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Levy O, Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni I, Tong Z, Kuai R, De Biasio M, Wang Q, Majid T, Perrault C, Yeste A, Kenison JE, Safaee H, Musabeyezu J, Heinelt M, Milton Y, Kuang H, Lan H, Siders W, Multon MC, Rothblatt J, Massadeh S, Alaamery M, Alhasan AH, Quintana FJ, Karp JM. A cell-based drug delivery platform for treating central nervous system inflammation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:663-671. [PMID: 33398468 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for the development of cell-based drug delivery systems for autoimmune inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the effect of Ro-31-8425, an ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor, on the therapeutic properties of MSCs. Upon a simple pretreatment procedure, MSCs spontaneously took up and then gradually released significant amounts of Ro-31-8425. Ro-31-8425 (free or released by MSCs) suppressed the proliferation of CD4+ T cells in vitro following polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. Systemic administration of Ro-31-8425-loaded MSCs ameliorated the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS, displaying a stronger suppressive effect on EAE than control MSCs or free Ro-31-8425. Ro-31-8425-MSC administration resulted in sustained levels of Ro-31-8425 in the serum of EAE mice, modulating immune cell trafficking and the autoimmune response during EAE. Collectively, these results identify MSC-based drug delivery as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. KEY MESSAGES: MSCs can spontaneously take up the ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor Ro-31-8425. Ro-31-8425-loaded MSCs gradually release Ro-31-8425 and exhibit sustained suppression of T cells. Ro-31-8425-loaded MSCs have more sustained serum levels of Ro-31-8425 than free Ro-31-8425. Ro-31-8425-loaded MSCs are more effective than MSCs and free Ro-31-8425 for EAE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan Mascanfroni
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rui Kuai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael De Biasio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qingping Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Tahir Majid
- Global Research Program and Portfolio Management, Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christelle Perrault
- Sanofi R&D, In Vitro Pharmacology, Integrated Drug Discovery, Centre de Recherche Vitry-Alfortville, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica E Kenison
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helia Safaee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliet Musabeyezu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martina Heinelt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuka Milton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Kuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haoyue Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Siders
- Genzyme R&D, Neuroimmunology Research, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Multon
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences, Centre de Recherche Vitry-Alfortville, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Salam Massadeh
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Alaamery
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Alhasan
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- National Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Selvatici R, Congestrì F, Marzola G, Guerrini R, Siniscalchi A, Spisani S. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects displayed by peptides derived from PKI55 protein, an endogenous protein kinase C inhibitor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 382:193-9. [PMID: 20644913 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently characterized the PKI55 protein as an endogenous protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and investigated, in vitro, the potential anti-inflammatory actions of its N-terminal peptides 1-16 (peptide 5), 1-8 (peptide 8) and 1-5 (peptide 9). We showed their ability to inhibit chemotaxis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes activated by the N-formyl tripeptide for-Met-Leu-Phe-OMe. In this work, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and the analgesic effects of the selected peptides by in vivo experiments carried out in the mouse. The peptides 5, 8 and 9 (0.1 and 10 nmol i.c.v.) were effective in both the parameters chosen to test the anti-inflammatory activity, i.e., the xylene-induced ear edema and the acetic acid-induced infiltration of neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity. In addition, they displayed analgesic effect, evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing test. All the peptides' effects were shared by the reference compounds, dexamethasone and indomethacin (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.), but not by the 9-scramble peptide (10 nmol i.c.v.). The peptide 9, which represents the shortest active sequence of the PKI55 protein, was tested in the ear edema model even following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration and proved to be effective in the range doses 3-30 mg kg(-1). Moreover, an increase in plasma corticosterone levels was detected in mice treated with the peptide 9, but not with the 9-scramble peptide (both at 10 nmol i.c.v.). The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the PKI55-derived synthetic peptides, possibly related both to PKC inhibition and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, deserve further investigation in view of potential therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Selvatici
