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Bredum SK, Strathe AV, Jacobsen J, Christoffersen BØ, Gehre M, Kümmel S, Junghans P, Marcussen C. Quantifying energy expenditure in Göttingen Minipigs with the 13C-bicarbonate method under basal and drug-treated conditions. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 58:388-396. [PMID: 38057031 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatments of obesity focusing on energy expenditure (EE) are needed. To evaluate future EE-modulating drug candidates, appropriate animal models and methods to assess EE are needed. This study aimed to evaluate the stable isotope 13C-bicarbonate method (13C-BM) for estimating EE in Göttingen minipigs under basal and drug-treated conditions. Four experiments (Expt.1-4) were conducted to assess: 1) the 13C-BM reproducibility using breath sample collection (n = 8), on two consecutive days, 2) the effect of two dose levels (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)) of the mitochondrial uncoupler dinitrophenol (DNP) in a crossover design (n = 8), 3) sampling method agreement; blood vs. exhaled air (n = 6) and 4) 13C-BM using constant isotope infusion compared with indirect calorimetry (IC) (n = 3). Results correlated significantly (p < 0.001) between days (Expt.1), with an average coefficient of variance of 5.4 ± 2.3%. Administration of 10 mg DNP/kg BW increased (p < 0.01) EE by 33.2 ± 6.4% (Expt.2). Results based on different sampling methods correlated significantly (p < 0.001) and EE increased after 10 mg DNP/kg BW (p < 0.05) in Expt.3. However, results based on blood sampling were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those of exhaled air. No effect of DNP and significantly different EE results (p < 0.05) was observed in a limited number of animals, when constant isotope infusion and blood sampling was compared with IC (Expt.4). In conclusion, the 13C-BM is useful for investigating treatment effects on EE in minipigs. However, further validation under standardized conditions is needed to provide accurate estimates of the 13C recovery factor and respiratory quotient, both of decisive importance when using the 13C-BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Bredum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja V Strathe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Matthias Gehre
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Junghans
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Caroline Marcussen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Askar A, Salama R, El-Shaer H, Raef O. Effects of supplementary feeding level on digestion and energy utilization by sheep and goats grazing arid-area rangelands. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Gou X, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M, Peng F, Sun J, Li Y, Zhao X, Lian J. Seasonal dynamics of cattle grazing behaviors on contrasting landforms of a fenced ranch in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141613. [PMID: 32836130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The number of livestock per unit area is commonly used as a proxy of grazing pressure in both experimental studies and grassland management. However, this practice ignores the impact of landform heterogeneity on the spatial distribution of grazing pressure, leading to localized patches of degraded grassland. The spatial distribution of actual grazing density thus needs to be examined. Owing to the corresponding changes in resource availability and energy consumption as livestock move across an elevation gradient, we predict that livestock will preferentially use low-land and that different temporal patterns of grazing pressure will occur in the contrasting landforms. GPS location data and a machine learning technique were used to identify the seasonal pattern and the factors driving grazing pressure on a fenced ranch. Over both low-land and sand-dune landforms, the proportion of time that livestock spent on foraging increased from 63% in July to 67% in August and 69% in September, and non-foraging behavior decreased correspondingly. In low-land, the log-transformed average foraging density significantly increased from 0.61 (i.e., total foraging behaviors in 5 days measured at 50-s intervals per 10 × 10 m grid) in July to 0.66 in August and 0.88 in September, whereas there was no significant change on sand-dunes. From July to September, the relative area of low-land foraged by cattle accounted for 31%, 35%, and 36%, respectively, and in sand-dunes the proportions increased from 45% to 47% to 51%. In low-land, the foraging density was negatively correlated with biomass (P = .07), total digestible nutrients (P < .05), and crude protein (P = .06) and positively correlated with acid detergent fiber (P < .05), whereas no such relationships were observed in sand-dunes. Our results indicate that topographic features should be considered when managing livestock, especially during periods with adverse conditions of herbage quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gou
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Fei Peng
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73000, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yulin Li
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China.
| | - Xueyong Zhao
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China.
| | - Jie Lian
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China.
