1
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Schmidt AH, Kirwan CB. Memory retrieval effects as a function of differences in phenomenal experience. Brain Imaging Behav 2024:10.1007/s11682-024-00892-9. [PMID: 38709432 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-024-00892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Conscious experience and perception are restricted to a single perspective. Although evidence to suggest differences in phenomenal experience can produce observable differences in behavior, it is not well understood how these differences might influence memory. We used fMRI to scan n = 49 participants while they encoded and performed a recognition memory test for faces and words. We calculated a cognitive bias score reflecting individual participants' propensity toward either Visual Imagery or Internal Verbalization based on their responses to the Internal Representations Questionnaire (IRQ). Neither visual imagery nor internal verbalization scores were significantly correlated with memory performance. In the fMRI data, there were typical patterns of activation differences between words and faces during both encoding and retrieval. There was no effect of internal representation bias on fMRI activation during encoding. At retrieval, however, a bias toward visualization was positively correlated with memory-related activation for both words and faces in inferior occipital gyri. Further, there was a crossover interaction in a network of brain regions such that visualization bias was associated with greater activation for words and verbalization bias was associated with greater activation for faces, consistent with increased effort for non-preferred stimulus retrieval. These findings suggest that individual differences in cognitive representations affect neural activation across different types of stimuli, potentially affecting memory retrieval performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
- MindCORE, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Kirwan CB, Vance A, Jenkins JL, Anderson BB. Embracing brain and behaviour: Designing programs of complementary neurophysiological and behavioural studies. Information Systems Journal 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/isj.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Anthony Vance
- Department of Business Information Technology Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Jenkins
- Information Systems Department, Marriott School of Business Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Bonnie Brinton Anderson
- Information Systems Department, Marriott School of Business Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
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3
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Kirwan CB. These things take time: what is the role of the hippocampus in recognition memory over extended delays? Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:147-148. [PMID: 35575186 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2076073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In a clever experimental design, Tallman, Clark, and Smith (this issue) tested the changes in fMRI activation and functional connectivity in the hippocampus and cortex as a function of memory age. They found that activation changed according to a power function (both increasing and decreasing) in several cortical regions but not within the hippocampus or medial temporal lobe (MTL). Further, functional connectivity increased with memory age between cortical regions but decreased for the hippocampus. Taken together, these results offer strong support for the standard consolidation model. However, they leave open the question of what role the hippocampus plays in recognition memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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4
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Bjornn DK, Van J, Kirwan CB. The contributions of eye gaze fixations and target-lure similarity to behavioral and fMRI indices of pattern separation and pattern completion. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:171-181. [PMID: 35410578 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pattern separation and pattern completion are generally studied in humans using mnemonic discrimination tasks such as the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) where participants identify similar lures and repeated items from a series of images. Failures to correctly discriminate lures are thought to reflect a failure of pattern separation and a propensity toward pattern completion. Recent research has challenged this perspective, suggesting that poor encoding rather than pattern completion accounts for the occurrence of false alarm responses to similar lures. In two experiments, participants completed a continuous recognition task version of the MST while eye movement (Experiments 1 and 2) and fMRI data (Experiment 2) were collected. In Experiment 1, we replicated the result that fixation counts at study predicted accuracy on lure trials (consistent with poor encoding predicting mnemonic discrimination performance), but this effect was not observed in our fMRI task. In both experiments, we found that target-lure similarity was a strong predictor of accuracy on lure trials. Further, we found that fMRI activation changes in the hippocampus were significantly correlated with the number of fixations at study for correct but not incorrect mnemonic discrimination judgments when controlling for target-lure similarity. Our findings indicate that while eye movements during encoding predict subsequent hippocampal activation changes for correct mnemonic discriminations, the predictive power of eye movements for activation changes for incorrect mnemonic discrimination trials was modest at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Bjornn
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Julie Van
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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5
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Fadel KJ, Meservy T, Kirwan CB. Information Filtering in Electronic Networks of Practice: An fMRI Investigation of Expectation (Dis)confirmation. J ASSOC INF SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.17705/1jais.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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6
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Jensen CD, Zaugg KK, Muncy NM, Allen WD, Blackburn R, Duraccio KM, Barnett KA, Kirwan CB, Jarcho JM. Neural mechanisms that promote food consumption following sleep loss and social stress: An fMRI study in adolescent girls with overweight/obesity. Sleep 2021; 45:6418083. [PMID: 34727185 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insufficient sleep and social stress are associated with weight gain and obesity development in adolescent girls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research suggests that altered engagement of emotion-related neural networks may explain overeating when under stress. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of acute sleep restriction on female adolescents' neural responding during social evaluative stress and their subsequent eating behavior. METHODS Forty-two adolescent females (ages 15-18 years) with overweight or obesity completed a social stress induction task in which they were told they would be rated by peers based on their photograph and profile. Participants were randomly assigned to one night of sleep deprivation or 9 hours of sleep the night before undergoing fMRI while receiving positive and negative evaluations from their peers. After which, subjects participated in an ad libitum buffet. RESULTS Sleep deprived, relative to non-deprived girls had distinct patterns of neural engagement to positive and negative evaluation in anterior, mid, and posterior aspects of midline brain structures. Moreover, a sleep deprivation-by-evaluation valence-by-caloric intake interaction emerged in bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate. Among sleep deprived girls, greater engagement during negative, but not positive, feedback was associated with lower caloric intake. This was not observed for non-sleep deprived girls. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest an interaction between acute sleep loss and social evaluation that predicts emotion-related neural activation and caloric intake in adolescents. This research helps to elucidate the relationship between sleep loss, social stress, and weight status using a novel health neuroscience model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kelsey K Zaugg
