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Ullah MI, Anwar R, Zia M, Gul B, Kamran S, Kamran SH. Assessment of in vivo antiepileptic potential and phytochemical analysis of Cassia absus seed extracts. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14660. [PMID: 37064443 PMCID: PMC10102194 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassia absus, a member of Fabaceae family, has been a part of traditional medicine for various ailments such as Hypertension, Diabetes, and Cancer. This family of plants has been utilized for Anticonvulsant and Anxiolytic effects. The ongoing investigation is aimed to seek the antiepileptic potential of C. absus seed extracts in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mice. The seeds of C. absus were subjected to a sequential extraction process for the preparation of n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts. The PTZ-induced kindling model was employed to assess the antiepileptic activity of each extract. Seizure activity and antioxidant biomarkers in the brain tissue such as levels of CAT, SOD, tGSH, and MDA were assessed. Mechanism of action was elucidated by Flumazenil. Through GC-MS analysis, the phytochemical components in the chloroform extract of C. absus were evaluated. The outcomes showed that C. absus extracts markedly reduced the seizure activity in kindling mice. The extracts exhibited significant Antioxidant properties by enhancing the levels of antioxidant biomarkers in the brain tissue such as CAT, SOD, and tGSH, and decreasing the MDA level. The results demonstrated that C. absus extracts showed antiepileptic effects may be via GABA pathway. According to the results of this investigation, C. absus has significant antiepileptic potential in PTZ-induced kindling mice via GABA pathway modulation and combating reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ihsan Ullah
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Anwar
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mahnoor Zia
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bazgha Gul
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Kamran
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Sturgeon ML, Langton R, Sharma S, Cornell RA, Glykys J, Bassuk AG. The opioid antagonist naltrexone decreases seizure-like activity in genetic and chemically induced epilepsy models. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:528-538. [PMID: 34664432 PMCID: PMC8408599 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant number of epileptic patients fail to respond to available anticonvulsive medications. To find new anticonvulsive medications, we evaluated FDA-approved drugs not known to be anticonvulsants. Using zebrafish larvae as an initial model system, we found that the opioid antagonist naltrexone exhibited an anticonvulsant effect. We validated this effect in three other epilepsy models and present naltrexone as a promising anticonvulsive candidate. METHODS Candidate anticonvulsant drugs, determined by our prior transcriptomics analysis of hippocampal tissue, were evaluated in a larval zebrafish model of human Dravet syndrome (scn1Lab mutants), in wild-type zebrafish larvae treated with the pro-convulsant drug pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), in wild-type C57bl/6J acute brain slices exposed to PTZ, and in wild-type mice treated with PTZ in vivo. Abnormal locomotion was determined behaviorally in zebrafish and mice and by field potential in neocortex layer IV/V and CA1 stratum pyramidale in the hippocampus. RESULTS The opioid antagonist naltrexone decreased abnormal locomotion in the larval zebrafish model of human Dravet syndrome (scn1Lab mutants) and wild-type larvae treated with the pro-convulsant drug PTZ. Naltrexone also decreased seizure-like events in acute brain slices of wild-type mice, and the duration and number of seizures in adult mice injected with PTZ. SIGNIFICANCE Our data reveal that naltrexone has anticonvulsive properties and is a candidate drug for seizure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Langton
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Child NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Robert A. Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Joseph Glykys
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Child NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Child NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
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Thakran S, Guin D, Singh P, Singh P, Kukal S, Rawat C, Yadav S, Kushwaha SS, Srivastava AK, Hasija Y, Saso L, Ramachandran S, Kukreti R. Genetic Landscape of Common Epilepsies: Advancing towards Precision in Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7784. [PMID: 33096746 PMCID: PMC7589654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, is highly heterogeneous in nature. Based on the prevalence, epilepsy is classified into two types: common and rare epilepsies. Common epilepsies affecting nearly 95% people with epilepsy, comprise generalized epilepsy which encompass idiopathic generalized epilepsy like childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizure on awakening and focal epilepsy like temporal lobe epilepsy and cryptogenic focal epilepsy. In 70% of the epilepsy cases, genetic factors are responsible either as single genetic variant in rare epilepsies or multiple genetic variants acting along with different environmental factors as in common epilepsies. Genetic testing and precision treatment have been developed for a few rare epilepsies and is lacking for common epilepsies due to their complex nature of inheritance. Precision medicine for common epilepsies require a panoramic approach that incorporates polygenic background and other non-genetic factors like microbiome, diet, age at disease onset, optimal time for treatment and other lifestyle factors which influence seizure threshold. This review aims to comprehensively present a state-of-art review of all the genes and their genetic variants that are associated with all