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Pahl L. Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle: 1. Equivalency in how much they eat. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/rj19044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which goats and cattle eat equivalent amounts of forage as sheep has been based on their maintenance energy requirements (MERs) relative to a 50kg wether or dry ewe, known as a dry sheep equivalent (DSE). As such, a 50kg goat was considered 1 DSE and a 450kg steer as 7–8 DSE. In comparison, the DSE of macropods has been based on their basal metabolic rate (BMR) or energy expenditure of grazing (EEg) relative to those of sheep, with a 50kg macropod thought to be 0.7 and 0.45 DSE respectively. Based on published energy requirements of goats, macropods and cattle relative to sheep, their DSE values are estimated to be 1.2, 1.0 and 7.6 respectively. However, relative energy requirements may not be the same as relative dry matter intakes (DMIs), due to differences in forage quality, the structure of digestive tracts and selective foraging capabilities. Allometric equations that predict DMI were developed from published liveweights and intakes of sheep, goats, macropods and cattle. Given DMIs when fed high-quality forage, a 50kg goat was 1 DSE, a 50kg macropod was 0.7 DSE and a 450kg steer was 7.6 DSE. Their DMIs were depressed by 35–50% when fed low-quality forage, but a goat remained as 1 DSE, macropods increased to 1.0 DSE and cattle increased to 8.3 DSE. The capacity of macropods to maintain relatively higher DMIs of low-quality forage than sheep is probably due of their faster digesta passage rates and more expandable stomachs. These DMIs of animals provided ad-libitum quantities of similar forages in small pens are likely to differ from their DMIs when selectively grazing heterogeneous rangeland pastures. Under these conditions, sheep select higher-quality diets than cattle, and kangaroos select higher-quality diets than sheep, which increase the relative DMIs of the smaller herbivores. For this reason, a 50kg macropod is likely to be 1 DSE and consume twice as much forage than previously assumed.
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Fernández C, Martí JV, Pérez-Baena I, Palomares JL, Ibáñez C, Segarra JV. Effect of lemon leaves on energy and C-N balances, methane emission, and milk performance in Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1508-1518. [PMID: 29471469 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to find out the effect of lemon leaves on energy and C-N balances, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats. Lemon leaves were used to replace alfalfa as forage in a diet for Murciano-Granadina goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats (44.1 ± 4.47 kg of BW) in late lactation (185 ± 7.2 d) were selected in a crossover design experiment, where each goat received 2 treatments in 2 periods. One group was fed a mixed ration with 450 g of pelleted alfalfa per kilogram of DM (ALF diet) and, the other group replaced alfalfa with 450 g of pelleted lemon leaves per kilogram DM (LEM diet). The concentrate was pelleted, being the same for the two groups (forage to concentrate ratio was 45/55). The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 14 d of adaptation, feed intake, total fecal and urine output, and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5-d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded individually by an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Higher dietary lipids in LEM diet reduced DMI (200 g/d) and energy intake (251 kJ/kg of BW0.75), although no differences between treatments were observed for ME intake (998 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and oxidation of nutrients (64% and 25% for carbohydrates and fat oxidation, respectively, on heat production from oxidation basis). Greater (P < 0.05) milk fat values for C18:2n6t and CLA 9c11t + 9t11c were found in LEM compared with ALF diet. Goats fed LEM diet produced significantly fewer CH4 emissions than ALF diet (18%). Likewise, the use of lemon leaves as forage reduced the amount of CH4 in 2.7 g/kg of milk. Results suggest that lemon leaves are effective in reducing CH4 emission without detrimental effect on milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández
- Department of Animal Science, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Vicente Martí
- Department of Animal Science, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ion Pérez-Baena
- Department of Animal Science, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Palomares
- Department of Animal Science, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Ibáñez
- Department of Animal Production and Public Health, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Segarra
- Heliotec 2006 S.L., La Vall d'Uixó, Castellón de la Plana, Valencia, Spain
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Brassard ME, Puchala R, Gipson T, Sahlu T, Goetsch A. Factors influencing estimates of heat energy associated with activity by grazing meat goats. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Criscioni P, Marti J, Pérez-Baena I, Palomares J, Larsen T, Fernández C. Replacement of alfalfa hay ( Medicago sativa ) with maralfalfa hay ( Pennisetum sp.) in diets of lactating dairy goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Criscioni P, Fernández C. Effect of rice bran as a replacement for oat grain in energy and nitrogen balance, methane emissions, and milk performance of Murciano-Granadina goats. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:280-90. [PMID: 26547653 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting oat grain with rice bran on energy, nitrogen and carbon balance, methane emissions, and milk performance in dairy goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in late lactation (46.1 ± 3.07 kg) were assigned to 2 treatments in a crossover design, where each goat received both treatments in 2 periods. One group of 5 goats was fed a mixed ration with 379 g of oat grain/kg of dry matter (O diet) and the other group of 5 goats was fed a diet that replaced oat grain with 379 g/kg dry matter of rice bran (RB diet). Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isoproteic, so bypass fat was added to reach the same amount of energy in both diets. The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 14 d of adaptation, feed intake, total fecal and urine outputs, and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5-d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded individually by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Dry matter intake was different for both diets [1.83 ± 0.11 vs. 1.61 ± 0.08 (means ± SD), for O and RB, respectively]. Metabolizable energy intake and heat production were not significantly different between diets, with average values of 1,254 [standard error of the mean (SEM) = 110.0] and 640 (SEM = 21.0) kJ/kg of BW(0.75), respectively. Significant differences were found in milk fat content (5.3 and 6.9%, SEM = 0.36; for O and RB, respectively) and milk fatty acids: medium-chain fatty acids (17.17 vs. 12.90 g/100g, SEM = 0.969; for O and RB, respectively) and monounsaturated fatty acids (20.63 vs. 28.29 g/100g, SEM = 1.973; for O and RB, respectively). Enteric CH4 emission was lower for the RB diet (23.2 vs. 30.1g/d, SEM = 2.14; for O and RB, respectively), probably because of the higher lipid content in RB diets than O diets (11.7 vs. 4.1%, respectively). Lactating goats utilized RB without detrimental effects on energy metabolism. Higher milk fat and lower CH4 emissions were observed with the RB diet compared with the O diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Criscioni
- Animal Science Department, ACUMA Research Center, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - C Fernández
- Animal Science Department, ACUMA Research Center, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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9
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Miwa M, Oishi K, Nakagawa Y, Maeno H, Anzai H, Kumagai H, Okano K, Tobioka H, Hirooka H. Application of overall dynamic body acceleration as a proxy for estimating the energy expenditure of grazing farm animals: relationship with heart rate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128042. [PMID: 26030931 PMCID: PMC4452184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating the energy expenditure of farm animals at pasture is important for efficient animal management. In recent years, an alternative technique for estimating energy expenditure by measuring body acceleration has been widely performed in wildlife and human studies, but the availability of the technique in farm animals has not yet been examined. In the present study, we tested the potential use of an acceleration index, overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), as a new proxy for estimating the energy expenditure of grazing farm animals (cattle, goats and sheep) at pasture with the simultaneous evaluation of a conventional proxy, heart rate. Body accelerations in three axes and heart rate for cows (n = 8, two breeds), goats (n = 6) and sheep (n = 5) were recorded, and the effect of ODBA calculated from the body accelerations on heart rate was analyzed. In addition, the effects of the two other activity indices, the number of steps and vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA), on heart rate were also investigated. The results of the comparison among three activity indices indicated that ODBA was the best predictor for heart rate. Although the relationship between ODBA and heart rate was different between the groups of species and breeds and between individuals (P<0.01), the difference could be explained by different body weights; a common equation could be established by correcting the body weights (M: kg): heart rate (beats/min) = 147.263∙M-0.141 + 889.640∙M-0.179∙ODBA (g). Combining this equation with the previously reported energy expenditure per heartbeat, we estimated the energy expenditure of the tested animals, and the results indicated that ODBA is a good proxy for estimating the energy expenditure of grazing farm animals across species and breeds. The utility and simplicity of the procedure with acceleration loggers could make the accelerometry technique a worthwhile option in field research and commercial farm use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Miwa
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606 8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazato Oishi
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606 8502 Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasuhiro Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606 8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Maeno
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606 8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Anzai
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606 8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Kumagai
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606 8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Okano
- Animal Science Laboratory, Department of Biological Resources Management, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 522 8533 Shiga, Japan
| | - Hisaya Tobioka
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 869 1404 Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirooka
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606 8502 Kyoto, Japan
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Ibáñez C, Moya VJ, Arriaga H, López DM, Merino P, Fernández C. Replacement of Cereal with Low Starch Fibrous By-Products on Nutrients Utilization and Methane Emissions in Dairy Goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2015.52022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Ibáñez C, López MC, Criscioni P, Fernández C. Effect of replacing dietary corn with beet pulp on energy partitioning, substrate oxidation and methane production in lactating dairy goats. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of substitution of corn by beet pulp on energy partitioning, substrate oxidation, nitrogen and carbon balance and milk performance in dairy goats during late lactation. Twelve multiparous lactating Murciano-Granadina goats were fed two diets. Six goats were fed a mixed ration with 310 g/kg DM of ground corn (diet CORN) and in the other diet the corn was substituted with 302 g/kg DM of beet pulp (diet BP) in a cross-over design. No significant differences between diets were observed for milk production (1.36 kg/day, on average) and differences were found for milk fat (5.39 and 4.21% for BP and CORN, respectively). The metabolisable energy intake was higher (P < 0.05) in the CORN diet than BP (1320 vs 1044 kJ/kg0.75 BW, respectively). The difference in methane emissions between treatments was significant (P < 0.05) with values of 92 vs 61 kJ/kg0.75 BW for BP and CORN, respectively, indicating that greater levels of starch in diet reduce methane production. Replacing corn with BP reduced significantly the energy body fat deposition (300 vs 44 kJ/kg0.75 BW for CORN and BP diets, respectively). This reduction in energy retention for the BP diet did not compromise milk yield and milk energy output.
