1
|
Gorski L, Shariat NW, Richards AK, Siceloff AT, Aviles Noriega A, Harhay DM. Growth assessment of Salmonella enterica multi-serovar populations in poultry rinsates with commonly used enrichment and plating media. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104431. [PMID: 38225041 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Isolation of Salmonella from enrichment cultures of food or environmental samples is a complicated process. Numerous factors including fitness in various selective enrichment media, relative starting concentrations in pre-enrichment, and competition among multi-serovar populations and associated natural microflora, come together to determine which serovars are identified from a given sample. A recently developed approach for assessing the relative abundance (RA) of multi-serovar Salmonella populations (CRISPR-SeroSeq or Deep Serotyping, DST) is providing new insight into how these factors impact the serovars observed, especially when different selective enrichment methods are used to identify Salmonella from a primary enrichment sample. To illustrate this, we examined Salmonella-positive poultry pre-enrichment samples through the selective enrichment process in Tetrathionate (TT) and Rappaport Vassiliadis (RVS) broths and assessed recovery of serovars with each medium. We observed the RA of serovars detected post selective enrichment varied depending on the medium used, initial concentration, and competitive fitness factors, all which could result in minority serovars in pre-enrichment becoming dominant serovars post selective enrichment. The data presented provide a greater understanding of culture biases and lays the groundwork for investigations into robust enrichment and plating media combinations for detecting Salmonella serovars of greater concern for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gorski
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amber K Richards
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amy T Siceloff
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ashley Aviles Noriega
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Dayna M Harhay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pavon RDN, Mendoza PDG, Flores CAR, Calayag AMB, Rivera WL. Genotypic virulence profiles and associations in Salmonella isolated from meat samples in wet markets and abattoirs of Metro Manila, Philippines. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:292. [PMID: 36474155 PMCID: PMC9724337 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella are pathogenic foodborne bacteria with complex pathogenicity from numerous virulence genes housed in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), plasmids, and other gene cassettes. However, Salmonella virulence gene distributions and mechanisms remain unestablished. In the Philippines, studies mainly report Salmonella incidences and antimicrobial resistance, but little to none on virulence profiles, their associations to animal sources, collection sites and Salmonella serogroups. Hence, a total of 799 Salmonella isolates, previously obtained from pig, cow, and chicken meat samples in wet markets and abattoirs (wet markets: 124 chicken, 151 cow, and 352 pig meat isolates; abattoirs: 172 pig tonsil and jejunum isolates) in Metro Manila, Philippines, were revived and confirmed as Salmonella through invA gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Isolates were then screened for eight virulence genes, namely avrA, hilA, sseC, mgtC, spi4R, pipB, spvC and spvR, by optimized multiplex PCR and significant pair associations between virulence genes were determined through Fisher's exact test. Gene frequency patterns were also determined. Salmonella serogroups in addition to animal sources and location types were also used to predict virulence genes prevalence using binary logistic regression. RESULTS High frequencies (64 to 98%) of SPI virulence genes were detected among 799 Salmonella isolates namely mgtC, pipB, avrA, hilA, spi4R and sseC, from most to least. However, only one isolate was positive for plasmid-borne virulence genes, spvC and spvR. Diversity in virulence genes across Salmonella serogroups for 587 Salmonella isolates (O:3 = 250, O:4 = 133, O:6,7 = 99, O:8 = 93, O:9 = 12) was also demonstrated through statistical predictions, particularly for avrA, hilA, sseC, and mgtC. mgtC, the most frequent virulence gene, was predicted by serogroup O:9, while sseC, the least frequent, was predicted by serogroup O:4 and chicken animal source. The highest virulence gene pattern involved SPIs 1-5 genes which suggests the wide distribution and high pathogenic potential of Salmonella. Statistical analyses showed five virulence gene pair associations, namely avrA and hilA, avrA and spi4R, hilA and spi4R, sseC and spi4R, and mgtC and pipB. The animal sources predicted the presence of virulence genes, sseC and pipB, whereas location type for hilA and spi4R, suggesting that these factors may contribute to the type and pathogenicity of Salmonella present. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of virulence genes among Salmonella in the study suggests the high pathogenic potential of Salmonella from abattoirs and wet markets of Metro Manila, Philippines which poses food safety and public health concerns and threatens the Philippine food animal industry. Statistical associations between virulence genes and prediction analyses across Salmonella serogroups and external factors such as animal source and location type and presence of virulence genes suggest the diversity of Salmonella virulence and illustrate determining factors to Salmonella pathogenicity. This study recommends relevant agencies in the Philippines to improve standards in food animal industries and increase efforts in monitoring of foodborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rance Derrick N. Pavon
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Paolo D. G. Mendoza
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Camille Andrea R. Flores
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Alyzza Marie B. Calayag
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Egorova SA, Nguyen TQ, Kaftyreva LA, Kozhukhova EA, Makarova MA, Hoang CQ, Vu NH, Dang HT, Tran TQL, Vo TK, Nguyen LT, Nguyen DTN, Bui TLK, Nguyen TLK. Serological structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from human and food items in Southern provinces of Viet Nam. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-spa-1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The article suggests currently relevant data on the serogroup structure and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella strains isolated in the southern provinces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The study included 189 Salmonella strains, isolated from feces of human with acute diarrhea (86 strains) and pork samples (103 strains). Serological identification to O-group was fulfilled by slide agglutination with O- and H- antisera and multiply PCR to detect H phase-1 and phase-2. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was made by disk-diffusion method according EUCAST (version 2019). Strains isolated from human predominantly belonged to O4 group (69,8%), percentage of other serogroups fluctuated from 1,2% (rare group O16) to 11,6 % (O9). About a half of strains (44,7%) isolated from pork turned to belong to О3,10 serogroup (versus 7,0 % of strains from human beings). Such serogroups as О7, О4 and О8 happened to be less frequent (22,3%, 14,6% and 13,6%, respectively). The singular strains belonged to serogroups О9, О13 and О18. Whatever the isolation source about 80% Salmonella strains turned to be resistant to antibiotics from different antimicrobial groups (not to carbapenems): 67,0% were resistant to tetracycline, about a half of strains (54,0, 47,1 and 46,6%) - to pefloxacin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol, up to 40% - to trimetoprime/sulfametoxazole and nalidixic acid. The proportion of strains resistant to ceftriaxone and gentamycin happened to look obviously bigger in those of human origin versus those of pork origin: 12,8% vs.1,0% and 30,2 vs 1,9%, respectively. More over, 62,8% strains of human origin and 43,7% - from pork demonstrated multidrug resistance (to 3 and more antimicrobial groups). The simultaneous resistance to 6 antimicrobial groups was detected much more frequently in Salmonella strains isolated from human beings than in those isolated from pork samples (15,1% vs. 1,0%, respectively) as well. Multidrug resistance demonstrated strains of different serovars, predominantly S. Typhimurium (36,4%). Predominant multidrug resistance phenotype AMP, TE, QN, C, SXT (30,3%) was revealed in serovars S. Typhimurium, S. Bredeney, S. Corvallis, S. Give, S. London, S. Rissen, S. Meleagridis. So, Salmonella strains having been isolated in southern provinces of Viet Nam demonstrated the resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins that given the simultaneous loss of susceptibility to the old antimicrobials (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/ sulfametoxazole) crucially restricts the list of medicines potent to treat complicated salmonellosis cases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Arnold K, Lim S, Rakler T, Rovira A, Satuchne C, Yechezkel E, Wiseman A, Pima Y, Yakunin E, Rokney A, Elnekave E. Using genetic markers for detection and subtyping of the emerging Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Muenchen. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102181. [PMID: 36215738 PMCID: PMC9554807 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) poses a global threat to public health. Poultry, one of the main reservoirs of NTS, is usually not clinically affected by most NTS, yet the economic losses to the poultry industry due to control and mitigation efforts, and due to negative publicity can be tremendous. NTS strains are routinely characterized into serotypes in a time-consuming, labor-intensive multistep process that requires skilled personnel. Moreover, the discriminatory power of serotyping is limited compared to other subtyping methods. Whole-genome sequence data enable the identification of genetic variation within serotypes. However, sequencing is often limited by available resources, and analyzing and interpreting the genetic data may be time-consuming. Source tracing during epidemiological outbreak investigations requires rapid and efficient characterization of strains to control pathogen spread. Here we designed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of genetic variants of Salmonella Muenchen, a serotype that has emerged in Israel in the last 3 yr in both clinical human cases and different hosts. Test sensitivity of 99.21% and specificity of 94 to 100% were determined using in-silico PCR with a dataset of 18,282 NTS assemblies from 37 NTS serotypes. Similarly, test sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96.2 to 100% were determined in-vitro with 120 NTS isolates of 52 serotypes. Moreover, the test enabled differentiation between the common sequence types of serotype Muenchen using both approaches. As opposed to traditional serotyping and other subtyping methods, the designed test allows for rapid and cost-efficient detection of the emerging S. Muenchen serotype and its variants in a single step. Future development of similar assays for other dominant serotypes may help reduce the time and cost required for detection and initial characterization of dominant NTS strains. Overall, these tests will be beneficial to both public health and for reducing of the economic losses to the poultry industry due to NTS infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kalchayanand N, Dass SC, Zhang Y, Oliver EL, Wang B, Wheeler TL. Efficacy of Antimicrobial Interventions Used in Meat Processing Plants against Antimicrobial Tolerant Non-Antibiotic-Resistant and Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella on Fresh Beef. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1114-1121. [PMID: 35653643 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella is a common cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and several strains of Salmonella have been identified as resistant to antibiotics. It is not known whether strains that are antibiotic resistant (ABR) and that have some tolerance to antimicrobial compounds are also able to resist the inactivation effects of antimicrobial interventions used in fresh meat processing. Sixty-eight Salmonella isolates (non-ABR and ABR strains) were treated with half concentrations of lactic acid (LA), peracetic acid (PAA), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), which are used in beef processing plants to screen for tolerant strains. Six strains each from non-ABR and ABR Salmonella that were most tolerant of LA (2%), PAA (200 ppm), and CPC (0.4%) were selected. Selected strains were inoculated on surfaces of fresh beef and subjected to spray wash treatment with 4% LA, 400 ppm PAA, or 0.8% CPC for the challenge study. Tissue samples were collected before and after each antimicrobial treatment for enumeration of survivors. Spray treatment with LA, PAA, or CPC significantly reduced non-ABR Salmonella and ABR Salmonella on surfaces of fresh beef by 1.95, 1.22, and 1.33 log CFU/cm2, and 2.14, 1.45, and 1.43 log CFU/cm2, respectively. The order of effectiveness was LA > PAA = CPC. The findings also indicated that LA, PAA, and CPC were equally (P ≤ 0.05) effective against non-ABR and ABR Salmonella on surfaces of fresh beef. These data contribute to the body of work that indicates that foodborne pathogens that have acquired both antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial tolerance are still equally susceptible to meat processing antimicrobial intervention treatments. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Sapna Chitlapilly Dass
