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Ludwig M, Richter M, Goltermann J, Redlich R, Repple J, Flint C, Grotegerd D, Koch K, Leehr EJ, Meinert S, Hülsmann C, Enneking V, Kugel H, Hahn T, Baune BT, Dannlowski U, Opel N. Novelty seeking is associated with increased body weight and orbitofrontal grey matter volume reduction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105148. [PMID: 33513455 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Novelty seeking (NS) has previously been identified as a personality trait that is associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) and obesity. Of note, both obesity and reduced impulse control - a core feature of NS - have previously been associated with grey matter volume (GMV) reductions in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Yet, it remains unknown, if body weight-related grey matter decline in the OFC might be explained by higher levels of NS. To address this question, we studied associations between NS, BMI and brain structure in 355 healthy subjects. Brain images were pre-processed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) was used to assess NS. NS and BMI were associated positively (r = .137, p = .01) with NS being a significant predictor of BMI (B = 0.172; SE B = 0.05; ß = 0.184; p = 0.001). Significant associations between BMI and GMV specifically in the OFC (x = -44, y = 56, z = -2, t(350) = 4.34, k = 5, pFWE = 0.011) did not uphold when correcting for NS in the model. In turn, a significant negative association between NS and OFC GMV was found independent of BMI (x = -2, y = 48, z = -10, t(349) = 4.42, k = 88, pFWE = 0.008). Body mass-related grey matter decrease outside the OFC could not be attributed to NS. Our results suggest that body-weight-related orbitofrontal grey matter reduction can at least partly be linked to higher levels of NS. Given the pivotal role of the OFC in overweight as well as cognitive domains such as impulse inhibition, executive control and reward processing, its association with NS seems to provide a tenable neurobiological correlate for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ludwig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ronny Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Halle, Germany
| | | | - Claas Flint
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Koch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Harald Kugel
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany.
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Jiménez-Murcia S, Giménez M, Granero R, Masuet-Aumatell C, Ramón JM, Agüero F, Morchón S, Moragas L, Baenas I, del Pino-Gutierrez A, Codina E, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Mora-Maltas B, Valero-Solís S, Etxandi M, Guillen-Guzmán E, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Gambling disorder seeking treatment patients and tobacco use in relation to clinical profiles. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106723. [PMID: 33203595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tobacco smoking and gambling disorder (GD) often co-occur. However, few studies have assessed the extent to which cigarette smoking may serve to classify and/or better define GD behaviour profiles. METHODS Among a large sample of n = 3,652 consecutive treatment-seeking patients with GD (91% men). Smokers were compared to non-smokers across different sociodemographic, clinical, psychopathological and personality variables. The effect sizes for the means and the proportion differences between the groups were estimated. An evaluation of the smoking changes over the last 15 years was also performed. RESULTS From the total sample, 62.4% of gamblers reported tobacco use. A decreasing linear trend in tobacco use was observed within the studied period, women having a more irregular pattern. The use of tobacco was linked to the use of alcohol and other illegal drugs. Gamblers who smoke, as compared to those who don't, presented lower education levels, lower social position indexes and active employment. They were younger, with an earlier age of onset, shorter duration of the gambling behavior, higher GD severity, more psychological symptoms, higher scores in novelty seeking and lower scores in reward dependence, self-directedness and self-transcendence. CONCLUSIONS Gamblers seeking treatment who smoke display particular social, clinical, psychological, temperamental and character features different from non-smoking gamblers, suggesting that the presence or absence of comorbid smoking condition in GD should always be considered when developing an optimal treatment, as gamblers who smoke might need treatment strategies different from non-smoking gamblers.
