (i.e., represent different object categories), sequential dependence does not affect the variance of beauty ratings. Lastly, the variance of beauty ratings increases in proportion to the 0.15 power of stimulus set size. We show that the beauty rating of a stimulus in a diverse set is affected by the stimulus set size and not the value of other stimuli. Overall, we conclude that the variance of repeated ratings is a good way to estimate the intrinsic variance of a beauty rating of a stimulus in a diverse set.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mittal S, Lau V, Prior K, Ewer J. Twelve tips for medical students on how to maximise remote learning. MEDICAL TEACHER 2022; 44:851-858. [PMID: 33974486 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2021.1912308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Medical schools are increasingly utilising remote learning. Remote learning can take many forms such as online lectures, small group tutorials, virtual clinical skills sessions, and online case presentations. Remote learning presents both challenges and opportunities for students globally. This article shares twelve tips from senior medical students, based on the author's personal experience of remote learning and the relevant literature, to help others maximise the benefits of both synchronous and asynchronous remote learning. The authors include guidance on how to approach the remote format, embrace the use of technology, detail helpful open-access resources, and encourage students to become independent learners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Mittal
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria Lau
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Katie Prior
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Joseph Ewer
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ricci M, Ruggeri M, Gnisci C, Pizzoni L, Gerace C, Blundo C. Improving Amnesia Diagnostic Accuracy with RAVLT Single Scores and Composite Indices: Italian Normative Data. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 37:1749-1764. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is a widely used verbal memory measure that provides scores for different aspects of memory. It involves repeated auditory presentation and recall of a 15-item word list (List A) followed by presentation and recall of a distractor list (List B) and then un-cued immediate and delayed recalls (at 15 min and 1 week) of List A as well as recognition testing. Aims of this study are to provide Italian normative data for certain RAVLT Scores and Composite Indices to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the test in clinical settings and to provide further evidence on how RAVLT can differentiate different amnesia profiles due to focal lesions.
Methods
We enrolled 440 healthy participants and RAVLT Single Scores and Composite Indices have been analyzed by means of multiple regression to verify the influence of age, education, and gender.
Results
We computed the best linear models with RAVLT Single Scores and Composite Indices, as dependent variables, and the most suitable transformation of independent variables. By reversing the signs of the regression coefficients, the adjustment factors for each level of age and, if needed, education and gender have been computed and the adjusted scores have been standardized into Equivalent Scores.
Conclusion
Using these standardized measures, we differentiate three profiles of amnesia due to selective hippocampal sclerosis with severe encoding deficit, fornix lesions with source memory problems, and temporal lobe epilepsy with consolidation failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ricci
- Centre for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia (CDCD) , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
- San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruggeri
- Centre for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia (CDCD) , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
- San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
- CAR – Rehabilitation Centre , Rome , Italy
| | - Cristina Gnisci
- Centre for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia (CDCD) , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
- San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
| | - Luca Pizzoni
- Centre for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia (CDCD) , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
- San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
| | - Carmela Gerace
- Centre for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia (CDCD) , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
- San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo Blundo
- Centre for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia (CDCD) , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
- San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital , Neuroscience Departement, , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zarrouki F, Relizani K, Bizot F, Tensorer T, Garcia L, Vaillend C, Goyenvalle A. Partial restoration of brain dystrophin and behavioral deficits by exon skipping in the muscular dystrophy X-linked (mdx) mouse. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:213-229. [PMID: 35587226 PMCID: PMC9544349 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Duchenne muscular dystrophy is associated with various degrees of cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances. Emotional and memory deficits also constitute reliable outcome measures to assess efficacy of treatments in the mdx mouse lacking the muscle and neuronal full‐length dystrophins. The present study aimed to evaluate whether these deficits could be alleviated by the restoration of brain dystrophin. Methods We performed intracerebroventricular administration of a new potent tricyclo‐DNA antisense oligonucleotide (tcDNA‐ASO) containing a full phosphodiester backbone conjugated to a palmitic acid moiety (tcDNA‐ASO), designed to skip the mutated exon 23 of mdx mice. Results We first show that the tcDNA‐ASO rescues expression of brain dystrophin to 10–30% of wild‐type levels and significantly reduces the abnormal unconditioned fear responses in mdx mice in a dose‐dependent manner, 5 weeks post‐injection. Exon skipping efficiency, ASO biodistribution, protein restoration and effect on the fear response were optimal with a dose of 400 μg at 6–7 weeks post‐injection, with synaptic‐like expression in brain tissues such as the hippocampus and amygdala. Furthermore, this dose of tcDNA‐ASO restored long‐term memory retention of mdx mice in an object recognition task, but only had minor effects on fear conditioning. Interpretation These results suggest for the first time that postnatal re‐expression of brain dystrophin could reverse or at least alleviate some cognitive deficits associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:213–229
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Zarrouki
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Karima Relizani
