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Hutchins GGA, Treanor D, Wright A, Handley K, Magill L, Tinkler-Hundal E, Southward K, Seymour M, Kerr D, Gray R, Quirke P. Intratumoral stromal morphometry predicts disease recurrence but not response to 5-fluorouracil-results from the QUASAR trial of colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2017; 72:391-404. [PMID: 28746977 DOI: 10.1111/his.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The biological importance of tumour-associated stroma is becoming increasingly apparent, but its clinical utility remains ill-defined. For stage II/Dukes B colorectal cancer (CRC), clinical biomarkers are urgently required to direct therapeutic options. We report here prognostic/predictive analyses, and molecular associations, of stromal morphometric quantification in the Quick and Simple and Reliable (QUASAR) trial of CRC. METHODS AND RESULTS Relative proportions of tumour epithelium (PoT) or stroma (PoS) were morphometrically quantified on digitised haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections derived from 1800 patients enrolled in QUASAR, which randomised 3239 (91% stage II) CRC patients between adjuvant fluorouracil/folinic acid (FUFA) chemotherapy and observation. The prognostic and predictive values of PoT/PoS measurements were determined by the use of stratified log-rank analyses. A high proportion of tumour stroma (≥50%) was associated with an increased recurrence risk: 31.3% (143/457) recurrence for ≥50% versus 21.9% (294/1343) for <50% [rate ratio (RR) 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30-2.02; P < 0.0001]. Of patients with stromal proportions of ≥65%, 40% (46/115) had recurrent disease within 10 years. The adverse prognostic effect of a high stromal proportion was independent of established prognostic variables, and was maintained in stage II/Dukes B patients (RR 1.62; 95% CI 1.26-2.08; P = 0.0002). KRAS mutation in the presence of a high stromal proportion augmented recurrence risk (RR 2.93; 95% CI 1.87-4.59; P = 0.0005). Stromal morphometry did not predict response to FUFA chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Simple digital morphometry applied to a single representative H&E section identifies CRC patients with a >50% higher risk of disease recurrence. This technique can reliably partition patients into subpopulations with different risks of tumour recurrence in a simple and cost-effective manner. Further prospective validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon G A Hutchins
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren Treanor
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander Wright
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kelly Handley
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Magill
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma Tinkler-Hundal
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Katie Southward
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew Seymour
- National Cancer Research Network Coordinating Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Kerr
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Gray
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Quirke
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Su Y, Yang J, Besner GE. HB-EGF promotes intestinal restitution by affecting integrin-extracellular matrix interactions and intercellular adhesions. Growth Factors 2013; 31:39-55. [PMID: 23305395 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2012.755966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Restitution is a critical form of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) healing. We have previously shown that heparin-binding epidermal-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is necessary for IEC restitution; however, the mechanisms by which HB-EGF promotes restitution remain poorly understood. This study was designed to investigate whether HB-EGF promotes intestinal restitution by affecting integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and intercellular adhesions. The effect of HB-EGF administration was examined in a murine necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) model in vivo and an IEC line scrape-wound healing model in vitro. We evaluated the effect of HB-EGF on the expression of integrins, E-cadherin/β-catenin, and integrin α5β1-dependent cell-ECM interactions. We found that HB-EGF promoted intestinal restitution and the expression of integrin α5β1. HB-EGF promoted integrin α5β1-dependent cell adhesion and spreading. In addition, HB-EGF decreased the expression E-cadherin/β-catenin, via the activation of v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ErbB-1). We conclude that HB-EGF promotes intestinal restitution by affecting integrin-ECM interactions and intercellular adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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Transformation by oncogenic Ras expands the early genomic response to transforming growth factor beta in intestinal epithelial cells. Neoplasia 2008; 10:1073-82. [PMID: 18813357 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence implicates TGFbeta as a tumor promoter in epithelial cells that have become resistant to its tumor suppressor activity. To better understand early, genome-wide TGFbeta responses in cells resistant to growth inhibition by TGFbeta, we used microarray analysis in a well-defined cell culture system of sensitive and resistant intestinal epithelial cells. TGFbeta-regulated gene expression in TGFbeta-growth-sensitive, nontransformed rat intestinal epithelial cells (RIE-1) was compared to expression in TGFbeta-growth-resistant RIE cells stably transformed by oncogenic Ras(12V). Treatment of RIE-1 cells with 2 ng/ml TGFbeta1 for 1 hour increased the expression of eight gene sequences by 2.6-fold or more, whereas eight were down regulated 2.6-fold. In RIE-Ras(12V) cells, 42 gene sequences were upregulated and only 3 were down-regulated. Comparison of RIE and RIE-Ras(12V) identified 37 gene sequences as unique, Ras-dependent genomic targets of TGFbeta1. TGFbeta-regulation of connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, two genes up-regulated in RIE-Ras cells and previously implicated in tumor promotion, was independently confirmed and further characterized by Northern analysis. Our data indicate that overexpression of oncogenic Ras in intestinal epithelial cells confers a significantly expanded repertoire of robust, early transcriptional responses to TGFbeta via signaling pathways yet to be fully elucidated but including the canonical Raf-1/MAPK/Erk pathway. Loss of sensitivity to growth inhibition by TGFbeta does not abrogate TGFbeta signaling and actually expands the early transcriptional response to TGFbeta1. Expression of some of these genes may confer to Ras-transformed cells characteristics favorable for tumor promotion.
