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Stojanović NM, Randjelović PJ, Maslovarić A, Kostić M, Raičević V, Sakač M, Bjedov S. How do different bile acid derivatives affect rat macrophage function - Friends or foes? Chem Biol Interact 2023; 383:110688. [PMID: 37648052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to an increased need for new immunomodulatory agents, many previously known molecules have been structurally modified in order to obtain new drugs, preserving at the same time some of the benevolent characteristics of the parent molecule. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of a selected library of bile acid derivatives (BAD) using a broad spectrum of assays, evaluating rat peritoneal macrophages viability, cell membrane damage, lysosomal and adhesion function, and nitric oxide and cytokine production as a response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Also, in silico studies on two bile acid-activated receptors were conducted and the results were related to the observed in vitro effects. All tested BAD exerted significant toxicity in concentrations higher than 10 μM, which was determined based on mitochondria and cell membrane damage in a panel of assays. On the other hand, at lower concentrations, the tested BAD proved to be immunomodulatory since they affected lysosomal function, cell adhesion capacities and the ability to produce inflammatory cytokines in response to a stimulus. One of the compounds proved to exhibit significant toxicity toward macrophages, but also caused a concentration-dependent decrease in nitric oxide levels and was identified as a potential farnesoid X receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola M Stojanović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Pavle J Randjelović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Miloš Kostić
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Vidak Raičević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Sakač
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Srđan Bjedov
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Xu L, Li Y, Wei Z, Bai R, Gao G, Sun W, Jiang X, Wang J, Li X, Pi Y. Chenodeoxycholic Acid (CDCA) Promoted Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation by Regulating Cell Cycle Progression and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in IPEC-J2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112285. [PMID: 36421471 PMCID: PMC9687205 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid (BA), has been demonstrated to play an important role as a signaling molecule in various physiological functions. However, the role of CDCA in regulating intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) function remains largely unknown. Herein, porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were used as an in vitro model to investigate the effects of CDCA on IEC proliferation and explore the underlying mechanisms. IPEC-J2 cells were treated with CDCA, and flow cytometry and transcriptome analysis were adopted to investigate the effects and potential molecular mechanisms of CDCA on the proliferation of IECs. Our results indicated that adding 50 μmol/L of CDCA in the media significantly increased the proliferation of IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, CDCA treatment also hindered cell apoptosis, increased the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells in the cell cycle progression, reduced intracellular ROS, and MDA levels, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, antioxidation enzyme activity (T-AOC and CAT), and intracellular ATP level (p < 0.05). RNA-seq results showed that CDCA significantly upregulated the expression of genes related to cell cycle progression (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), cyclin G2 (CCNG2), cell-cycle progression gene 1 (CCPG1), Bcl-2 interacting protein 5 (BNIP5), etc.) and downregulated the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis (ND1, ND2, COX3, ATP6, etc.). Further KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that CDCA significantly enriched the signaling pathways of DNA replication, cell cycle, and p53. Collectively, this study demonstrated that CDCA could promote IPEC-J2 proliferation by regulating cell cycle progression and mitochondrial function. These findings provide a new strategy for promoting the intestinal health of pigs by regulating intestinal BA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanpin Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zixi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Business Economics, Wageningen University, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xianren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.P.); Tel.: +86-010-82108134 (X.L.)
| | - Yu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.P.); Tel.: +86-010-82108134 (X.L.)
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Abrigo J, Olguín H, Gutierrez D, Tacchi F, Arrese M, Cabrera D, Valero-Breton M, Elorza AA, Simon F, Cabello-Verrugio C. Bile Acids Induce Alterations in Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091706. [PMID: 36139784 PMCID: PMC9495846 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic chronic liver disease is characterized by developing sarcopenia and elevated serum levels of bile acids. Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disorder with the hallmarks of muscle weakness, muscle mass loss, and muscle strength decline. Our previous report demonstrated that deoxycholic acid (DCA) and cholic acid (CA), through the membrane receptor TGR5, induce a sarcopenia-like phenotype in myotubes and muscle fibers. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of DCA and CA on mitochondrial mass and function in muscle fibers and the role of the TGR5 receptor. To this end, muscle fibers obtained from wild-type and TGR5−/− mice were incubated with DCA and CA. Our results indicated that DCA and CA decreased mitochondrial mass, DNA, and potential in a TGR5-dependent fashion. Furthermore, with TGR5 participation, DCA and CA also reduced the oxygen consumption rate and complexes I and II from the mitochondrial electron transport chain. In addition, DCA and CA generated more mitochondrial reactive oxygen species than the control, which were abolished in TGR5−/− mice muscle fibers. Our results indicate that DCA and CA induce mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle fibers through a TGR5-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Abrigo
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8350709, Chile
| | - Hugo Olguín
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Adult Stem Cells, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Danae Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8350709, Chile
| | - Franco Tacchi
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8350709, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina. Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina. Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Mayalen Valero-Breton
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8350709, Chile
| | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (C.C.-V.); Tel.: +56-227-703-665 (F.S. & C.C.-V.)
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8350709, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (C.C.-V.); Tel.: +56-227-703-665 (F.S. & C.C.-V.)