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Yangjunna Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, People's Republic of China
| | - Eric L Oliver
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmidt JW, Vikram A, Doster E, Thomas K, Weinroth MD, Parker J, Hanes A, Geornaras I, Morley PS, Belk KE, Wheeler TL, Arthur TM. Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Retail Ground Beef with and without Label Claims Regarding Antibiotic Use. J Food Prot 2021; 84:827-842. [PMID: 33302298 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Antibiotics used during food animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from six U.S. cities. Samples with an RWA or U.S. Department of Agriculture Organic claim (n = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims (n = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the abundance of 10 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV, 46.3%; RWA, 34.4%; P < 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV, 48.0%; RWA, 37.5%; P = 0.01) was higher in CONV ground beef. Salmonella was detected in 1.2% of samples. The AMR gene blaCTX-M (CONV, 4.1 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 3.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The AMR genes mecA (CONV, 4.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.9 log-normalized abundance; P = 0.05), tet(A) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), tet(B) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), and tet(M) (CONV, 5.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 5.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via ground beef, quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative determination of the human health impacts of the use of antimicrobial agents during beef production. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.]
| | - Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8988 [E.D.]
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Margaret D Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-395X [M.D.W.]
| | - Jennifer Parker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ayanna Hanes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-2628 [I.G.]
| | - Paul S Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8138-2714 [P.S.M.])
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmidt JW, Vikram A, Arthur TM, Belk KE, Morley PS, Weinroth MD, Wheeler TL. Antimicrobial Resistance at Two U.S. Cull Cow Processing Establishments. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2216-2228. [PMID: 32730612 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Culled beef cows (cows that have reached the end of their productive life span in cow-calf operations) and culled dairy cows represent approximately 18% of the cattle harvested in the United States annually, but data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in these cull cattle are extremely limited. To address this data gap, colon contents were obtained from 180 culled conventional beef cows, 179 culled conventional dairy cows, and 176 culled organic dairy cows (produced without using antimicrobials). Sponge samples were also collected from 181 conventional beef, 173 conventional dairy, and 180 organic dairy cow carcasses. These samples were obtained on 6 days (3 days each at two beef harvest and processing establishments). At one establishment, 30 samples of beef manufacturing trimmings from conventional cows and 30 trim samples from organic dairy cows were acquired. All 1,129 samples were cultured for Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli, Salmonella, and 3GCrSalmonella. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from 535 colon content samples, and quantitative PCR assays were performed to assess the abundances of the following 10 antimicrobial resistance genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). For colon contents, only TETrE. coli (P < 0.01), 3GCrE. coli (P < 0.01), and erm(B) (P = 0.03) levels were higher in conventional than in organic cows. Sampling day also significantly affected (P < 0.01) these levels. Production system did not affect the levels of any measured AMR on carcasses or trim. The human health impact of the few significant AMR differences could not be determined due to the lack of standards for normal, background, safe, or basal values. Study results provide key heretofore unavailable data that may inform quantitative microbial risk assessments to address these gaps. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.]
| | - Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-8356 [A.V.]
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-8824 [K.E.B.]
| | - Paul S Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO) Program, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8138-2714 [P.S.M.])
| | - Margaret D Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-395X [M.D.W.]
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Santos PDM, Widmer KW, Rivera WL. PCR-based detection and serovar identification of Salmonella in retail meat collected from wet markets in Metro Manila, Philippines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239457. [PMID: 32997676 PMCID: PMC7526908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect Salmonella from retail meat collected from nine wet markets in Metro Manila, and identify the subtypes of Salmonella isolates using molecular serotyping assays from previously developed primers. Of the 720 collected meat samples, 57.64% were found to be Salmonella-contaminated. The most predominant serogroup was Salmonella O:3, and Salmonella serogroups O:4, O:6,7, O:8, O:9, and undetermined serogroups were also found. Most frequently detected isolates in bovine meat were S. 3:e,h:1,6 (putative identity: S. Anatum) and S: 4:e,h:1,2 (putative identity: S. Saintpaul), in porcine meat was S. 3:e,h:1,6 (putative identity: S. Anatum), and S. 8:i:z6 (putative identity: S. Kentucky) was common in poultry products. This study also demonstrated retail meat samples were contaminated with multiple Salmonella serogroups and serovars. This is the first Philippine study that utilized PCR-based assays to characterize Salmonella isolates down to a serovar level and provides baseline information regarding Salmonella prevalence and serovar distribution in retail meat. Molecular serotyping performed in this study can be used as an alternative approach to traditional serotyping in surveillance of Salmonella in the Philippines since the latter is expensive, time-consuming, and requires skilled technicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Dianne M. Santos
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kenneth W. Widmer
- International Environmental Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, Jin D, Tang YW, Lan R. Comparison of xMAP Salmonella Serotyping Assay With Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:452. [PMID: 33014887 PMCID: PMC7504902 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are a major cause of foodborne illness throughout the world. Traditional serotyping by antisera agglutination has been used as a standard identification method for many years but newer nucleic acid-based tests have become available that may provide advantages in workflow and test turnaround time. In this study, we evaluated the Luminex® xMAP® Salmonella Serotyping Assay (SSA), a multiplex nucleic acid test capable of identifying 85% of the most common Salmonella serotypes, in comparison to the traditional serum agglutination test (SAT) on 4 standard strains and 255 isolates from human (224), environmental, and food (31) samples. Of the total of 259 isolates, 256 could be typed by the SSA. Of these, 197 (77.0%) were fully typed and 59 (23.0%) were partially typed. By SAT, 246 of the 259 isolates (95%) were successfully typed. Sixty isolates had discrepant results between SAT and SSA and were resolved using whole genome sequencing (WGS). By SAT, 80.0% (48/60) of the isolates were consistent with WGS while by SSA 91.7% (55/60) were partially consistent with WGS. By serovar, all 30 serovars except one tested were fully or partially typable. The workflow comparison showed that SSA provided advantages over SAT with a hands-on time (HOT) of 3.5 min and total turnaround time (TAT) of 6 h, as compared to 1 h HOT and 2–6 days TAT for SAT. Overall, this study showed that molecular serotyping is promising as a rapid method for Salmonella serotyping with good accuracy for typing most common Salmonella serovars circulating in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julian Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Huanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Microbiology, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Dazhi Jin
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.,Cepheid, Danaher Diagnostic Platform, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kasturi KN. A real-time PCR for rapid identification of Salmonella enterica Gaminara serovar. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 169:105729. [PMID: 31711901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the leading causes of foodborne illnesses in the USA. When a Salmonella outbreak occurs, rapid identification of the causative serovar is important for tracing the source of contamination and for preventing the further spread of the illness. Each serovar is characterized by the presence of a group-specific somatic O-antigen(s) and an assortment of flagellar phase-1 and phase-2 antigens. As the traditional serotyping protocol is time consuming, labor intensive, and expensive, faster and less expensive molecular diagnostic methods are needed. This report outlines the development of a rapid multiplex real-time PCR procedure that facilitates the identification of Salmonella serogroup I and the serovars of the group. Using Salmonella Gaminara serovar (O16:d:1,7) as an example, first the gene(s) responsible for expression of the somatic O antigen, O16, and the nucleotide sequence of the variable-region of genes encoding the flagellar phase-1 (d) and phase-2 (1,7) antigens were identified. Then, a multiplex real-time PCR was designed that incorporated primers and probes specific for the three target genes and confirmed the specificity. The assay had 100% inclusivity for all three gene targets, detecting 2 genomic DNA copies of O16 and 1,7 gene targets and 10 copies of d gene target. Importance: Rapid molecular methods to identify Salmonella serovars should increase the precision of routine surveillance of clinically important serovars and promote public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuppuswamy N Kasturi
