1
|
Nasir Hashmi A, Sabina Raja M, Taj R, Ahmed Dharejo R, Agha Z, Qamar R, Azam M. Association of 11 variants of the dopaminergic and cognitive pathways genes with major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the Pakistani population. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:1172-1184. [PMID: 37642370 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2251661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The dopaminergic pathways control neural signals that modulate mood and behaviour along and have a vital role in the aetiology of major depression (MDD), schizophrenia (SHZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported several dopaminergic and cognitive pathway genes association with these disorders however, no such comprehensive data was available regarding the Pakistani population.Objective: The present study was conducted to analyse the 11 genetic variants of dopaminergic and cognitive system genes in MDD, SHZ, and BD in the Pakistani population.Methods: A total of 1237 subjects [MDD n = 479; BD n = 222; SHZ n = 146; and controls n = 390], were screened for 11 genetic variants through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Univariant followed by multivariant logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the genetic association.Results: Significant risk associations were observed for rs4532 and rs1799732 with MDD; and rs1006737 and rs2238056 with BD. However, after applying multiple test corrections rs4532 and rs1799732 association did not remain significant for MDD. Moreover, a protective association was found for three variants; DRD4-120bp, rs10033951 and rs2388334 in the current cohort.Conclusions: The present study revealed the risk association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1006737 and rs2238056 with BD and the protective effect of the DRD4-120bp variant in MDD and BD, of rs2388334 in BD and of rs10033951 in MDD, BD, and SHZ in the current Pakistani cohort. Thus, the study is valuable in understanding the genetic basis of MDD, BD and SHZ in the Pakistani population, which may pave the way for future functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Nasir Hashmi
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Merlyn Sabina Raja
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Taj
- Department of Psychiatry, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raees Ahmed Dharejo
- Department of Psychiatry, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Agha
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Morocco
- Pakistan Academy of Science, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang HM, Lung H, Yang MC, Lung FW. DRD4 VNTR 4/4 homozygosity as a genetic biomarker for treatment selection in patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 91:103831. [PMID: 37988928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There seems to be an association between the DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphisms and antipsychotic treatment response, but there is a rare reference to confirm this finding. Hence, the present study tried to investigate the association between DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphisms and the treatment response of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan, using a propensity score matching (PSM) method. METHODS A total of 882 participants were enrolled in this study and completed informed consent, research questionnaires, including demographic information and the revised Chinese version Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire, and blood sampling. For descreasing of the selection bias and confounding variables, the PSM nearest neighbor matching method was used to select 765 paitents with schizophrenia (ratio of 1:8 between 85 persistent auditory hallucination and 680 controls) with matched and controlled the age and gender. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients with DRD4 4 R homozygosity had a lower rate of good antipsychotic treatment response than the other DRD4 genotype carriers (DRD4 non-4/4). Among those 4 R homozygosity carriers, 60 cases of 503 (11.9%) retain persistent auditory hallucinations. Furthermore, this subgroup of patients is accounted for up to 70.6% of cases with poor neuroleptic treatment response. CONCLUSIONS A poor treatment outcome for patients with the 4 R homozygosity had presented,that comparing with those DRD non-4/4 genotype carriers. DRD4 VNTR 4 R homozygosity could be a genetic biomarker to predict poor antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia. Patients with DRD 4/4 probably receive novel antipsychotic medications preferentially or in combination with alternative therapy, such as psychotherapy or milieu therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan Lung
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - For-Wey Lung
- Calo Psychiatric Center, Pingtung County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; International Graduate Program of Education and Human Development, National SunYat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Candidate symptomatic markers for predicting violence in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study of 7711 patients in a Chinese population. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 59:102645. [PMID: 33845298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Violent behaviour is an alarming problem among schizophrenia patients. The effects of historical, clinical, and pathological risk factors for violence have been investigated by multiple studies, but consensus has not been achieved. As psychotic symptoms are more direct and intuitive indicators for violence, identifying robustly associated symptoms is a crucial part of the future prediction and precise management of violent patients in clinics. This study aims to identify the psychotic symptoms correlated with violence among schizophrenia patients in a Chinese population. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the medical records of 7711 schizophrenia patients (4711 in the discovery set and 3000 in the validation set) were collected from 1998 to 2010. Their psychotic symptoms were extracted, and the patients were divided into violent and non-violent groups. Multivariate logistic analysis was applied to identify symptoms associated with violence in the discovery set. RESULTS Eight psychotic symptoms were found to be significantly correlated with violence in schizophrenia. "Destruction of property", "verbal aggression" and "insomnia" increased the risk of violence, while "flat affect", "delusion of persecution", "auditory hallucination", "vagueness of thought" and "poverty of thought" decreased the risk of violence. The regression model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for its discriminatory performance, achieving area under curve (AUC) values of 0.887 in the discovery sample set and 0.824 in the validation sample set. CONCLUSIONS The correlated symptoms identified by this study can serve as future candidate predictors for violence in schizophrenia, paving the way for precise management of schizophrenia patients in clinics.