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Kovacevic B, Jones M, Ionescu C, Walker D, Wagle S, Chester J, Foster T, Brown D, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. The emerging role of bile acids as critical components in nanotechnology and bioengineering: Pharmacology, formulation optimizers and hydrogel-biomaterial applications. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Morciano G, Naumova N, Koprowski P, Valente S, Sardão VA, Potes Y, Rimessi A, Wieckowski MR, Oliveira PJ. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: an evolving concept critical for cell life and death. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2489-2521. [PMID: 34155777 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize current knowledge of perhaps one of the most intriguing phenomena in cell biology: the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). This phenomenon, which was initially observed as a sudden loss of inner mitochondrial membrane impermeability caused by excessive calcium, has been studied for almost 50 years, and still no definitive answer has been provided regarding its mechanisms. From its initial consideration as an in vitro artifact to the current notion that the mPTP is a phenomenon with physiological and pathological implications, a long road has been travelled. We here summarize the role of mitochondria in cytosolic calcium control and the evolving concepts regarding the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) and the mPTP. We show how the evolving mPTP models and mechanisms, which involve many proposed mitochondrial protein components, have arisen from methodological advances and more complex biological models. We describe how scientific progress and methodological advances have allowed milestone discoveries on mPTP regulation and composition and its recognition as a valid target for drug development and a critical component of mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Morciano
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Via Corriera 1, Cotignola, Ravenna, 48033, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Natalia Naumova
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Piotr Koprowski
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Sara Valente
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
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Ommati MM, Amjadinia A, Mousavi K, Azarpira N, Jamshidzadeh A, Heidari R. N-acetyl cysteine treatment mitigates biomarkers of oxidative stress in different tissues of bile duct ligated rats. Stress 2021; 24:213-228. [PMID: 32510264 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1777970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a multifaceted clinical complication. Obstructive jaundice induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) is known as an animal model to investigate cholestasis and its associated complications. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant, radical scavenger, and thiol reductant widely investigated for its cytoprotective properties. The current investigation was designed to evaluate the role of NAC treatment on biomarkers of oxidative stress and organ histopathological alterations in a rat model of cholestasis/cirrhosis. BDL animals were supplemented with NAC (100 and 300 mg/kg, i.p, 42 consecutive days). Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the liver, brain, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, serum, and kidney tissue, as well as organ histopathological changes, were monitored. A significant increase in reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation were detected in different tissues of BDL rats. Moreover, tissue antioxidant capacity was hampered, glutathione (GSH) reservoirs were depleted, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were significantly increased in the BDL group. Significant tissue histopathological alterations were evident in cirrhotic animals. It was found that NAC treatment (100 and 300 mg/kg, i.p) significantly mitigated biomarkers of oxidative stress and alleviated tissue histopathological changes in cirrhotic rats. These data represent NAC as a potential protective agent with therapeutic capability in cirrhosis and its associated complications.HIGHLIGHTSCholestasis is a multifaceted clinical complication that affects different organsOxidative stress plays a pivotal role in cholestasis-associated complicationsTissue antioxidant capacity is hampered in different tissues of cholestatic animalsAntioxidant therapy might play a role in the management of cholestasis-induced organ injuryNAC alleviated biomarkers of oxidative stress in cholestatic animalsNAC significantly improved tissues histopathological alterations in cholestatic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Ali Amjadinia
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mousavi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Hua YL, Jia YQ, Zhang XS, Yuan ZW, Ji P, Hu JJ, Wei YM. Baitouweng Tang ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through the regulation of the gut microbiota and bile acids via pathways involving FXR and TGR5. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111320. [PMID: 33578232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, Baitouweng Tang (BTWT) is a commonly prescribed remedy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Herein, the present study aims to assess the anti-colitis activity of BTWT and its underlying mechanisms in UC BALB/c mice. Induction of UC in BALB/c mice was carried out by adding 3.5% DSS in the drinking water of underlined mice. After UC induction, the mice were administrated with BTWT for 7 days. Clinical symptoms were assessed, followed by analyzing the bile acids (BAs) in serum, liver, colon, bile, and feces of UC mice through UPLC-MS/MS. The modified 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was carried out to examine the gut microbiota of feces. BTWT significantly improved the clinical symptoms such as and histological injury and colon shortening in UC induced mice. Furthermore, BTWT remarkably ameliorated colonic inflammatory response. After BTWT treatment, the increased concentrations of UDCA, HDCA, αMCA, βMCA, CA, and GLCA in UC were decreased, and the levels of some BAs, especially CA, αMCA, and βMCA were normalized. Moreover, the relative species abundance and gut microbiota diversity in the BTWT-exposed groups were found to be considerably elevated than those in the DSS-treated group. BTWT increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, and TM7, which were statistically lower in the fecal microbiota of UC mice. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was found to be elevated in the DSS group and normalized after BTWT treatment. BTWT increased the expression of FXR and TGR5 in the liver. BTWT administration improved DSS-induced mice signs by increasing the TGR5 and FXR expression levels. This result was achieved by the regulation of the BAs and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Qian Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Song Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Wen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Ming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China.
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Ghanbarinejad V, Jamshidzadeh A, Khalvati B, Farshad O, Li H, Shi X, Chen Y, Ommati MM, Heidari R. Apoptosis-inducing factor plays a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic and renal injury during cholestasis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1191-1203. [PMID: 33527194 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a clinical complication with different etiologies. The liver is the primary organ influenced in cholestasis. Renal injury is also a severe clinical complication in cholestatic/cirrhotic patients. Several studies mentioned the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment as two mechanistically interrelated events in cholestasis-induced organ injury. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a flavoprotein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This molecule is involved in a distinct pathway of cell death. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of AIF in the pathophysiology of cholestasis-associated hepatic and renal injury. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was used as an animal model of cholestasis. Serum, urine, and tissue samples were collected at scheduled time intervals (3, 7, 14, and 28 days after BDL surgery). Tissues' AIF mRNA levels, as well as serum, urine, and tissue activity of AIF, were measured. Moreover, markers of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis were assessed in the liver and kidney of cholestatic animals. A significant increase in liver and kidney AIF mRNA levels, in addition to increased AIF activity in the liver, kidney, serum, and urine, was detected in BDL rats. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis were raised in the liver and kidney of cholestatic animals, especially at the early stage of the disease. The apoptotic mode of cell death in the liver and kidney was connected to a higher AIF level. These data mention the importance of AIF in the pathogenesis of cholestasis-induced organ injury, especially at the early stage of this disease. Mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) seems to play a pathogenic role in cholestasis-associated hepatic and renal injury. AIF release is directly connected to oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in cholestatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ghanbarinejad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 158371345, Roknabad, Karafarin St, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 158371345, Roknabad, Karafarin St, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalvati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Omid Farshad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 158371345, Roknabad, Karafarin St, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Huifeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanyu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 158371345, Roknabad, Karafarin St, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