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Nathan M Muncy
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Whitney D Allen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Robyn Blackburn
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kara M Duraccio
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Efraim M, Kirwan CB, Muncy NM, Tucker LA, Kwon S, Bailey BW. Acute after-school screen time in children decreases impulse control and activation toward high-calorie food stimuli in brain regions related to reward and attention. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:177-189. [PMID: 32128716 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of after-school sedentary screen time on children's brain activation in reward and cognitive control regions in response to pictures of high- and low-calorie foods. Thirty-two children participated in a randomized crossover study with counterbalanced treatment conditions. Conditions took place on separate days after school and included three hours of active or sedentary play. After each condition, neural activation was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants completed a go/no-go task involving pictures of high- and low-calorie foods. General response inhibition was also measured using the Stroop task. Hunger was measured upon arrival to the testing facility and just prior to fMRI scans. Mixed effects models were used to evaluate main effects and interactions. Significant stimulus by condition interactions were found in the right superior parietal cortex, and left anterior cingulate cortex (Ps ≤ 0.05). High-calorie pictures elicited significantly more activation bilaterally in the orbitofrontal cortex compared to low-calorie pictures (Ps ≤ 0.05). Stroop task performance diminished significantly following the sedentary condition compared to the active (P ≤ 0.05). Subjective feelings of hunger were not different between conditions at any point. Sedentary screen time was associated with significantly decreased response inhibition and a reversed brain activation pattern to pictures of high- and low-calorie foods compared to active play, in areas of the brain important to the modulation of food intake. Decreased attention, and impulse control following sedentary screen time may contribute to disinhibited eating that can lead to overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Efraim
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Nathan M Muncy
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Larry A Tucker
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Sunku Kwon
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Bruce W Bailey
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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8
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Manga A, Madurka P, Vakli P, Kirwan CB, Vidnyánszky Z. Investigation of the relationship between visual feature binding in short- and long-term memory in healthy aging. Learn Mem 2021; 28:109-113. [PMID: 33723030 PMCID: PMC7970738 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052548.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Binding visual features into coherent object representations is essential both in short- and long-term memory. However, the relationship between feature binding processes at different memory delays remains unexplored. Here, we addressed this question by using the Mnemonic Similarity Task and a delayed-estimation working memory task on a large sample of older adults. The results revealed that higher propensity to misbind object features in working memory is associated with lower lure discrimination performance in the mnemonic similarity task, suggesting that shared feature binding processes underlie the formation of coherent short- and long-term visual object memory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Manga
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Petra Madurka
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Pál Vakli
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Zoltán Vidnyánszky
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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9
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Nash MI, Hodges CB, Muncy NM, Kirwan CB. Pattern separation beyond the hippocampus: A high-resolution whole-brain investigation of mnemonic discrimination in healthy adults. Hippocampus 2021; 31:408-421. [PMID: 33432734 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory depends on the computational process of pattern separation in order to establish distinct memory representations of similar episodes. Studies of pattern separation in humans rely on mnemonic discrimination tasks, which have been shown to tax hippocampal-dependent pattern separation. Although previous neuroimaging research has focused on hippocampal processing, little is known about how other brain regions, known to be involved in recognition memory performance, are involved in mnemonic discrimination tasks. Conversely, neuroimaging studies of pattern separation with whole-brain coverage lack spatial resolution to localize activation to hippocampal subfields. In this study, 48 healthy young adult participants underwent whole-brain high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI) scanning while completing a mnemonic discrimination task. A priori region-of-interest analyses revealed activation patterns consistent with pattern separation in distinct hippocampal subregions, particularly in the subiculum. Connectivity analyses revealed a network of cortical regions consistent with the memory retrieval network where fMRI activation was correlated with hippocampal activation. An exploratory whole-brain analysis revealed widespread activation differentially associated with performance of the mnemonic discrimination task. Taken together, these results suggest that a network of brain regions contribute to mnemonic discrimination performance, with the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex as a hub in the network displaying clear signals consistent with pattern separation and regions such as the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex particularly important for successful lure discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Nash
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Air Force Academy, USAF Academy, Colorado, USA
| | - Cooper B Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nathan M Muncy
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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10