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López MC, Estellés F, Moya VJ, Fernández C. Use of dry citrus pulp or soybean hulls as a replacement for corn grain in energy and nitrogen partitioning, methane emissions, and milk performance in lactating Murciano-Granadina goats. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7821-32. [PMID: 25459909 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of substitution of dietary corn grain by dry citrus pulp or soybean hulls on energy and nitrogen partitioning, substrate oxidation, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats during midlactation. Twelve multiparous Murciano-Granadina goats of similar body weight (41.7 ± 2.8 kg) were split in 3 groups in an incomplete crossover design. One group of 4 goats was fed a mixed ration with 605 g/kg of dry matter of corn grain (CRG), another group replaced corn grain with dry citrus pulp (CTP), and the last with soybean hulls (SYH). The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 14 d of adaptation, feed intake, total fecal and urine output, and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5-d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Dry matter intake was similar for all 3 groups (1.53 kg/d, on average). Total replacement of the concentrate with fibrous by-products increased fiber apparent digestibility. The metabolizable energy intake was significantly greater for diet CRG than SYH (1,193 vs. 1,079 kJ/kg of BW⁰·⁷⁵, respectively), CTP showed an intermediate value. The heat production was higher for the fiber diet than starchy diet (908 vs. 843 kJ/kg of BW⁰·⁷⁵ for SYH and CRG, respectively). The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for milk production obtained by regression was 0.59. Goats fed CTP and SYH diets produced similar CH₄ emissions (34.8 g/d, on average), significantly higher compared with goats fed the CRG diet (24.7 g/d). Goats of the 3 treatments were in negative energy balance, so the oxidation of fat was greater than for carbohydrates. No significant differences were observed for milk production (1.72 kg/d), and milk fat was significantly greater for a more fibrous diet compared with a starchy diet (6.57 vs. 4.95% in SYH and CRG, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- M C López
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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13
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Zhang X, Luo H, Hou X, Badgery W, Zhang Y, Jiang C. Effect of restricted time at pasture and indoor supplementation on ingestive behaviour, dry matter intake and weight gain of growing lambs. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Larsson C, Jensen RB, Junghans P, Tauson AH. The oral13C-bicarbonate technique for estimation of energy expenditure in dogs: validation against indirect calorimetry. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:42-54. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.880554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Energy requirements and metabolism of the Phillip's dikdik (Madoqua saltiana phillipsi). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 167:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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López MC, Fernández C. Energy partitioning and substrate oxidation by Murciano-Granadina goats during mid lactation fed soy hulls and corn gluten feed blend as a replacement for corn grain. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4542-52. [PMID: 23628256 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of substituting corn grain by soy hulls and corn gluten feed blend on energy partitioning, substrate oxidation, and milk performance in dairy goats during mid lactation. Ten multiparous Murciano-Granadina goats in mid lactation were fed 2 isoenergetic and isoproteic diets [19.08MJ/kg of dry matter (DM) and 18.7% of CP, DM basis] in a crossover design. One group of 5 goats was fed a mixed ration with 373g of corn grain/kg of DM (CRN diet) and the other diet replaced corn grain with 373g/kg DM of fibrous by-products [soy hulls and gluten feed (SHGF) diet]: 227g of soy hulls/kg of DM and 146g of gluten feed blend/kg DM. Fat was added to the SHGF diet to make it isoenergetic. After 10d of adaptation, the feed intake, refusal, total fecal and urine output, and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5-d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded by a mobile open-circuit respirometry system using a head box for 10d. Dry matter intake was similar for both diets (2.07kg/d, on average). Greater and significant values were found in the SHGF diet for ammonia N, energy in urine, and oxidation of protein. Values were significantly lower for heat production of fermentation, indicating a decrease in rumen fermentation with this diet, probably due to an excess of crude protein in the diet and lack of synchronization of the nonfiber carbohydrates with rumen-degraded protein. The metabolizable energy intake was no different between CRN and SHGF treatments, with an average value of 1,444kJ/kg of BW(0.75). Due to the positive energy balance during mid lactation in this trial, most of the heat production from oxidation of nutrients derived from carbohydrate oxidation (55%, on average), followed by oxidation of fat (29%, on average). No significant differences were observed for milk production, although milk fat was significantly greater for the SHGF diet than the CRN diet (7.0 vs. 5.4%, respectively). Despite the different starch levels and fibrous content used in these mixed diets, no significant differences for the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for late lactation were observed (0.63, on average). An average nutritive value of 7.52MJ of net energy of lactation/kg of DM was obtained. This fibrous by-product was utilized by lactating goats without detrimental effect on energy metabolism and resulted in similar performance to grain bases diet. The economic advantages and sustainability of this choice should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C López