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Antimitotic activity of EA21b mammary-carcinoma extract. Biologia (Bratisl) 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-007-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shiou SR, Singh AB, Moorthy K, Datta PK, Washington MK, Beauchamp RD, Dhawan P. Smad4 regulates claudin-1 expression in a transforming growth factor-beta-independent manner in colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1571-9. [PMID: 17308096 PMCID: PMC6574217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that the expression of a tight junction protein, claudin-1, is increased during colon carcinogenesis and particularly metastatic colorectal cancer. Manipulation of claudin-1 levels in colon cancer cells showed a positive correlation between claudin-1 expression and tumor growth and metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying the increased claudin-1 expression in colorectal cancer remains unknown. The tumor suppressor Smad4 is a central intracellular signal transduction component of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines. Loss of Smad4 protein expression is correlated with poor prognosis and is frequently observed in invasive and metastatic colorectal carcinoma. In the present study, we report an inverse relationship between Smad4 and claudin-1 expression in human colorectal carcinoma tumor samples and in human colon cancer cell lines. We found that the expression of Smad4 in Smad4-deficient but claudin-1-positive SW480 or HT29 colon cancer cell lines down-regulates claudin-1 expression through transcriptional repression by modulating beta-catenin/T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer factor activity. Furthermore, this Smad4-dependent inhibition of claudin-1 expression is independent of TGF-beta signaling because Smad4 expression alone is insufficient to restore TGF-beta signaling in the SW480 cells, and the selective TGF-beta receptor kinase inhibitor LY364947 did not prevent the Smad4 suppression of claudin-1 protein expression in either SW480 or HT29 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel mechanism underlying Smad4 tumor-suppressive function through regulation of a potential metastatic modulator, claudin-1, in a TGF-beta-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ru Shiou
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amar B. Singh
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Krishnan Moorthy
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Pran K. Datta
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - R. Daniel Beauchamp
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Ogawa A, Kirkner GJ, Loda M, Fuchs CS. TGFBR2 mutation is correlated with CpG island methylator phenotype in microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:614-20. [PMID: 17270239 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 2 gene (TGFBR2) is mutated in most microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancers. Promoter methylation of RUNX3 (runt-related transcription factor 3; encoding a transcription factor downstream of the TGF-beta pathway) is observed in colorectal cancer with CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), which is characterized by extensive promoter methylation and is associated with MSI-H and BRAF mutations. However, no study to date has examined interrelationship between TGFBR2 mutation, RUNX3 methylation, and CIMP in colorectal cancer. Using 144 MSI-H colorectal cancers derived from 2 large prospective cohort studies, we analyzed a mononucleotide repeat of TGFBR2 and quantified DNA methylation (by MethyLight technology) in 8 CIMP-specific promoters (RUNX3, CACNA1G [calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type alpha-1G subunit], CDKN2A [p16], CRABP1 [cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1], IGF2 [insulin-like growth factor 2], MLH1, NEUROG1 [neurogenin 1], and SOCS1 [suppressor of cytokine signaling 1]). Among the 144 MSI-H tumors, the presence of TGFBR2 mutation (overall 72% frequency) was correlated positively with CIMP-high (with >/=6/8 methylated promoters; P < .0001), RUNX3 methylation (P = .0004), BRAF mutation (P = .0006), and right colon (P = .05); inversely with KRAS mutation (P = .006); but not significantly with sex, tumor differentiation, and p53 status (assessed by immunohistochemistry). After stratification by sex, location, tumor differentiation, RUNX3 status, KRAS/BRAF status, or p53 status, CIMP-high was persistently correlated with TGFBR2 mutation. In contrast, RUNX3, KRAS, or BRAF status was no longer correlated with TGFBR2 mutation after stratification by CIMP status. In conclusion, TGFBR2 mutation is associated with CIMP-high and indirectly with RUNX3 methylation. Our findings emphasize the importance of analyzing global epigenomic status (for which CIMP status is a surrogate