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,SQY Therapeutics, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Flavien Bizot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Thomas Tensorer
- SQY Therapeutics, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Luis Garcia
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,LIA BAHN, centre scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
| | - Cyrille Vaillend
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Aurélie Goyenvalle
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, 78000, Versailles, France.,LIA BAHN, centre scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hippocampus-Prefrontal Coupling Regulates Recognition Memory for Novelty Discrimination. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9617-9632. [PMID: 34642213 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1202-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition memory provides the ability to distinguish familiar from novel objects and places, and is important for recording and updating events to guide appropriate behavior. The hippocampus (HPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have both been implicated in recognition memory, but the nature of HPC-mPFC interactions, and its impact on local circuits in mediating this process is not known. Here we show that novelty discrimination is accompanied with higher theta activity (4-10 Hz) and increased c-Fos expression in both these regions. Moreover, theta oscillations were highly coupled between the HPC and mPFC during recognition memory retrieval for novelty discrimination, with the HPC leading the mPFC, but not during initial learning. Principal neurons and interneurons in the mPFC responded more strongly during recognition memory retrieval compared with learning. Optogenetic silencing of HPC input to the mPFC disrupted coupled theta activity between these two structures, as well as the animals' (male Sprague Dawley rats) ability to differentiate novel from familiar objects. These results reveal a key role of monosynaptic connections between the HPC and mPFC in novelty discrimination via theta coupling and identify neural populations that underlie this recognition memory-guided behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many memory processes are highly dependent on the interregional communication between the HPC and mPFC via neural oscillations. However, how these two brain regions coordinate their oscillatory activity to engage local neural populations to mediate recognition memory for novelty discrimination is poorly understood. This study revealed that the HPC and mPFC theta oscillations and their temporal coupling is correlated with recognition memory-guided behavior. During novel object recognition, the HPC drives mPFC interneurons to effectively reduce the activity of principal neurons. This study provides the first evidence for the requirement of the HPC-mPFC pathway to mediate recognition memory for novelty discrimination and describes a mechanism for how this memory is regulated.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhen ZH, Guo MR, Li HM, Guo OY, Zhen JL, Fu J, Tan GJ. Normal and Abnormal Sharp Wave Ripples in the Hippocampal-Entorhinal Cortex System: Implications for Memory Consolidation, Alzheimer's Disease, and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:683483. [PMID: 34262446 PMCID: PMC8273653 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.683483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SWRs) is an electrophysiological biomarker for episodic memory encoding and behavioral planning. Disturbed SWRs are considered a sign of neural network dysfunction that may provide insights into the structural connectivity changes associated with cognitive impairment in early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). SWRs originating from hippocampus have been extensively studied during spatial navigation in rodents, and more recent studies have investigated SWRs in the hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HPC-EC) system during a variety of other memory-guided behaviors. Understanding how SWR disruption impairs memory function, especially episodic memory, could aid in the development of more efficacious therapeutics for AD and TLE. In this review, we first provide an overview of the reciprocal association between AD and TLE, and then focus on the functions of HPC-EC system SWRs in episodic memory consolidation. It is posited that these waveforms reflect rapid network interactions among excitatory projection neurons and local interneurons and that these waves may contribute to synaptic plasticity underlying memory consolidation. Further, SWRs appear altered or ectopic in AD and TLE. These waveforms may thus provide clues to understanding disease pathogenesis and may even serve as biomarkers for early-stage disease progression and treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hang Zhen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mo-Ran Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - He-Ming Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ou-Yang Guo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jun-Li Zhen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guo-Jun Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marsh LC, Leach RM, Blane J, Daly K, Barrett NA, Slack A, Kopelman MD. Long-term cognitive and psychiatric outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome managed with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Respir Med 2021; 183:106419. [PMID: 33957436 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is often reported in patients who have experienced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) therapy is increasingly used to manage ARDS patients in ICU, transforming survival rates. However, few studies have examined cognitive outcomes. METHODS We examined self-reported cognitive complaints, psychiatric outcomes and neuropsychological test performance in survivors of severe hypoxaemia managed with VV-ECMO, at 18-24 month follow-up, compared with a group of healthy controls. RESULTS Over 70% of ECMO-treated patients (N = 46) complained of difficulty in at least one aspect of cognition on self-report measures (study 1). However, a much lower frequency of cognitive impairment was found on formal neuropsychological testing (study 2). Mean neuropsychological test scores of the ECMO group (N = 24) did not significantly differ from healthy controls (N = 23) after controlling for depression. Less than 30% of ECMO-treated patients showed impairments in anterograde memory, and deficits on general IQ or executive function were seen in <17% of patients. However, we observed high levels of self-reported anxiety and depression in the ECMO-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive outcomes in ECMO-treated patients were generally good, with preserved neuropsychological function in the majority of patients, despite severe hypoxaemia and high rates of self-reported difficulties. However, we saw high levels of mental health symptoms in these patients, highlighting a need for psychological support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Marsh
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK.