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Carbine KA, Muir AM, Allen WD, LeCheminant JD, Baldwin SA, Jensen CD, Kirwan CB, Larson MJ. Does inhibitory control training reduce weight and caloric intake in adults with overweight and obesity? A pre-registered, randomized controlled event-related potential (ERP) study. Behav Res Ther 2021; 136:103784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Kirwan CB, Bjornn DK, Anderson BB, Vance A, Eargle D, Jenkins JL. Repetition of Computer Security Warnings Results in Differential Repetition Suppression Effects as Revealed With Functional MRI. Front Psychol 2020; 11:528079. [PMID: 33364992 PMCID: PMC7751389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.528079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer users are often the last line of defense in computer security. However, with repeated exposures to system messages and computer security warnings, neural and behavioral responses show evidence of habituation. Habituation has been demonstrated at a neural level as repetition suppression where responses are attenuated with subsequent repetitions. In the brain, repetition suppression to visual stimuli has been demonstrated in multiple cortical areas, including the occipital lobe and medial temporal lobe. Prior research into the repetition suppression effect has generally focused on a single repetition and has not examined the pattern of signal suppression with repeated exposures. We used complex, everyday stimuli, in the form of images of computer programs or security warning messages, to examine the repetition suppression effect across repeated exposures. The use of computer warnings as stimuli also allowed us to examine the activation of learned fearful stimuli. We observed widespread linear decreases in activation with repeated exposures, suggesting that repetition suppression continues after the first repetition. Further, we found greater activation for warning messages compared to neutral images in the anterior insula, pre-supplemental motor area, and inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting differential processing of security warning messages. However, the repetition suppression effect was similar in these regions for both warning messages and neutral images. Additionally, we observed an increase of activation in the default mode network with repeated exposures, suggestive of increased mind wandering with continuing habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brock Kirwan
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.,Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Daniel K Bjornn
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | | | - Anthony Vance
- Department of Management Information Systems, Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David Eargle
- Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Jenkins
- Department of Information Systems, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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12
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Carbine KA, Duraccio KM, Hedges-Muncy A, Barnett KA, Kirwan CB, Jensen CD. White matter integrity disparities between normal-weight and overweight/obese adolescents: an automated fiber quantification tractography study. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 14:308-319. [PMID: 30719618 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obese adults have been shown to have poorer white brain matter integrity relative to normal-weight peers, but few studies have tested whether white matter integrity is compromised in overweight and obese adolescents. Also, it is unclear if age interacts with body mass to affect white matter integrity in adolescents. We used Automated Fiber Quantification, a tractography method, to compare fractional anisotropy between normal-weight and overweight/obese adolescents in the corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. Further, we tested whether any differences were moderated by age. Forty-seven normal-weight and forty overweight/obese adolescents were scanned using a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scan sequence. Overweight/obese compared to normal-weight adolescents had decreased white matter integrity in the superior frontal corpus callosum, left and right uncinate fasciculi, left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and left corticospinal tract, which may be related to heightened reward processing. Overweight/obese compared to normal-weight adolescents had increased white matter integrity in the orbital and anterior frontal corpus callosum, right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, left cingulum, and left corticospinal tract, which may be related to heightened attentional processing. As age increased, six tracts showed poorer white matter integrity as body mass index percentile (BMI%) increased, but three tracts showed greater white matter integrity as BMI% increased. Future research examining associations between white matter integrity and neural indices of food-related reward and attention are needed to clarify the functional significance of white matter integrity discrepancies between normal-weight and overweight/obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylie A Carbine
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 223 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Kara M Duraccio
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 223 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Ariana Hedges-Muncy
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 223 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Kimberly A Barnett
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 223 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 223 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Chad D Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 223 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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13
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Jensen CD, Duraccio KM, Barnett KA, Carbine KA, Stevens KS, Muncy NM, Kirwan CB. Sleep duration differentially affects brain activation in response to food images in adolescents with overweight/obesity compared to adolescents with normal weight. Sleep 2020; 42:5288493. [PMID: 30649528 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep is an important behavior that affects appetite and eating in adolescents. Our study examined food-related neural activation in brain regions associated with food reward and inhibition in adolescents under sleep-restricted and well-rested conditions. METHODS In this within-subjects study, 52 adolescents (ages 12-18; 46% female; M age = 15.96 years, SD = 1.56) with normal weight (NW; N = 29, M body mass index % [BMI%] = 54.55, SD = 24.54) or overweight/obesity (OV/OB; N = 23, M BMI% = 93.78, SD = 4.60) spent 5 hours in bed at home each night for five consecutive nights and 9 hours in bed at home each night for 5 consecutive nights, with the first day of each condition occurring 4 weeks apart. The morning following each sleep modification period, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected while participants performed an inhibitory (go/no-go) task with food stimuli. RESULTS We found significantly greater activation in brain regions associated with inhibition in adolescents with NW in response to food cues when sleep restricted. No increase in inhibition-related neural activation was observed in adolescents with OV/OB when sleep restricted. We also found neural activation consistent with greater reward processing associated with food cues following sleep restriction regardless of weight status. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that chronic sleep restriction may increase the likelihood of suboptimal dietary behavior for adolescents with OV/OB because they do not experience increased inhibition-related neural responding to counter possible increased reward-related neural responding following sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Kara M Duraccio
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | | | | | - Kimberly S Stevens
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Nathan M Muncy
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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14
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Stark SM, Kirwan CB, Stark CEL. Mnemonic Similarity Task: A Tool for Assessing Hippocampal Integrity. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:938-951. [PMID: 31597601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is critical for learning and memory, relying in part on pattern separation processes supported by the dentate gyrus (DG) to prevent interference from overlapping memory representations. In 2007, we designed the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST), a modified object recognition memory task, to be highly sensitive to hippocampal function by placing strong demands on pattern separation. The MST is now a widely used behavioral task, repeatedly shown to be sensitive to age-related memory decline, hippocampal connectivity, and hippocampal function, with specificity to the DG. Here, we review the utility of the MST, its relationship to hippocampal function, its utility in detecting hippocampal-based memory alterations across the lifespan, and impairments associated with clinical pathology from a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna M Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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15