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Randesi M, van den Brink W, Levran O, Blanken P, van Ree JM, Ott J, Kreek MJ. VMAT2 gene ( SLC18A2) variants associated with a greater risk for developing opioid dependence. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:331-341. [PMID: 30983500 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To determine if selected serotonergic and noradrenergic gene variants are associated with heroin addiction. Subjects & methods: A total of 126 variants in 19 genes in subjects with Dutch European ancestry from The Netherlands. Subjects included 281 opioid-dependent volunteers in methadone maintenance or heroin-assisted treatment, 163 opioid-exposed but not opioid-dependent volunteers who have been using illicit opioids but never became opioid-dependent and 153 healthy controls. Results: Nominal associations were indicated for 20 variants in six genes including an experiment-wise significant association from the combined effect of three SLC18A2 SNPs (rs363332, rs363334 and rs363338) with heroin dependence (pfinal = 0.047). Conclusion: Further studies are warranted to confirm and elucidate the role of these variants in the vulnerability to opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Randesi
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orna Levran
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter Blanken
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC, Brijder Addiction Treatment), PO Box 53002, 2505 AA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van Ree
- Rudolf Magnus Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurg Ott
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Dellazizzo L, Dugré JR, Berwald M, Stafford MC, Côté G, Potvin S, Dumais A. Distinct pathological profiles of inmates showcasing cluster B personality traits, mental disorders and substance use regarding violent behaviors. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:371-378. [PMID: 29247923 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High rates of violence are found amid offenders with severe mental illnesses (SMI), substance use disorders (SUDs) and Cluster B personality disorders. Elevated rates of comorbidity lead to inconsistencies when it comes to this relationship. Furthermore, overlapping Cluster B personality traits have been associated with violence. Using multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, this study was designed to differentiate profiles of 728 male inmates from penitentiary and psychiatric settings marked by personality traits, SMI and SUDs following different violent patterns. Six significantly differing clusters emerged. Cluster 1, "Sensation seekers", presented recklessness with SUDs and low prevalence's of SMI and auto-aggression. Two clusters committed more sexual offenses. While Cluster 2, "Opportunistic-sexual offenders", had more antisocial lifestyles and SUDs, Cluster 6, "Emotional-sexual offenders", displayed more emotional disturbances with SMI and violence. Clusters 3 and 4, representing "Life-course-persistent offenders", shared early signs of persistent antisocial conduct and severe violence. Cluster 3, "Early-onset violent delinquents", emerged as more severely antisocial with SUDs. Cluster 4, "Early-onset unstable-mentally ill delinquents", were more emotionally driven, with SMI and auto-aggression. Cluster 5, "Late-start offenders", was less severely violent, and emotionally driven with antisocial behavior beginning later. This study suggests the presence of specific psychopathological organizations in violent inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dellazizzo
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jules R Dugré
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; School of Criminology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marieke Berwald
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Gilles Côté
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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5
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Liang CS, Ho PS, Yen CH, Chen CY, Kuo SC, Huang CC, Yeh YW, Ma KH, Huang SY. The relationship between the striatal dopamine transporter and novelty seeking and cognitive flexibility in opioid dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 74:36-42. [PMID: 27940252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novelty seeking (NS) is a core personality trait that primes the susceptibility to drug addiction. Striatal dopamine activity contributes to cognitive flexibility, an important cognitive strategy to inhibit impulsivity and compulsive drug-seeking behavior. Evidence supports the association between dopamine and NS. Opioid-dependent patients show higher levels of NS, and repeated opioid exposure can cause cognitive deficits including poor cognitive flexibility and impaired impulse control. However, in opioid-dependent patients, the link between NS, striatal dopamine activity, and cognitive flexibility is still unclear. We recruited 22 opioid-dependent individuals and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Single-photon emission computed tomography with [99mTc]TRODAT-1 as a ligand was used to measure the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability. The Trail Making Test (TMT) was performed to assess cognitive flexibility. Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) was used to measure NS. We found that in opioid-dependent patients, the striatal DAT availability was lower and negatively associated with TMT Part B÷Part A. Moreover, an inverted-U shape significantly matched the scores of NS as a function of the striatal DAT availability, with maximum NS potential in the midrange of the DAT availability. An extra sum-of-squares F test was conducted, indicating that a quadratic model fitted the association between the DAT and NS better than a linear model did. In brief, in opioid-dependent patients, the striatal DAT availability is nonlinearly linked to NS and linearly linked to cognitive flexibility. The role of the striatal DAT in the transition from controlled to compulsive opioid use warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sung Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Shen Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Chang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Chih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Branch, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Wei Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of anatomy and biology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Romero E, Holtzman JN, Tannenhaus L, Monchablon R, Rago CM, Lolich M, Vázquez GH. Neuropsychological performance and affective temperaments in Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type II. Psychiatry Res 2016; 238:172-180. [PMID: 27086230 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Affective temperament has been suggested as a potential mediator of the effect between genetic predisposition and neurocognitive functioning. As such, this report seeks to assess the extent of the correlation between affective temperament and cognitive function in a group of bipolar II subjects. 