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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17
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Selection of browse species and energy balance of goats grazing on forest understory vegetation in Doñana Natural Park (SW Spain). Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Munn AJ, Cooper CE, Russell B, Dawson TJ, McLeod SR, Maloney SK. Energy and water use by invasive goats (Capra hircus) in an Australian rangeland, and a caution against using broad-scale allometry to predict species-specific requirements. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 161:216-29. [PMID: 22079103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Feral goats (Capra hircus) are ubiquitous across much of Australia's arid and semi-arid rangelands, where they compete with domestic stock, contribute to grazing pressure on fragile ecosystems, and have been implicated in the decline of several native marsupial herbivores. Understanding the success of feral goats in Australia may provide insights into management strategies for this and other invasive herbivores. It has been suggested that frugal use of energy and water contributes to the success of feral goats in Australia, but data on the energy and water use of free-ranging animals are lacking. We measured the field metabolic rate and water turnover rate of pregnant and non-pregnant feral goats in an Australian rangeland during late summer (dry season). Field metabolic rate of pregnant goats (601 ± 37 kJ kg(-0.73)d(-1)) was 1.3 times that of non-pregnant goats (456 ± 24 kJ kg(-0.73)d(-1)). The water turnover rate of pregnant goats (228 ± 18 mL kg(-0.79)d(-1)) was also 1.3 times that of non-pregnant goats (173 ± 18 kg(-0.79)d(-1)), but the difference was not significant (P=0.07). There was no significant difference in estimated dry matter digestibility between pregnant and non-pregnant goats (mean ca. 58%), blood or urine osmolality, or urine electrolyte concentrations, indicating they were probably eating similar diets and were able to maintain osmohomeostasis. Overall, the metabolic and hygric physiology of non-pregnant goats conformed statistically to the predictions for non-marine, non-reproductive placental mammals according to both conventional and phylogenetically independent analyses. That was despite the field metabolic rate and estimated dry matter intake of non-pregnant goats being only 60% of the predicted level. We suggest that general allometric analyses predict the range of adaptive possibilities for mammals, but that specific adaptations, as present in goats, result in ecologically significant departures from the average allometric curve. In the case of goats in the arid Australian rangelands, predictions from the allometric regression would overestimate their grazing pressure by about 40% with implications for the predicted impact on their local ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Munn
- Institute of Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
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Effects of night-locking and stage of production on forage intake, digestion, behavior, and energy utilization by meat goat does grazing grass/legume pasture. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kaufmann L, Münger A, Rérat M, Junghans P, Görs S, Metges C, Dohme-Meier F. Energy expenditure of grazing cows and cows fed grass indoors as determined by the 13C bicarbonate dilution technique using an automatic blood sampling system. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1989-2000. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Larsson C, Junghans P, Tauson AH. Evaluation of the oral ¹³C-bicarbonate tracer technique for the estimation of CO₂ production and energy expenditure in dogs during rest and physical activity. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2010; 46:432-443. [PMID: 20981601 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2010.521821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For feeding of working dogs during their daily life, illness, routine jobs or sporting activities, an accurate determination of their nutritional requirements is essential to ensure their optimal health and performance. To predict the appropriate guidelines about how to feed dogs, it appears essential to determine the energy expenditure (EE) in a reliable and feasible way. In the present experiment, the non-invasive oral ¹³C-bicarbonate tracer technique (o¹³CT), i.e. collection of breath samples after oral administration of NaH¹³CO₃, was used for the estimation of CO₂ production and EE in dogs. Measurements were conducted during two days of rest, and during three days with 3 h of exercise per day. Average EE was 483 and 876 kJ kg⁻⁰·⁷⁵ d⁻¹ during rest and exercise, respectively. The o¹³CT seems appropriate to use as a minimal restrictive and non-invasive method to obtain reliable estimates of EE in dogs at different activity levels under near natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Larsson