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Hermann P, Gál V, Kóbor I, Kirwan CB, Kovács P, Kitka T, Lengyel Z, Bálint E, Varga B, Csekő C, Vidnyánszky Z. Efficacy of weight loss intervention can be predicted based on early alterations of fMRI food cue reactivity in the striatum. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 23:101803. [PMID: 30991304 PMCID: PMC6463125 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased fMRI food cue reactivity in obesity, i.e. higher responses to high- vs. low-calorie food images, is a promising marker of the dysregulated brain reward system underlying enhanced susceptibility to obesogenic environmental cues. Recently, it has also been shown that weight loss interventions might affect fMRI food cue reactivity and that there is a close association between the alteration of cue reactivity and the outcome of the intervention. Here we tested whether fMRI food cue reactivity could be used as a marker of diet-induced early changes of neural processing in the striatum that are predictive of the outcome of the weight loss intervention. To this end we investigated the relationship between food cue reactivity in the striatum measured one month after the onset of the weight loss program and weight changes obtained at the end of the six-month intervention. We observed a significant correlation between BMI change measured after six months and early alterations of fMRI food cue reactivity in the striatum, including the bilateral putamen, right pallidum, and left caudate. Our findings provide evidence for diet-induced early alterations of fMRI food cue reactivity in the striatum that can predict the outcome of the weight loss intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hermann
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Viktor Gál
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - István Kóbor
- MR Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Péter Kovács
- Obesity Research Group, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kitka
- Obesity Research Group, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Lengyel
- Obesity Research Group, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Eszter Bálint
- Department of General Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Varga
- Department of General Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Csongor Csekő
- Department of General Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Vidnyánszky
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
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Masterson TD, Kirwan CB, Davidson LE, Larson MJ, Keller KL, Fearnbach SN, Evans A, LeCheminant JD. Brain reactivity to visual food stimuli after moderate-intensity exercise in children. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1032-1041. [PMID: 28929362 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise may play a role in moderating eating behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an acute bout of exercise on neural responses to visual food stimuli in children ages 8-11 years. We hypothesized that acute exercise would result in reduced activity in reward areas of the brain. Using a randomized cross-over design, 26 healthy weight children completed two separate laboratory conditions (exercise; sedentary). During the exercise condition, each participant completed a 30-min bout of exercise at moderate-intensity (~ 67% HR maximum) on a motor-driven treadmill. During the sedentary session, participants sat continuously for 30 min. Neural responses to high- and low-calorie pictures of food were determined immediately following each condition using functional magnetic resonance imaging. There was a significant exercise condition*stimulus-type (high- vs. low-calorie pictures) interaction in the left hippocampus and right medial temporal lobe (p < 0.05). Main effects of exercise condition were observed in the left posterior central gyrus (reduced activation after exercise) (p < 0.05) and the right anterior insula (greater activation after exercise) (p < 0.05). The left hippocampus, right medial temporal lobe, left posterior central gyrus, and right anterior insula appear to be activated by visual food stimuli differently following an acute bout of exercise compared to a non-exercise sedentary session in 8-11 year-old children. Specifically, an acute bout of exercise results in greater activation to high-calorie and reduced activation to low-calorie pictures of food in both the left hippocampus and right medial temporal lobe. This study shows that response to external food cues can be altered by exercise and understanding this mechanism will inform the development of future interventions aimed at altering energy intake in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Masterson
- Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Psychology, Neuroscience, and MRI Research Facility, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Lance E Davidson
- Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Michael J Larson
- Psychology, Neuroscience, and MRI Research Facility, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - S Nicole Fearnbach
- Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alyssa Evans
- Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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Doxey CR, Hodges CB, Bodily TA, Muncy NM, Brock Kirwan C. The effects of sleep on the neural correlates of pattern separation [ Hippocampus
, 28
(2), 108-120 (2018)]. Hippocampus 2019; 29:141-142. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ty A. Bodily
- Neuroscience Center; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah
| | - Nathan M. Muncy
- Department of Psychology; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah
| | - C. Brock Kirwan
- Neuroscience Center; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah
- Department of Psychology; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah
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19
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Vance A, Jenkins JL, Anderson BB, Bjornn DK, Kirwan CB. Tuning Out Security Warnings: A Longitudinal Examination of Habituation Through fMRI, Eye Tracking, and Field Experiments. MIS QUART 2018. [DOI: 10.25300/misq/2018/14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Carbine KA, Duraccio KM, Kirwan CB, Muncy NM, LeCheminant JD, Larson MJ. A direct comparison between ERP and fMRI measurements of food-related inhibitory control: Implications for BMI status and dietary intake. Neuroimage 2018; 166:335-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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21
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Doxey CR, Hodges CB, Bodily TA, Muncy NM, Kirwan CB. The effects of sleep on the neural correlates of pattern separation. Hippocampus 2017; 28:108-120. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cooper B. Hodges
- Department of Psychology; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
| | - Ty A. Bodily
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
| | - Nathan M. Muncy
- Department of Psychology; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
| | - C. Brock Kirwan
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
- Department of Psychology; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah 84602
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22