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Medical Genetics Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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3
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Fang H, Huang Y, Zuo Z. Enhancement of substrate-gated Cl- currents via rat glutamate transporter EAAT4 by PMA. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C1334-40. [PMID: 16601148 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00443.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate transporters (also called excitatory amino acid transporters, EAAT) are important in extracellular homeostasis of glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter. EAAT4, a neuronally expressed EAAT in cerebellum, has a large portion (approximately 95% of the total L-aspartate-induced currents in human EAAT4) of substrate-gated Cl(-) currents, a distinct feature of this EAAT. We cloned EAAT4 from rat cerebellum. This molecule was predicted to have eight putative transmembrane domains. L-glutamate induced an inward current in oocytes expressing this EAAT4 at a holding potential -60 mV. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, significantly increased the magnitude of L-glutamate-induced currents but did not affect the apparent affinity of EAAT4 for L-glutamate. This PMA-enhanced current had a reversal potential -17 mV at extracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)](o)) 104 mM with an approximately 60-mV shift per 10-fold change in [Cl(-)](o), properties consistent with Cl(-)-selective conductance. However, PMA did not change EAAT4 transport activity as measured by [(3)H]-L-glutamate. Thus PMA-enhanced Cl(-) currents via EAAT4 were not thermodynamically coupled to substrate transport. These PMA-enhanced Cl(-) currents were partially blocked by staurosporine, chelerythrine, and calphostin C, the three PKC inhibitors. Ro-31-8425, a PKC inhibitor that inhibits conventional PKC isozymes at low concentrations (nM level), partially inhibited the PMA-enhanced Cl(-) currents only at a high concentration (1 microM). Intracellular injection of BAPTA, a Ca(2+)-chelating agent, did not affect the PMA-enhanced Cl(-) currents. 4alpha-Phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, an inactive analog of PMA, did not enhance glutamate-induced currents. These data suggest that PKC, possibly isozymes other than conventional ones, modulates the substrate-gated Cl(-) currents via rat EAAT4. Our results also suggest that substrate-gated ion channel activity and glutamate transport activity, two EAAT4 properties that could modulate neuronal excitability, can be regulated independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, One Hospital Dr., PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0710, USA
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4
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Engel S, Neumann S, Kaur N, Monga V, Jain R, Northup J, Gershengorn MC. Low affinity analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone are super-agonists. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13103-13109. [PMID: 16551618 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600440200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that several analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are more efficacious agonists at TRH receptors R1 and R2 than TRH itself. The apparent efficacies of the analogs were inversely related to their potencies and were independent of the nature of the modifications in TRH structure. In studies in intact cells, we showed that the differences in apparent efficacies were not due to differences in G-protein coupling, receptor desensitization, or recycling. Moreover, the differences in efficacies persisted in experiments using accessory protein-free membranes. We conclude that the efficacy differences of TRH analogs originated from the enhanced ability of TRH-R complexed to the low affinity agonists to directly activate G-protein(s), and not by a modulation of the activity of accessory proteins, and propose possible mechanisms for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Engel
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160 062, Punjab, India
| | - John Northup
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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5
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Voss OH, Kim S, Wewers MD, Doseff AI. Regulation of monocyte apoptosis by the protein kinase Cdelta-dependent phosphorylation of caspase-3. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17371-9. [PMID: 15716280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412449200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are central components of the innate immune response and normally circulate for a short period of time before undergoing spontaneous apoptosis. During inflammation, differentiation, or oncogenic transformation, the life span of monocytes is prolonged by preventing the activation of the apoptotic program. Here we showed that caspase-3, a cysteine protease required for monocyte apoptosis, is a phosphoprotein. We identified protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) as a member of the protein kinase C family that associates with and phosphorylates caspase-3. The PKCdelta-dependent phosphorylation of caspase-3 resulted in an increase in the activity of caspase-3. This effect of PKCdelta is specific to caspase-3, as evidenced by the absence of similar effects on caspase-9. The activity of PKCdelta precedes the activation of caspase-3 during spontaneous monocyte apoptosis and in monocyte-induced apoptosis. We found that the overexpression of PKCdelta resulted in an increase of apoptosis, whereas its inhibition blocked caspase-3 activity and decreased apoptosis. Our results provided evidence that the PKCdelta-dependent phosphorylation of caspase-3 provided a novel pro-apoptotic mechanism involved in the regulation of monocyte life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver H Voss