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Wu M, Zhang H, Huang Y, Wu W, Huang J, Yan D. Efficiency of Double Plasma Molecular Absorption System on the Acute Severe Cholestatic Hepatitis. Blood Purif 2021; 50:876-882. [PMID: 33508826 DOI: 10.1159/000513161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestasis may lead to hepatic cirrhosis and a longer hospital stay. A part of the patients with cholestasis requires liver transplantation. However, most of the treatment efficiency of cholestatic hepatitis (CH) is not satisfactory. For the patients with severe CH after artificial liver support, there was a lack of systemic evaluation on the treatment efficiency of double plasma molecular absorption system (DPMAS) for acute severe CH. OBJECTIVE We aim to investigate the treatment efficiency of DPMAS on acute severe CH. METHODS This retrospective study involved 309 cases diagnosed with acute severe CH admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University. We compared the prognosis of patients received standard medical therapy (SMT) and SMT + DPMAS. Besides, the effects of DPMAS on total bilirubin (TBIL) and prothrombin time (PT) were investigated. RESULTS DPMAS could significantly reduce the requirements for liver transplantation in the CH patients. After DPMAS therapy, significant decline was noticed in the TBIL, direct bilirubin (DBIL), total bile acid, and cholesterol. The baseline ratio of neutrophil showed significant elevation in the patients received 4 or more DPMAS compared with those received less DPMAS. CONCLUSIONS DPMAS could significantly eliminate the necessity of liver transplantation. The artificial liver support system should be conducted to bring down the bilirubin level and the ratio of cases with severe conditions. In general, DPMAS should be preferred as an artificial liver support therapy for the patients with acute severe CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yandi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,
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Park JH, Kwak BJ, Choi HJ, Kim OH, Hong HE, Lee SC, Kim KH, You YK, Lee TY, Ahn J, Kim SJ. PGC-1α is downregulated in a mouse model of obstructive cholestasis but not in a model of liver fibrosis. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 11:61-74. [PMID: 32860664 PMCID: PMC7780111 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that cholestatic liver damage involves mitochondria dysfunction. However, the precise mechanism by which hydrophobic bile salts cause mitochondrial dysfunction is not clear. In this study, we intended to determine the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury associated with peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ co‐activator 1α (PGC‐1α). A mouse model of cholestatic liver disease was generated by surgical ligation of the bile duct (BDL), and a mouse model of fibrosis was developed through serial administration of thioacetamide. After obtaining liver specimens on scheduled days, we compared the expression of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase 2 [SOD2], catalase, and glutathione peroxidase‐1[GPx‐1]) and PGC‐1α in livers from mice with fibrosis and cholestasis using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. We found that cholestatic livers exhibit lower expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD2, catalase, and PGC‐1α. In contrast, fibrotic livers exhibit higher expression of antioxidant enzymes and PGC‐1α. In addition, cholestatic livers exhibited significantly lower expression of pro‐apoptotic markers (Bax) as compared to fibrotic livers. It is well known that overexpression of PGC‐1α increases mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme expression, and vice versa. Thus, we concluded that obstructive cholestasis decreases expression of PGC‐1α, which may lead to decreased expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, thereby rendering mice with cholestatic livers vulnerable to ROS‐induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Jun Kwak
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kee-Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young Kyoung You
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yun Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joseph Ahn
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Inflammation: Cause or consequence of chronic cholestatic liver injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111133. [PMID: 31972189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a result of obstruction of the biliary tracts. It is a common cause of liver pathology after exposure to toxic xenobiotics and during numerous other liver diseases. Accumulation of bile acids in the liver is thought to be a major driver of liver injury during cholestasis and can lead to eventual liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. As such, current therapy in the field of chronic liver diseases with prominent cholestasis relies heavily on increasing choleresis to limit accumulation of bile acids. Many of these same diseases also present with autoimmunity before the onset of cholestasis though, indicating the inflammation may be an initiating component of the pathology. Moreover, cytotoxic inflammatory mediators accumulate during cholestasis and can propagate liver injury. Anti-inflammatory biologics and small molecules have largely failed clinical trials in these diseases though and as such, targeting inflammation as a means to address cholestatic liver injury remains debatable. The purpose of this review is to understand the different roles that inflammation can play during cholestatic liver injury and attempt to define how new therapeutic targets that limit or control inflammation may be beneficial for patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease.
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12
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Ommati MM, Farshad O, Niknahad H, Arabnezhad MR, Azarpira N, Mohammadi HR, Haghnegahdar M, Mousavi K, Akrami S, Jamshidzadeh A, Heidari R. Cholestasis-associated reproductive toxicity in male and female rats: The fundamental role of mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 2019; 316:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Heidari R, Mohammadi H, Ghanbarinejad V, Ahmadi A, Ommati MM, Niknahad H, Jamshidzadeh A, Azarpira N, Abdoli N. Proline supplementation mitigates the early stage of liver injury in bile duct ligated rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 30:91-101. [PMID: 30205645 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Proline is a proteinogenic amino acid with multiple biological functions. Several investigations have been supposed that cellular proline accumulation is a stress response mechanism. This amino acid acts as an osmoregulator, scavenges free radical species, boosts cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, protects mitochondria, and promotes energy production. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of proline treatment on the liver in bile duct ligated (BDL) rats as an animal model of cholestasis/cirrhosis. Methods BDL rats were supplemented with proline-containing drinking water (0.25% and 0.5% w:v), and samples were collected at scheduled time intervals (3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after BDL surgery). Results Drastic elevation in the serum level of liver injury biomarkers and significant tissue histopathological changes were evident in BDL rats. Markers of oxidative stress were also higher in the liver of BDL animals. It was found that proline supplementation attenuated BDL-induced alteration in serum biomarkers of liver injury, mitigated liver histopathological changes, and alleviated markers of oxidative stress at the early stage of BDL operation (3, 7, and 14 days after BDL surgery). Conclusions The hepatoprotection provided by proline in BDL animals might be associated with its ability to attenuate oxidative stress and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 1583; 71345, Roknabad, Karafarin St., Shiraz, Fars, Iran, Phone: 07131242627-282, Fax: 07131242626, E-mail:
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Vahid Ghanbarinejad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Asrin Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144133111, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Narges Abdoli
- Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Iran Ministry of Health, Fakhr-e Razi Street, Tehran Province, District 11, Tehran 1314715311, Iran, Phone: +98-216-1927429, Fax: +98-216-6427965
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14