common epilepsy subtypes. It also encompasses the basis of these genes in the epileptogenesis. Here, we discussed the current status of the common epilepsy genetics and address the clinical application so far on evidence-based markers in prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment management. In addition, we assessed the diagnostic predictability of a few genetic markers used for disease risk prediction in individuals. A combination of deeper endo-phenotyping including pharmaco-response data, electro-clinical imaging, and other clinical measurements along with genetics may be used to diagnose common epilepsies and this marks a step ahead in precision medicine in common epilepsies management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Thakran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Pooja Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Saroj Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Suman S. Kushwaha
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India;
| | - Achal K. Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Yasha Hasija
- Department of Bioinformatics, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
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Russo E, Citraro R, Constanti A, Leo A, Lüttjohann A, van Luijtelaar G, De Sarro G. Upholding WAG/Rij rats as a model of absence epileptogenesis: Hidden mechanisms and a new theory on seizure development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:388-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mann M, Chhun S, Pons G. Farmacogenetica dei farmaci antiepilettici. Neurologia 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(14)68868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Bialy M, Strefnel M, Nikolaev-Diak A, Socha A, Nikolaev E, Boguszewski PM. Sexual performance and precontact 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in WAG/Rij rats: effects of opioid receptor treatment. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 39:66-72. [PMID: 25216068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
WAG/Rij rats are genetically selected animals that model absence epilepsy in rats. Ultrasonic vocalizations and sexual behavior - both ethologically relevant markers of reward system functioning - are poorly described in this strain. The aim of our experiment was to investigate reward-dependent precontact 50-kHz vocalizations (PVs) and copulatory behavior as well as the effects of opioid receptor treatment on such behaviors in sexually experienced WAG/Rij males and rats from two control strains: Sprague-Dawley and Crl: Han Wistar. We analyzed the effects of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (3 mg/kg) and the agonist morphine (1 mg/kg) administration. Additionally, we analyzed the initiation of copulation in sexually naïve males before drug treatment. A significantly lower number of sexually naïve WAG/Rij rats initiated copulation. Sexually experienced WAG/Rij males differed at the control session (after physiological saline treatment) compared with Sprague-Dawley rats: WAG/Rij rats displayed more 50-kHz precontact vocalizations and had longer mount and intromission latencies, longer ejaculation latency, longer postejaculatory latency to exploration, longer 22-kHz vocalization duration after ejaculation, and longer postejaculatory intromission latency. Compared with Crl: Han Wistar rats, WAG/Rij males displayed longer mount latency and shorter 22-kHz vocalization duration. Neither naltrexone nor morphine affected PVs in all groups. On the other hand, opioid receptor treatment differently influenced the number of intromissions required to achieve ejaculation and 22-kHz postejaculatory vocalization duration in WAG/Rij rats than in both control groups. This suggests functional differences in the opioid system in this strain. As a result of the number of males that initiated copulation as well as the number of intromissions to ejaculation and 22-kHz postejaculatory vocalizations which all depend on D1 receptor activation, we suggest that the proportion of opioid receptor to D1 receptors in WAG/Rij rats is different when compared with the control strains. The reward system of Wag/Rij rats with absence epilepsy is sensitive to social rewards (high level of precontact 50-kHz ultrasounds) although this strain displays a lower level of sexual motivation (longer mount latency) compared with other control strains. A lower number of sexually naïve rats initiating copulation and longer mount latency in sexually experienced males could suggest a moderate depressive-like syndrome in this strain of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bialy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Banacha 1B, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michal Strefnel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Banacha 1B, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nikolaev-Diak
- Teaching Department of Gynaecology and Assisted Birth, The Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 81, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Socha
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Banacha 1B, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Genetic association of KCNA5 and KCNJ3 polymorphisms in Korean children with epilepsy. Mol Cell Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-014-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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van Luijtelaar G, Lyashenko S, Vastyanov R, Verbeek G, Oleinik A, van Rijn C, Volokhova G, Shandra A, Coenen A, Godlevsky L. Cytokines and Absence Seizures in a Genetic Rat Model. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-012-9252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chioza B, Osei-Lah A, Wilkie H, Nashef L, McCormick D, Asherson P, Makoff AJ. Suggestive evidence for association of two potassium channel genes with different idiopathic generalised epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Res 2002; 52:107-16. [PMID: 12458027 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(02)00195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several potassium channel genes have been implicated in epilepsy. We have investigated three such genes, KCNJ3, KCNJ6 and KCNQ2, by association studies using a broad sample of idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) unselected by syndrome. One of the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) examined in one of the inward rectifying potassium channel genes, KCNJ3, was associated with IGE by genotype (P=0.0097), while its association by allele was of borderline significance (P=0.051). Analysis of the different clinical subgroups within the IGE sample showed more significant association with the presence of absence seizures (P=0.0041) and which is still significant after correction for multiple testing. Neither SNP in the other rectifying potassium channel gene, KCNJ6, was associated with IGE or any subgroup. None of the three SNPs in the voltage-gated potassium channel gene, KCNQ2, was associated with IGE. However, one SNP was associated with epilepsy with generalised tonic clonic seizures only (P=0.016), as was an SNP approximately 56 kb distant in the closely linked nicotinic acetylcholine gene CHRNA4 (P=0.014). These two SNPs were not in linkage disequilibrium with each other, suggesting that if they are not true associations they have independently occurred by chance. Neither association remains significant after correcting for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chioza
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Holmes GL. The interface of preclinical evaluation with clinical testing of antiepileptic drugs: role of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. Epilepsy Res 2002; 50:41-54. [PMID: 12151116 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(02)00067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the release of eight antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during the last decade, the incidence of pharmacoresistant epilepsy has changed relatively little. Predicting efficacy and safety of AEDs in people with epilepsy from acute seizure models in rodents is difficult and risky. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic polymorphisms play an integral role in variability in both antiepileptic drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The publication of the human genome and increasing sophisticated and powerful genetic tools offers new methods for screening drugs and predicting deadly idiosyncratic side effects. In this review the use of pharmacogenomic and pharmacokinetic techniques in the development and monitoring of antiepileptic drug therapy is reviewed. Genetic techniques have the potential of identifying novel drug targets, predicting drug response, and identifying individuals at risk for serious idosyncratic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Holmes
- Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Research in Pediatric Epilepsy, Children's Hospital Boston, Hunnewell 2, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Crunelli V, Leresche N. Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:371-82. [PMID: 11988776 DOI: 10.1038/nrn811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood absence epilepsy is an idiopathic, generalized non-convulsive epilepsy with a multifactorial genetic aetiology. Molecular-genetic analyses of affected human families and experimental models, together with neurobiological investigations, have led to important breakthroughs in the identification of candidate genes and loci, and potential pathophysiological mechanisms for this type of epilepsy. Here, we review these results, and compare the human and experimental phenotypes that have been investigated. Continuing efforts and comparisons of this type will help us to elucidate the multigenetic traits and pathophysiology of this form of generalized epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Crunelli
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK.
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Sander T, Berlin W, Gscheidel N, Wendel B, Janz D, Hoehe MR. Genetic variation of the human mu-opioid receptor and susceptibility to idiopathic absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2000; 39:57-61. [PMID: 10690754 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(99)00109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological and autoradiological studies suggest that mu-opioid receptor (OPRM) mediated neurotransmission is involved in the generation of absence seizures. Mutation screening of the human OPRM gene identified a common amino acid substitution polymorphism (Asn40Asp) that differentially modulates the binding affinity of beta-endorphin and signal transduction of the receptor. The present association study tested the candidate gene hypothesis that the Asn40Asp substitution polymorphism in the N-terminal OPRM domain confers genetic susceptibility to idiopathic absence epilepsy (IAE). The genotypes of the Asn40Asp polymorphism were assessed by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction in 72 German IAE patients and in 340 ethnically matched control subjects. The frequency of the Asp40 allele was significantly increased in the IAE patients [f(Asp40) = 0.139] compared to the controls [f(Asp40) = 0.078; chi2 = 5.467, df = 1, P = 0.019; OR = 2.03; 95%-CI: 1.12-3.68]. This allelic association suggests that the functional Asp40 variant of OPRM modulates neuronal excitability underlying the epileptogenesis of IAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sander
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-first installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1998 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; eating and drinking; alcohol; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunologic responses; and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Vaccarino
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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