| | - R M Leach
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - J Blane
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
| | - K Daly
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - N A Barrett
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - A Slack
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M D Kopelman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Should context hold a special place in hippocampal memory? PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
López ME, Turrero A, Cuesta P, Rodríguez-Rojo IC, Barabash A, Marcos A, Maestú F, Fernández A. A multivariate model of time to conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2020; 42:1715-1732. [PMID: 32886293 PMCID: PMC7732920 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at determining which combination of demographic, genetic, cognitive, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical factors may predict differences in time to progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). To this end, a sample of 121 MCIs was followed up during a 5-year period. According to their clinical outcome, MCIs were divided into two subgroups: (i) the "progressive" MCI group (n = 46; mean time to progression 17 ± 9.73 months) and (ii) the "stable" MCI group (n = 75; mean time of follow-up 31.37 ± 14.58 months). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were applied to explore each variable's relationship with the progression to AD. Once potential predictors were detected, Cox regression analyses were utilized to calculate a parsimonious model to estimate differences in time to progression. The final model included three variables (in order of relevance): left parahippocampal volume (corrected by intracranial volume, LP_ ICV), delayed recall (DR), and left inferior occipital lobe individual alpha peak frequency (LIOL_IAPF). Those MCIs with LP_ICV volume, DR score, and LIOL_IAPF value lower than the defined cutoff had 6 times, 5.5 times, and 3 times higher risk of progression to AD, respectively. Besides, when the categories of the three variables were "unfavorable" (i.e., values below the cutoff), 100% of cases progressed to AD at the end of follow-up. Our results highlighted the relevance of neurophysiological markers as predictors of conversion (LIOL_IAPF) and the importance of multivariate models that combine markers of different nature to predict time to progression from MCI to dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Complutense University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Sanitary Investigation (IdISSC), San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Agustín Turrero
- Institute of Sanitary Investigation (IdISSC), San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cuesta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Complutense University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Concepción Rodríguez-Rojo
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Complutense University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Psychology Faculty, Centro Universitario Villanueva, Madrid, Spain
- Physiotherapy and Nursing Faculty, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Barabash
- Institute of Sanitary Investigation (IdISSC), San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroendocrinology and Genetics, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcos
- Institute of Sanitary Investigation (IdISSC), San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Neurology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Complutense University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Sanitary Investigation (IdISSC), San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Complutense University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Sanitary Investigation (IdISSC), San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Elyoseph Z, Mintz M, Vakil E, Zaltzman R, Gordon CR. Selective Procedural Memory Impairment but Preserved Declarative Memory in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:226-234. [PMID: 31912433 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease, is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that affects mainly the cerebellum and less other brain areas. While the ataxic/motor features of the disease have been well described, the cognitive consequences of the degeneration require additional testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate learning abilities in SCA3. We tested 13 SCA3 patients and 14 age-matched healthy controls, all of Yemenite origin, on a neuropsychological battery of procedural and declarative memory tests. SCA3 patients demonstrated impaired sequence learning on the procedural Serial Reaction Time test (SRTt) but normal learning on the procedural Weather Prediction Probabilistic Classification test (WPPCt). SCA3 patients showed normal learning on the declarative Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test (Rey-AVLt). The correlations between the learning measures of the SRTt, WPPCt, and Rey-AVLt tests in SCA3 and controls separately were not significant. These results imply that the cerebellar degeneration in SCA3 causes selective impairment in procedural sequence learning while the procedural probabilistic learning and declarative memory were mostly preserved. These findings support the assumption that procedural learning is not a homogeneous function and could be dissociated in cerebellar neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Elyoseph
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matti Mintz
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Vakil
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Roy Zaltzman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Carlos R Gordon
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Neurology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Caruso G, Perri R, Fadda L, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Recall and Recognition in Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:655-666. [PMID: 32741812 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been debated whether performance on recall and recognition tests depends on the same or different memory systems and whether performance on these two tasks is dissociated in clinical populations. According to Dual process theories of recall, performance on recall and recognition tests dissociates in the relative reliance on frontal lobe related activities; in fact, the recall test requires more strategic retrieval of memoranda than the recognition task. By contrast, Dual process theories of recognition posit that performance on these tests differs in the relative contribution of recollection and familiarity memory processes in the two tasks: both recollection and familiarity contribute to recognition judgments, but only recollection supports recall performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the cognitive processes involved in recall and recognition in patients with dementia. METHODS We administered a 15-word recall task followed by a yes/no recognition paradigm to 28 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 22 patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and 45 normal controls (NCs). RESULTS Results showed that on the delayed recall task, bvFTD patients performed much better than AD patients but the two groups did not differ on any index of recognition performance. CONCLUSION The present data support the hypothesis that the performance of the two groups is expression of the different reliance on recollection (more impaired in the AD than in the bvFTD group) and familiarity (similarly impaired in the two groups) in performance on recall and recognition tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caruso
- Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Perri
- Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Fadda
- Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bennett IJ, Stark SM, Stark CEL. Recognition Memory Dysfunction Relates to Hippocampal Subfield Volume: A Study of Cognitively Normal and Mildly Impaired Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:1132-1141. [PMID: 29401233 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study examined recognition memory dysfunction and its neuroanatomical substrates in cognitively normal older adults and those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Participants completed the Mnemonic Similarity Task, which provides simultaneous measures of recognition memory and mnemonic discrimination. They also underwent structural neuroimaging to assess volume of medial temporal cortex and hippocampal subfields. RESULTS As expected, individuals diagnosed with MCI had significantly worse recognition memory performance and reduced volume across medial temporal cortex and hippocampal subfields relative to cognitively normal older adults. After controlling for diagnostic group differences, however, recognition memory was significantly related to whole hippocampus volume, and to volume of the dentate gyrus/CA3 subfield in particular. Recognition memory was also related to mnemonic discrimination, a fundamental component of episodic memory that has previously been linked to dentate gyrus/CA3 structure and function. DISCUSSION Results reveal that hippocampal subfield volume is sensitive to individual differences in recognition memory in older adults independent of clinical diagnosis. This supports the notion that episodic memory declines along a continuum within this age group, not just between diagnostic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana J Bennett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Shauna M Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Berahmand F, Anoush G, Hosseini MJ, Anoush M. Grape Seed Oil as a Natural Therapy in Male Rats with Alzheimer's Diseases. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 10:430-436. [PMID: 32665902 PMCID: PMC7335983 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, with an increasing prevalence rate, mostly related to cholinergic system. According to the difficulties and complications in management of AD, this study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of grape seed oil (GSO) on scopolamine (Scop) induced Alzheimer's in male rats. Methods: 64 healthy male Wistar rats received different treatments such as: normal saline (NS), donepezil (Don), Scop and GSO, according to the previously designed protocol. Morris (MWM) was applied for spatial memory tests. Right after the behavioral tests, the brains were removed and the hippocampus was separated for evaluation of acetylcholine levels as well as cell death and neuro inflammation. Results: The results of the test day indicated that the mean Q2 time was increased in both GSO test groups (P <0.05) and Don treated group (P <0.001).The spectrophotometric findings affirm that both GSO co-treatment and post-treatment were effective in augmenting brain acetylcholine levels (P <0.01 and P <0.05 respectively). The microscopic findings of H&E dyed tissues confirmed the above mentioned results for different treatments except for GSO post treatment, in which the viability of cells were very low. Conclusion: The results implied that supplementation of rats with GSO caused a significant augmentation in spatial memory performance as well as acetylcholine levels and cell viability in the presence of Scop. This effect was comparable to that of Don especially when GSO was used as co-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Berahmand
- Student's Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 4513956184, Iran
| | - Golnoush Anoush
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Azad University of Shahreza, Isfahan, 8614510311, Iran
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Applied Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 4513956184, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Anoush
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 4513956184, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chinn GA, Pearn ML, Vutskits L, Mintz CD, Loepke AW, Lee JJ, Chen J, Bosnjak ZJ, Brambrink AM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Sun LS, Sall JW. Standards for preclinical research and publications in developmental anaesthetic neurotoxicity: expert opinion statement from the SmartTots preclinical working group. Br J Anaesth 2020; 124:585-593. [PMID: 32145876 PMCID: PMC7424895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2019, SmartTots, a public-private partnership between the US Food and Drug Administration and the International Anesthesia Research Society, hosted a meeting attended by research experts, anaesthesia journal editors, and government agency representatives to discuss the continued need for rigorous preclinical research and the importance of establishing reporting standards for the field of anaesthetic perinatal neurotoxicity. This group affirmed the importance of preclinical research in the field, and welcomed novel and mechanistic approaches to answer some of the field's largest questions. The attendees concluded that summarising the benefits and disadvantages of specific model systems, and providing guidance for reporting results, would be helpful for designing new experiments and interpreting results across laboratories. This expert opinion report is a summary of these discussions, and includes a focused review of current animal models and reporting standards for the field of perinatal anaesthetic neurotoxicity. This will serve as a practical guide and road map for novel and rigorous experimental work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Chinn
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Pearn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laszlo Vutskits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cyrus D Mintz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andreas W Loepke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerri Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Lena S Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Sall
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A NWB-based dataset and processing pipeline of human single-neuron activity during a declarative memory task. Sci Data 2020; 7:78. [PMID: 32132545 PMCID: PMC7055261 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge for data sharing in systems neuroscience is the multitude of different data formats used. Neurodata Without Borders: Neurophysiology 2.0 (NWB:N) has emerged as a standardized data format for the storage of cellular-level data together with meta-data, stimulus information, and behavior. A key next step to facilitate NWB:N adoption is to provide easy to use processing pipelines to import/export data from/to NWB:N. Here, we present a NWB-formatted dataset of 1863 single neurons recorded from the medial temporal lobes of 59 human subjects undergoing intracranial monitoring while they performed a recognition memory task. We provide code to analyze and export/import stimuli, behavior, and electrophysiological recordings to/from NWB in both MATLAB and Python. The data files are NWB:N compliant, which affords interoperability between programming languages and operating systems. This combined data and code release is a case study for how to utilize NWB:N for human single-neuron recordings and enables easy re-use of this hard-to-obtain data for both teaching and research on the mechanisms of human memory. Measurement(s) | medial temporal lobe • memory • amygdala • hippocampus | Technology Type(s) | single-unit recording | Factor Type(s) | confidence • remembered/forgotten • old/new • visual category • stimulus onset (visual) | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Homo sapiens |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11835801
Collapse
|
27
|
Szőllősi Á, Bencze D, Racsmány M. Behavioural pattern separation is strongly associated with familiarity-based decisions. Memory 2020; 28:337-347. [PMID: 31955670 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1714055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pattern separation is the process that minimises interference between memory representations with similar features and is suggested to be associated with hippocampus-related recollection. We tested this hypothesis using the incidental Mnemonic Similarity Task with old (target), similar (lure), and new (foil) items presented on a recognition test, which is widely used for detecting individual differences in behavioural pattern separation performance. In Experiment 1, participants made old/similar/new decisions and rated decision confidence on a scale ranging from "not at all sure" to "very sure". In Experiment 2, participants made recognition confidence judgments on a scale ranging between "sure it was new" and "sure it was old". In Experiment 3, subjects gave old/similar/new decisions and made a secondary Remember/Know/Guess judgment. In Experiment 1, confidence ratings were higher for targets compared to lures when we analysed correct responses (old for targets and similar for lures). Additionally, we found a symmetrical ROC curve and a linear zROC curve for target-lure discrimination in Experiment 2. Finally, we found a bias toward Know responses when we analysed behavioural pattern separation performance (i.e., the rate of similar responses given to the lures). These findings suggest that familiarity, rather than recollection, contributes to behavioural pattern separation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Szőllősi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Bencze
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Racsmány
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Familiarity impairments after anterior temporal-lobe resection with hippocampal sparing: Lessons learned from case NB. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107339. [PMID: 31930957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We review evidence from an extensive single case study in an individual (NB) who underwent a rare left-sided anterior temporal-lobe resection with sparing of the hippocampus. Our study aimed to determine whether memory functions of perirhinal cortex, which was largely removed in the resection, can be impaired against a background of preserved hippocampus-dependent memory processing. This research was guided by the proposal that item-based familiarity assessment relies on contributions of perirhinal cortex, and that the hippocampus plays a unique role in the relational binding of items to episodic contexts, which is critical for recollection. Seven sets of findings have emerged from our research on NB (synthesized from five primary research articles), and from follow-up work in other patients: (i) Familiarity impairments can be selective and be revealed with multiple methods; (ii) selective familiarity and selective recollection impairments can be double dissociated; (iii) selective familiarity impairments show material specificity; (iv) selective familiarity impairments extend to assessment of cumulative lifetime experience; (v) selective familiarity impairments are sensitive to degree of feature overlap between object concepts; (vi) selective familiarity impairments are associated with preserved task-related fMRI signals in the hippocampus; (vii) selective familiarity impairments can be observed in other lesion cases. Despite our main focus on the dual-process framework, we also discuss implications for the functional organization of the medial temporal lobes in broader terms. We argue that our findings shed light on this organization even if the functional specialization of different medial temporal structures is ultimately not fully captured with reference to the cognitive distinction between familiarity and recollection.