- Heart and Lung Research Institute and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Molecular Genetics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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6
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Farías GG, Godoy JA, Hernández F, Avila J, Fisher A, Inestrosa NC. M1 muscarinic receptor activation protects neurons from β-amyloid toxicity. A role for Wnt signaling pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 17:337-48. [PMID: 15474371 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta) deposits are one of the hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease. Signal transduction alterations are implicate in the neuronal responses to Abeta, which include neurotransmitter systems and pathways involved in the maintenance of the nervous system. In this context, we have recently found that Abeta-neurotoxicity triggers a loss of Wnt signaling. We report here that M1-acetylcholine-muscarinic-receptor (mAChR) activation protects neurons from Abeta-toxicity. Concomitant with this effect, a modulation of the Wnt signaling was observed. M1 mAChR activation inhibits glycogen-synthase-kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) activity, stabilizes cytoplasmic and nuclear beta-catenin, and induces the expression of the Wnt target genes engrailed and cyclin-D1, reverting the switch off of the Wnt pathway caused by Abeta-toxicity. Neurons from mice that overexpress GSK-3beta allow us to establish that M1 mAChR stimulation leads to GSK-3beta inactivation. We conclude that the cross-talk between the muscarinic signaling and Wnt components underlie the neuroprotective effect of the M1 mAChR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny G Farías
- Centro FONDAP de Regulación Celular y Patología Joaquin V. Luco, MIFAB, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Jimenez-Lopez JM, Cederbaum AI. Protein Kinase C Signaling as a Survival Pathway against CYP2E1-Derived Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in HepG2 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:998-1006. [PMID: 15494549 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.076737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic induction of CYP2E1 is a major pathway involved in oxidative stress and damage caused by chronic ethanol consumption; CYP2E1 also promotes the activation of a variety of hepatotoxins to reactive intermediates. Phorbol esters activate protein kinase C (PKC), thereby blocking cell differentiation and promoting tumor growth. In this study, we examined the possible role of PKC signaling as a survival pathway against CYP2E1-mediated toxicity using transfected HepG2 hepatoma cells stably overexpressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells). Cells were exposed to arachidonic acid (AA) plus Fe, which has been previously reported to cause a synergistic toxicity in E47 cells by a mechanism dependent on CYP2E1 activity and involving oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), but not the inactive analog 4-alpha-TPA, prevented lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and loss of viability produced by AA + Fe in E47 cells. TPA also protected against the toxicity caused by AA alone, or by iron alone, in the E47 cells. TPA did not lower but instead induced catalytically active CYP2E1 in these cells. The protective effect of TPA on CYP2E1-dependent AA + Fe toxicity seemed to involve a PKC-related survival mechanism, since PKC inhibitors such as Ro 31-8425 (bisindolylmaleimide X hydrochloride) or staurosporine abolished that protection, and activation of PKC by TPA was an early event that occurs prior to the developing toxicity. In conclusion, PKC activation by TPA prevents CYP2E1-derived acute oxidative stress and toxicity in HepG2 cells, and this appears to involve maintenance of the intracellular redox homeostasis via PKC signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Box 1603, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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8
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Wang Y, Schattenberg JM, Rigoli RM, Storz P, Czaja MJ. Hepatocyte resistance to oxidative stress is dependent on protein kinase C-mediated down-regulation of c-Jun/AP-1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31089-97. [PMID: 15145937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404170200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of injury from reactive oxygen species is critical for cellular resistance to many death stimuli. Resistance to death from the superoxide generator menadione in the hepatocyte cell line RALA255-10G is dependent on down-regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/AP-1 signaling pathway by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Because protein kinase C (PKC) regulates both oxidant stress and JNK signaling, the ability of PKC to modulate hepatocyte death from menadione through effects on AP-1 was examined. PKC inhibition with Ro-31-8425 or bisindolylmaleimide I sensitized this cell line to death from menadione. Menadione treatment led to activation of PKCmicro, or protein kinase D (PKD), but not PKCalpha/beta, PKCzeta/lambda, or PKCdelta/. Menadione induced phosphorylation of PKD at Ser-744/748, but not Ser-916, and translocation