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gareeva AE, Badretdinov UG, Akhmetova EA, Kinyasheva KO, Nasibullin TR, Samigullina LI, Timerbulatov IF, Timerbulatova MF, Asadullin AR. [The role of genetic factors in the development of suicidal behavior in individuals with dependence on synthetic cathinones]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:69-77. [PMID: 33244961 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify polymorphisms in the genes of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems associated with the risk of suicidal behavior in individuals with dependence on synthetic cathinones. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and eighty-two men with the diagnosis of Substance dependence (ICD-10 F15) tested positive for metabolites of synthetic cathinones (a-PVP, MDPV) in the urine were studied. Genotyping was performed for rs1800497 DRD2, rs4646984 DRD4, VNTR 40 b.p. SLC6A3, rs27072 SLC6A3, rs6313 HTR2A and rs6296 HTR1B using PCR and RFLP technique. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION It was found that the genes of the serotonergic system HTR2A and HTR1B are predictors of the development of some endophenotypes of suicidal behavior in individuals with dependence on synthetic cathinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Gareeva
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | | | | | - K O Kinyasheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - T R Nasibullin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu FL, Wu X, Zhang JJ, Wang BJ, Yao J. A meta-analysis of data associating DRD4 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:153-164. [PMID: 29379288 PMCID: PMC5757990 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s156479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the association between DRD4 polymorphisms and schizophrenia risk, a meta-analysis was carried out with 41 case-control articles. Specifically, we included 28 articles (5,735 cases and 5,278 controls) that pertained to the 48 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism, nine articles (1,517 cases and 1,746 controls) that corresponded to the 12 bp tandem repeat (TR), six articles (1,912 cases and 1,836 controls) that addressed the 120 bp TR, 10 articles (2,927 cases and 2,938 controls) that entailed the -521 C>T polymorphism, six articles (1,735 cases and 1,724 controls) that pertained to the -616 C>G polymorphism, and four articles (1,191 cases and 1,215 controls) that involved the -376 C>T polymorphism. Pooled analysis, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were performed, and the data were visualized by means of forest and funnel plots. Results of pooled analysis indicated that the -521 CC variant (Pz=0.009, odds ratio [OR] =1.218, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.050-1.413) and genotype L/L (ie, long allele) of the 120 bp TR were risk factors of schizophrenia (Pz=0.004, OR =1.275, 95% CI =1.081-1.504). The 48 bp VNTR, the 12 bp TR, the -616 C>G polymorphism, and the -376 C>T polymorphism were not associated with schizophrenia. Additional research is warranted to explore the association between polymorphisms of DRD4 and schizophrenia risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-ling Xu
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-jing Zhang
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bao-jie Wang
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ornoy A, Finkel-Pekarsky V, Peles E, Adelson M, Schreiber S, Ebstein PR. ADHD risk alleles associated with opiate addiction: study of addicted parents and their children. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:228-36. [PMID: 27064247 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in genes such as DAT1, 5HTTLPR, D4DR4, and MAO-A have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and susceptibility for opiate addiction. We investigated in opiate-addicted parents and their children the rate of ADHD and genetic markers that could predict susceptibility to ADHD and/or opiate addiction. METHODS We studied 64 heroin-addicted, methadone-maintained parents, and their 94 children who had or had not been exposed prenatally to opiates. DNA extracted from mouthwash was assessed for genetic polymorphism for six polymorphic sites of four different genes. Study subjects also filled a variety of questionnaires assessing the rate of ADHD in the parents and children and the children's intelligence quotient. RESULTS Children of opiate-dependent mothers had a higher rate of ADHD compared to those of the opiate-dependent fathers. Opiate-dependent parents have a high risk of being carriers of most risk alleles examined except DRD4EX3 (allele 7). There was no difference whether the addicted parents had or did not have ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Serotonergic and dopaminergic risk alleles seem to be mainly related to opiate dependence with no effect on the occurrence of ADHD. People carrying those polymorphisms are susceptible to opioid addiction and not necessarily to ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Canada Israel Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Victoria Finkel-Pekarsky
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Canada Israel Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Peles
- Adelson clinic for drug abuse treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miriam Adelson
- Adelson clinic for drug abuse treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Schreiber
- Adelson clinic for drug abuse treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - P Richard Ebstein