46 bipolar II outpatients [mean age 41.4 years (SD 18.2); female 58.9%] and 46 healthy controls [mean age 35.1 years (SD 18); female 56.5%] were evaluated with regard to their demographic and clinical characteristics, affective temperament, and neurocognitive performance. Crude bivariate correlation analyses and multiple linear regression models were constructed between five affective temperament subscales and eight neurocognitive domains. Significant correlations were identified in bipolar patients between hyperthymic temperament and verbal memory and premorbid IQ; cyclothymic temperament and attention; and irritable temperament, attention, and verbal fluency. In adjusting for potential confounders of the relationship between temperament and cognitive function, the strongest mediating factors among the euthymic bipolar patients were found to be residual manic and depressive symptoms. It is therefore concluded that affective temperaments may partially influence the neurocognitive performance of both healthy controls and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type II in several specific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Romero
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Palermo University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jessica N Holtzman
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Palermo University, Buenos Aires, Argentina,; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lucila Tannenhaus
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Palermo University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Monchablon
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Palermo University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlo Mario Rago
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Palermo University, Buenos Aires, Argentina,; Dipartimento di Psicologia Clinica, Universitá La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Lolich
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Palermo University, Buenos Aires, Argentina,; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gustavo H Vázquez
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Palermo University, Buenos Aires, Argentina,; International Consortium for Bipolar & Psychotic Disorder Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
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7
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Abassi M, Abolghasemi A. Temperament and Character Dimensions: Correlates of Impulsivity in Morphine Addicts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 4:e21142. [PMID: 26870706 PMCID: PMC4744907 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Given the role of temperament and character dimensions on impulsivity in addicts, the purpose of this study was to temperament and character dimensions: correlates of impulsivity in morphine addicts. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine and verify the association of temperament and character dimensions with impulsivity in morphine addicts. Patients and Methods: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The study sample consisted of 120 morphine addicts referred to drug addiction treatment centers in Ardabil city in 2013. The participants were selected through convenience sampling method from 5 centers. We used impulsivity scale as well as temperament and character inventory to collect data. Results: The results showed that significant relationship existed between impulsivity and characteristics such as novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness, while no significant relationship between impulsivity and self-transcendence was observed. The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that 47% of the impulsivity variance was explained by temperament and character dimensions. Conclusions: These findings suggest that temperament and character dimensions are associated with impulsivity. The findings also have important implications for prevention, pathology, and treatment in the morphine addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Abassi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Kazerun, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Moslem Abassi, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Kazerun, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7212214425, E-mail:
| | - Abbas Abolghasemi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Gilan, Rasht, IR Iran
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Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Susceptibility loci for heroin and cocaine addiction in the serotonergic and adrenergic pathways in populations of different ancestry. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1329-42. [PMID: 26227246 PMCID: PMC4896084 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is influenced by genetic factors. AIM To determine if genetic variants in the serotonergic and adrenergic pathways are associated with heroin and/or cocaine addiction. SUBJECTS & METHODS The study examined 140 polymorphisms in 19 genes in 1855 subjects with predominantly European or African ancestries. RESULTS A total of 38 polymorphisms (13 genes) showed nominal associations, including novel associations in S100A10 (p11) and SLC18A2 (VMAT2). The association of HTR3B SNP rs11606194 with heroin addiction in the European ancestry subgroup remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p(corrected) = 0.04). CONCLUSION The study strengthens our previous findings of association of polymorphisms in HTR3A, HTR3B and ADRA1A. The study suggests partial overlap in genetic susceptibility between populations of different ancestry and between heroin and cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Einat Peles
- The Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jurg Ott
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System & NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Miriam Adelson
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Las Vegas, NV 89169, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Tsuchimine S, Kaneda A, Nakamura K, Yasui-Furukori N. The relationships between androgens and novelty seeking in healthy Japanese men. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:175-178. [PMID: 25482393 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are associated with behavioral traits, such as sensation seeking, extraversion, and novelty seeking in humans and other animals. This study investigated whether the levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in serum were associated with personality traits related to novelty seeking (NS) and its subscales in healthy Japanese male subjects (n=178). Novelty seeking was assessed using Cloninger׳s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The values of the three hormones were log transformed to normalize the data and to allow the use of parametric statistics. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple stepwise regression analysis. There were no associations between the total scores of NS and total testosterone, free testosterone, or DHEA-S. However, free testosterone was slightly but significantly associated with extravagance (NS3), a subscale of novelty seeking. These results indicate the possibility that free testosterone has a small influence on novelty seeking in healthy Japanese male subjects, whereas total testosterone and DHEA-S have no influence. Additional TCI-based studies of the association between novelty seeking and androgens are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuchimine
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Kaneda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Norio Yasui-Furukori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Ishiguro H, Hall FS, Horiuchi Y, Sakurai T, Hishimoto A, Grumet M, Uhl GR, Onaivi ES, Arinami T. NrCAM-regulating neural systems and addiction-related behaviors. Addict Biol 2014; 19:343-53. [PMID: 22780223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a haplotype associated with decreased NrCAM expression in brain is protective against addiction vulnerability for polysubstance abuse in humans and that Nrcam knockout mice do not develop conditioned place preferences for morphine, cocaine or amphetamine. In order to gain insight into NrCAM involvement in addiction vulnerability, which may involve specific neural circuits underlying behavioral characteristics relevant to addiction, we evaluated several behavioral phenotypes in Nrcam knockout mice. Consistent with a potential general reduction in motivational function, Nrcam knockout mice demonstrated less curiosity for novel objects and for an unfamiliar conspecific, showed also less anxiety in the zero maze. Nrcam heterozygote knockout mice reduced alcohol preference and buried fewer marbles in home cage. These observations provide further support for a role of NrCAM in substance abuse including alcoholism vulnerability, possibly through its effects on behavioral traits that may affect addiction vulnerability, including novelty seeking, obsessive compulsion and responses to aversive or anxiety-provoking stimuli. Additionally, in order to prove glutamate homeostasis hypothesis of addiction, we analyzed glutamatergic molecules regulated by NRCAM expression. Glutaminase appears to be involved in NrCAM-related molecular pathway in two different tissues from human and mouse. An inhibitor of the enzyme, prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide, treatment produced, at least, some of the phenotypes of mice shown in alcohol preference and in anxiety-like behavior. Thus, NrCAM could affect addiction-related behaviors via at least partially modulation of some glutamatergic pathways and neural function in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Ethics; Graduate School of Medical Science; University of Yamanashi; Chuo Yamanashi Japan
- Department of Medical Genetics; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Frank S. Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch; NIDA-IRP, NIH; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yasue Horiuchi
- Department of Medical Genetics; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology; Seaver Autism Center, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kobe University; Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Martin Grumet
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience; Rutgers University; Piscataway NJ USA
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch; NIDA-IRP, NIH; Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Tadao Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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Interaction between novelty seeking and the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene in heroin-dependent patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 33:386-90. [PMID: 23609397 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182900fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heroin dependence is a multifactor disorder. We investigated the association of genetic factors and heroin-dependent temperaments to determine whether a temperament-gene interaction is involved in the pathogenesis of heroin dependence. METHODS Three hundred seventy participants (259 heroin-dependent patients and 111 healthy controls) were recruited and finished the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire to assess personality traits (temperament). The genotypes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene and the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene using polymerase chain reactions plus restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant main effects for novelty seeking (P ≤ 0.001) and harm-avoidance (P = 0.001) scores, and a significant interaction effect between novelty seeking and ALDH2 genotypes (P = 0.016) in heroin-dependent patients compared with controls. When stratified by the ALDH2 genotypes, only heroin-dependent patients with the *1*2 and *2*2 genotypes at ALDH2 had higher novelty-seeking scores than did controls (heroin dependence = 15.94, controls = 12.46; P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide initial evidence that the ALDH2 gene interacted with novelty seeking in heroin-dependent Han Chinese patients in Taiwan.
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Goeldner C, Lutz PE, Darcq E, Halter T, Clesse D, Ouagazzal AM, Kieffer BL. Impaired emotional-like behavior and serotonergic function during protracted abstinence from chronic morphine. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:236-44. [PMID: 20947067 PMCID: PMC3014999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opiate abuse is a chronic relapsing disorder, and maintaining prolonged abstinence remains a major challenge. Protracted abstinence is characterized by lowered mood, and clinical studies show elevated comorbidity between addiction and depressive disorders. At present, their relationship remains unclear and has been little studied in animal models. Here we investigated emotional alterations during protracted abstinence, in mice with a history of chronic morphine exposure. METHODS C57BL6J mice were exposed to a chronic intermittent escalating morphine regimen (20-100 mg/kg). Physical dependence (naloxone-precipitated withdrawal), despair-related behaviors (tail suspension test), and social behaviors were examined after 1 or 4 weeks of abstinence. Stress hormones and forebrain bioamine levels were analyzed at the end of morphine regimen and after 4 weeks of abstinence. Finally, we examined the effects of chronic fluoxetine during abstinence on morphine-induced behavioral deficits. RESULTS Acute naloxone-induced withdrawal was clearly measurable after 1 week, and became undetectable after 4 weeks. In contrast, social and despair-related behaviors were unchanged after 1 week, but low sociability and despair-like behavior became significant after 4 weeks. Chronic morphine regimen increased both corticosterone levels and forebrain serotonin turnover, but only serotonergic activity in the dorsal raphe remained impaired after 4 weeks. Remarkably, chronic fluoxetine prevented depressive-like behavioral deficits in 4-week abstinent mice. CONCLUSIONS During protracted abstinence, the immediate consequences of morphine exposure attenuate, whereas fluoxetine-sensitive emotional alterations strengthen with time. Our study establishes a direct link between morphine abstinence and depressive-like symptoms and strongly suggests that serotonin dysfunction represents a main mechanism contributing to mood disorders in opiate abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Goeldner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre-Eric Lutz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Halter