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Wright KL, Kirwan CB, Gale SD, Levan AJ, Hopkins RO. Long-term cognitive and neuroanatomical stability in patients with anoxic amnesia: A Case Report. Brain Inj 2017; 31:709-716. [PMID: 28350252 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1285051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anoxia can result in selective hippocampal damage with associated impairments in declarative memory. Whilst memory impairments and brain structures are thought to be stable, there are little data regarding the effects of ageing or change over time in patients with amnesia from anoxic brain injury. METHODS To assess change over time, we compared structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with data obtained over ten years previously in two well-characterized patients with amnesia (JRW and RS) who experienced an anoxic brain injury. Six healthy, age-matched control participants were recruited to compare brain volumes with the patients at Time 2. Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised and Wechsler memory scale-revised scores were compared to scores on the same tests administered 13 and 19 years prior. RESULTS Patients with amnesia had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes than controls, but comparable medial temporal lobe and ventricular volumes. Memory, intellectual function and brain volumes were stable over time. CONCLUSION Patients with an amnesia due to anoxia have memory impairments and smaller hippocampal volumes compared to controls; however, memory, intelligence and structural volumes remain stable over time. At ages 50 and 57, they do not appear to have early age-associated cognitive decline that is sometimes observed in patients with traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie L Wright
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,b Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Shawn D Gale
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,b Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Ashley J Levan
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Ramona O Hopkins
- a Psychology Department , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,b Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA.,c Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division , Intermountain Medical Center , Murray , Utah , USA.,d Center for Humanizing Critical Care, Intermountain Healthcare , Murray , Utah , USA
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23
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Anderson BB, Vance A, Kirwan CB, Jenkins JL, Eargle D. From Warning to Wallpaper: Why the Brain Habituates to Security Warnings and What Can Be Done About It. J MANAGE INFORM SYST 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07421222.2016.1243947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Jenkins JL, Anderson BB, Vance A, Kirwan CB, Eargle D. More Harm Than Good? How Messages That Interrupt Can Make Us Vulnerable. Information Systems Research 2016. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2016.0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Jensen CD, Duraccio KM, Carbine KA, Barnett KA, Kirwan CB. Motivational Impact of Palatable Food Correlates With Functional Brain Responses to Food Images in Adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 42:578-587. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Anderson BB, Vance A, Jenkins JL, Kirwan CB, Bjornn D. It All Blurs Together: How the Effects of Habituation Generalize Across System Notifications and Security Warnings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41402-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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27
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Anderson ML, James JR, Kirwan CB. An event-related potential investigation of pattern separation and pattern completion processes. Cogn Neurosci 2016; 8:9-23. [DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2016.1195804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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South M, Stephenson KG, Nielson CA, Maisel M, Top DN, Kirwan CB. Overactive Pattern Separation Memory Associated with Negative Emotionality in Adults Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:3458-67. [PMID: 26231206 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bowler et al. (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44(9):2355-2362. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2105-y, 2014) have suggested that a specific memory impairment in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) arises from hippocampal failure to consolidate multiple related pieces of information. Twenty-four adults diagnosed with ASD and matched healthy controls completed a pattern separation memory task that is known to critically depend on hippocampal involvement. They additionally completed questionnaires regarding anxiety, depression, and behavioral motivation. Specific deficits in pattern separation were significantly correlated with negative emotionality; the best predictor of memory deficit was from a measure of achievement motivation that has also been associated with hyperactivity and impulsivity. In the context of impaired emotion regulation in ASD, there is a need for integrated cognitive, affective, and neural systems approaches to build targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M South
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA. .,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | - K G Stephenson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - C A Nielson
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - M Maisel
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - D N Top
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - C B Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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29
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deVries TD, Brock Kirwan C, William Myrer J, Wayne Johnson A. Central Nervous System Activation in Blood Flow Restricted versus Non-Restricted Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487561.58653.df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Masterson T, Evans A, Brock Kirwan C, Keller K, Nicole Fearnbach S, LeCheminant J, Davidson L. Neural Responses To Pictures Of Food After Exercise In Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487565.51029.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Top DN, Stephenson KG, Doxey CR, Crowley MJ, Kirwan CB, South M. Atypical Amygdala Response to Fear Conditioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2016; 1:308-315. [PMID: 29560865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is the most common comorbid psychiatric concern in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can cause significant functional impairment. Fear conditioning tasks offer a useful neurodevelopmental model for anxiety, yet there are no published neuroimaging studies of fear conditioning using ASD samples. METHODS Twenty adults diagnosed with ASD and 19 healthy adult control subjects completed a standard fear conditioning and extinction paradigm while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. A burst of air on the base of the neck was the unconditioned stimulus. Participants returned 1 day later for scanning during an extinction recall phase. A priori regions of interest were analyzed with a familywise error correction rate < 0.05. RESULTS All regions of interest demonstrated significantly greater response to threat than safe conditions during initial fear acquisition. Compared with age-matched control subjects, the ASD group showed a significantly decreased differential response to threat versus safe cues in right amygdala during the initial fear acquisition phase and decreased response in left amygdala during the first run of extinction recall on the second day of scanning. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of severe anxiety in ASD may arise from atypical neural mechanisms especially related to the differentiation of threat versus safe cues. An inability to effectively identify safety contexts may underlie chronically increased levels of anxiety in many individuals diagnosed with ASD.