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Lahann P, Voigt J, Kühn C, Pfuhl R, Metges CC, Junghans P, Schönhusen U, Hammon HM. Energy expenditure, urea kinetics, and body weight gain within a segregating resource family population. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5118-28. [PMID: 20965327 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beef and dairy cattle represent divergent metabolic types that disseminate nutrients into either meat or milk and differ in nutrient accretion. To investigate nutrient flow and turnover in an animal model combining beef and dairy cattle, a crossbred experiment has been started. An F(2) resource population was generated from Charolais (beef breed) sires and German Holstein (dairy breed) cows as P(0) founders by consistent use of embryo transfer to establish the F(1) and F(2) generations, which accordingly comprised half- and full-sib offspring. In 64 bulls of 5F(2) families, dry matter intake and growth performance were measured monthly, and carcass composition was determined after slaughtering at 18 mo of age. Energy expenditure and urea kinetics were investigated via stable isotope tracer techniques using an intravenous single bolus dose of sodium [(13)C]bicarbonate [2.5 μmol/kg of body weight (BW), 99 atom% (13)C] at 8 and 18 mo of age and of [(15)N]urea (0.28 mg/kg of BW, 99 atom% (15)N) at 8 mo of age, respectively. Insulin responses were measured via glucose tolerances tests at the age of 8 mo. The results revealed significant differences between families for growth performance, energy expenditure, and urea kinetics. In summary, low energy expenditure was associated with high average body mass gain and high insulin response. A greater urea loss was associated with reduced muscle protein in carcass. In addition, corresponding half-sib and full-sib sisters from bulls with highest growth rate indicated highest milk production. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that differences in energy expenditure and urea kinetics result in differences in average daily gain and carcass traits and vice versa in F(2) crossbred bulls with common beef and dairy genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lahann
- Research Unit Nutritional Physiology (Oskar-Kellner), Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Impact of indoor feeding at late lactation stage on body reserves recovery and reproductive performances of Baladi dairy goats fed on pastoral system. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Helal A, Youssef K, El-Shaer H, Gipson T, Goetsch A, Askar A. Effects of acclimatization on energy expenditure by different goat genotypes. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Beker A, Gipson TA, Puchala R, Askar AR, Tesfai K, Detweiler GD, Asmare A, Goetsch AL. Effects of Stocking Rate, Breed and Stage of Production on Energy Expenditure and Activity of Meat Goat Does on Pasture. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2009.9707053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Shearing at the end of summer affects body temperature of free-living Angora goats (Capra aegagrus) more than does shearing at the end of winter. Animal 2009; 3:1025-36. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109004364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Sahlu T, Dawson LJ, Gipson TA, Hart SP, Merkel RC, Puchala R, Wang Z, Zeng S, Goetsch AL. ASAS Centennial Paper: Impact of animal science research on United States goat production and predictions for the future. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:400-18. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lachica M, Aguilera J. Methods to estimate the energy expenditure of goats: From the lab to the field. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Berhan T, Puchala R, Goetsch A, Merkel R. Effects of walking speed and forage consumption on energy expenditure and heart rate by Alpine does. Small Rumin Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Feed blocks as a supplement for goat kids grazing natural Tunisian rangeland during the dry season. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Berhan T, Puchala R, Sahlu T, Merkel RC, Goetsch AL. Effects of Length of Pasture Access on Energy Use by Growing Meat Goats. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2005.9706778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Grazing behavior and energy expenditure by sheep and goats co-grazing grass/forb pastures at three stocking rates. Small Rumin Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nutrient requirements of goats: developed equations, other considerations and future research to improve them. Small Rumin Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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