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Soliman AM, Ghorab MM, Bua S, Supuran CT. Iodoquinazolinones bearing benzenesulfonamide as human carbonic anhydrase I, II, IX and XII inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and radiosensitizing activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112449. [PMID: 32485534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we report the design and synthesis of a set of iodinated quinazolinones carrying benzenesulfonamide moiety as carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors. The target compounds showed promising inhibitory activity against the four examined human (h) CA isoforms; I, II, IX and XII. Compounds 4-18 displayed variable inhibition constants, ranging as follows: 7.6-782.8 nM for hCA I, 34.4-412.1 nM for hCA II, 29.1-2225.3 nM for hCA IX and 8.8-429.4 nM for hCA XII. Compound 9, the most potent against the tumor-specific CA IX/CA XII (KI = 29.1 and 8.8 nM) gives the possibility to evaluate its cytotoxicity and selectivity in vitro against HepG-2, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compound 9 showed significant cytotoxicity against the tumor cell lines (IC50 = 1.78, 1.94 and 3.07 μM, respectively) and relatively lower toxicity against WI38 normal cell line. The radiosensitizing activity of compound 9 was evaluated and displayed an increase in the radiation-induced cell death in cancer cells after receiving a single dose of 8 Gy gamma radiation. Thus, radiation was able to enhance the antiproliferative activity of compound 9. Molecular docking of 9 into the active site of CA IX and XII revealed the key interactions that could explain its potent activity and selectivity towards these isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiten M Soliman
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Ghorab
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt.
| | - Silvia Bua
- University of Florence, NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence, NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Soliman AM, Karam HM, Mekkawy MH, Higgins M, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Ghorab MM. Radiomodulatory effect of a non-electrophilic NQO1 inducer identified in a screen of new 6, 8-diiodoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones carrying a sulfonamide moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112467. [PMID: 32502866 PMCID: PMC7355233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen new quinazolinone derivatives bearing benzenesulfonamide moiety with variable acetamide tail were synthesized. The structures assigned to the products were concordant with the microanalytical and spectral data. Compounds 4-18 were screened for their ability to induce the antioxidant enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in cells, a classical target for transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The 2-((6,8-diiodo-4-oxo-3-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)thio)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) acetamide 15 showed the most potent NQO1 inducer activity in vitro. Compound 15 had low toxicity in mice (LD50 = 500 mg/kg). It also reduced the damaging effects of gamma radiation, as assessed by the levels of Nrf2, NQO1, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissues. In addition, compound 15 showed amelioration in the complete blood count of irradiated mice and enhanced survival over a period of 30 days following irradiation. Molecular docking of 15 inside the Nrf2-binding site of Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), the main negative regulator of Nrf2, showed the same binding interactions as that of the co-crystallized ligand considering the binding possibilities and energy scores. These findings suggest that compound 15 could be considered as a promising antioxidant and radiomodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiten M Soliman
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Heba M Karam
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Mai H Mekkawy
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mostafa M Ghorab
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Nasr City P.O. Box 29, Cairo, 11765, Egypt.
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Soliman AM, Karam HM, Mekkawy MH, Ghorab MM. Antioxidant activity of novel quinazolinones bearing sulfonamide: Potential radiomodulatory effects on liver tissues via NF-κB/ PON1 pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ghorab MM, Alsaid MS, El-Gaby MSA, Elaasser MM, Nissan YM. Antimicrobial and anticancer activity of some novel fluorinated thiourea derivatives carrying sulfonamide moieties: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:32. [PMID: 29086809 PMCID: PMC5383913 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various thiourea derivatives have been used as starting materials for compounds with better biological activities. Molecular modeling tools are used to explore their mechanism of action. RESULTS A new series of thioureas were synthesized. Fluorinated pyridine derivative 4a showed the highest antimicrobial activity (with MIC values ranged from 1.95 to 15.63 µg/mL). Interestingly, thiadiazole derivative 4c and coumarin derivative 4d exhibited selective antibacterial activities against Gram positive bacteria. Fluorinated pyridine derivative 4a was the most active against HepG2 with IC50 value of 4.8 μg/mL. Molecular docking was performed on the active site of MK-2 with good results. CONCLUSION Novel compounds were obtained with good anticancer and antibacterial activity especially fluorinated pyridine derivative 4a and molecular docking study suggest good activity as mitogen activated protein kinase-2 inhibitor. Graphical abstract Compound 4a in the active site of MK-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Ghorab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, 113701, Egypt.