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Daniel Clesse
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, 5 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdel-Mouttalib Ouagazzal
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
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Demetrovics Z, Varga G, Szekely A, Vereczkei A, Csorba J, Balazs H, Hoffman K, Sasvari-Szekely M, Barta C. Association between Novelty Seeking of opiate-dependent patients and the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val(158)Met polymorphism. Compr Psychiatry 2010; 51:510-5. [PMID: 20728009 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidate genes of the dopaminergic system have been reported as key elements in shaping human temperament. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays a vital role in dopamine inactivation, and the Val(158)Met single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4680) in its gene has been recently associated with the Novelty Seeking (NS) temperament scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory in studies of healthy adults, as well as methamphetamine abusers. METHOD Our goal was to examine the association between temperament dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory and the COMT Val(158)Met variation in a Hungarian sample of 117 heroin-dependent patients and 124 nondependent controls. RESULTS Case-control analysis did not show any significant difference in allele or genotype distributions. However, dimensional approach revealed an association between the COMT Val(158)Met and NS (P = .01): both controls and opiate users with Met/Met genotypes showed higher NS scores compared to those with the Val allele. The NS scores are also significantly higher among opiate users; however, no interaction was found between group status and COMT genotype. CONCLUSION Association of the COMT polymorphism and NS temperament scale has been shown for heroin-dependent patients and controls regardless of group status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institutional Group on Addiction Research, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
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Austin AJ, Duka T. Mechanisms of attention for appetitive and aversive outcomes in Pavlovian conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2010; 213:19-26. [PMID: 20412818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Different mechanisms of attention controlling learning have been proposed in appetitive and aversive conditioning. The aim of the present study was to compare attention and learning in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm using visual stimuli of varying predictive value of either monetary reward (appetitive conditioning; 10p or 50p) or blast of white noise (aversive conditioning; 97 dB or 102 dB). Outcome values were matched across the two conditions with regard to their emotional significance. Sixty-four participants were allocated to one of the four conditions matched for age and gender. All participants underwent a discriminative learning task using pairs of visual stimuli that signalled a 100%, 50%, or 0% probability of receiving an outcome. Learning was measured using a 9-point Likert scale of expectancy of the outcome, while attention using an eyetracker device. Arousal and emotional conditioning were also evaluated. Dwell time was greatest for the full predictor in the noise groups, while in the money groups attention was greatest for the partial predictor over the other two predictors. The progression of learning was the same for both groups. These findings suggest that in aversive conditioning attention is driven by the predictive salience of the stimulus while in appetitive conditioning attention is error-driven, when emotional value of the outcome is comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Austin
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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15
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Individual differences in personality traits reflect structural variance in specific brain regions. Brain Res Bull 2009; 79:265-70. [PMID: 19480986 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Personality dimensions such as novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD) and persistence (PER) are said to be heritable, stable across time and dependent on genetic and neurobiological factors. Recently a better understanding of the relationship between personality traits and brain structures/systems has become possible due to advances in neuroimaging techniques. This Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study investigated if individual differences in these personality traits reflected structural variance in specific brain regions. A large sample of eighty five young adult participants completed the Three-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and had their brain imaged with MRI. A voxel-based correlation analysis was carried out between individuals' personality trait scores and grey matter volume values extracted from 3D brain scans. NS correlated positively with grey matter volume in frontal and posterior cingulate regions. HA showed a negative correlation with grey matter volume in orbito-frontal, occipital and parietal structures. RD was negatively correlated with grey matter volume in the caudate nucleus and in the rectal frontal gyrus. PER showed a positive correlation with grey matter volume in the precuneus, paracentral lobule and parahippocampal gyrus. These results indicate that individual differences in the main personality dimensions of NS, HA, RD and PER, may reflect structural variance in specific brain areas.