Collapse
|
29
|
Despouy E, Curot J, Deudon M, Gardy L, Denuelle M, Sol JC, Lotterie JA, Valton L, Barbeau EJ. A Fast Visual Recognition Memory System in Humans Identified Using Intracerebral ERP. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2961-2971. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
One key item of information retrieved when surveying our visual world is whether or not objects are familiar. However, there is no consensus on the respective roles of medial temporal lobe structures, particularly the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and hippocampus. We considered whether the PRC could support a fast recognition memory system independently from the hippocampus. We recorded the intracerebral electroencephalograph activity of epileptic patients while they were performing a fast visual recognition memory task, constraining them to use their quickest strategy. We performed event-related potential (ERP) and classification analyses. The PRC was, by far, the earliest region involved in recognition memory. This activity occurred before the first behavioral responses and was found to be related to reaction times, unlike the hippocampus. Single-trial analyses showed that decoding power was equivalent in the PRC and hippocampus but occurred much earlier in the PRC. A critical finding was that recognition memory-related activity occurred in different frontal and parietal regions, including the supplementary motor area, before the hippocampus. These results, based on ERP analyses, suggest that the human brain is equipped with a fast recognition memory system, which may bypass the hippocampus and in which the PRC plays a critical role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Despouy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
- Dixi medical, Chaudefontaine 25640, France
| | - Jonathan Curot
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
- Explorations neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Martin Deudon
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
| | - Ludovic Gardy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
| | - Marie Denuelle
- Explorations neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sol
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse 31024, France
- Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Jean-Albert Lotterie
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse 31024, France
- Radiochirurgie stéréotaxique, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Luc Valton
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
- Explorations neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse 31052, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CerCo (UMR5549), Toulouse 31052, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this paper, I review three 'anomalies' or disorders in autobiographical memory: neurological retrograde amnesia (RA), spontaneous confabulation, and psychogenic amnesia. METHODS Existing theories are reviewed, their limitations considered, some of my own empirical findings briefly described, and possible interpretations proposed and interspersed with illustrative case-reports. RESULTS In RA, there may be an important retrieval component to the deficit, and factors at encoding may give rise to the relative preservation of early memories (and the reminiscence bump) which manifests as a temporal gradient. Spontaneous confabulation appears to be associated with a damaged 'filter' in orbitofrontal and ventromedial frontal regions. Consistent with this, an empirical study has shown that both the initial severity of confabulation and its subsequent decline are associated with changes in the executive function (especially in cognitive estimate errors) and inversely with the quantity of accurate autobiographical memories retrieved. Psychogenic amnesia can be 'global' or 'situation-specific'. The former is associated with a precipitating stress, depressed mood, and (often) a past history of a transient neurological amnesia. In these circumstances, frontal control mechanisms can inhibit retrieval of autobiographical memories, and even the sense of 'self' (identity), while compromised medial temporal function prevents subsequent retrieval of what occurred during a 'fugue'. An empirical investigation of psychogenic amnesia and some recent imaging studies have provided findings consistent with this view. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these various observations point to the importance of frontal 'control' systems (in interaction with medial temporal/hippocampal systems) in the retrieval and, more particularly, the disrupted retrieval of 'old' memories.
Collapse
|
31
|
Brady RJ, Basile BM, Hampton RR. Hippocampal damage attenuates habituation to videos in monkeys. Hippocampus 2019; 29:1121-1126. [PMID: 31509291 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Monkeys with selective damage to the hippocampus are often unimpaired in matching-to-sample tests but are reportedly impaired in visual paired comparison. While both tests assess recognition of previously seen images, delayed matching-to-sample may engage active memory maintenance whereas visual paired comparison may not. Passive memory tests that are not rewarded with food and that do not require extensive training may provide more sensitive measures of hippocampal function. To test this hypothesis, we assessed memory in monkeys with hippocampal damage and matched controls by providing them the opportunity to repeatedly view small sets of videos. Monkeys pressed a button to play each video. The same 10 videos were used for six consecutive days, after which 10 new videos were introduced in each of seven cycles of testing. Our measure of memory was the extent to which monkeys habituated with repeated presentations, watching fewer videos per session over time. Monkeys with hippocampal lesions habituated more slowly than did control monkeys, indicating poorer memory for previous viewings. Both groups dishabituated each time new videos were introduced. These results, like those from preferential viewing, suggest that the hippocampus may be especially important for memory of incidentally encoded events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Brady
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin M Basile
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert R Hampton
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Neurodegeneration and Neuro-Regeneration-Alzheimer's Disease and Stem Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174272. [PMID: 31480448 PMCID: PMC6747457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging causes many changes in the human body, and is a high risk for various diseases. Dementia, a common age-related disease, is a clinical disorder triggered by neurodegeneration. Brain damage caused by neuronal death leads to cognitive decline, memory loss, learning inabilities and mood changes. Numerous disease conditions may cause dementia; however, the most common one is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a futile and yet untreatable illness. Adult neurogenesis carries the potential of brain self-repair by an endogenous formation of newly-born neurons in the adult brain; however it also declines with age. Strategies to improve the symptoms of aging and age-related diseases have included different means to stimulate neurogenesis, both pharmacologically and naturally. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms of stem cells neurogenesis or a functional integration of newborn neurons have been explored to provide the basis for grafted stem cell therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of AD pathology of different neural and glial cell types and summarizes current strategies of experimental stem cell treatments and their putative future use in clinical settings.