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Nho K, Kueider-Paisley A, MahmoudianDehkordi S, Arnold M, Risacher SL, Louie G, Blach C, Baillie R, Han X, Kastenmüller G, Jia W, Xie G, Ahmad S, Hankemeier T, van Duijn CM, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Weiner MW, Doraiswamy PM, Saykin AJ, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Altered bile acid profile in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to neuroimaging and CSF biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:232-244. [PMID: 30337152 PMCID: PMC6454538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bile acids (BAs) are the end products of cholesterol metabolism produced by human and gut microbiome co-metabolism. Recent evidence suggests gut microbiota influence pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) including neuroinflammation and amyloid-β deposition. METHOD Serum levels of 20 primary and secondary BA metabolites from the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 1562) were measured using targeted metabolomic profiling. We assessed the association of BAs with the "A/T/N" (amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration) biomarkers for AD: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, atrophy (magnetic resonance imaging), and brain glucose metabolism ([18F]FDG PET). RESULTS Of 23 BAs and relevant calculated ratios after quality control procedures, three BA signatures were associated with CSF Aβ1-42 ("A") and three with CSF p-tau181 ("T") (corrected P < .05). Furthermore, three, twelve, and fourteen BA signatures were associated with CSF t-tau, glucose metabolism, and atrophy ("N"), respectively (corrected P < .05). DISCUSSION This is the first study to show serum-based BA metabolites are associated with "A/T/N" AD biomarkers, providing further support for a role of BA pathways in AD pathophysiology. Prospective clinical observations and validation in model systems are needed to assess causality and specific mechanisms underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Matthias Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gregory Louie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Colette Blach
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Xianlin Han
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wei Jia
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P Murali Doraiswamy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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15
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Heidari R, Mandegani L, Ghanbarinejad V, Siavashpour A, Ommati MM, Azarpira N, Najibi A, Niknahad H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis-associated cholemic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:271-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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16
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Heidari R, Niknahad H. The Role and Study of Mitochondrial Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Cholestasis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1981:117-132. [PMID: 31016651 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9420-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The blockage of bile flow, cholestasis, could lead to serious clinical outcomes, including severe liver injury. Accumulation of the cytotoxic molecules, such as bile acids, during cholestasis, not only impairs liver function, but also affects other organs, including the kidneys. Although the precise mechanisms of cytotoxicity and organ injury in cholestasis are far from clear, oxidative stress and its subsequent events seem to play a central role in this complication. Oxidative stress acts as a signaling path which could finally lead to cell death and organ injury. At the cellular level, mitochondria are major targets affected by cytotoxic molecules. Mitochondrial impairment could lead to severe outcomes, including cellular energy crisis and release of cell death mediators from this organelle. Therefore, targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction might serve as a therapeutic point of intervention against cholestasis-associated organ injury. In this protocol, an animal model of cholestasis is described, and the techniques for liver mitochondria isolation, evaluating mitochondrial indices of functionality, and assessing biomarkers of oxidative stress in the liver tissue are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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17
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MahmoudianDehkordi S, Arnold M, Nho K, Ahmad S, Jia W, Xie G, Louie G, Kueider-Paisley A, Moseley MA, Thompson JW, St John Williams L, Tenenbaum JD, Blach C, Baillie R, Han X, Bhattacharyya S, Toledo JB, Schafferer S, Klein S, Koal T, Risacher SL, Kling MA, Motsinger-Reif A, Rotroff DM, Jack J, Hankemeier T, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Weiner MW, Doraiswamy PM, van Duijn CM, Saykin AJ, Kastenmüller G, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Altered bile acid profile associates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease-An emerging role for gut microbiome. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:76-92. [PMID: 30337151 PMCID: PMC6487485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiome in central nervous system disorders and a specific role for the gut-brain axis in neurodegeneration. Bile acids (BAs), products of cholesterol metabolism and clearance, are produced in the liver and are further metabolized by gut bacteria. They have major regulatory and signaling functions and seem dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Serum levels of 15 primary and secondary BAs and their conjugated forms were measured in 1464 subjects including 370 cognitively normal older adults, 284 with early mild cognitive impairment, 505 with late mild cognitive impairment, and 305 AD cases enrolled in the AD Neuroimaging Initiative. We assessed associations of BA profiles including selected ratios with diagnosis, cognition, and AD-related genetic variants, adjusting for confounders and multiple testing. RESULTS In AD compared to cognitively normal older adults, we observed significantly lower serum concentrations of a primary BA (cholic acid [CA]) and increased levels of the bacterially produced, secondary BA, deoxycholic acid, and its glycine and taurine conjugated forms. An increased ratio of deoxycholic acid:CA, which reflects 7α-dehydroxylation of CA by gut bacteria, strongly associated with cognitive decline, a finding replicated in serum and brain samples in the Rush Religious Orders and Memory and Aging Project. Several genetic variants in immune response-related genes implicated in AD showed associations with BA profiles. DISCUSSION We report for the first time an association between altered BA profile, genetic variants implicated in AD, and cognitive changes in disease using a large multicenter study. These findings warrant further investigation of gut dysbiosis and possible role of gut-liver-brain axis in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Jia
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gregory Louie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Will Thompson
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lisa St John Williams
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica D Tenenbaum
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Colette Blach
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Xianlin Han
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jon B Toledo
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mitchel Allan Kling
- Behavioral Health Service, Crescenz VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Daniel M Rotroff
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John Jack
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Department of Neurology, Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P Murali Doraiswamy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Serum Metabonomics Analysis of Liver Failure Treated by Nonbioartificial Liver Support Systems. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:2586052. [PMID: 30073154 PMCID: PMC6057414 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2586052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the small molecular metabolic compounds of nonbioartificial liver for treatment of hepatic failure and make further efforts to study the clinical efficacy, mechanism of action, and pathogenesis of hepatic failure. METHODS 52 patients who met the standard of artificial liver treatment for liver failure were enrolled; these patients included 6 cases of acute liver failure (11.54%), 3 cases of subacute liver failure (5.77%), acute-on-chronic liver failure in 10 cases (19.23%), and 33 cases of chronic liver failure (63.46%). Treatment modes included plasma exchange in 34 patients (65.38%), bilirubin adsorption in 9 patients (17.31%), and hemofiltration in 9 patients (17.31%). The clinical efficacy of artificial liver was assessed by monitoring the effects in the near future. Significant changes in metabolic compounds of liver failure in the treatment before and after artificial liver were screened by using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Related metabolic pathways were analyzed by MetaboAnalyst. RESULTS After artificial liver treatment, the liver function and coagulation function of liver failure patients were significantly improved (P < 0.01), the Meld score was lower than that before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Serum metabolomics identified 29 small metabolic compounds and 12 metabolic pathways with variable projection importance (VIP) greater than 1 before and after artificial liver treatment. There were 11 metabolic compounds of VIP over 1 and 7 metabolic pathways in the different modes of artificial liver treatment for chronic liver failure. Among them, bile acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism are the main sources. CONCLUSION Artificial liver treatment can effectively improve liver function and blood coagulation function and Meld score, clinical symptoms and signs in patients with liver failure; the curative effect of artificial liver was verified, which reflected the clinical value of artificial liver in the treatment of liver failure. Artificial liver treatment of liver failure on fatty acids and primary bile acid synthesis pathway was the most significant. The difference of fatty acid, primary bile acid synthesis pathway, and phenylalanine metabolic pathway in different artificial liver patterns of chronic liver failure was the most significant. This provides a new basis for understanding the mechanism of hepatic failure and the mechanism of liver failure by artificial liver treatment.