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32
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Larson MJ, Clayson PE, Kirwan CB, Weissman DH. Event-related potential indices of congruency sequence effects without feature integration or contingency learning confounds. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:814-22. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah USA
| | - Peter E. Clayson
- Department of Psychology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - C. Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah USA
| | - Daniel H. Weissman
- Department of Psychology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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33
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Jensen CD, Duraccio KM, Carbine KM, Kirwan CB. Topical Review: Unique Contributions of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Pediatric Psychology Research. J Pediatr Psychol 2015; 41:204-9. [PMID: 26141118 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a brief introduction of the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods in pediatric psychology research, describe several exemplar studies that highlight the unique benefits of MRI techniques for pediatric psychology research, and detail methods for addressing several challenges inherent to pediatric MRI research. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Numerous useful applications of MRI research in pediatric psychology have been illustrated in published research. MRI methods yield information that cannot be obtained using neuropsychological or behavioral measures. CONCLUSIONS Using MRI in pediatric psychology research may facilitate examination of neural structures and processes that underlie health behaviors. Challenges inherent to conducting MRI research with pediatric research participants (e.g., head movement) may be addressed using evidence-based strategies. We encourage pediatric psychology researchers to consider adopting MRI techniques to answer research questions relevant to pediatric health and illness.
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34
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Jensen CD, Kirwan CB. Functional brain response to food images in successful adolescent weight losers compared with normal-weight and overweight controls. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:630-6. [PMID: 25645425 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research conducted with adults suggests that successful weight losers demonstrate greater activation in brain regions associated with executive control in response to viewing high-energy foods. No previous studies have examined these associations in adolescents. Functional neuroimaging was used to assess brain response to food images among groups of overweight (OW), normal-weight (NW), and successful weight-losing (SWL) adolescents. METHODS Eleven SWL, 12 NW, and 11 OW participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing images of high- and low-energy foods. RESULTS When viewing high-energy food images, SWLs demonstrated greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared with OW and NW controls. Compared with NW and SWL groups, OW individuals demonstrated greater activation in the ventral striatum and anterior cingulate in response to food images. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent SWLs demonstrated greater neural activation in the DLPFC compared with OW/NW controls when viewing high-energy food stimuli, which may indicate enhanced executive control. OW individuals' brain responses to food stimuli may indicate greater reward incentive processes than either SWL or NW groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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35
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Doxey CR, Kirwan CB. Structural and functional correlates of behavioral pattern separation in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe. Hippocampus 2014; 25:524-33. [PMID: 25394655 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are known to be involved in declarative memory processes. However, little is known about how age-related changes in MTL structures, white matter integrity, and functional connectivity affect pattern separation processes in the MTL. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the volumes of MTL regions of interest, including hippocampal subfields (dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum) in healthy older and younger adults. Additionally, we used diffusion tensor imaging to measure white matter integrity for both groups. Finally, we used functional MRI to acquire resting functional connectivity measures for both groups. We show that, along with age, the volume of left CA3/dentate gyrus predicts memory performance. Differences in fractional anisotropy and the strength of resting functional connections between the hippocampus and other cortical structures implicated in memory processing were not significant predictors of performance. As previous studies have only hinted, it seems that the size of left CA3/dentate gyrus contributes more to successful discrimination between similar mnemonic representations than other hippocampal sub-fields, MTL structures, and other neuroimaging correlates. Accordingly, the implications of aging and atrophy on lure discrimination capacities are discussed.
