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Li Y, Chen L, Huang R, Li Y, Yang C, Gui B, Li Y, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Grass carp SERPINA1 inhibits GCRV infection through degrading CF2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969517. [PMID: 36159797 PMCID: PMC9494734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SERPINA1, a member of the serine protease inhibitor family, plays a role in viral infection and inflammation by regulating the activities of serine and cysteine proteases. To date, there have been no reports on the immune function of SERPINA1 in fishes. In this study, we first cloned the serpina1 gene of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and found that it could respond rapidly to the infection of Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), and overexpression of serpina1 could enhance the antiviral response of CIK cells. A polyclonal antibody of SERPINA1 was prepared, and the protein interacting with SERPINA1 was screened by CoIP/MS in grass carp hepatopancreas tissue. It was found that SERPINA1 interacted with coagulation factor 2 (CF2) and could degrade it in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, overexpression of cf2 contributed to the infection of GCRV in CIK cells, whereas co-expression of serpina1 and cf2 in grass carp reduced the copy number of GCRV in cells. The results showed that grass carp SERPINA1 could inhibit GCRV infection by degrading CF2. This study proposes that SERPINA1 can inhibit viral infection through interaction with the coagulation factor, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism of SERPINA1’s antiviral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Huang,
| | - Yangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Stephenson SE, Wilson CL, Crothers K, Attia EF, Wongtrakool C, Petrache I, Schnapp LM. Impact of HIV infection on α 1-antitrypsin in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L583-L592. [PMID: 29351445 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00214.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Emphysema is one of the most common lung diseases in HIV+ individuals. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated emphysema remains unclear; however, radiographic distribution and earlier age of presentation of emphysema in the lungs of HIV+ patients are similar to deficiency of α1-antitrypsin (A1AT), a key elastase inhibitor in the lung. Reduced levels of circulating A1AT in HIV+ patients suggest a potential mechanism for emphysema development. In the present study we asked if A1AT levels and activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) differ in HIV+ and HIV- patients with and without emphysema. A1AT levels were measured by ELISA in plasma and BALF from a cohort of 21 HIV+ and 29 HIV- patients with or without emphysematous changes on chest CT scan. To analyze A1AT function, we measured elastase activity in the BALF and assessed oxidation and polymerization of A1AT by Western blotting. Total A1AT was increased in the BALF, but not in the plasma, of HIV+ compared with HIV- patients, regardless of the presence or absence of emphysema. However, antielastase activity was decreased in BALF from HIV+ patients, suggesting impaired A1AT function. Higher levels of the oxidized form of A1AT were detected in BALF from HIV+ than HIV- patients, which may account for the decreased antielastase activity. These findings suggest that, in the lungs of HIV+ patients, posttranslational modifications of A1AT produce a "functional deficiency" of this critical elastase inhibitor, which may contribute to emphysema development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Stephenson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carole L Wilson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kristina Crothers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Engi F Attia
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Cherry Wongtrakool
- Pulmonary Section, Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Irina Petrache
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado , Denver, Colorado
| | - Lynn M Schnapp
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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Sahu A, Kumar S, Sreenivasamurthy SK, Selvan LDN, Madugundu AK, Yelamanchi SD, Puttamallesh VN, Dey G, Anil AK, Srinivasan A, Mukherjee KK, Gowda H, Satishchandra P, Mahadevan A, Pandey A, Prasad TSK, Shankar SK. Host response profile of human brain proteome in toxoplasma encephalitis co-infected with HIV. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:39. [PMID: 25404878 PMCID: PMC4232683 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma encephalitis is caused by the opportunistic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Primary infection with T. gondii in immunocompetent individuals remains largely asymptomatic. In contrast, in immunocompromised individuals, reactivation of the parasite results in severe complications and mortality. Molecular changes at the protein level in the host central nervous system and proteins associated with pathogenesis of toxoplasma encephalitis are largely unexplored. We used a global quantitative proteomic strategy to identify differentially regulated proteins and affected molecular networks in the human host during T. gondii infection with HIV co-infection. Results We identified 3,496 proteins out of which 607 proteins were differentially expressed (≥1.5-fold) when frontal lobe of the brain from patients diagnosed with toxoplasma encephalitis was compared to control brain tissues. We validated differential expression of 3 proteins through immunohistochemistry, which was confirmed to be consistent with mass spectrometry analysis. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins indicated deregulation of several pathways involved in antigen processing, immune response, neuronal growth, neurotransmitter transport and energy metabolism. Conclusions Global quantitative proteomic approach adopted in this study generated a comparative proteome profile of brain tissues from toxoplasma encephalitis patients co-infected with HIV. Differentially expressed proteins include previously reported and several new proteins in the context of T. gondii and HIV infection, which can be further investigated. Molecular pathways identified to be associated with the disease should enhance our understanding of pathogenesis in toxoplasma encephalitis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1559-0275-11-39) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apeksha Sahu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India
| | - Satwant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Sreelakshmi K Sreenivasamurthy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - Lakshmi Dhevi N Selvan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India
| | - Soujanya D Yelamanchi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024 India
| | | | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India
| | | | - Anand Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Kanchan K Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | | | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India ; Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 1205 USA ; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India ; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India ; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India ; NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
| | - Susarla Krishna Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India ; Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
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Ferreira TCDS, Sampaio EP, Argañaraz GA, Gondim MVP, Shapiro L, Argañaraz ER. Increased prevalence of the alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency-related S gene in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Med Virol 2013; 86:23-9. [PMID: 24122823 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Large variation exists in susceptibility to infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV), and disease progression. These observations demonstrate a role for antiretroviral host factors. Several reports describe α1-antitrypsin (A1AT), the most abundant circulating serine protease inhibitor, as a potent suppressor of HIV infection and replication. We identified the normal (M) and most common deficiency-associated (S and Z) isoforms of the A1AT gene in patients infected with HIV from four multicenter cohorts. The level of disease progression in the patients was characterized and the patients were grouped into as elite controllers (EC), long-term non-progressors (LTNP), or progressors (Prog). No significant difference in the distribution of A1AT alleles was observed in the EC, LTNP, or Prog groups. However, significantly increased prevalence of the A1AT deficiency-associated S allele was observed in HIV-infected patients compared to the prevalence of S A1AT in the general population. These results suggest that deficiency in A1AT may be a risk factor for acquisition of HIV infection, but physiological A1AT concentrations do not affect disease progression after infection occurs.
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5
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Linde ME, Colquhoun DR, Ubaida Mohien C, Kole T, Aquino V, Cotter R, Edwards N, Hildreth JEK, Graham DR. The conserved set of host proteins incorporated into HIV-1 virions suggests a common egress pathway in multiple cell types. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2045-54. [PMID: 23432411 DOI: 10.1021/pr300918r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 incorporates a large array of host proteins into virions. Determining the host protein composition in HIV virions has technical difficulties, including copurification of microvesicles. We developed an alternative purification technique using cholesterol that differentially modulates the density of virions and microvesicles (density modification, DM) allowing for high-yield virion purification that is essential for tandem mass spectrometric and quantitative proteomic (iTRAQ) analysis. DM purified virions were analyzed using iTRAQ and validated against Optiprep (60% iodixanol) purified virions. We were able to characterize host protein incorporation in DM-purified HIV particles derived from CD4+ T-cell lines; we compared this data set to a reprocessed data set