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dissociable genetic contributions to error processing: a multimodal neuroimaging study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101784. [PMID: 25010186 PMCID: PMC4092014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies reliably identify two markers of error commission: the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential, and functional MRI activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). While theorized to reflect the same neural process, recent evidence suggests that the ERN arises from the posterior cingulate cortex not the dACC. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these two error markers also have different genetic mediation. METHODS We measured both error markers in a sample of 92 comprised of healthy individuals and those with diagnoses of schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Participants performed the same task during functional MRI and simultaneously acquired magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography. We examined the mediation of the error markers by two single nucleotide polymorphisms: dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) C-521T (rs1800955), which has been associated with the ERN and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T (rs1801133), which has been associated with error-related dACC activation. We then compared the effects of each polymorphism on the two error markers modeled as a bivariate response. RESULTS We replicated our previous report of a posterior cingulate source of the ERN in healthy participants in the schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder groups. The effect of genotype on error markers did not differ significantly by diagnostic group. DRD4 C-521T allele load had a significant linear effect on ERN amplitude, but not on dACC activation, and this difference was significant. MTHFR C677T allele load had a significant linear effect on dACC activation but not ERN amplitude, but the difference in effects on the two error markers was not significant. CONCLUSIONS DRD4 C-521T, but not MTHFR C677T, had a significant differential effect on two canonical error markers. Together with the anatomical dissociation between the ERN and error-related dACC activation, these findings suggest that these error markers have different neural and genetic mediation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Manoach DS, Agam Y. Neural markers of errors as endophenotypes in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:350. [PMID: 23882201 PMCID: PMC3714549 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning from errors is fundamental to adaptive human behavior. It requires detecting errors, evaluating what went wrong, and adjusting behavior accordingly. These dynamic adjustments are at the heart of behavioral flexibility and accumulating evidence suggests that deficient error processing contributes to maladaptively rigid and repetitive behavior in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies reveal highly reliable neural markers of error processing. In this review, we evaluate the evidence that abnormalities in these neural markers can serve as sensitive endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders. We describe the behavioral and neural hallmarks of error processing, their mediation by common genetic polymorphisms, and impairments in schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. We conclude that neural markers of errors meet several important criteria as endophenotypes including heritability, established neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates, association with neuropsychiatric disorders, presence in syndromally-unaffected family members, and evidence of genetic mediation. Understanding the mechanisms of error processing deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders may provide novel neural and behavioral targets for treatment and sensitive surrogate markers of treatment response. Treating error processing deficits may improve functional outcome since error signals provide crucial information for flexible adaptation to changing environments. Given the dearth of effective interventions for cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders, this represents a potentially promising approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rs1076560, a functional variant of the dopamine D2 receptor gene, confers risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese. Neurosci Lett 2012; 518:41-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
10
|
Huo R, Tang K, Wei Z, Shen L, Xiong Y, Wu X, Niu J, Han X, Tian Z, Yang L, Feng G, He L, Qin S. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2E1: association with schizophrenia susceptibility and risperidone response in the Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34809. [PMID: 22606226 PMCID: PMC3350493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CYP2E1 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, which is involved in the metabolism and activation of both endobiotics and xenobiotics. The genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 gene (Chromosome 10q26.3, Accession Number NC_000010.10) are reported to be related to the development of several mental diseases and to be involved in the clinical efficacy of some psychiatric medications. We investigated the possible association of CYP2E1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Chinese Han Population as well as the relationship with response to risperidone in schizophrenia patients. Methods In a case-control study, we identified 11 polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region of CYP2E1 in 228 schizophrenia patients and 384 healthy controls of Chinese Han origin. From among the cases, we chose 130 patients who had undergone 8 weeks of risperidone monotherapy to examine the relationship between their response to risperidone and CYP2E1 polymorphisms. Clinical efficacy was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results Statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were found between cases and controls at rs8192766 (genotype p = 0.0048, permutation p = 0.0483) and rs2070673 (allele: p = 0.0018, permutation p = 0.0199, OR = 1.4528 95%CI = 1.1487–1.8374; genotype: p = 0.0020, permutation p = 0.0225). In addition, a GTCAC haplotype containing 5 SNPs (rs3813867, rs2031920, rs2031921, rs3813870 and rs2031922) was observed to be significantly associated with schizophrenia (p = 7.47E-12, permutation p<0.0001). However, no association was found between CYP2E1 polymorphisms/haplotypes and risperidone response. Conclusions Our results suggest that CYP2E1 may be a potential risk gene for schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. However, polymorphisms of the CYP2E1 gene may not contribute significantly to individual differences in the therapeutic efficacy of risperidone. Further studies in larger groups are warranted to confirm our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kefu Tang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Xiong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Niu
- Laiwu Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Han
- Laiwu Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lun Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Feng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SQ)