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, Northeast Food and Feed Laboratory, Jamaica, New York 11433, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bosilevac JM, Zhilyaev S, Wang R, Luedtke BE, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Prevalence and Characterization of Salmonella Present during Veal Harvest. J Food Prot 2019; 82:775-784. [PMID: 30986365 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beef and veal products have been vehicles implicated in the transmission of Salmonella enterica, a gastroenteritis-causing bacteria. Recent regulatory samples collected from veal have indicated bob veal, or calves harvested within days of birth, have higher rates of Salmonella than samples collected from formula-fed veal, or calves raised 20 weeks on milk replacer formula before harvest. To investigate this problem, we collected samples from veal calf hides, preevisceration carcasses, and final carcasses at five veal processors that harvested bob or formula-fed veal or both. Prevalence and concentrations of Salmonella were determined, and then the isolates were characterized for serovar and antibiotic susceptibility. Salmonella was more prevalent (P < 0.05) among bob veal than formula-fed veal hides, preevisceration carcasses, and final carcass (84.2 versus 15.6%, 62.8 versus 10.1%, and 12.0 versus 0.4%, respectively). Concentrations of Salmonella could be estimated by using regression order statistics on hides and preevisceration carcasses at two veal plants, with one harvesting bob veal and the other bob and formula-fed veal. The concentration of Salmonella on bob veal hides at the plants was 1.45 ± 0.70 and 2.04 ± 1.00 log CFU/100 cm2, greater (P < 0.05) than on formula-fed veal hides, which was 1.10 ± 1.51 log CFU/100 cm2. Concentrations on carcasses, however, were very low. Seventeen Salmonella serovars were identified among 710 isolates. Salmonella serovars London, Cerro, and Muenster were most common to bob veal and made up 50.7, 18.7, and 6.3% of the isolates, respectively, while serovar Montevideo (6.8% of isolates) was most common to formula-fed veal. Although bob veal had increased prevalence and concentrations of Salmonella, one group of formula-fed veal was found to harbor human disease-related antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars Heidelberg and the monophasic variant of Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-). Veal processors have made changes to improve the safety of veal, but further efforts are necessary from both bob and formula-fed veal to address Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Bosilevac
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-6581 [J.M.B.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-3275 [R.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.])
| | - Samson Zhilyaev
- 2 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1145 Perry Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Rong Wang
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-6581 [J.M.B.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-3275 [R.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.])
| | - Brandon E Luedtke
- 3 University of Nebraska Kearney, 2401 11th Avenue, Kearney, Nebraska 68849 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3349-3270 [B.E.L.])
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-6581 [J.M.B.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-3275 [R.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.])
| | - Mohammad Koohmaraie
- 4 IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group, 15300 Bothell Way N.E., Lake Forest Park, Washington 98155, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fujihara M, Tamamura Y, Tabuchi H, Uegaki K. Identification and phase inversion of Salmonella flagellar antigens, using immuno-discs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:434-439. [PMID: 29415900 PMCID: PMC5880822 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disc immuno-immobilization is a simple method for typing the flagellar phase of Salmonella enterica. We re-examined this method using commercial antisera, which contains the preservative sodium azide.
Originally prepared motility agar activates bacterial motility and renders S. enterica resistant to sodium azide, resulting in the formation of immuno-immobilization lines around reactive immuno-discs.
Though disc immuno-immobilization serves both serotyping and phase inversion, this method is insufficient for the strains in which phase variation rarely occurs. Here, we devised a novel immuno-disc phase inversion
method, and all S. enterica strains tested were identically typed. These methods would drastically simplify the task of S. enterica typing in clinical laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Fujihara
- Hokkaido Hiyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 281-1 Tazawamachi, Esashi, Hiyamagun, Hokkaido 043-0023, Japan
| | - Yukino Tamamura
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tabuchi
- Hokkaido Hiyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 281-1 Tazawamachi, Esashi, Hiyamagun, Hokkaido 043-0023, Japan
| | - Kaho Uegaki
- Hokkaido Hiyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 281-1 Tazawamachi, Esashi, Hiyamagun, Hokkaido 043-0023, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borah P, Porwollik S, Desai P, Nayak P, Borah PP, Cheng P, McClelland M. A simplified multiplex PCR-based typing method for common Salmonella enterica serovars supported by online server-based detection system. Indian J Med Res 2017; 146:272-280. [PMID: 29265030 PMCID: PMC5761039 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1258_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: A rapid and simple alternative method is needed to replace the laborious, time-consuming Salmonella serotyping. The objective of the present study was to improve and simplify a previously reported multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method and to create an online server to enable rapid determination of serovars. Methods: A method of multiplex PCR-based genome typing (MPGT) was standardized using 59 Salmonella isolates of 31 serovars. Several previously reported primers were modified to obtain a more accurate performance. The screen was separated into four different multiplex reactions distinguishable on standard electrophoresis. A blind study was subsequently performed with 81 isolates of 10 serovars most prevalent in India. Whole genome information from 440 Salmonella isolates was used to confirm the usefulness of this method and concurrence of in silico predictions and PCR results were investigated. A public server (http://www.mpgt-salmonella.res.in) was established for data storage and determination of closest previously observed Salmonella isolates based on obtained MPGT patterns. Results: The 16 target genes amplified showed variability in their presence in strains from different serotypes. Hence, identical amplification patterns suggested genetic relatedness of strains and usually identical serological behaviour. The observed absence/presence patterns of genes were converted to an MPGT code. Altogether, 83 different codes were predicted in silico based on the whole genome information of 440 strains. Results confirmed that major serovars usually displayed unique MPGT codes. Interpretation & conclusions: The multiplex PCR assay resulted in specific binary codes for isolates from each of the 31 Salmonella serovars tested. The online server allowed the user to compare obtained PCR results with stored previous patterns. Simplicity, speed and cost-effectiveness make this tool useful for quick outbreak management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Probodh Borah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Deparment of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Prerak Desai
- Deparment of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Prakash Nayak
- Department of Bioinformatics Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Partha Pratim Borah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Pui Cheng
- Deparment of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Deparment of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Silva C, Betancor L, García C, Astocondor L, Hinostroza N, Bisio J, Rivera J, Perezgasga L, Pérez Escanda V, Yim L, Jacobs J, García-del Portillo F, Chabalgoity JA, Puente JL. Characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates causing bacteremia in Lima, Peru, using multiple typing methods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189946. [PMID: 29267322 PMCID: PMC5739443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, different molecular typing tools were applied to characterize 95 Salmonella enterica blood isolates collected between 2008 and 2013 from patients at nine public hospitals in Lima, Peru. Combined results of multiplex PCR serotyping, two- and seven-loci multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes, serotyping, IS200 amplification and RAPD fingerprints, showed that these infections were caused by eight different serovars: Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Typhi, Choleraesuis, Dublin, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B and Infantis. Among these, Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Typhi were the most prevalent, representing 45, 36 and 11% of the isolates, respectively. Most isolates (74%) were not resistant to ten primarily used antimicrobial drugs; however, 37% of the strains showed intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (ISC). Antimicrobial resistance integrons were carried by one Dublin (dfra1 and aadA1) and two Infantis (aadA1) isolates. The two Infantis isolates were multidrug resistant and harbored a large megaplasmid. Amplification of spvC and spvRA regions showed that all Enteritidis (n = 42), Typhimurium (n = 34), Choleraesuis (n = 3) and Dublin (n = 1) isolates carried the Salmonella virulence plasmid (pSV). We conclude that the classic serotyping method can be substituted by the multiplex PCR and, when necessary, sequencing of only one or two loci of the MLST scheme is a valuable tool to confirm the results. The effectiveness and feasibility of different typing tools is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Betancor
- Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Coralith García
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lizeth Astocondor
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Noemí Hinostroza
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Julieta Bisio
- Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Rivera
- Programa de Ingeniería Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lucía Perezgasga
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Victoria Pérez Escanda
- Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Yim
- Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Francisco García-del Portillo
- Laboratorio of Patógenos Bacterianos Intracelulares, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José A. Chabalgoity
- Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José L. Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mascaro V, Pileggi C, Crinò M, Proroga YTR, Carullo MR, Graziani C, Arigoni F, Turno P, Pavia M. Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Calabria, Italy: a laboratory and patient-based survey. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017037. [PMID: 28893751 PMCID: PMC5595191 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there has been a decrease in the number of cases of salmonellosis in the European Union, it still represents the primary cause of foodborne outbreaks. In Calabria region, data are lacking for the incidence of human non-typhoid salmonellosis as active surveillance has never been carried out. OBJECTIVE To report the results of a laboratory and patient-based morbidity survey in Calabria to describe the incidence and distribution of Salmonella serovars isolated from humans, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance patterns. METHODS Positive cultures from human samples were collected from every laboratory participating in the surveillance, with a minimum set of information about each isolate. A questionnaire was then administered to the patients by telephone interview to assess the potential risk exposures.Salmonella isolates underwent biochemical identification, molecular analysis by PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disk-diffusion method. RESULTS During a 2-year period, 105 strains of Salmonella spp were isolated from samples of patients with diarrhoea, with the highest isolation rate for children aged 1-5 years. The standardised rate was 2.7 cases per 1 00 000 population. The most common Salmonella isolates belonged to monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (S. 4,[5],12:i:-) (33.3%), followed by S. Typhimurium (21.9%). 30.5% of the isolates were susceptible to all microbial agents tested and the most common pan-susceptible serotype was S. Napoli (100%). S. 4,[5],12:i:- was resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines in 42.9% cases, while resistance to quinolones was seen in 14.3% of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that an active surveillance system effectively enhances Salmonella notifications. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, including resistance to quinolones and multiresistance, enforces the need to strengthen strategies of surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mascaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Pileggi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Crinò
