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Yuan SHC, Wu CC, Wang YC, Chan XY, Chu HW, Yang Y, Liu HP. AGR2-mediated unconventional secretion of 14-3-3ε and α-actinin-4, responsive to ER stress and autophagy, drives chemotaxis in canine mammary tumor cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:84. [PMID: 38822246 PMCID: PMC11140979 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) in intact female dogs provide a natural model for investigating metastatic human cancers. Our prior research identified elevated expression of Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2), a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) primarily found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in CMT tissues, highly associated with CMT progression. We further demonstrated that increased AGR2 expression actively influences the extracellular microenvironment, promoting chemotaxis in CMT cells. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms is crucial for assessing the potential of therapeutically targeting AGR2 as a strategy to inhibit a pro-metastatic microenvironment and impede tumor metastasis. METHODS To identify the AGR2-modulated secretome, we employed proteomics analysis of the conditioned media (CM) from two CMT cell lines ectopically expressing AGR2, compared with corresponding vector-expressing controls. AGR2-regulated release of 14-3-3ε (gene: YWHAE) and α-actinin 4 (gene: ACTN4) was validated through ectopic expression, knockdown, and knockout of the AGR2 gene in CMT cells. Extracellular vesicles derived from CMT cells were isolated using either differential ultracentrifugation or size exclusion chromatography. The roles of 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4 in the chemotaxis driven by the AGR2-modulated CM were investigated through gene knockdown, antibody-mediated interference, and recombinant protein supplement. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of the release of 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4 was assessed using CMT tissue-immersed saline and sera from CMT-afflicted dogs. RESULTS Proteomics analysis of the AGR2-modulated secretome revealed increased abundance in 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4. Ectopic expression of AGR2 significantly increased the release of 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4 in the CM. Conversely, knockdown or knockout of AGR2 expression remarkably reduced their release. Silencing 14-3-3ε or α-actinin 4 expression diminished the chemotaxis driven by AGR2-modulated CM. Furthermore, AGR2 controls the release of 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4 primarily via non-vesicular routes, responding to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy activation. Knockout of AGR2 resulted in increased α-actinin 4 accumulation and impaired 14-3-3ε translocation in autophagosomes. Depletion of extracellular 14-3-3ε or α-actinin 4 reduced the chemotaxis driven by AGR2-modulated CM, whereas supplement with recombinant 14-3-3ε in the CM enhanced the CM-driven chemotaxis. Notably, elevated levels of 14-3-3ε or α-actinin 4 were observed in CMT tissue-immersed saline compared with paired non-tumor samples and in the sera of CMT dogs compared with healthy dogs. CONCLUSION This study elucidates AGR2's pivotal role in orchestrating unconventional secretion of 14-3-3ε and α-actinin 4 from CMT cells, thereby contributing to paracrine-mediated chemotaxis. The insight into the intricate interplay between AGR2-involved ER stress, autophagy, and unconventional secretion provides a foundation for refining strategies aimed at impeding metastasis in both canine mammary tumors and potentially human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hsien-Chi Yuan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Wang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Ya Chan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Chu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Youngsen Yang
- Department of Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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Pierre AS, Gavriel N, Guilbard M, Ogier-Denis E, Chevet E, Delom F, Igbaria A. Modulation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Functions by Localization: The Example of the Anterior Gradient Family. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38411504 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Oxidative folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) introduces disulfide bonds into nascent polypeptides, ensuring proteins' stability and proper functioning. Consequently, this process is critical for maintaining proteome integrity and overall health. The productive folding of thousands of secretory proteins requires stringent quality control measures, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD), which contribute significantly to maintaining ER homeostasis. ER-localized protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) play an essential role in each of these processes, thereby contributing to various aspects of ER homeostasis, including maintaining redox balance, proper protein folding, and signaling from the ER to the nucleus. Recent Advances: Over the years, there have been increasing reports of the (re)localization of PDI family members and other ER-localized proteins to various compartments. A prime example is the anterior gradient (AGR) family of PDI proteins, which have been reported to relocate to the cytosol or the extracellular environment, acquiring gain of functions that intersect with various cellular signaling pathways. Critical Issues: Here, we summarize the functions of PDIs and their gain or loss of functions in non-ER locations. We will focus on the activity, localization, and function of the AGR proteins: AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3. Future Directions: Targeting PDIs in general and AGRs in particular is a promising strategy in different human diseases. Thus, there is a need for innovative strategies and tools aimed at targeting PDIs; those strategies should integrate the specific localization and newly acquired functions of these PDIs rather than solely focusing on their canonical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin S Pierre