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SQ)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Habituation in prepulse inhibition is affected by a polymorphism on the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B). Psychiatr Genet 2010; 20:191-8. [PMID: 20421849 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833a201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the reliable connectivity between causal genes or variants with an abnormality expressed in a certain endophenotype has been viewed as a crucial step in unraveling the etiology of schizophrenia because of the considerable heterogeneity in this disorder. METHODS According to this practical and scientific demand, we aimed to investigate the relationship between seven top-ranked variants in the SZgene database [120-bpTR in DRD4, rs1801028 and rs6277 in DRD2, rs1019385 (T200G) in GRIN2B, rs1800532 in TPH1, rs1801133 (C677T) in MTHFR, rs2619528 (P1765) in DTNBP1] and prepulse inhibition (PPI) and habituation after acoustic stimulus (HAB). RESULTS Both PPI and HAB were decreased significantly in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, we observed a significant effect of GRIN2B (human NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene, NR2B) genotype on HAB (P<0.05, not corrected). CONCLUSION Although these findings need to be replicated in other samples, an underlying mechanism of impaired biological reaction may be influenced by NMDA hypofunctioning in schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
12
|
Simpson J, Vetuz G, Wilson M, Brookes KJ, Kent L. The DRD4 receptor Exon 3 VNTR and 5' SNP variants and mRNA expression in human post-mortem brain tissue. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1228-33. [PMID: 20468066 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation within the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene has been implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders and behavioral traits. This variation includes the extensively studied exon 3 variably numbered tandem repeat (VNTR), and several 5' polymorphisms including a120-bp duplication and two single-nucleotide polymorphisms at -521 C/T (rs1800955) and -616 C/G (rs747302). Several reports have provided evidence for a functional role for some of these variants using in vitro techniques. This study investigated the functionality of these polymorphisms in 28 human post-mortem brain tissue samples by quantifying DRD4 mRNA expression in relation to genotype. No statistically significant relationship between genotype and mRNA expression levels was found for these four polymorphisms although a weak trend toward the 7-repeat of the exon 3 VNTR reducing DRD4 mRNA expression was found. Employing post-mortem brain tissue, rather than using in vitro techniques may provide a more relevant paradigm to study functional effects of reported risk alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simpson
- Bute Medical School, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lai JH, Zhu YS, Huo ZH, Sun RF, Yu B, Wang YP, Chai ZQ, Li SB. Association study of polymorphisms in the promoter region of DRD4 with schizophrenia, depression, and heroin addiction. Brain Res 2010; 1359:227-32. [PMID: 20801104 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the possible association between three functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and schizophrenia, depression, and heroin addiction. Genomic DNA was isolated from the venous blood leukocytes of 322 unrelated patients with schizophrenia, 156 patients with depression, 300 patients with heroin addiction, and 300 healthy unrelated individuals. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of DRD4 (-120 bp duplication, -616C/G, and -521C/T) were genotyped using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. Genotype and allele were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software. Results of this analysis indicated that there is a strong finding of -120 bp duplication allele frequencies with schizophrenia (p=0.008) and weak finding with -1240 L/S and for paranoid schizophrenia (p=0.022). Interestingly, there is a stronger finding with -521 C/T allele frequencies with heroin dependence (p=0.0002). These observations strongly suggest that the -120-bp duplication polymorphism of DRD4 is associated with schizophrenia and that the -521 C/T polymorphism is associated with heroin addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Lai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Du J, Xu Y, Duan S, Zhang A, Xuan J, Wang L, Yu L, Wang H, Li X, Feng G, He L, Xing Q. A case-control association study between the CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genes and schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1200-4. [PMID: 19591893 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, variants of two genes coding for cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) were analysed in a case-control sample using 398 schizophrenic patients and 391 healthy controls. All subjects were unrelated Han Chinese from Shanghai. No difference was observed on the allelic or genotypic distribution of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms between the groups. However, the two-marker haplotypes covering components CYP3A41G and CYP3A53 were observed to be significantly associated with schizophrenia (corrected global p=0.0009). In addition, we identified one common risk haplotype, G/G (present in 59.5% of the general population). The results suggest that CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 might play a role in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. However, confirmatory studies in independent samples are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Crespi B. Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:441-93. [PMID: 18783362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
I review and evaluate genetic and genomic evidence salient to the hypothesis that the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions have been mediated in part by alterations of imprinted genes expressed in the brain. Evidence from the genetics and genomics of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Prader-Willi syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and other neurogenetic conditions support the hypothesis that the etiologies of psychotic spectrum conditions commonly involve genetic and epigenetic imbalances in the effects of imprinted genes, with a bias towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal expression or other genes favouring maternal interests. By contrast, autistic spectrum conditions, including Kanner autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Turner syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, commonly engender increased relative effects from paternally expressed imprinted genes, or reduced effects from genes favouring maternal interests. Imprinted-gene