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Yolande Therese Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology-Centro Pilota Tipizzazione Salmonelle, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Carullo
- Department of Food Microbiology-Centro Pilota Tipizzazione Salmonelle, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Graziani
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Reparto di Epidemiologia Veterinaria e analisi del rischio, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Arigoni
- Dipartimento Tutela della Salute, Task Force per le Attività Veterinarie, Regione Calabria, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale Turno
- Dipartimento Tutela della Salute, Task Force per le Attività Veterinarie, Regione Calabria, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Pavia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liang D, Lu J, Wu Q, Ke B, Jiang C, Long J, Fang Y, Lin L, Zeng N, Fu L, Jiang L. Comparing the ability of luminex xMAP®
salmonella serotyping assay and traditional serotyping method for serotyping salmonella isolated from southern Chinese population. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1668-76. [PMID: 26914944 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.W. Liang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - J.H. Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; The First People's Hospital of Shunde District; Foshan China
| | - Q. Wu
- Haizhu district Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou China
| | - B.X. Ke
- Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou China
| | - C.H. Jiang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - J. Long
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y.P. Fang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - L.J. Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - N.Y. Zeng
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - L. Fu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - L.X. Jiang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
CAMILOTTI E, ROCHA SLDS, TEJKOWSKI TM, MORAES HLDS, SALLE CTP, AVANCINI CAM. Simulação de condições de uso de quaternário de amônio frente amostras de <italic>Salmonella</italic> Hadar isoladas de carcaças de frango. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402015000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Para impedir a dispersão de microrganismos patogênicos ao longo da cadeia avícola medidas de biosseguridade são adotadas, sendo a desinfecção procedimento obrigatório e o composto químico cloreto de benzalcônio (quaternário de amônio) largamente usado para essa finalidade. Devido ao fato de que parte das criações brasileiras localizam-se em regiões com grande amplitude térmica, o mesmo ocorrendo entre as diferentes áreas e secções de matadouros-frigoríficos, executou-se este experimento para verificar a atividade desse desinfetante simulando condições de uso frente a 33 isolados de <italic>Salmonella</italic>Hadar. Pelo teste de suspensão observou-se a inativação bacteriana sob as variáveis concentração (100 e 200 ppm), temperatura (20 ± 2 ºC e 8 ± 2 ºC), carga de matéria orgânica (1 e 3 %) e tempos de contato (5, 10 e 20 minutos). Como resultados, a 20 ± 2 ºC todos os isolados foram inativados nas duas concentrações e cargas orgânicas após 5 minutos de contato. Sob temperatura de 8 ± 2 ºC o desinfetante teve sua atividade comprometida, tendo isolados bacterianos sobrevivido sob todas as variáveis de confronto (33,3% frente 100 ppm e 6,1% frente 200 ppm). Quanto menor a concentração do desinfetante e maior carga orgânica, maior o número de isolados viáveis. Conclui-se que, nas condições do experimento, o cloreto de benzalcônio foi capaz de inativar todos os isolados do sorovar de<italic>Salmonella</italic> confrontados, podendo ser empregado nos procedimentos de desinfecção. No entanto, a baixa temperatura ambiente é fator de limitação na indicação de seu uso.</p>
Collapse
|
18
|
Salazar JK, Wang Y, Yu S, Wang H, Zhang W. Polymerase chain reaction-based serotyping of pathogenic bacteria in food. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 110:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Shi C, Singh P, Ranieri ML, Wiedmann M, Moreno Switt AI. Molecular methods for serovar determination of Salmonella. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:309-25. [PMID: 24228625 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.837862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a diverse foodborne pathogen, which has more than 2600 recognized serovars. Classification of Salmonella isolates into serovars is essential for surveillance and epidemiological investigations; however, determination of Salmonella serovars, by traditional serotyping, has some important limitations (e.g. labor intensive, time consuming). To overcome these limitations, multiple methods have been investigated to develop molecular serotyping schemes. Currently, molecular methods to predict Salmonella serovars include (i) molecular subtyping methods (e.g. PFGE, MLST), (ii) classification using serovar-specific genomic markers and (iii) direct methods, which identify genes encoding antigens or biosynthesis of antigens used for serotyping. Here, we reviewed reported methodologies for Salmonella molecular serotyping and determined the "serovar-prediction accuracy", as the percentage of isolates for which the serovar was correctly classified by a given method. Serovar-prediction accuracy ranged from 0 to 100%, 51 to 100% and 33 to 100% for molecular subtyping, serovar-specific genomic markers and direct methods, respectively. Major limitations of available schemes are errors in predicting closely related serovars (e.g. Typhimurium and 4,5,12:i:-), and polyphyletic serovars (e.g. Newport, Saintpaul). The high diversity of Salmonella serovars represents a considerable challenge for molecular serotyping approaches. With the recent improvement in sequencing technologies, full genome sequencing could be developed into a promising molecular approach to serotype Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Shi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Liu W, Dan X, Shi C, Shi X. Development of a novel multiplex PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
21
|
Schmidt JW, Brichta-Harhay DM, Kalchayanand N, Bosilevac JM, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Prevalence, enumeration, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of salmonella enterica isolates from carcasses at two large United States pork processing plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2716-26. [PMID: 22327585 PMCID: PMC3318825 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07015-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize Salmonella enterica contamination on carcasses in two large U.S. commercial pork processing plants. The carcasses were sampled at three points, before scalding (prescald), after dehairing/polishing but before evisceration (preevisceration), and after chilling (chilled final). The overall prevalences of Salmonella on carcasses at these three sampling points, prescald, preevisceration, and after chilling, were 91.2%, 19.1%, and 3.7%, respectively. At one of the two plants, the prevalence of Salmonella was significantly higher (P < 0.01) for each of the carcass sampling points. The prevalences of carcasses with enumerable Salmonella at prescald, preevisceration, and after chilling were 37.7%, 4.8%, and 0.6%, respectively. A total of 294 prescald carcasses had Salmonella loads of >1.9 log CFU/100 cm(2), but these carcasses were not equally distributed between the two plants, as 234 occurred at the plant with higher Salmonella prevalences. Forty-one serotypes were identified on prescald carcasses with Salmonella enterica serotypes Derby, Typhimurium, and Anatum predominating. S. enterica serotypes Typhimurium and London were the most common of the 24 serotypes isolated from preevisceration carcasses. The Salmonella serotypes Johannesburg and Typhimurium were the most frequently isolated serotypes of the 9 serotypes identified from chilled final carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for selected isolates from each carcass sampling point. Multiple drug resistance (MDR), defined as resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents, was identified for 71.2%, 47.8%, and 77.5% of the tested isolates from prescald, preevisceration, and chilled final carcasses, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the interventions used by pork processing plants greatly reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses, but MDR Salmonella was isolated from 3.2% of the final carcasses sampled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Methodologies for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica subtyping: gold standards and alternatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7877-85. [PMID: 21856826 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05527-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 80 years, subtyping of Salmonella enterica has been routinely performed by serotyping, a method in which surface antigens are identified based on agglutination reactions with specific antibodies. The serotyping scheme, which is continuously updated as new serovars are discovered, has generated over time a data set of the utmost significance, allowing long-term epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella in the food chain and in public health control. Conceptually, serotyping provides no information regarding the phyletic relationships inside the different Salmonella enterica subspecies. In epidemiological investigations, identification and tracking of salmonellosis outbreaks require the use of methods that can fingerprint the causative strains at a taxonomic level far more specific than the one achieved by serotyping. During the last 2 decades, alternative methods that could successfully identify the serovar of a given strain by probing its DNA have emerged, and molecular biology-based methods have been made available to address phylogeny and fingerprinting issues. At the same time, accredited diagnostics have become increasingly generalized, imposing stringent methodological requirements in terms of traceability and measurability. In these new contexts, the hand-crafted character of classical serotyping is being challenged, although it is widely accepted that classification into serovars should be maintained. This review summarizes and discusses modern typing methods, with a particular focus on those having potential as alternatives for classical serotyping or for subtyping Salmonella strains at a deeper level.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rajtak U, Leonard N, Bolton D, Fanning S. A real-time multiplex SYBR Green I polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid screening of salmonella serotypes prevalent in the European Union. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:769-80. [PMID: 21381925 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-step real-time SYBR Green I multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with melting curve analysis was developed for rapid detection of 19 Salmonella serotypes frequently encountered in humans, animals, and animal-associated meat products within the European Union. The first-step single-tube reaction (Multiplex PCR I), consisting of five primer pairs, classified an initial test panel of eight Salmonella serotypes into five groups on the basis of characteristic amplicon melting temperatures produced by each strain. Following designation into groups, two subsequent triplex reactions (Multiplex PCR II-G1 and II-G3) allowed for further identification of five Salmonella serotypes by their melting peak temperatures. Primers for serotype differentiation were designed to target the genes encoding either phase 1 and 2 flagellar antigens fliC and fljB or unique serotype-specific loci. In addition, the assay simultaneously screened for the presence of the ampicilin-amoxicillin, chloramphenicol-florfenicol, streptomycin-spectinomycin, sulfanomides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT)-type multidrug resistance pattern, indicated by the floR gene, and for the Salmonella virulence plasmid encoded by the svp operon in Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. The established multiplex assays were successfully tested on 97 isolates, comprising 37 distinct Salmonella serotypes and 12 non-Salmonella strains. The two-step assay correctly detected 19 of 37 Salmonella serotypes and all non-Salmonella strains produced negative results. Of the 19 serotypes detected in the assays, 7 serotypes, including Salmonella serotypes Ohio, Goldcoast, Livingstone, Kedougou, Enteritidis, Kentucky, ACSSuT-type Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 and DT104b, as well as non-ACSSuT-type Salmonella serotype Typhimurium strains, were definitively identified. The developed multiplex real-time SYBR Green I PCR assay represents a more rapid and reliable method for identification of large numbers of Salmonella serotypes prevalent throughout the European Union than assays using phenotypic serotyping methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rajtak