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36
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Vance A, Anderson B, Kirwan CB, Eargle D. Using Measures of Risk Perception to Predict Information Security Behavior: Insights from Electroencephalography (EEG). J ASSOC INF SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.17705/1jais.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA
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38
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South M, Chamberlain PD, Wigham S, Newton T, Le Couteur A, McConachie H, Gray L, Freeston M, Parr J, Kirwan CB, Rodgers J. Enhanced decision making and risk avoidance in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychology 2014; 28:222-8. [DOI: 10.1037/neu0000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
Young and nondemented older adults completed a visual object continuous recognition memory task in which some stimuli (lures) were similar but not identical to previously presented objects. The lures were hypothesized to result in increased interference and increased pattern separation demand. To examine variability in object pattern separation deficits, older adults were divided into impaired and unimpaired groups based on performance on a standardized serial list-learning task. Impaired older adults showed intact recognition memory, but were impaired relative to young and unimpaired older adults when identifying similar lure stimuli, demonstrating that object pattern separation varies in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Holden
- San Diego State University-University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California 92120, USA
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40
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Larson MJ, Gray AC, Clayson PE, Jones R, Kirwan CB. What are the influences of orthogonally-manipulated valence and arousal on performance monitoring processes? The effects of affective state. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 87:327-39. [PMID: 23313603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the influence of affective state on the cognitive control process of performance monitoring are mixed and few studies have orthogonally manipulated affective valence and arousal. Performance monitoring can be measured using behaviors (e.g., response times and error rates) and components of the event-related potentials (ERPs), such as the error-related negativity (ERN), correct-related negativity (CRN), and post-error positivity (Pe). We used a pre/post design and standard mood induction paradigm in 121 healthy participants randomly assigned to orthogonal valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low) conditions (i.e., happy, calm, anxious, or sad mood states). Following mood induction, valence and arousal ratings differed between groups. Behavioral findings showed decreased accuracy in participants with high arousal and negative valence (i.e., anxious condition), but no additional response time (RT), post-error slowing, or accuracy effects. Amplitude of the CRN differentiated high and low valence, but was not related to arousal. Positive valence was associated with decreased CRN amplitude even when baseline affect and demographic variables were controlled. Valence and arousal did not significantly differentiate the amplitude of the ERN, although the ERN minus CRN difference was related to arousal but not valence ratings in multiple regression analyses. Affect-related differences were not shown for the Pe. Findings provide a context to understand how dimensional aspects of emotional valence and arousal influence performance-monitoring processes and suggest a need for further research on the functional role of the CRN and its relation to affective valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
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41
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Abstract
Two recent studies described conditions under which recognition memory performance appeared to be driven by nondeclarative memory. Specifically, participants successfully discriminated old images from highly similar new images even when no conscious memory for the images could be retrieved. Paradoxically, recognition performance was better when images were studied with divided attention than when images were studied with full attention. Furthermore, recognition performance was better when decisions were rated as guesses than when decisions were associated with low or high confidence. In three experiments, we adopted the paradigm used in the earlier studies in an attempt to repeat this intriguing work. Our attempts were unsuccessful. In all experiments, recognition was better when images were studied with full attention than when images were studied with divided attention. Recognition was also better when participants indicated high or low confidence in their decision than when they indicated that their decision was a guess. Thus, our results conformed to what typically has been reported in studies of recognition memory, and we were unable to demonstrate recognition without awareness. We encourage others to explore this paradigm, and to try to identify conditions under which the phenomenon might be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jeneson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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42
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Jeneson A, Kirwan CB, Hopkins RO, Wixted JT, Squire LR. Recognition memory and the hippocampus: A test of the hippocampal contribution to recollection and familiarity. Learn Mem 2010; 17:63-70. [PMID: 20047986 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1546110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the hippocampus selectively supports recollection and that adjacent cortex in the medial temporal lobe can support familiarity. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the hippocampus supports both recollection and familiarity. We tested these suggestions by assessing the performance of patients with hippocampal lesions on recognition memory tests that differ in the extent to which recollection and familiarity contribute to the recognition decision. When targets and foils are highly similar, prior evidence suggests that, on a forced-choice test in which targets are presented together with highly similar, corresponding foils (the FC-C format), performance is supported primarily by familiarity. By contrast, when targets are presented together with foils that are similar to other targets (the FC-NC format) or when memory is tested in a yes/no (Y/N) format, performance is based much more strongly on recollection. Accordingly, a finding that hippocampal damage impaired both Y/N recognition and FC-NC recognition but spared FC-C recognition would suggest that the hippocampus selectively supports recollection. We administered Y/N, FC-C, and FC-NC tests to five memory-impaired patients with circumscribed hippocampal lesions and 14 controls. The patients were impaired on all three types of recognition test, and there was no indication that the patients were disproportionately benefited or disproportionately impaired on any test. This pattern of performance suggests that the hippocampus supports both recollection and familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jeneson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 92093, USA
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Shrager Y, Kirwan CB, Squire LR. Activity in both hippocampus and perirhinal cortex predicts the memory strength of subsequently remembered information. Neuron 2008; 59:547-53. [PMID: 18760691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that hippocampal activity predicts subsequent recognition success when recognition decisions are based disproportionately on recollection, whereas perirhinal activity predicts recognition success when decisions are based primarily on familiarity. Another perspective is that both hippocampal and perirhinal activity are predictive of overall memory strength. We tested the relationship between brain activity during learning and subsequent memory strength. Activity in a number of cortical regions (including regions within the "default network") was negatively correlated with subsequent memory strength, suggesting that this activity reflects inattention or mind wandering (and, consequently, poor memory). In contrast, activity in both hippocampus and perirhinal cortex positively correlated with the subsequent memory strength of remembered items. This finding suggests that both structures cooperate during learning to determine the memory strength of what is being learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shrager