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Heidari R, Niknahad H, Sadeghi A, Mohammadi H, Ghanbarinejad V, Ommati MM, Hosseini A, Azarpira N, Khodaei F, Farshad O, Rashidi E, Siavashpour A, Najibi A, Ahmadi A, Jamshidzadeh A. Betaine treatment protects liver through regulating mitochondrial function and counteracting oxidative stress in acute and chronic animal models of hepatic injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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20
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Heidari R, Ghanbarinejad V, Mohammadi H, Ahmadi A, Esfandiari A, Azarpira N, Niknahad H. Dithiothreitol supplementation mitigates hepatic and renal injury in bile duct ligated mice: Potential application in the treatment of cholestasis-associated complications. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:1022-1032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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21
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Shinde AB, Baboota RK, Denis S, Loizides-Mangold U, Peeters A, Espeel M, Malheiro AR, Riezman H, Vinckier S, Vaz FM, Brites P, Ferdinandusse S, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Mitochondrial disruption in peroxisome deficient cells is hepatocyte selective but is not mediated by common hepatic peroxisomal metabolites. Mitochondrion 2018; 39:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Heidari R, Ghanbarinejad V, Mohammadi H, Ahmadi A, Ommati MM, Abdoli N, Aghaei F, Esfandiari A, Azarpira N, Niknahad H. Mitochondria protection as a mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective effects of glycine in cholestatic mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1086-1095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Chatterjee S, Bijsmans IT, van Mil SW, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Toxicity and intracellular accumulation of bile acids in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes: Role of glycine conjugates. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Gomes AP, Price NL, Ling AJY, Moslehi JJ, Montgomery MK, Rajman L, White JP, Teodoro JS, Wrann CD, Hubbard BP, Mercken EM, Palmeira CM, de Cabo R, Rolo AP, Turner N, Bell EL, Sinclair DA. Declining NAD(+) induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging. Cell 2014; 155:1624-38. [PMID: 24360282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ever since eukaryotes subsumed the bacterial ancestor of mitochondria, the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes have had to closely coordinate their activities, as each encode different subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging, but its causes are debated. We show that, during aging, there is a specific loss of mitochondrial, but not nuclear, encoded OXPHOS subunits. We trace the cause to an alternate PGC-1α/β-independent pathway of nuclear-mitochondrial communication that is induced by a decline in nuclear NAD(+) and the accumulation of HIF-1α under normoxic conditions, with parallels to Warburg reprogramming. Deleting SIRT1 accelerates this process, whereas raising NAD(+) levels in old mice restores mitochondrial function to that of a young mouse in a SIRT1-dependent manner. Thus, a pseudohypoxic state that disrupts PGC-1α/β-independent nuclear-mitochondrial communication contributes to the decline in mitochondrial function with age, a process that is apparently reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Gomes
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nathan L Price
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alvin J Y Ling
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Javid J Moslehi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Magdalene K Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Luis Rajman
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James P White
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - João S Teodoro
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christiane D Wrann
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Basil P Hubbard
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evi M Mercken
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Anabela P Rolo
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Eric L Bell
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Paul F. Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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25
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Hepatocyte-based in vitro model for assessment of drug-induced cholestasis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:124-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Perreault M, Białek A, Trottier J, Verreault M, Caron P, Milkiewicz P, Barbier O. Role of glucuronidation for hepatic detoxification and urinary elimination of toxic bile acids during biliary obstruction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80994. [PMID: 24244729 PMCID: PMC3828276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary obstruction, a severe cholestatic condition, results in a huge accumulation of toxic bile acids (BA) in the liver. Glucuronidation, a conjugation reaction, is thought to protect the liver by both reducing hepatic BA toxicity and increasing their urinary elimination. The present study evaluates the contribution of each process in the overall BA detoxification by glucuronidation. Glucuronide (G), glycine, taurine conjugates, and unconjugated BAs were quantified in pre- and post-biliary stenting urine samples from 12 patients with biliary obstruction, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The same LC-MS/MS procedure was used to quantify intra- and extracellular BA-G in Hepatoma HepG2 cells. Bile acid-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells was evaluated using MTS reduction, caspase-3 and flow cytometry assays. When compared to post-treatment samples, pre-stenting urines were enriched in glucuronide-, taurine- and glycine-conjugated BAs. Biliary stenting increased the relative BA-G abundance in the urinary BA pool, and reduced the proportion of taurine- and glycine-conjugates. Lithocholic, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were the most cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic/necrotic BAs for HepG2 cells. Other species, such as the cholic, hyocholic and hyodeoxycholic acids were nontoxic. All BA-G assayed were less toxic and displayed lower pro-apoptotic/necrotic effects than their unconjugated precursors, even if they were able to penetrate into HepG2 cells. Under severe cholestatic conditions, urinary excretion favors the elimination of amidated BAs, while glucuronidation allows the conversion of cytotoxic BAs into nontoxic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Perreault
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrzej Białek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Verreault
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Caron
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver Research Laboratories, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Liver Unit, Department of Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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27
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Morgan RE, van Staden CJ, Chen Y, Kalyanaraman N, Kalanzi J, Dunn RT, Afshari CA, Hamadeh HK. A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:216-41. [PMID: 23956101 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is expressed at the canalicular domain of hepatocytes, where it serves as the primary route of elimination for monovalent bile acids (BAs) into the bile canaliculi. The most compelling evidence linking dysfunction in BA transport with liver injury in humans is found with carriers of mutations that render BSEP nonfunctional. Based on mounting evidence, there appears to be a strong association between drug-induced BSEP interference and liver injury in humans; however, causality has not been established. For this reason, drug-induced BSEP interference is best considered a susceptibility factor for liver injury as other host- or drug-related properties may contribute to the development of hepatotoxicity. To better understand the association between BSEP interference and liver injury in humans, over 600 marketed or withdrawn drugs were evaluated in BSEP expressing membrane vesicles. The example of a compound that failed during phase 1 human trials is also described, AMG 009. AMG 009 showed evidence of liver injury in humans that was not predicted by preclinical safety studies, and BSEP inhibition was implicated. For 109 of the drugs with some effect on in vitro BSEP function, clinical use, associations with hepatotoxicity, pharmacokinetic data, and other information were annotated. A steady state concentration (C(ss)) for each of these annotated drugs was estimated, and a ratio between this value and measured IC₅₀ potency values were calculated in an attempt to relate exposure to in vitro potencies. When factoring for exposure, 95% of the annotated compounds with a C(ss)/BSEP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 were associated with some form of liver injury. We then investigated the relationship between clinical evidence of liver injury and effects to multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) believed to play a role in BA homeostasis. The effect of 600+ drugs on MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4 function was also evaluated in membrane vesicle assays. Drugs with a C(ss)/BSEP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 and a C(ss)/MRP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 had almost a 100% correlation with some evidence of liver injury in humans. These data suggest that integration of exposure data, and knowledge of an effect to not only BSEP but also one or more of the MRPs, is a useful tool for informing the potential for liver injury due to altered BA transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Morgan
- * Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Discovery Toxicology
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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29
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Uncovering the beginning of diabetes: the cellular redox status and oxidative stress as starting players in hyperglycemic damage. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 376:103-10. [PMID: 23292031 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early hyperglycemic insult can lead to permanent, cumulative damage that might be one of the earliest causes for a pre-diabetic situation. Despite this, the early phases of hyperglycemic exposure have been poorly studied. We have previously demonstrated that mitochondrial injury takes place early on upon hyperglycemic exposure. In this work, we demonstrate that just 1 h of hyperglycemic exposure is sufficient to induce increased mitochondrial membrane potential and generation. This is accompanied (and probably caused) by a decrease in the cells' NAD(+)/NADH ratio. Furthermore, we show that the modulation of the activity of parallel pathways to glycolysis can alter the effects of hyperglycemic exposure. Activation of the pentose phosphate pathway leads to diminished effects of glucose on the above parameters, either by removing glucose from glycolysis or by NADPH generation. We also demonstrate that the hexosamine pathway inhibition also leads to a decreased effect of excess glucose. So, this work demonstrates the need for increased focus of study on the reductive status of the cell as one of the most important hallmarks of initial hyperglycemic damage.
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30
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Price NL, Gomes AP, Ling AJ, Duarte FV, Martin-Montalvo A, North BJ, Agarwal B, Ye L, Ramadori G, Teodoro JS, Hubbard BP, Varela AT, Davis JG, Varamini B, Hafner A, Moaddel R, Rolo AP, Coppari R, Palmeira CM, de Cabo R, Baur JA, Sinclair DA. SIRT1 is required for AMPK activation and the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function. Cell Metab 2012; 15:675-90. [PMID: 22560220 PMCID: PMC3545644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1132] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol induces mitochondrial biogenesis and protects against metabolic decline, but whether SIRT1 mediates these benefits is the subject of debate. To circumvent the developmental defects of germline SIRT1 knockouts, we have developed an inducible system that permits whole-body deletion of SIRT1 in adult mice. Mice treated with a moderate dose of resveratrol showed increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function, AMPK activation, and increased NAD(+) levels in skeletal muscle, whereas SIRT1 knockouts displayed none of these benefits. A mouse overexpressing SIRT1 mimicked these effects. A high dose of resveratrol activated AMPK in a SIRT1-independent manner, demonstrating that resveratrol dosage is a critical factor. Importantly, at both doses of resveratrol no improvements in mitochondrial function were observed in animals lacking SIRT1. Together these data indicate that SIRT1 plays an essential role in the ability of moderate doses of resveratrol to stimulate AMPK and improve mitochondrial function both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L. Price
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Ana P. Gomes
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alvin J.Y. Ling
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Filipe V. Duarte
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Martin-Montalvo
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Brian J. North
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Beamon Agarwal
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lan Ye
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Giorgio Ramadori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joao S. Teodoro
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Basil P. Hubbard
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Ana T. Varela
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - James G. Davis
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Behzad Varamini
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Angela Hafner
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro Portugal
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universita’ Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David A. Sinclair
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Corresponding author: David A. Sinclair ()
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31
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Xu SC, Chen YB, Lin H, Pi HF, Zhang NX, Zhao CC, Shuai L, Zhong M, Yu ZP, Zhou Z, Bie P. Damage to mtDNA in liver injury of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis: the protective effects of mitochondrial transcription factor A. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1543-51. [PMID: 22306509 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver cholestasis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to oxidative stress and mtDNA damage leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the mtDNA alterations that occurred during liver injury in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Along with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a decrease in ATP levels, extrahepatic cholestatic patients presented a significant increase in mitochondrial 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and decreases in mtDNA copy number, mtDNA transcript levels, and mtDNA nucleoid structure. In L02 cells, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) induced similar damage to the mtDNA and mitochondria. In line with the mtDNA alterations, the mRNA and protein levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) were significantly decreased both in cholestatic patients and in GCDCA-treated L02 cells. Moreover, overexpression of TFAM could efficiently attenuate the mtDNA damage induced by GCDCA in L02 cells. However, without its C-tail, ΔC-TFAM appeared less effective against the hepatotoxicity of GCDCA than the wild-type TFAM. Overall, our study demonstrates that mtDNA damage is involved in liver damage in extrahepatic cholestatic patients. The mtDNA damage is attributable to the loss of TFAM. TFAM has mtDNA-protective effects against the hepatotoxicity of bile acid during cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Cheng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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32
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Duarte FV, Teodoro JS, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Exposure to dibenzofuran triggers autophagy in lung cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 209:35-42. [PMID: 22173198 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, such as dioxins and furans, are extremely toxic and related with pulmonary disease development. Exposure of A549 human lung cells to dibenzofuran showed both time- and concentration-dependent decreases in cell proliferation and MTT reduction, but no alterations in cell viability. No differences were observed in the number of apoptotic nuclei, which can be due to the energetic failure caused by dibenzofuran-induced ATP depletion. Moreover, cells in culture exposed to the pollutant showed an increase in the conversion of LC3, a protein involved in the autophagic process. Incubation of A549 lung cells with dibenzofuran caused an increase in Lysotracker Red staining, indicating an increase in lysosomal vacuoles content. These results suggest that exposure to dibenzofuran affects lung mitochondrial phosphorylative function, causing an increase in the population of dysfunctional mitochondria and an impairment in the energetic status maintenance, therefore stimulating autophagy as a possible rescue mechanism in this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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33