- School of Agriculture, Food Science, and Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Molecular determination of H antigens of Salmonella by use of a microsphere-based liquid array. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:565-73. [PMID: 21159932 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01323-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotyping of Salmonella has been an invaluable subtyping method for epidemiologic studies for more than 70 years. The technical difficulties of serotyping, primarily in antiserum production and quality control, can be overcome with modern molecular methods. We developed a DNA-based assay targeting the genes encoding the flagellar antigens (fliC and fljB) of the Kauffmann-White serotyping scheme. Fifteen H antigens (H:a, -b, -c, -d, -d/j, -e,h, -i, -k, -r, -y, -z, -z(10), -z(29), -z(35), and -z(6)), 5 complex major antigens (H:G, -EN, -Z4, -1, and -L) and 16 complex secondary antigens (H:2, -5, -6, -7, -f, -m/g,m, -m/m,t, -p, -s, -t/m,t, -v, -x, -z(15), -z(24), -z(28), and -z(51)) were targeted in the assay. DNA probes targeting these antigens were designed and evaluated on 500 isolates tested in parallel with traditional serotyping methods. The assay correctly identified 461 (92.2%) isolates based on the 36 antigens detected in the assay. Among the isolates considered correctly identified, 47 (9.4%) were partially serotyped because probes corresponding to some antigens in the strains were not in the assay, and 13 (2.6%) were monophasic or nonmotile strains that possessed flagellar antigen genes that were not expressed but were detected in the assay. The 39 (7.8%) strains that were not correctly identified possessed an antigen that should have been detected by the assay but was not. Apparent false-negative results may be attributed to allelic divergence. The molecular assay provided results that paralleled traditional methods with a much greater throughput, while maintaining the integrity of the Kauffmann-White serotyping scheme, thus providing backwards-compatible epidemiologic data. This assay should greatly enhance the ability of clinical and public health laboratories to serotype Salmonella.
Collapse
|
25
|
Evidence for a second genomic island conferring multidrug resistance in a clonal group of strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant circulating in Italy, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2103-9. [PMID: 20410351 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01371-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2000s, a new clonal group with resistances to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ASSuT) emerged in Italy among strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-. The PulseNet Europe database allowed us to identify ASSuT strains of both S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant, isolated in Denmark and the United Kingdom, with the same or very closely related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns as the Italian strains, suggesting that the ASSuT clonal group is circulating in different European countries. With the aim of analyzing the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance, resistance genes were identified and their localization was investigated in 66 ASSuT strains and, as controls, in 11 strains with different resistance patterns and PFGE profiles, belonging both to S. Typhimurium and to its monophasic variant, isolated from humans in Italy, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. All the ASSuT strains were positive for the following resistance genes: bla(TEM-1), strA-strB, sul2, and tet(B). A localization experiment demonstrated that the ASSuT resistance genes are chromosomally located. This study confirms that a multidrug-resistant clonal group, ASSuT, of S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant has emerged and is circulating in Italy, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Moreover, the results of this work demonstrate that the multidrug resistance in this clonal group of Salmonella strains is conferred by a new genomic island.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ben Salem I, Aouni M, Mzoughi R. Two five-plex PCRs methods for identification of common Salmonella spp. serotypes. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
27
|
Cardona-Castro N, Sánchez-Jiménez M, Lavalett L, Múñoz N, Moreno J. Development and evaluation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to identify Salmonella serogroups and serotypes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 65:327-30. [PMID: 19822272 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To improve limitations of Salmonella serotyping, 2 multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) were developed using a strategy that identifies first the genes encoding serogroups (rfbJ, wzx). According to the serogroup determined, a second M-PCR identifies serotype (fliC, fljB, wcdB, and sdf-I sequence). Standardization and evaluation of both M-PCRs were carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Cardona-Castro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical - Universidad CES Cra 43 A #52 Sur 99, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Muñoz N, Diaz-Osorio M, Moreno J, Sánchez-Jiménez M, Cardona-Castro N. Development and evaluation of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction procedure to clinically type prevalent Salmonella enterica serovars. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:220-5. [PMID: 20110454 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction procedure was developed to identify the most prevalent clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Genes from the rfb, fliC, fljB, and viaB groups that encode the O, H, and Vi antigens were used to design 15 primer pairs and TaqMan probes specific for the genes rfbJ, wzx, fliC, fljB, wcdB, the sdf-l sequence, and invA, which was used as an internal amplification control. The primers and probes were variously combined into six sets. The first round of reactions used two of these sets to detect Salmonella O:4, O:9, O:7, O:8, and O:3,10 serogroups. Once the serogroups were identified, the results of a second round of reactions that used primers and probes for the flagellar antigen l genes, 1,2; e,h; g,m; d; e,n,x; and z(10), and the Vi gene were used to identify individual serovars. The procedure was standardized using 18 Salmonella reference strains and other enterobacteria. The procedure's reliability and sensitivity was evaluated using 267 randomly chosen serotyped Salmonella clinical isolates. The procedure had a sensitivity of 95.5% and was 100% specific. Thus, our technique is a quick, sensitive, reliable, and specific means of identifying S. enterica serovars and can be used in conjunction with traditional serotyping. Other primer and probe combinations could be used to increase the number of identifiable serovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nélida Muñoz
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Calle 26 51-20 CAN, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hong Y, Liu T, Lee MD, Hofacre CL, Maier M, White DG, Ayers S, Wang L, Berghaus R, Maurer J. A rapid screen of broth enrichments for Salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium by Using an allelotyping multiplex PCR that targets O- and H-antigen alleles. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2198-201. [PMID: 19833046 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella continues to cause significant foodborne outbreaks, best illustrated with recent outbreaks associated with peanut butter, raw tomatoes, and serrano peppers. To ascertain the likely source of the outbreak, bacterial typing is essential to this process. While PCR has become an important detection tool for pathogens in foods, PCR can also identify strain differences by targeting gene(s) or sequences exhibiting polymorphisms or variability in its distribution within the bacterial population. Over 2,500 Salmonella enterica serovars identified based on antigenic differences in lipopolysaccharide and flagellin have been identified to date. We developed an allelotyping PCR scheme that identifies the O and H alleles associated with S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, Typhimurium, and others, with the same antigen alleles but in different O- and H-allele combinations (e.g., S. enterica Kentucky), and validated it as a screen to identify samples contaminated with these Salmonella serovars. We correctly identified poultry samples containing S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Kentucky, and Typhimurium from our multiplex screen of primary enrichments of environmental drag swabs. PCR agreed well (kappa values = 0.81 to 1.0) with conventional serotyping methods used to type salmonellae isolated from primary enrichment. Coupled with Salmonella-specific PCR, such as invA, this allelotyping PCR could prove useful in the identification of Salmonella and specific S. enterica serovars present in foods or the environment and could decrease the time and cost associated with conventional serotyping methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hong
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dionisi AM, Graziani C, Lucarelli C, Filetici E, Villa L, Owczarek S, Caprioli A, Luzzi I. Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Strains ofSalmonella entericaSerotype Typhimurium and Monophasic Variant (S.4,[5],12:i:–) Isolated from Human Infections in Italy. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:711-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Dionisi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Graziani
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Lucarelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Filetici
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Villa
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Slawomir Owczarek
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Caprioli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Luzzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Van Meervenne E, Botteldoorn N, Lokietek S, Vatlet M, Cupa A, Naranjo M, Dierick K, Bertrand S. Turtle-associated Salmonella septicaemia and meningitis in a 2-month-old baby. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1379-1381. [PMID: 19528160 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.012146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A severe case of reptile-associated salmonellosis which caused septicaemia and meningitis in a 2-month-old baby is reported. The infrequent serotype Salmonella enterica subsp.(I) enterica serotype Abony (4,5 : b : enx) was detected in the human sample as well as in the pet turtle's faeces. The importance of regulation and public awareness is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Meervenne