effects on the etiologies of autistic and psychotic spectrum conditions parallel the diametric effects of imprinted genes in placental and foetal development, in that psychotic spectrum conditions tend to be associated with undergrowth and relatively-slow brain development, whereas some autistic spectrum conditions involve brain and body overgrowth, especially in foetal development and early childhood. An important role for imprinted genes in the etiologies of psychotic and autistic spectrum conditions is consistent with neurodevelopmental models of these disorders, and with predictions from the conflict theory of genomic imprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BCV5A1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The impact of catechol-O-methyltransferase and dopamine D4 receptor genotypes on neurophysiological markers of performance monitoring. J Neurosci 2008; 27:14190-8. [PMID: 18094258 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4229-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic adaptations of one's behavior by means of performance monitoring are a central function of the human executive system, that underlies considerable interindividual variation. Converging evidence from electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in both animals and humans hints at the importance of the dopaminergic system for the regulation of performance monitoring. Here, we studied the impact of two polymorphisms affecting dopaminergic functioning in the prefrontal cortex [catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val108/158Met and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-521] on neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring. We applied a modified version of a standard flanker task with an embedded stop-signal task to tap into the different functions involved, particularly error monitoring, conflict detection and inhibitory processes. Participants homozygous for the DRD4 T allele produced an increased error-related negativity after both choice errors and failed inhibitions compared with C-homozygotes. This was associated with pronounced compensatory behavior reflected in higher post-error slowing. No group differences were seen in the incompatibility N2, suggesting distinct effects of the DRD4 polymorphism on error monitoring processes. Additionally, participants homozygous for the COMT Val allele, with a thereby diminished prefrontal dopaminergic level, revealed increased prefrontal processing related to inhibitory functions, reflected in the enhanced stop-signal-related components N2 and P3a. The results extend previous findings from mainly behavioral and neuroimaging data on the relationship between dopaminergic genes and executive functions and present possible underlying mechanisms for the previously suggested association between these dopaminergic polymorphisms and psychiatric disorders as schizophrenia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mitsuyasu H, Kawasaki H, Ninomiya H, Kinukawa N, Yamanaka T, Tahira T, Stanton VP, Springett GM, Hayashi K, Tashiro N, Kanba S. Genetic structure of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) and lack of association with schizophrenia in Japanese patients. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:763-75. [PMID: 16887146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the contribution of genetic variation in the human dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) to the risk of developing schizophrenia, we carried out a genetic analysis of 27 polymorphisms in 216 schizophrenic patients and 243 healthy controls from the Kyushu region of Japan. Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and five insertion/deletion polymorphisms were analyzed in this study, including four novel SNPs and a novel mononucleotide repeat. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analyses reveal weak LD across the DRD4 gene. In univariate analysis female individuals with allele -521C had a higher risk for schizophrenia. However, this finding was not significant after correction for multiple hypothesis testing. No other polymorphisms or haplotypes differed between schizophrenic patients and controls. Likewise, multivariate analyses did not reveal any statistically significant associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitsuyasu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao X, Qin S, Shi Y, Zhang A, Zhang J, Bian L, Wan C, Feng G, Gu N, Zhang G, He G, He L. Systematic study of association of four GABAergic genes: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 gene, glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 gene, GABA(B) receptor 1 gene and GABA(A) receptor subunit beta2 gene, with schizophrenia using a universal DNA microarray. Schizophr Res 2007; 93:374-84. [PMID: 17412563 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested the dysfunction of the GABAergic system as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In the present study, case-control association analysis was conducted in four GABAergic genes: two glutamic acid decarboxylase genes (GAD1 and GAD2), a GABA(A) receptor subunit beta2 gene (GABRB2) and a GABA(B) receptor 1 gene (GABBR1). Using a universal DNA microarray procedure we genotyped a total of 20 SNPs on the above four genes in a study involving 292 patients and 286 controls of Chinese descent. Statistically significant differences were observed in the allelic frequencies of the rs187269C/T polymorphism in the GABRB2 gene (P=0.0450, chi(2)=12.40, OR=1.65) and the -292A/C polymorphism in the GAD1 gene (P=0.0450, chi(2)=14.64 OR=1.77). In addition, using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we discovered differences in the U251 nuclear protein binding to oligonucleotides representing the -292 SNP on the GAD1 gene, which suggests that the -292C allele has reduced transcription factor binding efficiency compared with the 292A allele. Using the multifactor-dimensionality reduction method (MDR), we found that the interactions among the rs187269C/T polymorphism in the GABRB2 gene, the -243A/G polymorphism in the GAD2 gene and the 27379C/T and 661C/T polymorphisms in the GAD1 gene revealed a significant association with schizophrenia (P<0.001). These findings suggest that the GABRB2 and GAD1 genes alone and the combined effects of the polymorphisms in the four GABAergic system genes may confer susceptibility to the development of schizophrenia in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hao Ran Building, Shanghai 200030, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Savitz J, van der Merwe L, Solms M, Ramesar R. A linkage and family-based association analysis of a potential neurocognitive endophenotype of bipolar disorder. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 9:101-16. [PMID: 17627031 DOI: 10.1007/bf02685885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the genetic variants underpinning bipolar disorder (BPD) has been impeded by a complex pattern of inheritance characterized by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, genetic epistasis, and gene-environment interactions. In this paper two strategies were used to ameliorate these confounding factors. A unique South African sample including 190 individuals of the relatively, reproductively isolated Afrikaner population was assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests in an attempt to identify a BPD-associated quantitative trait or endophenotype. BPD individuals performed significantly worse than their unaffected relatives on visual and verbal memory tasks, a finding congruent with the literature. Afocused linkage and family-based association study was carried out using this memory-related endophenotype. In the largest 77-strong Afrikaner pedigree significant evidence for linkage was detected on chromosome 22q11, a region previously implicated in BPD. The quantitative transmission disequilibrium tests-based association analysis suggested that functional variants of the DRD4 and MAO-A genes modulate memory-related cognition. We speculate that polymorphisms at these loci may predispose to a subtype of BPD characterized by memory-related deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Savitz
- Division of Human Genetics, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu S, Ma J, Xing Q, Xu Y, Meng J, Cao D, Feng G, He L. Further evidence that the chromogranin B gene confers predisposition to schizophrenia: a family-based association study in Chinese. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:641-4. [PMID: 17143778 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Chromogranin B (CHGB) gene has been proposed as a candidate gene for predisposition to schizophrenia due to its location on the genome, the evidence of genetic studies, and its functional role in schizophrenia. To investigate its association with schizophrenia using case-control analysis, we genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and performed transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) using 192 Han Chinese trios. The G allele of IVS4 + 808A > G showed a trend of over-transmission from heterozygous parents to affected offspring (P = 0.06), although no significant over-transmission was found for individual markers. Furthermore, a significant transmission was observed for the common haplotype G-G-A-G-C (P = 0.0018). Overall, our results suggest that at least one locus in or close to the CHGB gene confers risk of the disorder and strengthen the evidence that CHGB is a promising susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wu
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nakajima M, Hattori E, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Hashimoto K, Watanabe H, Iyo M, Hoshika A, Yoshikawa T. Association and synergistic interaction between promoter variants of the DRD4 gene in Japanese schizophrenics. J Hum Genet 2006; 52:86-91. [PMID: 17089069 PMCID: PMC1705471 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent association studies suggest that polymorphisms in the promoter and exon 1 upstream region of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene play a functional role in the development of common psychiatric illnesses, although there are also conflicting results. In this study, we re-sequenced this region to identify all genomic variants, and tested them for association with schizophrenia. A total of 570 Japanese schizophrenic cases with matched controls were studied by genotyping all identified/validated common polymorphisms (−1106T>C, −906T>C, −809G>A, −616G>C, −521T>C, −376C>T, −291C>T and 12-bp repeat) and a known microsatellite (120-bp tandem duplication) in the upstream region. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −809G>A in the promoter region was found to be significantly associated with disease (P=0.018 and 0.032 for allelic and genotypic comparisons, respectively), although not surviving after Bonferroni correction. Logistic regression analysis showed that a combination of the four polymorphisms, −809G>A, −616G>C, −291C>T and the 12-bp repeat, conferred a susceptibility to schizophrenia. These results suggest that the upstream variants have a primary functional effect in the etiology of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nakajima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinori Hoshika
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gupta S, Bisht SS, Kukreti R, Jain S, Brahmachari SK. Boolean network analysis of a neurotransmitter signaling pathway. J Theor Biol 2006; 244:463-9. [PMID: 17010384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Boolean network is a simple computational model that may provide insight into the overall behavior of genetic networks and is represented by variables with two possible states (on/off), of the individual nodes/genes of the network. In this study, a Boolean network model has been used to simulate a molecular pathway between two neurotransmitter receptor, dopamine and glutamate receptor, systems in order to understand the consequence of using logic gate rules between nodes, which have two possible states (active and inactive). RESULTS The dynamical properties of this Boolean network model of the biochemical pathway shows that, the pathway is stable and that, deletion/knockout of certain biologically important nodes cause significant perturbation to this network. The analysis clearly shows that in addition to the expected components dopamine and dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2), Ca(2+) ions play a critical role in maintaining stability of the pathway. CONCLUSION So this method may be useful for the identification of potential genetic targets, whose loss of function in biochemical pathways may be responsible for disease onset. The molecular pathway considered in this study has been implicated with a complex disorder like schizophrenia, which has a complex multifactorial etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gupta