Collapse
|
33
|
Virtual Enactment Effect on Memory in Young and Aged Populations: a Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050620. [PMID: 31067784 PMCID: PMC6572276 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial cognition is a critical aspect of episodic memory, as it provides the scaffold for events and enables successful retrieval. Virtual enactment (sensorimotor and cognitive interaction) by means of input devices within virtual environments provides an excellent opportunity to enhance encoding and to support memory retrieval with useful traces in the brain compared to passive observation. METHODS We conducted a systematic review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines concerning the virtual enactment effect on spatial and episodic memory in young and aged populations. We aim at giving guidelines for virtual enactment studies, especially in the context of aging, where spatial and episodic memory decline. RESULTS Our findings reveal a positive effect on spatial and episodic memory in the young population and promising outcomes in aging. Several cognitive factors (e.g., executive function, decision-making, and visual components) mediate memory performances. Findings should be taken into account for future interventions in aging. CONCLUSIONS The present review sheds light on the key role of the sensorimotor and cognitive systems for memory rehabilitation by means of a more ecological tool such as virtual reality and stresses the importance of the body for cognition, endorsing the view of an embodied mind.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hart-Matyas M, Taylor A, Lee HJ, Maclean MA, Hui A, Macleod A. Twelve tips for medical students to establish a collaborative flashcard project. MEDICAL TEACHER 2019; 41:505-509. [PMID: 29378455 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2018.1426843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Medical students employ various study strategies to master large amounts of information during their medical education. Digital flashcards are an interactive, self-directed study stool that may improve knowledge retention by combining the principles of active recall and spaced-repetition. They may be studied during and beyond undergraduate medical education. However, making flashcards can be an onerous task. In this article, we describe twelve tips on how to establish and maintain a collaborative digital flashcard project based on the undergraduate medical curriculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Joo Lee
- a Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - Mark A Maclean
- a Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - Amaris Hui
- a Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - Anna Macleod
- a Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jun S, Kim JS, Chung CK. Direct Stimulation of Human Hippocampus During Verbal Associative Encoding Enhances Subsequent Memory Recollection. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:23. [PMID: 30804768 PMCID: PMC6371751 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the effect of direct electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus on memory performance. A major function of the hippocampus is to form associations between individual elements of experience. However, the effect of direct hippocampal stimulation on associative memory remains largely inconclusive, with most evidence coming from studies employing non-invasive stimulation. Here, we therefore tested the hypothesis that direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus specifically enhances hippocampal-dependent associative memory. To test this hypothesis, we recruited surgical patients with implanted subdural electrodes to perform a word pair memory task during which the hippocampus was stimulated. Our results indicate that stimulation of the hippocampus during encoding helped to build strong associative memories and enhanced recollection in subsequent trials. Moreover, stimulation significantly increased theta power in the lateral middle temporal cortex during successful memory encoding. Overall, our findings indicate that hippocampal stimulation positively impacts performance during a word pair memory task, suggesting that successful memory encoding involves the temporal cortex, which may act together with the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jun
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - June Sic Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Huang X, Tang S, Lyu X, Yang C, Chen X. Structural and functional brain alterations in obstructive sleep apnea: a multimodal meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2019; 54:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
37
|
Ulrich S, Grill E, Flanagin VL. Who gets lost and why: A representative cross-sectional survey on sociodemographic and vestibular determinants of wayfinding strategies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204781. [PMID: 30699119 PMCID: PMC6353538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When we think of our family and friends, we probably know someone who is good at finding their way and someone else that easily gets lost. We still know little about the biological and environmental factors that influence our navigational ability. Here, we investigated the frequency and sociodemographic determinants of wayfinding and their association with vestibular function in a representative cross-sectional sample (N = 783) of the adult German-speaking population. Wayfinding was assessed using the Wayfinding Strategy Scale, a self-report scale that produces two scores for each participant representing to what degree they rely on route-based or orientation (map-based) strategies. We were interested in the following research questions: (1) the frequency and determinants of wayfinding strategies in a population-based representative sample, (2) the relationship between vestibular function and strategy choice and (3) how sociodemographic factors influence general wayfinding ability as measured using a combined score from both strategy scores. Our linear regression models showed that being male, having a higher education, higher age and lower regional urbanization increased orientation strategy scores. Vertigo/dizziness reduced the scores of both the orientation and the route strategies. Using a novel approach, we grouped participants by their combined strategy scores in a multinomial regression model, to see whether individuals prefer one strategy over the other. The majority of individuals reported using either both or no strategy, instead of preferring one strategy over the other. Young age and reduced vestibular function were indicative of using no strategy. In summary, wayfinding ability depends on both biological and environmental factors; all sociodemographic factors except income. Over a third of the population, predominantly under the age of 35, does not successfully use either strategy. This represents a change in our wayfinding skills, which may result from the technological advances in navigational aids over the last few decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ulrich
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Grill
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Virginia L. Flanagin