- NRC Salmonella, Section of Bacteriology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadine Botteldoorn
- NRL Foodborne Outbreaks, Section of Bacteriology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Maria Naranjo
- NRL Foodborne Outbreaks, Section of Bacteriology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katelijne Dierick
- NRL Foodborne Outbreaks, Section of Bacteriology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- NRC Salmonella, Section of Bacteriology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ruan P, Xia XP, Sun D, Ojcius DM, Mao YF, Yue WY, Yan J. Recombinant SpaO and H1a as immunogens for protection of mice from lethal infection with Salmonella paratyphi A: implications for rational design of typhoid fever vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 26:6639-44. [PMID: 18834913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is one of two vaccines against typhoid recommended worldwide and is the vaccine generally used in China. However, in recent years a Salmonella paratyphi A strain that is naturally devoid of capsule has caused frequent outbreaks of typhoid fever in Southern China, leading to the need for identification of additional antigens that could be incorporated into new vaccines. SpaO acts as a major invasion factor of Salmonella enterica spp. and H1a is the unique flagellin subunit ofS. paratyphi A. In this study, the two prokaryotic recombinant antigens, rSpaO and rH1a, were expressed and their immunogenicity was demonstrated by the slide agglutination test and Western blot assays. Using PCR and sequencing analysis as well as ELISA, we find that the spaO and h1a genes are widely distributed in 196 S. paratyphi A isolates (97.5 and 100%, respectively), with high expression frequencies for the SpaO (98.0%) and H1a (100%) antigens. The two genes also show high sequence conservation (similarities from 99.31 to 99.88% for both genes). In sera from 172 paratyphoid A patients, anti-SpaO and anti-H1a IgGs were detectable by ELISA, in 94.8 and 98.8% of patients, respectively. Furthermore, 41.7-66.7% of mice immunized with rSpaO or rH1a alone were protected against subsequent infection, and the protection rate rose to 75.0-91.7% in mice co-immunized with the two antigens. As the spaO and h1a genes of S. paratyphi A are sequence conserved, extensively distributed and highly expressed, the rSpaO and rH1a immunogens should be considered in the development of novel vaccines to prevent S. paratyphi A-caused typhoid fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ruan
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
High-throughput molecular determination of salmonella enterica serovars by use of multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1290-9. [PMID: 19261787 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02095-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food-borne illness worldwide and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild animals. In the current study, a high-throughput molecular assay was developed to determine the most common clinical and nonhuman serovars of S. enterica in the United States. Sixteen genomic targets were identified based on their differential distribution among common serovars. Primers were designed to amplify regions of each of these targets in a single multiplex PCR while incorporating a 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled universal primer to fluorescently label all amplicons. The fluorescently labeled PCR products were separated using capillary electrophoresis, and a Salmonella multiplex assay for rapid typing (SMART) code was generated for each isolate, based upon the presence or absence of PCR products generated from each target gene. Seven hundred fifty-one blind clinical isolates of Salmonella from Washington State, collected in 2007 and previously serotyped via antisera, were screened with the assay. A total of 89.6% of the isolates were correctly identified based on comparison to a panel of representative SMART codes previously determined for the top 50 most common serovars in the United States. Of the remaining isolates, 6.2% represented isolates that produced a new SMART code for a previously determined serotype, while the final 8.8% were from serotypes not screened in the original panel used to score isolates in the blinded study. This high-throughput multiplex PCR assay allowed simple and accurate typing of the most prevalent clinical serovars of Salmonella enterica at a level comparable to that of conventional serotyping, but at a fraction of both the cost and time required per test.
Collapse
|
34
|
Perera K, Murray A. Development of a PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1223-1227. [PMID: 18809549 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg is identified serologically on the basis of two surface antigens, somatic (O) polysaccharide and flagellar (H) proteins. This procedure is time-consuming and requires expensive typing reagents. To overcome these problems, a PCR method was developed and validated for the identification of S. Brandenburg. Portions of the invA, rfbJ(B), fliC and fljB genes were targeted for amplification using four pairs of oligonucleotide primers. To validate the assay, genomic DNA from an array of 72 Salmonella strains representing 28 serotypes and 5 non-Salmonella strains from 4 different genera was subjected to PCR. The four targeted genes were correctly amplified only from S. Brandenburg. These results indicate that this PCR assay is a simple, rapid, reliable and reproducible method for the identification of S. Brandenburg that will aid in surveillance, prevention and control of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Perera
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11 222, New Zealand
| | - Alan Murray
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11 222, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Rapid Detection and Serovar Identification of Salmonella in Food and Feeding Stuff. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-008-9057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
36
|
Hong Y, Liu T, Lee MD, Hofacre CL, Maier M, White DG, Ayers S, Wang L, Berghaus R, Maurer JJ. Rapid screening of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg and Typhimurium using a serologically-correlative allelotyping PCR targeting the O and H antigen alleles. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:178. [PMID: 18845003 PMCID: PMC2577679 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Salmonella serotyping is an expensive and time consuming process that requires implementing a battery of O and H antisera to detect 2,541 different Salmonella enterica serovars. For these reasons, we developed a rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based typing scheme to screen for the prevalent S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. RESULTS By analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the genes for O-antigen biosynthesis including wba operon and the central variable regions of the H1 and H2 flagellin genes in Salmonella, designated PCR primers for four multiplex PCR reactions were used to detect and differentiate Salmonella serogroups A/D1, B, C1, C2, or E1; H1 antigen types i, g, m, r or z10; and H2 antigen complexes, I: 1,2; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7 or II: e,n,x; e,n,z15. Through the detection of these antigen gene allele combinations, we were able to distinguish among S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. The assays were useful in identifying Salmonella with O and H antigen gene alleles representing 43 distinct serovars. While the H2 multiplex could discriminate between unrelated H2 antigens, the PCR could not discern differences within the antigen complexes, 1,2; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7 or e,n,x; e,n,z15, requiring a final confirmatory PCR test in the final serovar reporting of S. enterica. CONCLUSION Multiplex PCR assays for detecting specific O and H antigen gene alleles can be a rapid and cost-effective alternative approach to classical serotyping for presumptive identification of S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hong
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tongrui Liu
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- USDA ARS, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station road, Athens, GA 30605. T. Liu- Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Margie D Lee
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Charles L Hofacre
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Marie Maier
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- USDA ARS, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station road, Athens, GA 30605. T. Liu- Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David G White
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Sherry Ayers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Statistics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Roy Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John J Maurer
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tankouo-Sandjong B, Sessitsch A, Stralis-Pavese N, Liebana E, Kornschober C, Allerberger F, Hächler H, Bodrossy L. Development of an oligonucleotide microarray method for Salmonella serotyping. Microb Biotechnol 2008; 1:513-22. [PMID: 21261872 PMCID: PMC3815293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate identification of Salmonella enterica serovars is a prerequisite for any epidemiological investigation. This is traditionally obtained via a combination of biochemical and serological typing. However, primary strain isolation and traditional serotyping is time‐consuming and faster methods would be desirable. A microarray, based on two housekeeping and two virulence marker genes (atpD, gyrB, fliC and fljB), has been developed for the detection and identification of the two species of Salmonella (S. enterica and S. bongori), the five subspecies of S. enterica (II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, VI) and 43 S. enterica ssp. enterica serovars (covering the most prevalent ones in Austria and the UK). A comprehensive set of probes (n = 240), forming 119 probe units, was developed based on the corresponding sequences of 148 Salmonella strains, successfully validated with 57 Salmonella strains and subsequently evaluated with 35 blind samples including isolated serotypes and mixtures of different serotypes. Results demonstrated a strong discriminatory ability of the microarray among Salmonella serovars. Threshold for detection was 1 colony forming unit per 25 g of food sample following overnight (14 h) enrichment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Tankouo-Sandjong
- Austrian Research Centers GmbH, Department of Bioresources, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Salmonella serovar identification using PCR-based detection of gene presence and absence. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2581-9. [PMID: 18524964 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02147-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 2,500 known Salmonella serovars, and some of these can be further subclassified into groups of strains that differ profoundly in their gene content. We refer to these groups of strains as "genovars." A compilation of comparative genomic hybridization data on 291 Salmonella isolates, including 250 S. enterica subspecies I strains from 32 serovars (52 genovars), was used to select a panel of 384 genes whose presence and absence among serovars and genovars was of potential taxonomic value. A subset of 146 genes was used for real-time PCR to successfully identify 12 serovars (16 genovars) in 24 S. enterica strains. A further subset of 64 genes was used to identify 8 serovars (9 genovars) in 12 multiplex PCR mixes on 11 S. enterica strains. These gene panels distinguish all tested S. enterica subspecies I serovars and their known genovars, almost all by two or more informative markers. Thus, a typing methodology based on these predictive genes would generally alert users if there is an error, an unexpected polymorphism, or a potential new genovar.