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Gerra G, Bertacca S, Zaimovic A, Pirani M, Branchi B, Ferri M. Relationship of personality traits and drug of choice by cocaine addicts and heroin addicts. Subst Use Misuse 2008; 43:317-30. [PMID: 18365934 DOI: 10.1080/10826080701202726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The link between specific personality profiles and a single psychotropic drug of choice is still unclear and only partially explored. The present study compares three groups of male subjects: 85 patients manifesting heroin dependence (age: 30.07 +/- 2.78), 60 patients manifesting cocaine dependence (age: 31.96 +/- 3.1), and 50 healthy subjects from a random population sample (age: 33.25 +/- 1.45). The patients included in the study showed a long-lasting history of dependence on heroin or cocaine, respectively, 5.2 +/- 2.5 years, 4.6 +/- 2.9 years, and were stabilized in treatment, and abstinent, at least 4 weeks at the time of the diagnostic assessment. Heroin addicts (52.90%) were on methadone maintenance treatment. Cocaine addicts (11.60%) were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Personality traits were measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) and Cloninger's Three-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). Character and quantification of aggressiveness were measured by the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Heroin-dependent patients (group A) scored significantly higher on hysteria, masculine-feminine and social introversion subscales of the MMPI, and significantly lower on the harm avoidance (HA) subscale of the TPQ than cocaine addicts. In contrast, scores on the MMPI for hypochondria, psychopathic deviance, and paranoia dimensions were more elevated in cocaine addicts than in heroin-dependent patients. Cocaine addicts scored higher than heroin addicts on the "direct" aggressiveness subscale and on the BDHI total score. Cocaine addicts did not differ from healthy controls on harm avoidance (behavioral control). Although cocaine addicts showed more consistent psychopathic deviance and overt aggressiveness than heroin addicts, higher harm avoidance (behavioral control), hypochondria (or worry about their health), and social extroversion may reduce their proneness to overt antisocial behavior and allow relatively higher levels of social integration. The study's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerra
- National Department on Drug Policy, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Gerra G, Leonardi C, Cortese E, Zaimovic A, Dell'agnello G, Manfredini M, Somaini L, Petracca F, Caretti V, Saracino MA, Raggi MA, Donnini C. Homovanillic acid (HVA) plasma levels inversely correlate with attention deficit-hyperactivity and childhood neglect measures in addicted patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:1637-47. [PMID: 17690947 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seems to be a risk condition for substance use disorders, possibly in relationship to common neurobiological changes, underlying both addictive and externalising behaviour susceptibility. Although this vulnerability has been primarily attributed to gene variants, previous studies suggest that also adverse childhood experiences may influence neurotransmission, affecting in particular brain dopamine (DA) system and possibly concurring to the development of behavioural disorders. Therefore, we decided to investigate ADHD symptoms and plasma concentrations of the DA metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in abstinent addicted patients, in comparison with healthy control subjects, evaluating whether ADHD scores were related with HVA levels, as expression of DA turnover, and whether HVA values, in turn, were associated with childhood emotional neglect. METHODS Eighty-two abstinent drug dependent patients, and 44 normal controls, matched for age and sex, completed the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), measuring ADHD symptoms, and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA-Q). Blood samples were collected to determine HVA plasma levels. RESULTS Addicted individuals showed significantly higher ADHD scores and lower HVA levels respect to control subjects. ADHD scores at WURS in addicted patients negatively correlated with plasma HVA values. In turn, plasma HVA levels were inversely associated with childhood neglect measures, reaching statistical significance with "mother-antipathy" and "mother neglect" scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the possibility that childhood experience of neglect and poor mother-child attachment may have an effect on central dopamine function as an adult, in turn contributing to both ADHD and substance abuse neurobiological vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerra
- Servizio Tossicodipendenze, AUSL Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Saracino MA, Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Ferranti A, Zaimovic A, Leonardi C, Raggi MA. Determination of homovanillic acid (HVA) in human plasma by HPLC with coulometric detection and a new SPE procedure. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:107-12. [PMID: 16406455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of homovanillic acid (HVA), the main metabolite of dopamine, in human plasma. Analyses were carried out on a reversed-phase column (C8, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm) using a mobile phase composed of 10% methanol and 90% aqueous citrate buffer, containing octanesulfonic acid and EDTA at pH 4.8. Coulometric detection was used, setting the guard cell at +0.100 V, the first analytical cell at -0.200 V and the second analytical cell at +0.500 V. A careful solid-phase extraction procedure, based on strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges (100 mg, 1 mL), was implemented for the pre-treatment of plasma samples. Extraction yield was satisfactory, being the mean value 98.0%. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.2-25.0 ng mL(-1) of homovanillic acid. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.2 ng mL(-1) and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.1 ng mL(-1). The method was successfully applied to plasma samples from former alcohol, cocaine and heroin addicts. Results were satisfactory in terms of precision and accuracy. Hence, the method is suitable for the determination of homovanillic acid in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Saracino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Park JW, Kim JS, Kim YI, Lee KS. Serotonergic activity contributes to analgesic overuse in chronic tension-type headache. Headache 2006; 45:1229-35. [PMID: 16178954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible existence of a genetically determined innate factor that could exert a profound influence on the development of analgesic overuse in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). BACKGROUND Many patients with CTTHs report the regular use of analgesics. Continuous use of analgesics results in the ultimate worsening of headaches. The factors related to development of analgesic overuse, however, remain poorly understood. The genetic