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lung FW, Chen N, Shu BC. Dopamine D4 receptor gene and the −521C>T polymorphism of the upstream region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2006; 16:139-43. [PMID: 16829780 DOI: 10.1097/01.ypg.0000199446.54420.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is a candidate gene for increasing genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. A recent study found that a -521C>T promoter base pair change affects transcriptional regulation of the DRD4 gene. The present study was designed to investigate the role of both the -521C>T single nucleotide polymorphism and the DRD4 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism. METHODS A case-control study of 630 Chinese schizophrenic patients and 428 Chinese controls was conducted to test for allelic association with schizophrenia. RESULTS The number of DRD4 VNTR fragments was associated with schizophrenia. Long DRD4 VNTR fragments as opposed to short fragments were commoner in schizophrenia. No evidence was found for allelic association between the -521C>T DRD4 polymorphism and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary and unconfirmed evidence for the involvement of the DRD4 repeat VNTR in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- For-Wey Lung
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Kaohsiung General Hospital, and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies of personality began with two high impact papers in 1996 that showed provisional associations between the dopamine DRD4 exon III repeat region and Novelty Seeking/Extraversion. These first two reports were shortly followed by an investigation linking Neuroticism/Harm Avoidance with the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). In the ensuing decade, thousands of subjects have been studied for association between these genes and personality, assessed by using self-report questionnaires, with erratic success in replication of the first findings for Novelty Seeking (DRD4) and Harm Avoidance (5-HTTLPR). Small effect sizes characteristic of non-Mendelian traits, polygenic patterns of inheritance and true heterogeneity between studies confound attempts to reach a consensus regarding the role of common polymorphisms in contributing to personality domains. Nevertheless, the current state of personality genetics is far from being bleak. Several new paradigms especially functional neuroimaging or 'imaging genomics' have strengthened the connection between 5-HTTLPR and anxiety-related personality traits. The demonstrations that early environmental information can considerably strengthen and even uncover associations between genes and behavior (Caspi's seminal studies and more recently the demonstration that early environment impacts on DRD4 and Novelty Seeking) are notable and herald a new era of personality genetics. Finally, consideration of the broader phenotypic expression of common polymorphisms (e.g. the 'social brain', altruism, etc.) and the use of new experimental paradigms including neurophysiological, neuropsychological and computer games that go beyond the narrow self-report questionnaire design will enable a deeper understanding of how common genetic polymorphisms modulate human behavior. Human personality, defined by Webster as the quality or state of being a person or the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual, surely requires a more encompassing view towards understanding its complex molecular genetic architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Ebstein
- Department of Psychology and Scheinfeld Center for Genetic Studies in the Social Sciences, Mount Scopus, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Sullivan GJ, Kinsella A, Grandy DK, Tighe O, Croke DT, Waddington JL. Ethological resolution of behavioral topography and D2-like vs. D1-like agonist responses in congenic D4 dopamine receptor "knockouts": identification of D4:D1-like interactions. Synapse 2006; 59:107-18. [PMID: 16320306 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the involvement of dopamine D4 receptors in behavioral regulation, the phenotypic ethogram of congenic D4 "knockout" mice was studied in terms of (i) course of exploration and habituation, and (ii) topographical responsiveness to the selective D2-like agonist RU 24213 and the selective D1-like agonists A 68930, SK&F 83959 and SK&F 83822. Congenic D4 knockouts were characterized by a small reduction in exploratory sniffing with delayed habituation of sifting. The magnitude and topographical specificity of these effects indicated that any functional role for D4 receptors in exploratory processes is subtle. Induction of stereotyped, ponderous locomotion by RU 24213 was reduced in D4-null mice consistent with an involvement of D4 receptors in the topographical expression of stereotypy. Induction of grooming and, at higher doses, seizures by A 68930, which stimulates both adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC), were unaltered in congenic D4 knockouts. In contrast, induction of grooming by SK&F 83959, which stimulates PLC but not AC and fails to induce seizures, was reduced in D4-null mice; this indicates that D4 receptors interact with PLC-coupled D1-like receptors in regulating D1-like-mediated grooming. Conversely, induction of seizures by SK&F 83822, which stimulates AC but not PLC and fails to induce grooming, was reduced in congenic D4 knockouts; this indicates that D4 receptors interact with AC-coupled D1-like receptors in regulating D1-like-mediated seizures. These studies identify novel functional roles for the D4 receptor that are distinct from those of closely related D2-like family members and involve interactions with their D1-like counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Den Bogaert A, Del-Favero J, Van Broeckhoven C. Major affective disorders and schizophrenia: a common molecular signature? Hum Mutat 2006; 27:833-53. [PMID: 16917879 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, including affective disorders (AD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are among the most common disabling brain diseases in Western populations and result in high costs in terms of morbidity as well as mortality. Although their etiology and pathophysiology is largely unknown, family-, twin-, and adoption studies argue for a strong genetic determination of these disorders. These studies indicate that there is between 40 and 85% heritability for these disorders but point also to the importance of environmental factors. Therefore, any research strategy aiming at the identification of genes involved in the development of AD and SZ should account for the complex nature (multifactorial) of these disorders. During the last decade, molecular genetic studies have contributed a great deal to the identification of genetic factors involved in complex disorders. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the most promising genes for AD and SZ, and the methods and approaches that were used for their identification. Also, we discuss the current knowledge and hypotheses that have been formulated regarding the effect of variations on protein functioning as well as recent observations that point to common molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Den Bogaert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu J, Shi Y, Tang J, Guo T, Li X, Yang Y, Chen Q, Zhao X, He G, Feng G, Gu N, Zhu S, Liu H, He L. SNPs and haplotypes in the S100B gene reveal association with schizophrenia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:335-41. [PMID: 15670788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The S100B gene locates in 21q22.3 and produces neurotrophin mainly in astrocytes of CNS which can act as an extensive marker of glial cell integrity. The synaptic destabilization hypothesis (GGF/SD) suggests that the functional deficiency of growth factors like S100B is involved in the etiology of schizophrenia and the S100B serum concentration is reported to be significantly increased in patients with acute schizophrenia and decreased in chronic schizophrenia patients. To validate the association between S100B and schizophrenia, 384 cases and 401 controls, all Chinese Han subjects, were recruited. Four SNPs V1 (-960C>G), V2 (-111C>T), V3 (2757C>G, rs1051169), and V4 (5748C>T, rs9722) were studied. And haplotype V3-V4 (G-C) showed a significant association with schizophrenia. Our study showed an association between schizophrenia and a possible susceptible haplotype V3-V4 (G-C) which possesses a genetic tendency for increased S100B expression. Our results suggest that S100B could be a susceptible gene for schizophrenia and provide indirect evidence for the GGF/SD hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Liu
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu X, Qin W, He G, Yang Y, Chen Q, Zhou J, Li D, Gu N, Xu Y, Feng G, Sang H, Hao X, Zhang K, Wang S, He L. A family-based association study of the MOG gene with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Schizophr Res 2005; 73:275-80. [PMID: 15653272 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 07/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently the expression of human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has been found to be significantly downregulated in the brain tissue of subjects with schizophrenia, suggesting that the MOG gene resides within a high-susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. In order to test this prediction, we analyzed three microsatellites from MOG in the Han Chinese population using a sample of 532 trios. Analysis of allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies showed weak positive association between the markers and the disease (p=0.01982). Our results would indicate that the MOG gene may play a significant role in schizophrenia in the Han Chinese. However, further study is required using other methods and involving other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Liu
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Olsen L, Timm S, Wang AG, Søeby K, Jakobsen KD, Clemmensen S, Løkke A, Fossum M, Parnas J, Hemmingsen R, Rasmussen HB, Werge T. Association of the 120-bp duplication in the dopamine D4 receptor gene and schizophrenia in a sample of Danish subjects. Schizophr Res 2005; 73:133-5. [PMID: 15567086 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
There is mounting evidence on the functional significance of single nucleotide and simple repeat sequence polymorphisms in both the coding and regulatory regions of genes in the monoamine neurotransmitter pathways. Many of these gene variants have been associated with human behavioral disorders and traits, and thus have important clinical relevance. This review summarizes the literature on the published functional studies from a molecular, cellular, and neurobiological perspective, and notes their possible behavioral consequences. Functional studies have adopted a variety of strategies. Pharmacological studies have focused on the effects of gene variation at the protein level in terms of binding to ligands or drugs. Other key investigations have determined effects on gene expression at the level of transcription in mammalian cell cultures, lymphoblasts, and/or human postmortem brain tissue. This has enabled the comparison of in vitro and in vivo data, and furthermore provides an improved perceptive of their respective advantages. Additionally, molecular biological approaches have identified transcription factors (DNA-binding proteins) that interact with the motifs within the polymorphisms themselves. Various neuroimaging studies have further determined the relationship of genotype with protein availability in the brain, and thus have contributed to our understanding of the in vivo functional significance of gene variants. Finally, there is growing evidence from both human and animal studies on the interaction of functional polymorphisms with the environment in determining a behavioral outcome. Taken together, these findings have contributed to a greater understanding of the plausible molecular mechanisms that underpin the functional significance of polymorphisms in monoamine neurotransmitter pathway genes, and how they may influence behavioral phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M D'Souza
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
D'Souza UM, Russ C, Tahir E, Mill J, McGuffin P, Asherson PJ, Craig IW. Functional effects of a tandem duplication polymorphism in the 5'flanking region of the DRD4 gene. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56:691-7. [PMID: 15522254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several polymorphisms have been identified in the 5'flanking region of the human dopamine D(4) receptor gene (DRD4), including a tandem duplication polymorphism. This comprises a 120-base-pair repeat sequence that is known to have different allele frequencies in various populations around the world. Furthermore, various studies have revealed evidence of linkage to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and association with schizophrenia and methamphetamine abuse. The location of the polymorphism in the 5'regulatory region of the DRD4 gene and the fact that it consists of potential transcription factor binding sites suggest that it might confer differential transcriptional activity of the alleles. METHODS We investigated the functional effects of this gene variant with transient transfection methods in four human cell lines and then assessed transcriptional activity with luciferase reporter gene assays. RESULTS The longer allele has lower transcriptional activity than the shorter allele in SK-N-MC, SH-SY5Y, HEK293, and HeLa cell lines. CONCLUSIONS This evidence suggests that the duplication might have a role in regulating the expression of the DRD4 gene and provides an understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, schizophrenia, and metamphetamine abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M D'Souza
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Box Number P082, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|