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Gomes AP, Duarte FV, Nunes P, Hubbard BP, Teodoro JS, Varela AT, Jones JG, Sinclair DA, Palmeira CM, Rolo AP. Berberine protects against high fat diet-induced dysfunction in muscle mitochondria by inducing SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:185-95. [PMID: 22027215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) has recently been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in rodent models of insulin resistance. Although this effect was explained partly through an observed activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the upstream and downstream mediators of this phenotype were not explored. Here, we show that BBR supplementation reverts mitochondrial dysfunction induced by High Fat Diet (HFD) and hyperglycemia in skeletal muscle, in part due to an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we observe that the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction by BBR, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as BBR-induced AMPK activation, are blocked in cells in which SIRT1 has been knocked-down. Taken together, these data reveal an important role for SIRT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in the preventive effects of BBR on diet-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Gomes
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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34
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SRT1720 improves survival and healthspan of obese mice. Sci Rep 2011; 1:70. [PMID: 22355589 PMCID: PMC3216557 DOI: 10.1038/srep00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirt1 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that extends lifespan in lower organisms and improves metabolism and delays the onset of age-related diseases in mammals. Here we show that SRT1720, a synthetic compound that was identified for its ability to activate Sirt1 in vitro, extends both mean and maximum lifespan of adult mice fed a high-fat diet. This lifespan extension is accompanied by health benefits including reduced liver steatosis, increased insulin sensitivity, enhanced locomotor activity and normalization of gene expression profiles and markers of inflammation and apoptosis, all in the absence of any observable toxicity. Using a conditional SIRT1 knockout mouse and specific gene knockdowns we show SRT1720 affects mitochondrial respiration in a Sirt1- and PGC-1α-dependent manner. These findings indicate that SRT1720 has long-term benefits and demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of designing novel molecules that are safe and effective in promoting longevity and preventing multiple age-related diseases in mammals.
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35
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Morgan RE, Trauner M, van Staden CJ, Lee PH, Ramachandran B, Eschenberg M, Afshari CA, Qualls CW, Lightfoot-Dunn R, Hamadeh HK. Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:485-500. [PMID: 20829430 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is an efflux transporter, driving the elimination of endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates from hepatocytes into the bile. More specifically, it is responsible for the elimination of monovalent, conjugated bile salts, with little or no assistance from other apical transporters. Disruption of BSEP activity through genetic disorders is known to manifest in clinical liver injury such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2. Drug-induced disruption of BSEP is hypothesized to play a role in the development of liver injury for several marketed or withdrawn therapeutics. Unfortunately, preclinical animal models have been poor predictors of the liver injury associated with BSEP interference observed for humans, possibly because of interspecies differences in bile acid composition, differences in hepatobiliary transporter modulation or constitutive expression, as well as other mechanisms. Thus, a BSEP-mediated liver liability may go undetected until the later stages of drug development, such as during clinical trials or even postlicensing. In the absence of a relevant preclinical test system for BSEP-mediated liver injury, the toxicological relevance of available in vitro models to human health rely on the use of benchmark compounds with known clinical outcomes, such as marketed or withdrawn drugs. In this study, membrane vesicles harvested from BSEP-transfected insect cells were used to assess the activity of more than 200 benchmark compounds to thoroughly investigate the relationship between interference with BSEP function and liver injury. The data suggest a relatively strong association between the pharmacological interference with BSEP function and human hepatotoxicity. Although the most accurate translation of risk would incorporate pharmacological potency, pharmacokinetics, clearance mechanisms, tissue distribution, physicochemical properties, indication, and other drug attributes, the additional understanding of a compound's potency for BSEP interference should help to limit or avoid BSEP-related liver liabilities in humans that are not often detected by standard preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Morgan
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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36
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Maillette de Buy Wenniger L, Beuers U. Bile salts and cholestasis. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:409-18. [PMID: 20434968 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile salts have a crucial role in hepatobiliary and intestinal homeostasis and digestion. Primary bile salts are synthesized by the liver from cholesterol, and may be modified by the intestinal flora to form secondary and tertiary bile salts. Bile salts are efficiently reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen to undergo enterohepatic circulation. In addition to their function as a surfactant involved in the absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins bile salts are potent signaling molecules in both the liver and intestine. Under physiological conditions the bile salt pool is tightly regulated, but the adaptive capacity may fall short under cholestatic conditions. Elevated serum and tissue levels of potentially toxic hydrophobic bile salts during cholestasis may cause mitochondrial damage, apoptosis or necrosis in susceptible cell types. Therapeutic nontoxic bile salts may restore impaired hepatobiliary secretion in cholestatic disorders. The hydrophilic bile salt ursodeoxycholate is today regarded as the effective standard treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and is implicated for use in various other cholestatic conditions. Novel therapeutic bile salts that are currently under evaluation may also prove valuable in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Maillette de Buy Wenniger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Dacremont G, Wanders RJA. Toxicity of peroxisomal C27-bile acid intermediates. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 96:121-8. [PMID: 19136287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes play an important role in bile acid biosynthesis because the last steps of the synthesis pathway are performed by the beta-oxidation system located inside peroxisomes. As a consequence, C(27)-bile acid intermediates accumulate in several peroxisomal disorders. It has been suggested that C(27)-bile acids are especially toxic and contribute to the liver disease associated with peroxisomal disorders. For this reason, we investigated the toxicity of C(27)-bile acids and the underlying mechanisms. We studied the effects of conjugated and unconjugated C(27)-bile acids on cell viability, mitochondrial respiratory chain function and production of oxygen radicals in the rat hepatoma cell line McA-RH7777. Cell viability decreased progressively after incubation with increasing concentrations of different bile acids with dihydroxycholestanoic acid (DHCA) being clearly the most cytotoxic bile acid. In addition, the different bile acids caused a dose-dependent decrease in ATP synthesis by isolated mitochondria oxidizing malate and glutamate. Finally, there was a dose-dependent stimulation of ROS generation in the presence of C(27)-bile acids. In conclusion, our studies showed that C(27)-bile acids are more cytotoxic than mature C(24)-bile acids. In addition, C(27)-bile acids are potent inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation and enhance mitochondrial ROS production by inhibiting the respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rehman H, Ramshesh VK, Theruvath TP, Kim I, Currin RT, Giri S, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. NIM811 (N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporine), a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor, attenuates cholestatic liver injury but not fibrosis in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:699-706. [PMID: 18801946 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.143578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis causes hepatocyte death, possibly because of mitochondrial injury. This study investigated whether NIM811 (N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporine), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), attenuates cholestatic liver injury in vivo. Cholestasis was induced in mice by bile duct ligation (BDL). NIM811 was gavaged (20 mg/kg) before BDL and daily (10 mg/kg) afterward. Mitochondrial depolarization, cell death, and MPT onset were assessed by intravital confocal/multiphoton microscopy of rhodamine 123, propidium iodide, and calcein. After BDL, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatic necrosis, and apoptosis all increased. NIM811 decreased ALT, necrosis, and apoptosis by 60 to 86%. In vehicle-treated mice at 6 h after BDL, viable hepatocytes with depolarized mitochondria were 18/high-power field (hpf), and nonviable cells were approximately 1/hpf, showing that depolarization preceded necrosis. Calcein entered mitochondria after BDL, indicating MPT onset in vivo. NIM811 decreased depolarization by 72%, prevented calcein entry into mitochondria, and blocked release of cytochrome c. Hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1, procollagen alpha1(I) mRNA, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and Sirius red staining for collagen increased after BDL but were not different in vehicle- and NIM811-treated mice. Taken together, NIM811 decreased cholestatic necrosis and apoptosis but did not block fibrosis, indicating that the MPT plays an important role in cholestatic cell death in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical, Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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39
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Abstract
Mitochondria have multiple functions in eukaryotic cells and are organized into dynamic tubular networks that continuously undergo changes through coordinated fusion and fission and migration through the cytosol. Mitochondria integrate cell-signaling networks, especially those involving the intracellular messenger Ca(2+), into the regulation of metabolic pathways. Recently, it has become clear that mitochondria are central to the three main cell death pathways, namely necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. This article discusses the role of mitochondria in drug-induced cholestatic injury to the liver. The role of mitochondria in the cellular adaptation against the toxic effects of bile acids is discussed also.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E N Kass
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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40
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Utanohara S, Tsuji M, Momma S, Morio Y, Oguchi K. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on glycochenodeoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. Toxicology 2005; 214:77-86. [PMID: 16023280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been widely used for treating cholestatic liver diseases. However, in a recent review of clinical trial articles, its therapeutic benefits were not proven. Therefore, we investigated whether UDCA prevents or potentiates glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-induced apoptosis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocellular cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and apoptosis evaluated by DNA fragmentation, caspase activities, release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, and mitochondrial membrane potential change (Deltapsi). When hepatocytes were co-incubated with GCDCA and UDCA for a short time (2-6 h), GCDCA-induced LDH release was significantly reduced, while prolonged co-incubation (12-20 h) increased it. Similarly, the same co-incubation for a short time resulted in the inhibition of caspase activities and cytochrome C release, while prolonged incubation enhanced them compared with the incubation with GCDCA alone. Furthermore, UDCA significantly promoted the GCDCA-induced Deltapsi decline after 4h of incubation. These results demonstrated that UDCA reduced GCDCA-induced apoptosis in short incubation, but potentiated it in prolonged incubation. Based on these, we propose a hypothesis that induction of Deltapsi decrease from earlier stage of incubation may be responsible for the aggravation of GCDCA-induced apoptosis in long-term exposure, and would like to raise caution about clinical long-term use of UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Utanohara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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41
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Damelin LH, Coward S, Choudhury SF, Chalmers SA, Cox IJ, Robertson NJ, Revial G, Miles M, Tootle R, Hodgson HJF, Selden C. Altered mitochondrial function and cholesterol synthesis influences protein synthesis in extended HepG2 spheroid cultures. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 432:167-77. [PMID: 15542055 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of hepatocytes and HepG2 cells provide useful in vitro models of liver specific function. In this study, we investigated metabolic and biosynthetic function in 3-D HepG2 spheroid cultures, in particular to characterise changes on prolonged culture. We show that HepG2 cells cultured in spheroids demonstrate a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration following 10 days of culture. This coincides with a modest reduction in glycolysis but an increase in glucose uptake where increased glycogen synthesis occurs at the expense of the intracellular ATP pool. Lowered biosynthesis coincides with and is linked to mitochondrial functional decline since low glucose-adapted spheroids, which exhibit extended mitochondrial function, have stable biosynthetic activity during extended culture although biosynthetic function is lower. This indicates that glucose is required for biosynthetic output but sustained mitochondrial function is required for the maintenance of biosynthetic function. Furthermore, we show that cholesterol synthesis is markedly increased in spheroids cf. monolayer culture and that inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by lovastatin extends mitochondrial and biosynthetic function. Therefore, increased cholesterol synthesis and/or its derivatives contributes to mitochondrial functional decline in extended HepG2 spheroid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Damelin
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and UCL Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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Palmeira CM, Rolo AP. Mitochondrially-mediated toxicity of bile acids. Toxicology 2004; 203:1-15. [PMID: 15363577 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the healthy hepatocyte, uptake of bile acids across the basolateral membrane and export via the canalicular export pump, are tightly coupled. Impairment of bile formation or excretion results in cholestasis, characterized by accumulation of bile acids in systemic blood and within the hepatocyte. When the concentration of bile acids exceeds the binding capacity of the binding protein located in the cytosol of the hepatocyte, bile acids induce apoptosis and necrosis, by damage to mitochondria. Mitochondria play a central role on the toxicity of bile acids. In this article, we review the published literature regarding bile acid effects on cell function, especially at the mitochondrial level. In patients with cholestatic liver disease, the extent of hepatocyte damage caused by intracellular accumulation of bile acids appears to be delayed by ingesting a hydrophilic bile acid. However, its effects on disease progression are not completely clarified. Therefore, identification of the mechanisms of cell injury will be of clinical utility, helping in the development of new therapeutic strategies. The goal of this review is to include a fresh consideration of all possible targets and integrating pathways that are involved in cholestasis, as well as in the benefits of bile acid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Palmeira
- Department of Zoology, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.
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