factors for serotonin metabolism and the harm avoidance (HA) personality dimension are known to be associated with various substance abuse patterns. DESIGN We performed serotonin transporter protein (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype polymorphism analyses, and investigated serotonin-related personality traits by assessing the HA dimension using tridimensional personality questionnaire, given to 48 patients with CTTHs and reported analgesic overuse (CTTH-AO), in 50 patients with CTTHs without analgesic overuse (CTTH-NO), and in 100 healthy controls. We compared their headache characteristics using standardized questionnaires. RESULTS We discovered an excess frequency of 5-HTTLPR short allele and a different genotypic distribution in patients with CTTH-AO. The S/S genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients with CTTH-AO (83%) than in CTTH-NO (72%) and control (59%; P= .010) groups. Patients with CTTH-AO exhibited the highest HA scores (23.3 +/- 5.4), as compared to CTTH-NO (19.9 +/- 6.7) and control (16.3 +/- 6.1) groups. Individuals with the S/S genotype showed a greater tendency toward analgesic overuse (13.3 +/- 11.3 days per month) than did those with the non-S/S genotype (7.0 +/- 8.6 days per month: P= .02). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that serotonergic activity may be involved in the development of analgesic overuse in CTTH and that 5-HTTLPR might be one of the genetically contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Wook Park
- Department of Neurology, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Gerra G, Garofano L, Pellegrini C, Bosari S, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Avanzini P, Talarico E, Gardini F, Donnini C. Allelic association of a dopamine transporter gene polymorphism with antisocial behaviour in heroin-dependent patients. Addict Biol 2005; 10:275-81. [PMID: 16109590 DOI: 10.1080/13556210500223769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the 3' untranslated region of exon 15 of the SLC6A3 gene, coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT), was analysed to test whether length variation contributes to differences in the individual susceptibility to aggressive - criminal behaviour and liability to heroin dependence. The repeat number of the DAT polymorphism was assessed in 125 healthy subjects and 104 heroin-dependent subjects (including 52 addicted individuals with violent behaviour and criminal records). There was no significant difference in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles between heroin-dependent subjects and control subjects. On the contrary, there was a significant difference between offenders and non-offenders, p = 0.004 and p = 0.002, respectively, among heroin-dependent subjects. No association was found between DAT polymorphism and history of suicide. Buss - Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) mean total scores were significantly higher in heroin addicts than in controls (p < 0.001) and in antisocial - violent heroin addicts in comparison with addicted individuals without antisocial behaviour (p < 0.005). The regression analysis of BDHI subscales, performed to provide an estimate of the magnitude of any potential effect on the risk of aggressiveness associated with the variants in DAT VNTR, showed that the presence of the 9 - 9 genotype significantly increases the risk of irritability and direct aggressiveness more than six and 10 times with respect to the 9 - 10 genotype. Our findings suggest that the 9-repeat allele of the DAT polymorphism confers increased susceptibility to antisocial - violent behaviour and aggressiveness, rather than drug dependence per se in heroin-dependent males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Gerra
- Centro Studi Farmaco-tossicodipendenze, Ser.T., AUSL, Parma, Italy.
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Novotná M, Hanusova J, Klose J, Preiss M, Havlicek J, Roubalová K, Flegr J. Probable neuroimmunological link between Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus infections and personality changes in the human host. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:54. [PMID: 16000166 PMCID: PMC1187888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a negative association between Toxoplasma-infection and novelty seeking was reported. The authors suggested that changes of personality trait were caused by manipulation activity of the parasite, aimed at increasing the probability of transmission of the parasite from an intermediate to a definitive host. They also suggested that low novelty seeking indicated an increased level of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain of infected subjects, a phenomenon already observed in experimentally infected rodents. However, the changes in personality can also be just a byproduct of any neurotropic infection. Moreover, the association between a personality trait and the toxoplasmosis can even be caused by an independent correlation of both the probability of Toxoplasma-infection and the personality trait with the third factor, namely with the size of living place of a subject. To test these two alternative hypotheses, we studied the influence of another neurotropic pathogen, the cytomegalovirus, on the personality of infected subjects, and reanalyzed the original data after the effect of the potential confounder, the size of living place, was controlled. Methods In the case-control study, 533 conscripts were tested for toxoplasmosis and presence of anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies and their novelty seeking was examined with Cloninger's TCI questionnaire. Possible association between the two infections and TCI dimensions was analyzed. Results The decrease of novelty seeking is associated also with cytomegalovirus infection. After the size of living place was controlled, the effect of toxoplasmosis on novelty seeking increased. Significant difference in novelty seeking was observed only in the largest city, Prague. Conclusion Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus probably induce a decrease of novelty seeking. As the cytomegalovirus spreads in population by direct contact (not by predation as with Toxoplasma), the observed changes are the byproduct of brain infections rather than the result of manipulation activity of a parasite. Four independent lines of indirect evidence, namely direct measurement of neurotransmitter concentration in mice, the nature of behavioral changes in rodents, the nature of personality changes in humans, and the observed association between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis, suggest that the changes of dopamine concentration in brain could play a role in behavioral changes of infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Novotná
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Hanusova
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Klose