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Noa Gavriel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Marianne Guilbard
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- Thabor Therapeutics, Paris, France
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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3
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Wambach M, Montani M, Runz J, Stephan C, Jung K, Moch H, Eberli D, Bernhardt M, Hommerding O, Kreft T, Cronauer MV, Kremer A, Mayr T, Hauser S, Kristiansen G. Clinical implications of AGR2 in primary prostate cancer: Results from a large-scale study. APMIS 2024; 132:256-266. [PMID: 38288749 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) has been implicated in carcinogenesis of various solid tumours, but the expression data in prostate cancer are contradictory regarding its prognostic value. The objective of this study is to evaluate the expression of AGR2 in a large prostate cancer cohort and to correlate it with clinicopathological data. AGR2 protein expression was analysed immunohistochemically in 1023 well-characterized prostate cancer samples with a validated antibody. AGR2 expression levels in carcinomas were compared with matched tissue samples of adjacent normal glands. AGR2 expression levels were dichotomized and tested for statistical significance. Increased AGR2 expression was found in 93.5% of prostate cancer cases. AGR2 levels were significantly higher in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate tissue. A gradual loss of AGR2 expression was associated with increasing tumour grade (ISUP), and AGR2 expression is inversely related to patient survival, however, multivariable significance is not achieved. AGR2 is clearly upregulated in the majority of prostate cancer cases, yet a true diagnostic value appears unlikely. In spite of the negative correlation of AGR2 expression with increasing tumour grade, no independent prognostic significance was found in this large-scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wambach
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matteo Montani
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josefine Runz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit Bernhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Kreft
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Anika Kremer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Cloots E, Guilbert P, Provost M, Neidhardt L, Van de Velde E, Fayazpour F, De Sutter D, Savvides SN, Eyckerman S, Janssens S. Activation of goblet-cell stress sensor IRE1β is controlled by the mucin chaperone AGR2. EMBO J 2024; 43:695-718. [PMID: 38177501 PMCID: PMC10907643 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal goblet cells are secretory cells specialized in the production of mucins, and as such are challenged by the need for efficient protein folding. Goblet cells express Inositol-Requiring Enzyme-1β (IRE1β), a unique sensor in the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is part of an adaptive mechanism that regulates the demands of mucin production and secretion. However, how IRE1β activity is tuned to mucus folding load remains unknown. We identified the disulfide isomerase and mucin chaperone AGR2 as a goblet cell-specific protein that crucially regulates IRE1β-, but not IRE1α-mediated signaling. AGR2 binding to IRE1β disrupts IRE1β oligomerization, thereby blocking its downstream endonuclease activity. Depletion of endogenous AGR2 from goblet cells induces spontaneous IRE1β activation, suggesting that alterations in AGR2 availability in the endoplasmic reticulum set the threshold for IRE1β activation. We found that AGR2 mutants lacking their catalytic cysteine, or displaying the disease-associated mutation H117Y, were no longer able to dampen IRE1β activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AGR2 is a central chaperone regulating the goblet cell UPR by acting as a rheostat of IRE1β endonuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cloots
- Laboratory for ER stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Phaedra Guilbert
- Laboratory for ER stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Provost
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Neidhardt
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Evelien Van de Velde
- Laboratory for ER stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Farzaneh Fayazpour
- Laboratory for ER stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory for ER stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Kosykh AV, Tereshina MB, Gurskaya NG. Potential Role of AGR2 for Mammalian Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097895. [PMID: 37175601 PMCID: PMC10178616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited ability of mammals to regenerate has garnered significant attention, particularly in regard to skin wound healing (WH), which is a critical step for regeneration. In human adults, skin WH results in the formation of scars following injury or trauma, regardless of severity. This differs significantly from the scarless WH observed in the fetal skin of mammals or anamniotes. This review investigates the role of molecular players involved in scarless WH, which are lost or repressed in adult mammalian WH systems. Specifically, we analyze the physiological role of Anterior Gradient (AGR) family proteins at different stages of the WH regulatory network. AGR is activated in the regeneration of lower vertebrates at the stage of wound closure and, accordingly, is important for WH. Mammalian AGR2 is expressed during scarless WH in embryonic skin, while in adults, the activity of this gene is normally inhibited and is observed only in the mucous epithelium of the digestive tract, which is capable of full regeneration. The combination of AGR2 unique potencies in postnatal mammals makes it possible to consider it as a promising candidate for enhancing WH processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadya G Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Boisteau E, Posseme C, Di Modugno