Collapse
|
39
|
Paniagua GL, Monroy E, García-González O, Alonso J, Negrete E, Vaca S. Two or more enteropathogens are associated with diarrhoea in Mexican children. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2007; 6:17. [PMID: 18162140 PMCID: PMC2246149 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoeal diseases constitute a major public health problem, particularly in the developing world, where the rate of mortality and morbidity is very high. The purpose of this study was to conduct a 2 years and 3 months study in order to determine the prevalence of five enteropathogen diarrheogenic agents in Mexico City. METHODS Faecal samples were obtained from 300 Mexican children diagnosed as positive for diarrhoea, aged > 2 to < 12 years old, and from 80 children matched for age but with no symptoms of the disease (control group). Two multiplex PCR were used to detect Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. In addition, the two protozoan parasites Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar and Giardia intestinalis were detected by conventional methods. RESULTS All diarrhoeal samples were positive for one or more enteropathogens. The most common enteropathogens in diarrhoeal samples were E. histolytica/E. dispar (70.3%), Salmonella (ohio 28.3%; typhimurium 16.3%; infantis 8%; anatum 0.6%; Newport 0.3%), G. intestinalis (33%), E. coli (ETEC 13.3%; EPEC 9.3%; VTEC 8.6%; EIEC 1%) and Shigella spp. (flexneri 1.6%, sonnei 1%). Infections by two (24%) three (16%) and four (12%) pathogens were observed. CONCLUSION This study revealed that 52% of the patients were infected by more than one enteropathogen, notably E. histolitica/E. dispar and Salmonella ohio. These results are useful for clinicians to improve the empiric treatment used in such cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Luz Paniagua
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de Los Barrios, 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kalchayanand N, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Brichta-Harhay DM, Guerini MN, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Microbiological characterization of lamb carcasses at commercial processing plants in the United States. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1811-9. [PMID: 17803136 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the United States produces 203 million lb (ca. 92.1 kg) of domestic lamb and mutton each year, thorough studies of the microbiological safety during lamb processing are lacking. To address this missing information, a total of 2,548 sponge samples from pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses were collected from multiple large commercial lamb processing plants to determine aerobic plate counts, the prevalences of Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and Salmonella. The averages of the aerobic plate counts from pelts, the preevisceration carcasses, and the postintervention carcasses were 6.3, 4.4, and 2.4 log CFU/100 cm2, respectively. The prevalences of E. coli O157:H7 from the pelts, the preevisceration carcasses, and the postintervention carcasses were 12.8, 1.6, and 2.9%, respectively. The average Salmonella prevalences were 14.4, 4.3, and 1.8% for pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses, respectively. The most frequently identified Salmonella serotype was Heidelberg. The prevalences of non-O157 STEC from pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses averaged 86.2, 78.6, and 81.6%, respectively. A total of 488 non-O157 S0TEC strains were isolated from postintervention carcasses. Sixty-nine different serotypes of non-O157 STEC were identified. The most frequently detected serotypes were O91:H14 (40.8%), followed by O5:H19 (18.4%). A small number of STEC serotypes associated with severe human illness were isolated from postintervention carcasses. These were serotypes O76:H19, O128:H2 (0.8%), O146:H8 (2.1%), ) O146:H21, O163:H19, and O174:H8 (1.3%). The results of this study establish a baseline for microbiological quality and prevalences of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and STEC in U.S. lamb processing plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kobayashi H, Kanazaki M, Shimizu Y, Nakajima H, Khatun MM, Hata E, Kubo M. Salmonella isolates from cloacal swabs and footpads of wild birds in the immediate environment of Tokyo Bay. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:309-11. [PMID: 17409651 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 328 cloacal swabs and 163 footpads of wild birds were investigated for the presence of salmonellae. All 19 isolates from cloacal swabs were serotyped as Salmonella Typhimurium susceptible to all five conventional antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, oxytetracycline and nalidixic acid) tested. In contrast, 15 salmonellae isolated from footpads included S. Muenhen, S. Virchow, S. Bareily and S. Bovismorbificans, including S. Typhimurium; these non-Salmonella Typhimurium isolates showed multiple drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kobayashi
- Epidemiology Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tankouo-Sandjong B, Sessitsch A, Liebana E, Kornschober C, Allerberger F, Hächler H, Bodrossy L. MLST-v, multilocus sequence typing based on virulence genes, for molecular typing of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 69:23-36. [PMID: 17208323 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is one of the main causative agents of food-borne disease in man, and can also be the cause of serious systemic illness. Organisms belonging to this genus have traditionally been classified on the basis of the antigenic properties of the cell-surface lipopolysaccharide and of the phase 1 and phase 2 flagellar proteins. Primary isolation, biochemical identification, and serotyping are laborious and time consuming. Molecular identification based on suitable marker genes could be an attractive alternative to conventional bacteriological and serological methods. We have assessed the applicability of two housekeeping genes, gyrB, atpD, in combination with the flagellin genes fliC and fljB in multilocus sequence typing of Salmonella. Sequencing and comparative analysis of sequence data was performed on multiple strains from Austria, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland, representing all subspecies and 22 of the more prevalent non-typhoid S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars. A combination of these four marker genes allowed for a clear differentiation of all the strains analysed, indicating their applicability in molecular typing. The term MLST-v, for multilocus sequence typing based on virulence genes, is proposed to distinguish this approach from MLST based solely on housekeeping genes. An assortative recombination of the fliC gene was found in seven of the analysed serovars indicating multiple phylogenetic origin of these serovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Tankouo-Sandjong
- ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH, Department of Bioresources, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Herrera-León S, Ramiro R, Arroyo M, Díez R, Usera MA, Echeita MA. Blind comparison of traditional serotyping with three multiplex PCRs for the identification of Salmonella serotypes. Res Microbiol 2006; 158:122-7. [PMID: 17258433 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella serotypes are defined on the basis of somatic (O) antigens which define the serogroup and flagellar (H) factor antigens, both of which are present in the cell wall of Salmonella. Most Salmonella organisms alternatively express phase-1 or phase-2 flagellar antigens encoded by fliC and fljB genes, respectively. Our group previously published two multiplex PCRs for distinguishing the most common first- and second-phase antigens. In this paper we describe a third multiplex PCR to identify the most common serogroups (O:B; O:C1; O:C2; O:D and O:E). The combination of these three PCRs enabled us to completely serotype organisms belonging to the Salmonella species. This multiplex PCR includes 10 primers. A total of 67 Salmonella strains belonging to 32 different serotypes were tested. Each strain generated one serogroup-specific fragment ranging between 162 and 615bp. Twenty-eight strains belonging to 21 serotypes, with a serogroup different from those tested in this work, did not generate any fragments. To compare molecular serotyping with traditional serotyping, 500 strains, received according to the order of arrival in the laboratory, were serotyped using both methods. The three multiplex PCRs were able to serotype 84.6% of the tested strains. This method was found to be very helpful in our laboratory as an alternative method for typing strains causing outbreaks, and it can be used to supplement conventional serotyping, since it is also applicable to motionless and rough strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Herrera-León
- Sección de Enterobacterias, Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim S, Frye JG, Hu J, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Gautom R, Boyle DS. Multiplex PCR-based method for identification of common clinical serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3608-15. [PMID: 16943358 PMCID: PMC1594780 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00701-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiplex PCR method has been developed to differentiate between the most common clinical serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica encountered in Washington State and the United States in general. Six genetic loci from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and four from S. enterica serovar Typhi were used to create an assay consisting of two five-plex PCRs. The assays gave reproducible results with 30 different serotypes that represent the most common clinical isolates of S. enterica subsp. enterica. Of these, 22 serotypes gave unique amplification patterns compared with each other and the other 8 serotypes were grouped into four pairs. These were further resolved by two additional PCRs. We compared the data from PCR serotyping with conventional serotyping and found that PCR serotyping was nearly as discriminatory as conventional serotyping was. The results from a blind test screening 111 clinical isolates revealed that 97% were correctly identified using the multiplex PCR assay. The assay can be easily performed on multiple samples with final results in less than 5 h and, in conjunction with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, forms a very robust test method for the molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonghan Kim