- Central Medical Psychological Unit, Central Military Hospital, U vojenské nemocnice 1200, Prague 169 02, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Preiss
- Prague Psychiatric Clinic, Ústavní 91, Prague, 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Havlicek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Husnikova 2075, 158 00 Prague 13, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Roubalová
- National Reference Laboratory for Herpesviruses, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 100 42, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Flegr
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
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Fassino S, Daga GA, Delsedime N, Rogna L, Boggio S. Quality of life and personality disorders in heroin abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76:73-80. [PMID: 15380291 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe the personality disorders (PD) and personality profile of heroin-abusers and their quality of life (QoL), and to investigate the correlation between the two. METHOD One hundred and eighty heroin-abusers during their residential treatment participated in the study. The Structured Clinical Interview-II (SCID-II) allowed the identification of two subgroups of heroin-abusers on the basis of presence/absence of a PD. All patients filled in the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the McGill QoL Questionnaire (MQOL) and an anamnestic sheet. A control group of 63 non-clinical subjects was recruited. RESULTS Abusers with a PD differ in their personality profile from abusers without PD and score lower on the total MQOL. As regards TCI scales, novelty seeking (NS), reward dependence (RD) and self-directedness (SD) predict the age of onset of the abuse, while cooperativeness (C) is a predictor of the number of community admissions. DISCUSSION Low scores on self-directedness and cooperativeness in abusers support the hypothesis of an immature character and relational difficulties. Novelty seeking is the only dimension which is altered both in abusers with and without a PD and is not strictly dependent on Axis II comorbidity. QoL is lower in abusers than in controls, according to their physical, psychological and existential suffering. Last, an interesting link emerged between personality and perceived QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fassino
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Institute, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 11, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Flegr J, Preiss M, Klose J, Havlícek J, Vitáková M, Kodym P. Decreased level of psychobiological factor novelty seeking and lower intelligence in men latently infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii Dopamine, a missing link between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis? Biol Psychol 2003; 63:253-68. [PMID: 12853170 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0511(03)00075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoan, infects about 30-60% of people worldwide. The latent toxoplasmosis, i.e. life-long presence of cysts in the brain and muscular tissues, has no effect on human health. However, infected subjects score worse in psychomotor performance tests and have different personality profiles than Toxoplasma-negative subjects. The mechanism of this effect is unknown; however, it is supposed that presence of parasites' cysts in the brain induces an increase of the concentration of dopamine. Here we search for the existence of differences in personality profile between Toxoplasma-positive and Toxoplasma-negative subjects by testing 857 military conscripts using a modern psychobiological questionnaire, namely with Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). ANCOVA showed that Toxoplasma-positive subjects had lower Novelty seeking (NS) scores (P=0.035) and lower scores for three of its four subscales, namely Impulsiveness (P=0.049), Extravagance (P=0.056) and Disorderliness (P=0.006) than the Toxoplasma-negative subjects. Differences between Toxoplasma-negative and positive subjects in NS was inversely correlated with duration of toxoplasmosis estimated on the basis of concentration anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (P=0.031). Unexpectedly, the infected subjects had also lower IQ (P(2)=0.003) and lower probability of achieving a higher education (P(2)<0.0000). Decrease of NS suggests that the increase of dopamine in brain of infected subjects can represent a missing link between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Flegr
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Bussandri M, Delsignore R, Caccavari R, Brambilla F. Neuroendocrine correlates of antisocial personality disorder in abstinent heroin-dependent subjects. Addict Biol 2003; 8:23-32. [PMID: 12745412 DOI: 10.1080/1355621031000069846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The function of the central alpha-adrenergic, serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems was investigated in 30 heroin-dependent subjects, 6 - 8 weeks after detoxification and in 22 psychophysically healthy controls (group C). Twelve heroin-dependent subjects with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) (group A), 18 heroin-dependent subjects without other Axis I and II pathologies (group B) were included among abstinent substance abusers. The norepinephrine (NE) function was evaluated by the GH responses to acute stimulation with clonidine (clon); the serotonin (5-HT) function by the PRL and cortisol (CORT) responses to acute stimulation with d-fenfluramine (d-fen) and the dopamine (DA) function was investigated by growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to acute administration of bromocriptine (brom). Alpha-adrenergic sensitivity, as measured by the GH-clon test, was found significantly reduced in A subjects (ASPD), in comparison with B subjects and controls. PRL and CORT responses to d-fen were significantly blunted both in A and B subjects, in comparison with control subjects. DA receptors sensitivity seems to be reduced significantly in ASPD (A subjects); in contrast, heroin addicts without open psychiatric co-morbidity showed unimpaired responses to brom challenge; a significantly lower GH response to brom and a lack of PRL suppression in ASPD subjects could express D2 postsynaptic receptor hyposensitivity possibly related to DA gene variants associated to co-morbid disorder. In sum, the study of central monoamine function revealed an alteration of the 5-HT system in all detoxified heroin-dependent subjects. A significant reduction of alpha-adrenergic receptors sensitivity and the hyposensitivity of postsynaptic DA receptors in ASPD subjects suggest once again that specific biological correlates of psychiatric co-morbidity may characterize substance abusers subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerra
- Centro Studi Farmaco-tossicopendenze, Ser T, Ausl, Parma, Italy.
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