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
Pattern separation, the process of transforming similar representations or memories into highly dissimilar, nonoverlapping representations, is a key component of many functions ascribed to the hippocampus. Computational models have stressed the role of the hippocampus and, in particular, the dentate gyrus and its projections into the CA3 subregion in pattern separation. We used high-resolution (1.5-millimeter isotropic voxels) functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activity during incidental memory encoding. Although activity consistent with a bias toward pattern completion was observed in CA1, the subiculum, and the entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, activity consistent with a strong bias toward pattern separation was observed in, and limited to, the CA3/dentate gyrus. These results provide compelling evidence of a key role of the human CA3/dentate gyrus in pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Bakker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is critical for declarative memory formation. Several theories of MTL function propose functional distinctions between the different structures of the MTL, namely the hippocampus and the surrounding cortical areas. Furthermore, computational models and electrophysiological studies in animals suggest distinctions between the subregions of the hippocampus itself. Standard fMRI resolution is not sufficiently fine to resolve activity on the scale of hippocampal subregions. Several approaches to scanning the MTL at high resolutions have been made, however there are limitations to these approaches, namely difficulty in conducting group-level analyses. We demonstrate here techniques for scanning the MTL at high resolution and analyzing the high-resolution fMRI data at the group level. To address the issue of cross-participant alignment, we employ the ROI-LDDMM alignment technique, which is demonstrated to result in smaller alignment errors when compared with several other common normalization techniques. Finally, we demonstrate that the pattern of activation obtained in the high-resolution functional data is similar to that obtained at lower resolution, although the spatial extent is smaller and the percent signal change is greater. This difference in the pattern of activation may be due to less partial volume sampling in the high-resolution data, resulting in more accentuated regions of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) supports the formation and retrieval of long-term declarative memories, or memories for facts and everyday events. One challenge posed for this type of memory stems from the highly overlapping nature of common episodes. Within cognitive psychology, it is widely accepted that interference between information learned at different times is a major limitation on memory. In spite of several decades of intense research in the fields of interference theory and the neurobiological underpinnings of declarative memory, there is little direct evidence bearing on how the MTL resolves this interference to form accurate memories of everyday facts and events. Computational models of MTL function have proposed a mechanism in which the MTL, specifically the hippocampus, performs pattern separation, whereby overlapping representations are made less similar. However, there is little evidence bearing on how this process is carried out in the intact human MTL. Using high-resolution fMRI, we conducted a set of experiments that taxed behavioral pattern separation by using highly similar, interfering stimuli in a modified continuous recognition task. Regions within the parahippocampal gyrus demonstrated activity consistent with a "recall to reject" strategy. In contrast and critical to performing the task, activity within the hippocampus distinguished between correctly identified true stimulus repetitions, correctly rejected presentations of similar lure stimuli, and false alarms to similar lures. These data support the computational models' assertion that the hippocampus plays a key role in pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Craig E.L. Stark
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (410) 516-4478
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Kirwan CB, Gilbert PE, Kesner RP. The role of the hippocampus in the retrieval of a spatial location. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2005; 83:65-71. [PMID: 15607690 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on computational models of the hippocampus, it has been suggested that a possible mechanism for memory retrieval is pattern completion, wherein an autoassociative network recalls previous patterns of activity given noisy or degraded cues. However, there are few behavioral data examining pattern completion per se in the hippocampus. Here, we present a study in which rats were tested on a spatial location retrieval paradigm, each trial of which consisted of a sample and choice phase. During the sample phase, rats were trained to displace an object in one of 15 possible locations to retrieve a food reward and return to the start-box on a cheeseboard maze. The object was then removed and the same location was re-baited for the choice phase. The rats' accuracy in returning to the correct location was recorded. On test trials, visual extramaze cues, vestibular cues, or both were manipulated to assess pattern completion in normal rats. Subjects were then randomly assigned to receive a cortical control, a sham, or a dorsal and ventral hippocampal lesion and were retested on the task. Control and unoperated rats were able to perform the task when visual extramaze or vestibular cues were reliable, but not when they were manipulated. Rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired in the baseline condition, as well as during all manipulations. These results support the hypothesis that the hippocampus supports the retrieval of a spatial location, possibly through a process of pattern completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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48
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Abstract
The human medial temporal lobe (MTL) is known to be involved in declarative memory, yet the exact contributions of the various MTL structures are not well understood. In particular, the data as to whether the hippocampal region is preferentially involved in the encoding and/or retrieval of associative memory have not allowed for a consensus concerning its specific role. To investigate the role of the hippocampal region and the nearby MTL cortical areas in encoding and retrieval of associative versus non-associative memories, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity during learning and later recognition testing of novel face-name pairs. We show that there is greater activity for successful encoding of associative information than for non-associative information in the right hippocampal region, as well as in the left amygdala and right parahippocampal cortex. Activity for retrieval of associative information was greater than for non-associative information in the right hippocampal region also, as well as in the left perirhinal cortex, right entorhinal cortex, and right parahippocampal cortex. The implications of these data for a clear functional distinction between the hippocampal region and the MTL cortical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
| | - Craig EL Stark
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
- * Correspondence to: Craig Stark, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Ames Hall 135, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218 E-mail:
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