marker) when correlating a single epigenetic event (eg, RUNX3 methylation) with any other molecular or clinicopathologic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Du J, Jiang B, Barnard J. Differential regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in nontransformed and ras-transformed intestinal epithelial cells. Neoplasia 2005; 7:761-70. [PMID: 16207478 PMCID: PMC1501890 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To determine signaling pathways responsible for modulation of COX-2 expression in nontransformed and transformed epithelial cells, we studied a rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) cell line expressing constitutively active Ras and RhoA. Expression of COX-2 protein was higher in RIE-RhoA(63L) (four-fold) and RIE-Ras(12V) (seven-fold) cells than in parental cells. Prior work suggests that Ras hyperactivity induces the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)beta and increases epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related peptide signaling-possible mechanisms for increased COX-2 expression. Expression of COX-2 was stimulated by TGFbeta and TGFalpha in RIE and RIE-Rho(63L) cells, but not further stimulated in RIE-Ras(12V) cells. PD153035, an inhibitor of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase, and PD98059, an inhibitor of Erk, attenuated COX-2 expression in RIE and RIE-RhoA(63L). However, the high levels of COX-2 expression in RIE-Ras(12V) cells were not inhibited by either compound. Titration with a pan-neutralizing anti-TGFbeta antibody did not decrease COX-2 in RIE-Ras(12V) cells, even with concurrent EGFR inhibition. Thus, stimulation of the EGF receptor is important in the modulation of COX-2 expression in nontransformed RIE and RIE-RhoA(63L) cells. In Ras-transformed cells, signaling by additional Ras effector pathways, perhaps the RhoA pathway, must be invoked. Identification of these pathways is critical for therapeutic manipulation of COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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Du J, Jiang B, Coffey RJ, Barnard J. Raf and RhoA Cooperate to Transform Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Induce Growth Resistance to Transforming Growth Factor β. Mol Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.233.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although unregulated activation of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/Erk signaling pathway is believed to be a central mechanism by which many cell types undergo oncogenic transformation, recent studies indicate that activation of Raf kinase by oncogenic Ras is not sufficient to cause tumorigenic transformation in intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, identification of signaling proteins and pathways that interact with Raf to transform intestinal epithelial cells may be critical for understanding aberrant growth control in the intestinal epithelium. Functional interactions between Raf and the small GTPase RhoA were studied in RIE-1 cells overexpressing both activated Raf(22W) and activated RhoA(63L). Double transfectants were morphologically transformed, formed colonies in soft agar, grew in nude mice, overexpressed cyclin D1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and were resistant to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor (TGF) β. RIE-Raf and RIE-RhoA single transfectants showed none of these characteristics. Expression of a dominant-negative RhoA(N19) construct in RIE-Ras(12V) cells was associated with markedly reduced COX-2 mRNA, COX-2 protein, and prostaglandin E2 levels when compared with RIE-Ras(12V) cells transfected with vector alone. However, no change in transformed morphology, growth in soft agar, cyclin D1 expression, TGFα expression, or TGFβ sensitivity was observed. In summary, coexpression of activated Raf and RhoA induces transformation and TGFβ resistance in intestinal epithelial cells. Although blockade of RhoA signaling reverses certain well-described characteristics of RIE-Ras cells, it is insufficient to reverse the transformed phenotype and restore TGFβ sensitivity. Blockade of additional Rho family members or alternate Ras effector pathways may be necessary to fully reverse the Ras phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Du
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Columbus Children's Research Institute and Ohio State College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Bo Jiang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Columbus Children's Research Institute and Ohio State College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John Barnard
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Columbus Children's Research Institute and Ohio State College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio and
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