of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) derived HIV-1 using the same bioinformatics pipeline. Seventy-nine clustered proteins were shared between the MDM derived and T-cell derived data set. These clusters included an extensive collection of actin isoforms, HLA proteins, chaperones, and a handful of other proteins, many of which have previously been documented to interact with viral proteins. Other proteins of note were ERM proteins, the dynamin domain containing protein EH4, a phosphodiesterase, and cyclophilin A. As these proteins are incorporated in virions produced in both cell types, we hypothesize that these proteins may have direct interactions with viral proteins or may be important in the viral life cycle. Additionally, identified common set proteins are predicted to interact with >1000 related human proteins. Many of these secondary interacting proteins are reported to be incorporated into virions, including ERM proteins and adhesion molecules. Thus, only a few direct interactions between host and viral proteins may dictate the host protein composition in virions. Ultimately, interaction and expression differences in host proteins between cell types may drive virion phenotypic diversity, despite conserved viral protein-host protein interactions between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Linde
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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6
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Jia Q, Jiang X, Yu F, Qiu J, Kang X, Cai L, Li L, Shi W, Liu S, Jiang S, Liu K. Short cyclic peptides derived from the C-terminal sequence of α1-antitrypsin exhibit significant anti-HIV-1 activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2393-5. [PMID: 22406118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serpin A1 (α1-AT), the largest subgroup of serpins, presents in human plasma at high concentration and plays important regulatory roles in physiological and pathological processes. Accumulated evidence suggests that α1-AT may play a role in controlling HIV-1 infection. In this study, we designed and synthesized a set of short linear peptides derived from the C-terminal sequence of α1-AT. Since none of them showed significant anti-HIV-1 activity, we proceeded to synthesize four short cyclic peptides having 7 amino acids, and we found that three of them exhibited significant anti-HIV-1 activity. One of these cyclic peptides, designated CPM, inhibited HIV-1 entry and infection at low μM level, indicating that these short cyclic peptides could serve as leads for the development of novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Jia
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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7
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Bristow CL, Babayeva MA, LaBrunda M, Mullen MP, Winston R. α1Proteinase inhibitor regulates CD4+ lymphocyte levels and is rate limiting in HIV-1 disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31383. [PMID: 22363634 PMCID: PMC3281957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of adult stem cell migration through human hematopoietic tissue involves the chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 (CD184). In addition, human leukocyte elastase (HLE) plays a key role. When HLE is located on the cell surface (HLE(CS)), it acts not as a proteinase, but as a receptor for α(1)proteinase inhibitor (α(1)PI, α(1)antitrypsin, SerpinA1). Binding of α(1)PI to HLE(CS) forms a motogenic complex. We previously demonstrated that α(1)PI deficiency attends HIV-1 disease and that α(1)PI augmentation produces increased numbers of immunocompetent circulating CD4(+) lymphocytes. Herein we investigated the mechanism underlying the α(1)PI deficiency that attends HIV-1 infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS Active α(1)PI in HIV-1 subjects (median 17 µM, n = 35) was significantly below normal (median 36 µM, p<0.001, n = 30). In HIV-1 uninfected subjects, CD4(+) lymphocytes were correlated with the combined factors α(1)PI, HLE(CS) (+) lymphocytes, and CXCR4(+) lymphocytes (r(2) = 0.91, p<0.001, n = 30), but not CXCL12. In contrast, in HIV-1 subjects with >220 CD4 cells/µl, CD4(+) lymphocytes were correlated solely with active α(1)PI (r(2) = 0.93, p<0.0001, n = 26). The monoclonal anti-HIV-1 gp120 antibody 3F5 present in HIV-1 patient blood is shown to bind and inactivate human α(1)PI. Chimpanzee α(1)PI differs from human α(1)PI by a single amino acid within the 3F5-binding epitope. Unlike human α(1)PI, chimpanzee α(1)PI did not bind 3F5 or become depleted following HIV-1 challenge, consistent with the normal CD4(+) lymphocyte levels and benign syndrome of HIV-1 infected chimpanzees. The presence of IgG-α(1)PI immune complexes correlated with decreased CD4(+) lymphocytes in HIV-1 subjects. CONCLUSIONS This report identifies an autoimmune component of HIV-1 disease that can be overcome therapeutically. Importantly, results identify an achievable vaccine modification with the novel objective to protect against AIDS as opposed to the current objective to protect against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bristow
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America.