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sheldon S, Fenerci C, Gurguryan L. A Neurocognitive Perspective on the Forms and Functions of Autobiographical Memory Retrieval. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:4. [PMID: 30760984 PMCID: PMC6361758 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory retrieval involves constructing mental representations of personal past episodes by associating together an array of details related to the retrieved event. This construction process occurs flexibly so that the event details can be associated together in different ways during retrieval. Here, we propose that differences in how this association occurs support a division in autobiographical remembering. We first review theories of autobiographical memory organization that suggest that episodic details of an experience are processed along a gradient of abstraction. This organization allows for the same autobiographical event to be recalled as either a conceptualized or perceptually-based episodic memory. We then use neuroimaging evidence to show how this division within episodic autobiographical memory is also present in the brain, both at a network level and within the hippocampus. Specifically, we suggest that the anterior and posterior hippocampus are obligatorily tuned towards constructing conceptual vs. perceptual episodic representations of autobiographical memories. Finally, we discuss the directive purpose of this proposed division of episodic remembering by reviewing decision scenarios that benefit from recalling the past as a conceptual vs. a perceptual episode. Conceptual remembering is useful to guide ambiguous decisions that have yet to be encountered whereas perceptual remembering is useful to guide decisions for well-structured tasks that have been previously experienced. We emphasize that the ability to shift between conceptual and perceptual forms of remembering, by virtue of hippocampal specialization, during decision-making and other memory-guided actions is the key to adaptive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Can Fenerci
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lauri Gurguryan
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ritter A, Hawley N, Banks SJ, Miller JB. The Association between Montreal Cognitive Assessment Memory Scores and Hippocampal Volume in a Neurodegenerative Disease Sample. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:695-699. [PMID: 28453481 PMCID: PMC5467712 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use, there have been few investigations into the neuroanatomical correlates of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). In a sample of 138 consecutive patients presenting with cognitive complaints, we report significant correlations between lower MoCA memory scores and smaller hippocampal volumes (r = 0.36–0.41, p < 0.001). We also report that the newly devised memory index score, designed to better capture encoding deficits than the standard delayed recall score, was not significantly better for predicting hippocampal volume. These initial results suggest that poor performance on the MoCA’s memory section should prompt further evaluation for hippocampal atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ritter
- Correspondence to: Aaron Ritter, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W. Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA. Tel.: +1 702 484 6000; Fax: +1 702 483 6039; E-mail:
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Arbab T, Battaglia FP, Pennartz CMA, Bosman CA. Abnormal hippocampal theta and gamma hypersynchrony produces network and spike timing disturbances in the Fmr1-KO mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:65-73. [PMID: 29486296 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal networks can synchronize their activity through excitatory and inhibitory connections, which is conducive to synaptic plasticity. This synchronization is reflected in rhythmic fluctuations of the extracellular field. In the hippocampus, theta and gamma band LFP oscillations are a hallmark of the processing of spatial information and memory. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an intellectual disability and the most common genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder (Belmonte and Bourgeron, 2006). Here, we investigated how neuronal network synchronization in the mouse hippocampus is compromised by the Fmr1 mutation that causes FXS (Santos et al., 2014), relating recently observed single-cell level impairments (Arbab et al., 2017) to neuronal network aberrations. We implanted tetrodes in hippocampus of freely moving Fmr1-KO and littermate wildtype (WT) mice (Mientjes et al., 2006), to record spike trains from multiple, isolated neurons as well as LFPs in a spatial exploration paradigm. Compared to wild type mice, Fmr1-KO mice displayed greater power of hippocampal theta oscillations, and higher coherence in the slow gamma band. Additionally, spike trains of Fmr1-KO interneurons show decreased spike-count correlations and they are hypersynchronized with theta and slow gamma oscillations. The hypersynchronization of Fmr1-KO oscillations and spike timing reflects functional deficits in local networks. This network hypersynchronization pathologically decreases the heterogeneity of spike-LFP phase coupling, compromising information processing within the hippocampal circuit. These findings may reflect a pathophysiological mechanism explaining cognitive impairments in FXS and autism, in which there is anomalous processing of social and environmental cues and associated deficits in memory and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Arbab
- Cognitive & Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Postal Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesco P Battaglia
- Cognitive & Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Cognitive & Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Postal Box 94216, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conrado A Bosman
- Cognitive & Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Postal Box 94216, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Faraut MCM, Carlson AA, Sullivan S, Tudusciuc O, Ross I, Reed CM, Chung JM, Mamelak AN, Rutishauser U. Dataset of human medial temporal lobe single neuron activity during declarative memory encoding and recognition. Sci Data 2018; 5:180010. [PMID: 29437158 PMCID: PMC5810422 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a dataset of 1,576 single neurons recorded from the human amygdala and hippocampus in 65 sessions from 42 patients undergoing intracranial monitoring for localization of epileptic seizures. Subjects performed a recognition memory task with pictures as stimuli. Subjects were asked to identify whether they had seen a particular image the first time ('new') or second time ('old') on a 1-6 confidence scale. This comprehensive dataset includes the spike times of all neurons and their extracellular waveforms, behavior, electrode locations determined from post-operative MRI scans, demographics, and the stimuli shown. As technical validation, we provide spike sorting quality metrics and assessment of tuning of cells to verify the presence of visually-and memory selective cells. We also provide analysis code that reproduces key scientific findings published previously on a smaller version of this dataset. Together, this large dataset will facilitate the investigation of the neural mechanism of declarative memory by providing a substantial number of hard to obtain human single-neuron recordings during a well characterized behavioral task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mailys C. M. Faraut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - April A. Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shannon Sullivan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Oana Tudusciuc
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ian Ross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chrystal M. Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Chung
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
El-Gharib A, Nada E, Lasheen R. Auditory P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN) in patients with peripheral vestibular hypofunction. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2018.1426296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amani El-Gharib
- Audiology Unit, Department of ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ebtessam Nada