of PKD to the nucleus. PKC inhibition blocked menadione-induced phosphorylation of PKD, and expression of a constitutively active PKD prevented death from Ro-31-8425/menadione. PKC inhibition led to a sustained overactivation of JNK and c-Jun in response to menadione as determined by in vitro kinase assay and immunoblotting for the phosphorylated forms of both proteins. Cell death from PKC inhibition and menadione treatment resulted from c-Jun activation, since death was blocked by adenoviral expression of the c-Jun dominant negative TAM67. PKC and ERK1/2 independently down-regulated JNK/c-Jun, since inhibition of either kinase failed to affect activation of the other kinase, and simultaneous inhibition of both pathways caused additive JNK/c-Jun activation and cell death. Resistance to death from superoxide therefore requires both PKC/PKD and ERK1/2 activation in order to down-regulate proapoptotic JNK/c-Jun signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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9
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Nadal-Wollbold F, Pawlowski M, Lévy-Toledano S, Berrou E, Rosa JP, Bryckaert M. Platelet ERK2 activation by thrombin is dependent on calcium and conventional protein kinases C but not Raf-1 or B-Raf. FEBS Lett 2002; 531:475-82. [PMID: 12435596 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation pathways have been well characterized in a number of cell types but very few data are available for platelets. The thrombin-induced signaling pathway leading to ERK2 activation in platelets is largely uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated the kinases involved in thrombin-induced ERK2 activation in conditions of maximal ERK2 activation. We found that thrombin-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 activation was necessary for ERK2 phosphorylation. We obtained strong evidence that conventional protein kinase Cs (PKCs) and calcium are involved in thrombin-induced ERK2 activation. First, ERK2 and MEK1/2 phosphorylation was totally inhibited by low concentrations (1 microM) of RO318425, a specific inhibitor of conventional PKCs. Second, Ca(2+), from either intracellular pools or the extracellular medium, was necessary for ERK2 activation and conventional PKC activation, excluding the involvement of a new class of calcium-insensitive PKCs. Third, LY294002 and wortmannin had no significant effect on ERK2 activation, even at concentrations that inhibit phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase (5 microM to 25 microM and 50 nM, respectively). This suggests that PI3-kinase was not necessary for ERK2 activation and therefore, that PI3-kinase-dependent atypical PKCs were not involved. Surprisingly, in contrast to proliferative cells, we found that the serine/threonine kinases Raf-1 and B-Raf were not an intermediate kinase between conventional PKCs and MEK1/2. After immunoprecipitation of Raf-1 and B-Raf, the basal glutathione S-transferase-MEK1 phosphorylation observed in resting platelets was not upregulated by thrombin and was still observed in the absence of anti-Raf-1 or anti-B-Raf antibodies. In these conditions, the in vitro cascade kinase assay did not detect any MEK activity. Thus in platelets, thrombin-induced ERK2 activation is activated by conventional PKCs independently of Raf-1 and B-Raf activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nadal-Wollbold
- U348 INSERM, IFR 6 Circulation Lariboisière, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bvd de la Chapelle, 75475 Cedex 10, Paris, France
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10
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Vancurova I, Miskolci V, Davidson D. NF-kappa B activation in tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated neutrophils is mediated by protein kinase Cdelta. Correlation to nuclear Ikappa Balpha. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19746-52. [PMID: 11274209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100234200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is critical for the expression of multiple genes involved in inflammatory responses and apoptosis. However, the signal transduction pathways regulating NF-kappaB activation in human neutrophils in response to stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) are undefined. Since recent studies implicated activation of NF-kappaB as well as protein kinase C-delta (PKCdelta) in neutrophil apoptosis, we investigated involvement of PKCdelta in the activation of NF-kappaB in TNFalpha-stimulated neutrophils. Specific inhibition of PKCdelta by rottlerin prevented IkappaBalpha degradation and NF-kappaB activation in TNFalpha-stimulated neutrophils. This regulation of NF-kappaB activation by PKCdelta was specific only for TNFalpha signaling, since lipopolysaccharide- or interleukin-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation and IkappaBalpha degradation were not inhibited by rottlerin. In addition, we show that in human neutrophils, but not monocytes, IkappaBalpha localizes in significant amounts in the nucleus of unstimulated cells, and the amount of IkappaBalpha in the nucleus, as well as in the cytoplasm, correlates with the NF-kappaB DNA binding. These results suggest that in human neutrophils, the presence of IkappaBalpha in the nucleus may function as a safeguard against initiation of NF-kappaB dependent transcription of pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic genes, and represents a distinct and novel mechanism of NF-kappaB regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vancurova
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center-The Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA.