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8
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Caffrey M. HIV envelope: challenges and opportunities for development of entry inhibitors. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:191-7. [PMID: 21377881 PMCID: PMC3071980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The HIV envelope proteins glycoprotein 120 (gp120) and glycoprotein 41 (gp41) play crucial roles in HIV entry, therefore they are of extreme interest in the development of novel therapeutics. Studies using diverse methods, including structural biology and mutagenesis, have resulted in a detailed model for envelope-mediated entry, which consists of multiple conformations, each a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, the challenges, strategies and progress to date for developing novel entry inhibitors directed at disrupting HIV gp120 and gp41 function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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9
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Wiederin JL, Donahoe RM, Anderson JR, Yu F, Fox HS, Gendelman HE, Ciborowski PS. Plasma proteomic analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus infection of rhesus macaques. J Proteome Res 2011; 9:4721-31. [PMID: 20677826 DOI: 10.1021/pr1004345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral replication in its target cells affects a delicate balance between cellular cofactors required for virus propagation and immunoregulation for host defense. To better elucidate cellular proteins linked to viral infection, we tested plasma from rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency viral strain SIVsmm9, prior to, 10 days (acute), and 49 weeks (chronic) after viral infection. Changes in plasma protein content were measured by quantitative mass spectrometry by isobaric tags for absolute and relative quantitation (iTRAQ) methods. An 81 and 232% increase in SERPINA1 was seen during acute and chronic infection, respectively. Interestingly, gelsolin, vitamin D binding protein and histidine rich glycoprotein were decreased by 45% in acute conditions but returned to baseline during chronic infection. When compared to uninfected controls, a 48-103% increase in leucine rich alpha 2-glycoprotein, vitronectin, and ceruloplasmin was observed during chronic viral infection. Observed changes in plasma proteins expression likely represent a compensatory host response to persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Wiederin
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5880, USA
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10
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Blanco I, Janciauskiene S, Nita I, Fernández-Bustillo E, Cárcaba V, Gallo C, Alvarez-Rico M, de Serres F, Béridze N. Low plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency-related fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol 2009; 29:189-97. [PMID: 19924498 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-009-1318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in blood inflammatory markers have been associated with clinical manifestations and the pathogenesis of the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS); a relationship between inherited alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and FMS has also been recently raised. In this study, plasma levels of inflammatory markers in FMS patients with and without AATD have been investigated. Blood samples from 138 age-matched females (79 FMS) and 59 general population (GP), with normal MM [n = 82 (59.4%)] and with MS, MZ, SZ, and ZZ AATD genotypes [n = 56 (40.6%)], were analyzed by ELISA for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), soluble TNFalpha receptors I and II, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Plasma levels of MCP-1, VEGF, and TNFalpha were significantly lower in FMS and GP subjects with AATD compared with those with normal MM-AAT genotypes. Moreover, plasma levels of MCP-1, VEGF, and TNFalpha were lower in AATD subjects with FMS than in those without FMS (P = 0.000, 0.000, and 0.046, respectively). No statistical differences were found for the other substances measured. Furthermore, a logistic regression model based on plasma MCP-1 cutoff value of <or=130 pg/ml allowed us to discriminate between FMS and GP subjects with a sensitivity of about 93% and a specificity of 79%. Low plasma levels of MCP-1, VEGF, and TNFalpha are related to AATD, although more markedly in FMS patients. Thus, hypotheses considering FMS as an inflammatory condition related to high plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers cannot be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Blanco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Valle del Nalón Hospital, 33920, Riaño-Langreo, Principado de Asturias, Spain.