| | - Mansour S Alsaid
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S A El-Gaby
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University at Assiut, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yassin M Nissan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ghorab MM, Alsaid MS, El-Gaby MSA, Safwat NA, Elaasser MM, Soliman AM. Biological evaluation of some new N-(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidinyl) thioureido benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:299-310. [PMID: 27597407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel heterocyclic thioureas 3a-u containing sulfonamide moiety have been synthesized by the condensation of isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonamide 2 with a variety of heterocyclic amines. The newly synthesized heterocyclic thioureas were investigated for their antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity were done using well diffusion method. Interestingly, compounds 3j and 3m, showed similar or better activity compared with the reference drug against the tested microorganisms. Although, 3j was less active among its analogues to inhibit the breast carcinoma cells, it exhibit strong broad spectrum antimicrobial activities. However, The results of the cytotoxic activity revealed that compound 3p was the most active against the breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) giving promising IC50 value of 1.72 μg/mL, compared with reference drug (5-flourouracil) with IC50 value of 4.8 μg/mL. The most potent compounds in cytotoxic activity 3b and 3p were further docked inside the active site of CAIX and were found to exhibit a proper binding with the active site amino acids according to their bond lengths, angles and conformational energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Ghorab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mansour S Alsaid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S A El-Gaby
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University in Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Nesreen A Safwat
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aiten M Soliman
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Ozturk I, Hadjikakou S, Tsipis A, Malandrinos G, Kourkoumelis N, Manos M, Tasiopoulos A, Light M, Hursthouse M, Bocanegra P, Butler I, Hadjiliadis N. Structural characterization of the {3[ΗBPMTU] + · 3[X] − · nH 2O} salts (BPMTU = 1,3-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)-2-thiourea and X = Cl, Br, I). A polychlorine network based on O ··· Cl −and OH ··· Cl −interactions. J COORD CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.545123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I.I. Ozturk
- a Department of Chemistry, Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - S.K. Hadjikakou
- a Department of Chemistry, Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - A.C. Tsipis
- a Department of Chemistry, Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - G. Malandrinos
- a Department of Chemistry, Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - N. Kourkoumelis
- b Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - M.J. Manos
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Cyprus , Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - A.J. Tasiopoulos
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Cyprus , Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - M.E. Light
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - M. Hursthouse
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P.E. Bocanegra
- e Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H2A 2K6, Canada
| | - I.S. Butler
- e Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H2A 2K6, Canada
| | - N. Hadjiliadis
- a Department of Chemistry, Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110, Greece
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Wang D, Li YH, Wang YP, Gao RM, Zhang LH, Ye XS. Synthesis and in vitro anti-hepatitis B virus activity of six-membered azanucleoside analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Concise access to N9-mono-, N2-mono- and N2,N9-di-substituted guanines via efficient Mitsunobu reactions. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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De Clercq E. The AMD3100 story: the path to the discovery of a stem cell mobilizer (Mozobil). Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:1655-64. [PMID: 19161986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AMD3100 was found to inhibit HIV-1 and HIV-2 within the 1-10nM concentration range while not being toxic to the host cells at concentrations up to 500 microM, thus achieving a selectivity index of approximately 100,000. The target of action was initially thought to be the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. It appeared only to be the indirect target. The direct target of action turned out to be the co-receptor CXCR4 used by T-lymphotropic HIV strains (now referred to as X4 strains) to enter the cells. Initial (phase I) clinical trials undertaken with AMD3100, as a prelude to its development as a candidate anti-HIV drug for the treatment of AIDS, showed an unexpected side effect: an increase in the white blood cell counts. Apparently, AMD3100 specifically increased CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell counts in the peripheral blood. Stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1), through its interaction with CXCR4, retains the stem cells in the bone marrow (a process referred to as "homing"), and AMD3100 specifically antagonizes this interaction. AMD3100 in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) resulted in the collection of more progenitor cells than G-CSF alone. At present, the major indication for clinical use of AMD3100 (Mozobil) is the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow into the circulating blood for transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Polysaccharides from Gracilaria corticata: Sulfation, chemical characterization and anti-HSV activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 43:346-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang S, Busson R, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of N-methyl-d-ribopyranuronamide nucleosides. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:10062-10067. [PMID: 32287418 PMCID: PMC7126205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of N-methyl-d-ribopyranuronamide nucleosides is described. The key route is the rearrangement of a 1,2-O-isopropylidene protected furanose sugar with a carboxamide function in the 4-position to a ribopyranuronamide ring. The Lewis acid catalyzed condensation of adenine and thymine nucleobases with the per-O-acetylated N-methyl-d-ribopyranuronamide sugar is used to give the target nucleosides as a mixture of the α and β anomers. The mixture was separated and the final compounds were obtained by deacetylation in basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiong Yang