- Audiology Unit, Department of ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham Lasheen
- Audiology Unit, Department of ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee ACH, Barense MD, Graham KS. The Contribution of the Human Medial Temporal Lobe to Perception: Bridging the Gap between Animal and Human Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:300-25. [PMID: 16194971 DOI: 10.1080/02724990444000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been considered traditionally to subserve declarative memory processes only. Recent studies in nonhuman primates suggest, however, that the MTL may also be critical to higher order perceptual processes, with the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex being involved in scene and object perception, respectively. The current article reviews the human neuropsychological literature to determine whether there is any evidence to suggest that these same views may apply to the human MTL. Although the majority of existing studies report intact perception following MTL damage in human amnesics, there have been recent studies that suggest that when scene and object perception are assessed systematically, signifi-cant impairments in perception become apparent. These findings have important implications for current mnemonic theories of human MTL function and our understanding of human amnesia as a result of MTL lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy C H Lee
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Graham KS, Gaffan D. The Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Memory and Perception: Evidence from Rats, Nonhuman Primates and Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:193-201. [PMID: 16194964 DOI: 10.1080/02724990544000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Graham
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rutishauser U, Aflalo T, Rosario ER, Pouratian N, Andersen RA. Single-Neuron Representation of Memory Strength and Recognition Confidence in Left Human Posterior Parietal Cortex. Neuron 2017; 97:209-220.e3. [PMID: 29249283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The human posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to contribute to memory retrieval, but little is known about its specific role. We recorded single PPC neurons of two human tetraplegic subjects implanted with microelectrode arrays, who performed a recognition memory task. We found two groups of neurons that signaled memory-based choices. Memory-selective neurons preferred either novel or familiar stimuli, scaled their response as a function of confidence, and signaled subjective choices regardless of truth. Confidence-selective neurons signaled confidence regardless of stimulus familiarity. Memory-selective signals appeared 553 ms after stimulus onset, but before action onset. Neurons also encoded spoken numbers, but these number-tuned neurons did not carry recognition signals. Together, this functional separation reveals action-independent coding of declarative memory-based familiarity and confidence of choices in human PPC. These data suggest that, in addition to sensory-motor integration, a function of human PPC is to utilize memory signals to make choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Tyson Aflalo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Emily R Rosario
- Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The contribution of different prefrontal cortex regions to recollection and familiarity: a review of fMRI data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
47
|
Familiarity and recollection vs representational models of medial temporal lobe structures: A single-case study. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:76-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
48
|
The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory. Cortex 2017; 93:155-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
49
|
Pauly-Takacs K, Moulin CJA. Fractionating controlled memory processes and recall of context in recognition memory: a case report. Neurocase 2017; 23:220-229. [PMID: 28859551 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2017.1372482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recollection has been described as both a recognition memory judgment requiring cognitive control and the ability to retrieve contextual information about a prior occurrence. At the core of this article is the question whether or not these two subcomponents of recollection are dissociable in amnesia. In three experiments, we explored the influence of exclusion task instructions on performance in a single case (CJ), with the view to understand the relative contributions of control and source memory to recognition memory decisions. First, contrasting findings were obtained between tasks requiring strategic control or source reports. Second, even though CJ displayed some residual source memory relative to the ability to strategically control this information, his source memory capacity was time-limited. Our findings resonate with the novel proposal that recollection draws heavily upon working memory resources, and provide an example of how amnesic patients might utilize residual working memory capacity to solve episodic memory tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris J A Moulin
- b Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5105 , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wright KL, Kirwan CB, Gale SD, Levan AJ, Hopkins RO. Long-term cognitive and neuroanatomical stability in patients with anoxic amnesia: A Case Report. Brain Inj 2017; 31:709-716. [PMID: 28350252 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1285051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anoxia can result in selective hippocampal damage with associated impairments in declarative memory. Whilst memory impairments and brain structures are thought to be stable, there are little data regarding the effects of ageing or change over time in patients with amnesia from anoxic brain injury. METHODS To assess change over time, we compared structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with data obtained over ten years previously in two well-characterized patients with amnesia (JRW and RS) who experienced an anoxic brain injury. Six healthy, age-matched control participants were recruited to compare brain volumes with the patients at Time 2. Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised and Wechsler memory scale-revised scores were compared to scores on the same tests administered 13 and 19 years prior. RESULTS Patients with amnesia had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes than controls, but comparable medial temporal lobe and ventricular volumes. Memory, intellectual function and brain volumes were stable over time. CONCLUSION Patients with an amnesia due to anoxia have memory impairments and smaller hippocampal volumes compared to controls; however, memory, intelligence and structural volumes remain stable over time. At ages 50 and 57, they do not appear to have early age-associated cognitive decline that is sometimes observed in patients with traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kacie L Wright
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,b Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Shawn D Gale
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,b Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Ashley J Levan
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Ramona O Hopkins
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,b Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,c Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division , Intermountain Medical Center , Murray , Utah , USA.,d Center for Humanizing Critical Care, Intermountain Healthcare , Murray , Utah , USA
| |
Collapse
|