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11
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Congote LF. Serpin A1 and CD91 as host instruments against HIV-1 infection: are extracellular antiviral peptides acting as intracellular messengers? Virus Res 2007; 125:119-34. [PMID: 17258834 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serpin A1 (alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor) has been shown to be a non-cytolytic antiviral factor present in blood and effective against HIV infection. The best known physiological role of serpin A1 is to inhibit neutrophil elastase, a proteinase which is secreted by neutrophils at sites of infection and inflammation. Decreased HIV-infectivity is associated with decreased density of membrane-associated elastase. The enzyme may facilitate binding of the HIV membrane protein gp120 to host cells, and it specifically cleaves SDF-1, the physiological ligand of the HIV-1 co-receptor CXCR4. It has been suggested that one of the actions of serpin A1 as antiviral agent is to reduce HIV infectivity, and this property could be due to elastase inhibition. However, the most dramatic effect of serpin A1 is inhibition of HIV production. In vitro experiments indicate that the C-terminal peptide of serpin A1, produced during the formation of the complex of serpin with serine proteinases, may be responsible for the inhibition of HIV-1 expression in infected cells. This peptide, an integral part of the serpin-enzyme complex, is internalized by several scavenger receptors. Peptides corresponding to the C-terminal section of serpin A1 inhibit HIV-1 long-terminal-repeat-driven transcription and interact with nuclear proteins, such as alpha1-fetoprotein transcription factor. LDL-receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1/CD91), the best known receptor for serpin-enzyme complexes, is up-regulated in monocytes of HIV-1-infected true non-progressors. CD91 could be one of the major players in host resistance against HIV-1. It has the capacity of internalizing antiviral peptides such as serpin C-terminal fragments and alpha-defensins, and is at the same time the receptor for heat-shock proteins in antigen-presenting cells, in which chaperoned viral peptides could lead to the induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Congote
- Endocrine Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Avenue des pins, Ouest, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Cordelier P, Strayer DS. Using gene delivery to protect HIV-susceptible CNS cells: inhibiting HIV replication in microglia. Virus Res 2006; 118:87-97. [PMID: 16414141 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral chemotherapy penetrates the CNS poorly. CNS HIV, thus sheltered, may injure the brain and complicate control of systemic HIV infection. Microglial cells play a major role in HIV persistence in the CNS but are rarely targeted for gene delivery. Because recombinant SV40 vectors (rSV40s) transduce other phagocytic cells efficiently, we tested rSV40 delivery of anti-HIV genetic therapy to microglial cells. Microglia prepared as enriched cultures from human fetal brain, were transduced with marker vectors, SV(RFP) and SV(Nef/FLAG), respectively, carrying DsRed and HIV-1 Nef bearing a FLAG epitope. By immunostaining and FACS, 95% of unselected cells expressed the transgenes, without detectable toxicity. Microglia were transduced with SV(AT), carrying human alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT), which blocks Env and Gag processing. SV(AT)-treated microglia strongly resisted challenge with HIV-1BaL, even when microglia were transduced with SV(AT) following HIV challenge. Thus, rSV40s effectively transduce microglia and protect them from HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cordelier
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust Street, Room 251, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Strayer DS, Akkina R, Bunnell BA, Dropulic B, Planelles V, Pomerantz RJ, Rossi JJ, Zaia JA. Current status of gene therapy strategies to treat HIV/AIDS. Mol Ther 2005; 11:823-42. [PMID: 15922953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in developing effective gene transfer approaches to treat HIV-1 infection has been steady. Many different transgenes have been reported to inhibit HIV-1 in vitro. However, effective translation of such results to clinical practice, or even to animal models of AIDS, has been challenging. Among the reasons for this failure are uncertainty as to the most effective cell population(s) to target, the diffuseness of these target cells in the body, and ineffective or insufficiently durable gene delivery. Better understanding of the HIV-1 replicative cycle, host factors involved in HIV-1 infection, vector biology and application, transgene technology, animal models, and clinical study design have all contributed vastly to planning current and future strategies for application of gene therapeutic approaches to the treatment of AIDS. This review focuses on the newest developments in these areas and provides a strong basis for renewed optimism that gene therapy will have an important role to play in treating people infected with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Strayer