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Busson
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Küçükgüzel I, Tatar E, Küçükgüzel SG, Rollas S, De Clercq E. Synthesis of some novel thiourea derivatives obtained from 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and evaluation as antiviral/anti-HIV and anti-tuberculosis agents. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:381-92. [PMID: 17583388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our previous efforts on N-alkyl/aryl-N'-[4-(4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 1-19 and N-alkyl/aryl-N'-[4-(3-aralkylthio-4-alkyl/aryl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 20-22, a series of novel 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 23-26 and several related thioureas, N-alkyl/aryl-N'-{4-[(4-alkyl/aryl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl}thioureas 27-42 were synthesized for evaluation of their antiviral potency. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the use of (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and HR-MS data. All compounds 1-42 were evaluated in vitro against HIV-1 (IIIB) and HIV-2 (ROD) strains in MT-4 cells, as well as other selected viruses such as HSV-1, HSV-2, Coxsackie virus B4, Sindbis virus and Varicella-zoster virus using HeLa, Vero, HEL and E6SM cell cultures, and anti-tuberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Compounds 4 and 5 showed weak activity against HSV-1, HSV-2 and TK(-) HSV, whereas eight compounds showed marginal activity against Coxsackie virus B4. The most active derivative in this series was compound 38 which showed moderate protection against Coxsackie virus B4 with an MIC value of 16 microg/ml and a selectivity index of 5. This compound was also active against thymidine kinase positive Varicella-zoster virus (TK(+) VZV, OKA strain) with an EC(50) value of 9.9 microg/ml. Compound 38 was the most active compound with 79% inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Küçükgüzel
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tibbiye cad. No. 49, Haydarpaşa 34668 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lu W, Sengupta S, Petersen JL, Akhmedov NG, Shi X. Mitsunobu Coupling of Nucleobases and Alcohols: An Efficient, Practical Synthesis for Novel Nonsugar Carbon Nucleosides. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5012-5. [PMID: 17523669 DOI: 10.1021/jo070515+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple facile synthesis of substituted purine derivatives has been developed by using Mitsunobu conditions for an alcohol and a respective nucleobase. A wide range of alcohols produces good to excellent yield (>90%). The resulting purine analogues show good regioselectivity with N-9 substitution as the dominant products in most of the cases. Application of diastereospecific alcohols reveals a complete inversion of the carbon stereogenic center giving a single diastereomer. More than two dozen novel nucleobase derivatives have been prepared in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Lu
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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Rejman D, Kočalka P, Buděšínský M, Pohl R, Rosenberg I. Synthesis of diastereomeric 3-hydroxy-4-pyrrolidinyl derivatives of nucleobases. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Kočalka P, Pohl R, Rejman D, Rosenberg I. Synthesis of racemic and enantiomeric 3-pyrrolidinyl derivatives of nucleobases. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cos P, Maes L, Vanden Berghe D, Hermans N, Pieters L, Vlietinck A. Plant substances as anti-HIV agents selected according to their putative mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:284-293. [PMID: 14987070 DOI: 10.1021/np034016p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the continuous advances made in antiretroviral combination therapy, AIDS has become the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth worldwide. Today, many research groups are exploring the biodiversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action. In this review, plant substances showing a promising anti-HIV activity are discussed according to the viral targets with which they interact. Most of these compounds, however, interfere with early steps in the HIV replication, such as the virus entry steps and the viral enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase, whereas until now almost no plant compounds have been found to interact with the many other viral targets. Since some plant substances are known to modulate several cellular factors, such as NF-kappa B and TNF-alpha, which are also involved in the replication of HIV, their role as potential anti-HIV products is also discussed. In conclusion, several plant-derived antiviral agents are good candidates to be further studied for their potential in the systemic therapy and/or prophylaxis of HIV infections, most probably in combination with other anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
The discovery and development of the bicyclam AMD3100--a chemokine receptor antagonist--has highlighted the therapeutic potential of such compounds in HIV infection, inflammatory diseases, cancer and stem-cell mobilization. Here, I describe the development process of AMD3100, which began about 15 years ago with the isolation of an impurity, and the basis for the clinical application of AMD3100 and its congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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