- Washington State Department. of Health, Public Health Laboratories, 1610 NE 150th St., Shoreline, WA 98155-7224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sonne-Hansen J, Jenabian SM. Molecular serotyping of Salmonella: identification of the phase 1 H antigen based on partial sequencing of the fliC gene. APMIS 2005; 113:340-8. [PMID: 16011660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_113505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and non-labour-intensive molecular method to identify the phase 1 H antigens of Salmonella. The variable region of the flagellin gene, fliC, from 96 Salmonella strains representing 51 different phase 1 H antigens was sequenced in one direction. Unique sequences were found for 45 of the 51 different antigens. We were not able to separate either H:z42 from H:d; H:g, q from H:g, m, q; H:l, w from H:Rl, z40 or H:l, (v),z13 from H:l,z,13. Several phase 2 H antigens were found to be encoded by fliC. Polymorphism, at the subspecies level, was observed in fliC of H:b, H:d, H:z10, H:z and especially H:k. By this method we were also able to confirm that one monophasic strain possesses a new antigen, H:z91. This study shows that sequence-based typing of the phase 1 H antigen of Salmonella is a good alternative to serotyping when strains are non-typable by serological methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sonne-Hansen
- The Danish Salmonella Centre, SSI Diagnostica, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chiu TH, Pang JC, Hwang WZ, Tsen HY. Development of PCR primers for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis based on the fliC gene. J Food Prot 2005; 68:1575-80. [PMID: 21132962 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.8.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis may cause swine salmonellosis and human infection. Because the conventional method for detection of this Salmonella serovar may take 3 to 5 days, a PCR method for detection was evaluated. By comparing the sequence of the phase 1 flagellin (fliC) gene of Salmonella Choleraesuis with that of other Salmonella serovars and of other bacteria species available in GenBank, two PCR primers (flinC-F and flinC-R) were designed. Using these primers, all 97 Salmonella Choleraesuis strains assayed generated the expected PCR product, with a molecular mass of 963 bp. Except for S. enterica Paratyphi C, Salmonella isolates other than Salmonella Choleraesuis and non-Salmonella isolates, including strains of Enterobacteriaceae, all generated negative PCR results. Salmonella Paratyphi C could be differentiated from Salmonella Choleraesuis through the use of primers designed from the viaB gene. When Salmonella Choleraesuis isolates from swine stool, pork, liver, feed, and human whole blood samples were assayed with a preenrichment step, as low as 1 CFU/g or ml of the original sample could be detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsin Chiu
- Department of Food Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Touron A, Berthe T, Pawlak B, Petit F. Detection of Salmonella in environmental water and sediment by a nested-multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:541-53. [PMID: 15862453 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
From 1995 to 2002, 53 serovars of Salmonella were isolated in the Seine estuary (France). The 3 serovars most frequently found were S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. enterica serovar Infantis and S. enterica serovar Virchow. A nested multiplex PCR (nm-PCR) assay was developed to detect the presence of Salmonella in estuarine water and sediment samples. The target gene used was the phase 1 flagellin fliC chromosomal gene, present in all Salmonella serovars. A set of 4 primers was first used to amplify an 890-bp sequence of the fliC gene, and then a second set of 3 primers was used for the nested PCR. The nmPCR method has been successfully tested for 28 serovars, 13 of which are of epidemiological significance. The detection limit of the assay, without any pre-enrichment step, was estimated at 1 CFU in deionized water, and at 4-5 CFU in the reaction mixture when tested on estuarine water seeded with a Salmonella strain. When the nmPCR was used together with the classical culture method in environmental samples, it gave additional positive results for 11.3% of the sediment samples and 20% of the water samples despite a high background of other bacteria. Overall, the results demonstrated that this molecular approach informed us about the contamination by Salmonella of estuarine water and sediment samples. Positive amplifications suggested the presence of Salmonella DNA and could thus provide information about a recent (culturable) or past (non-culturable, released DNA) contamination of environmental samples by this pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Touron
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, UPRES 2123, Groupe Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mortimer CKB, Peters TM, Gharbia SE, Logan JMJ, Arnold C. Towards the development of a DNA-sequence based approach to serotyping of Salmonella enterica. BMC Microbiol 2004; 4:31. [PMID: 15298703 PMCID: PMC514894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-4-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fliC and fljB genes in Salmonella code for the phase 1 (H1) and phase 2 (H2) flagellin respectively, the rfb cluster encodes the majority of enzymes for polysaccharide (O) antigen biosynthesis, together they determine the antigenic profile by which Salmonella are identified. Sequencing and characterisation of fliC was performed in the development of a molecular serotyping technique. Results FliC sequencing of 106 strains revealed two groups; the g-complex included those exhibiting "g" or "m,t" antigenic factors, and the non-g strains which formed a second more diverse group. Variation in fliC was characterised and sero-specific motifs identified. Furthermore, it was possible to identify differences in certain H antigens that are not detected by traditional serotyping. A rapid short sequencing assay was developed to target serotype-specific sequence motifs in fliC. The assay was evaluated for identification of H1 antigens with a panel of 55 strains. Conclusion FliC sequences were obtained for more than 100 strains comprising 29 different H1 alleles. Unique pyrosequencing profiles corresponding to the H1 component of the serotype were generated reproducibly for the 23 alleles represented in the evaluation panel. Short read sequence assays can now be used to identify fliC alleles in approximately 97% of the 50 medically most important Salmonella in England and Wales. Capability for high throughput testing and automation give these assays considerable advantages over traditional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe KB Mortimer
- Special and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Tansy M Peters
- Special and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Saheer E Gharbia
- Special and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Julie MJ Logan
- Special and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Catherine Arnold
- Special and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Herrera-León S, McQuiston JR, Usera MA, Fields PI, Garaizar J, Echeita MA. Multiplex PCR for distinguishing the most common phase-1 flagellar antigens of Salmonella spp. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2581-6. [PMID: 15184437 PMCID: PMC427890 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.6.2581-2586.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Salmonella serotypes alternatively express either phase-1 or phase-2 flagellar antigens, encoded by the fliC and fljB genes, respectively. Flagellar phase reversal for the identification of both flagellar antigens is not necessary at the genetic level. Variable internal regions of the fliC genes encoding the H:i, H:r, H:l,v, H:e,h, H:z(10), H:b, and H:d antigens have been sequenced; and the specific sites for each antigen in selected Salmonella serotypes have been determined. These results, together with flagellar G-complex variable internal sequences obtained by the Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA, have been used to design a multiplex PCR to identify the G-complex antigens as well as the H:i, H:r, H:l,v, H:e,h, Hz(10), H:b, and H:d first-phase antigens. These antigens are part of the most common Salmonella serotypes possessing first-phase flagellar antigens. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is identified by adding a specific primer pair published previously. This multiplex PCR includes 13 primers. A total of 161 Salmonella strains associated with 72 different serotypes were tested. Each strain generated one first-phase-specific antigen fragment ranging from 100 to 500 bp; Salmonella serotype Enteritidis, however, generated two amplicons of 500 bp that corresponded to the G complex and a 333-bp serotype-specific amplicon, respectively. Twenty-three strains representing 19 serotypes with flagellar genes different from those targeted in this work did not generate any fragments. The method is quick, specific, and reproducible and is independent of the phase expressed by the bacteria when they are tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Herrera-León
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Salmonella y Shigella, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km.2, Madrid 28220, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|