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust Street, Room 251, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Doncel GF. Exploiting common targets in human fertilization and HIV infection: development of novel contraceptive microbicides. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 12:103-17. [PMID: 16172109 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmi040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued high rates of unintended pregnancies and the unrelentless expansion of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, especially in less developed countries, warrant the development of novel strategies to help individuals avoid these risks. Dually active compounds displaying contraceptive and microbicidal anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) properties constitute one such strategy. Sharing the same anatomical and functional context, sperm fertilization and genital infection by HIV offer an opportunity for simultaneous intervention. Some of the molecules and mechanisms used by sperm to fertilize the oocyte are similar, if not identical, to those used by HIV while infecting host cells. An example of common structures is the lipid membrane surrounding the spermatozoon and the HIV core. Disruption of its architecture by surface-active compounds exerts both spermicidal and virucidal activity. A more specific alteration of lipid rafts [membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins] by beta-cyclodextrins also results in similar effects. During fertilization and infection, both sperm and HIV interact with their target cell receptors through chemical charges, hydrophobic forces and carbohydrate recognition. Anionic polymers such as cellulose sulphate and polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) inhibit sperm and HIV cell binding. Because some of the molecules involved in this interaction, e.g. heparin sulphate proteoglycan, are also used by other pathogens to infect their target tissues, polyanions exert broad antimicrobial activity as well. During fertilization and infection, sperm and HIV, as well as other microbes, use signal transduction molecules and mechanisms such as adenyl cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent kinase, calcium and tyrosine phosphorylation, whose inhibition has been shown to impair sperm function and HIV replication. These commonalities at the level of sperm and HIV structure, cell binding and fusion processes, and signalling pathways therefore provide the biological framework to develop bifunctional inhibitors with both antimicrobial and contraceptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Doncel
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, 23507, USA.
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Beuria P, Chen H, Timoney M, Sperber K. Impaired accessory cell function in a human dendritic cell line after human immunodeficiency virus infection. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:453-64. [PMID: 15753259 PMCID: PMC1065197 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.3.453-464.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We generated human dendritic cell (DC) hybridoma cell lines by fusing HGPRT-deficient promonocytic U937 cells with immature DCs obtained by culturing peripheral blood monocytes with interleukin-4 (IL-4; 1,000 U/ml) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (100 U/ml) for 7 days and mature DCs by treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (12.5 microg/ml) for 3 days. Only one fusion with immature DCs was successful and yielded four cell lines--HB-1, HB-2, HB-3, and HB-9--with an overall fusion efficiency of 0.0015%. The cell lines were stable in long-term culture, displayed morphological features typical of DCs, and expressed distinct class I and class II molecules not present on U937 (A*031012, B*51011, Cw*0701, DRB3*01011 52, and DR5*01011). A representative cell line, HB-2, that expressed DC markers including CD83, CD80 and CD86 could be induced to produce IL-12 through CD40 stimulation. After human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, there was impairment of antigen-presenting cell (APC) function, which was manifested by an inability to stimulate allogeneic T-cell responses. There was no change in expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigens, CD83, CD40, CD4, CD11c, CD80, CD86, CD54, and CD58, or IL-12 production in the HIV-infected HB-2 cells. The HIV-infected HB-2 cells induced T-cell apoptosis in the cocultures. T-cell proliferation could be partially restored by using ddI, indinivir, and blocking anti-gp120 and anti-IL-10 antibodies. Our data suggest that there are multiple mechanisms that DCs use to inhibit T-cell responses in HIV-infected patients. The HB-2 cell line could be a useful model system to study APC function in HIV-infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Beuria
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Box 1089, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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