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11
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Zhang P, Zheng J, Bradley ME, Hexum TD. ATP stimulated cyclic AMP formation in bovine chromaffin cells is enhanced by neuropeptide Y. Peptides 2001; 22:439-44. [PMID: 11287099 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP increases cAMP formation in bovine chromaffin cells, EC(50) = 7.1 x 10(-6) M. NPY, EC(50) = 4.1 x 10(-8) M, increases the efficacy of ATP (1.5-2 fold). Inclusion of the selective Y1 receptor antagonist 1229U91 produced a decrease in NPY potency (EC(50) = 2.7 x 10(-7) M). PTX pretreatment did not abolish either the effect of ATP nor the enhancement by NPY. NPY could also enhance the ability of angiotensin and bradykinin to increase cAMP formation. The selective phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, and the selective protein kinase C inhibitors, bisindolylmaleimide I and RO-31-8425, were effective inhibitors of the enhancing effect of NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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12
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Hii CS, Marin LA, Halliday D, Roberton DM, Murray AW, Ferrante A. Regulation of human neutrophil-mediated cartilage proteoglycan degradation by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Immunology 2001; 102:59-66. [PMID: 11168638 PMCID: PMC1783147 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of neutrophils to degrade cartilage proteoglycan suggests that the neutrophils that accumulate in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients are mediators of tissue damage. The regulatory mechanisms which are relevant to the proteoglycan-degrading activity of neutrophils are poorly understood. Since phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), protein kinase C (PKC), the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/ERK2 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) have been reported to regulate neutrophil respiratory burst and/or degranulation, a role for these signalling molecules in regulating proteoglycan degradation was investigated. Preincubation of human neutrophils with GF109203X (an inhibitor of PKC), PD98059 (an inhibitor of MEK, the upstream regulator of ERK1/ERK2) or with forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP, failed to suppress proteoglycan degradation of opsonized bovine cartilage. In contrast, preincubation of neutrophils with wortmannin or LY294002, specific inhibitors of PI3-K, inhibited proteoglycan degradation. Incubation of neutrophils with cartilage resulted in the activation of PI3-K in neutrophils, consistent with a role for PI3-K in proteoglycan degradation. Activation of PI3-K and proteoglycan degradation was enhanced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Degradation caused by neutrophils from the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients was also inhibited by wortmannin. These data demonstrate that the proteoglycan degradative activity of neutrophils required PI3-K but not PKC or the ERK1/ERK2/ERK5 cascades and was insensitive to increases in intracellular cAMP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Hii
- Department of Immunopathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
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Pongracz J, Lord JM. Superoxide production in human neutrophils: evidence for signal redundancy and the involvement of more than one PKC isoenzyme class. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247:624-9. [PMID: 9647744 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective protein kinase C (PKC) activators and inhibitors and a physiological agonist, fMLP, were used to study superoxide production and PKC isoenzyme activation in human neutrophils. The data show that the classical PKC isoenzymes, alpha and beta, were activated by TPA and at a time prior to NADPH oxidase complex assembly. fMLP induced activation of PKC-beta over a similar time course. Inhibition of c-PKCs reduced, but did not block, TPA-induced superoxide production completely, suggesting additional PKC isoenzymes were involved beyond NADPH oxidase assembly. PKC inhibitors were unable to inhibit fMLP-induced superoxide generation, indicative of signal redundancy in the induction of superoxide generation in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pongracz
- Department of Immunology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Nüsse O, Serrander L, Foyouzi-Youssefi R, Monod A, Lew DP, Krause KH. Store-operated Ca2+ influx and stimulation of exocytosis in HL-60 granulocytes. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:28360-7. [PMID: 9353293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the role of store-operated Ca2+ influx in the regulation of exocytosis in inflammatory cells. In HL-60 granulocytes, which do not possess voltage-operated Ca2+ channels, the chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP) was able to stimulate store-operated Ca2+ influx and to trigger exocytosis of primary granules. An efficient triggering of exocytosis by fMLP required the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and was inhibited by blockers of store-operated Ca2+ influx. However, receptor-independent activation of store-operated Ca2+ influx through thapsigargin did not trigger exocytosis. fMLP was unable to stimulate exocytosis in the absence of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]c elevations. However, a second signal generated by fMLP synergized with store-operated Ca2+ influx to trigger exocytosis and led to a left shift of the exocytosis/[Ca2+]c relationship in ionomycin-stimulated cells. The synergistic fMLP-generated signaling cascade was long-lasting, involved a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In summary, store-operated Ca2+ influx is crucial for the efficient triggering of exocytosis in HL-60 granulocytes, but, as opposed to Ca2+ influx through voltage-operated Ca2+ channels in neurons, it is not a sufficient stimulus by itself and requires synergistic receptor-generated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nüsse
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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