F, Edeline J, Coulouarn C, Hrstka R, Martisova A, Delom F, Treton X, Eriksson LA, Chevet E, Lièvre A, Ogier-Denis E. Anterior gradient proteins in gastrointestinal cancers: from cell biology to pathophysiology. Oncogene 2022; 41:4673-4685. [PMID: 36068336 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most of the organs of the digestive tract comprise secretory epithelia that require specialized molecular machines to achieve their functions. As such anterior gradient (AGR) proteins, which comprise AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3, belong to the protein disulfide isomerase family, and are involved in secretory and transmembrane protein biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. They are generally expressed in epithelial cells with high levels in most of the digestive tract epithelia. To date, the vast majority of the reports concern AGR2, which has been shown to exhibit various subcellular localizations and exert pro-oncogenic functions. AGR2 overexpression has recently been associated with a poor prognosis in digestive cancers. AGR2 is also involved in epithelial homeostasis. Its deletion in mice results in severe diffuse gut inflammation, whereas in inflammatory bowel diseases, the secretion of AGR2 in the extracellular milieu participates in the reshaping of the cellular microenvironment. AGR2 thus plays a key role in inflammation and oncogenesis and may represent a therapeutic target of interest. In this review, we summarize the already known roles and mechanisms of action of the AGR family proteins in digestive diseases, their expression in the healthy digestive tract, and in digestive oncology. At last, we discuss the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications underlying the biology of AGR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Boisteau
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Posseme
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Federico Di Modugno
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Edeline
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | | | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Martisova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Xavier Treton
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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7
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Maarouf A, Boissard A, Henry C, Leman G, Coqueret O, Guette C, Lelièvre E. Anterior gradient protein 2 is a marker of tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer and favors chemotherapy‑induced senescence escape. Int J Oncol 2021; 60:5. [PMID: 34913074 PMCID: PMC8727137 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the different chemotherapies available, genotoxic drugs are widely used. In response to these drugs, particularly doxorubicin, tumor cells can enter into senescence. Chemotherapy‑induced senescence (CIS) is a complex response. Long described as a definitive arrest of cell proliferation, the present authors and various groups have shown that this state may not be complete and could allow certain cells to reproliferate. The mechanism could be due to the activation of new signaling pathways. In the laboratory, the proteins involved in these pathways and triggering cell proliferation were studied. The present study determined a new role for anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) in vivo in patients and in vitro in a senescence escape model. AGR2's implication in breast cancer patients and proliferation of senescent cells was assessed based on a SWATH‑MS proteomic study of patients' samples and RNA interference technology on cell lines. First, AGR2 was identified and it was found that its concentration is higher in the serum of patients with breast cancer and that this high concentration is associated with metastasis occurrence. An inverse correlation between intratumoral AGR2 expression and the senescence marker p16 was also observed. This observation led to the study of the role of AGR2 in the CIS escape model. In this model, it was found that AGR2 is overexpressed in cells during senescence escape and that its loss considerably reduces this phenomenon. Furthermore, it was shown that the extracellular form of AGR2 stimulated the reproliferation of senescent cells. The power of proteomic analysis based on the SWATH‑MS approach allowed the present study to highlight the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT signaling pathway in the senescence escape mechanism mediated by AGR2. Analysis of the two signaling pathways revealed that AGR2 modulated RICTOR and AKT phosphorylation. All these results showed that AGR2 expression in sera and tumors of breast cancer patients is a marker of tumor progression and metastasis occurrence. They also showed that its overexpression regulates CIS escape via activation of the mTOR/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Maarouf
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Alice Boissard
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Cécile Henry
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Géraldine Leman
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Olivier Coqueret
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Catherine Guette
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Eric Lelièvre
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
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8
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Ivanova AS, Tereshina MB, Araslanova KR, Martynova NY, Zaraisky AG. The Secreted Protein Disulfide Isomerase Ag1 Lost by Ancestors of Poorly Regenerating Vertebrates Is Required for Xenopus laevis Tail Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:738940. [PMID: 34676214 PMCID: PMC8523854 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.738940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm-blooded vertebrates regenerate lost limbs and their parts in general much worse than fishes and amphibians. We previously hypothesized that this reduction in regenerative capability could be explained in part by the loss of some genes important for the regeneration in ancestors of warm-blooded vertebrates. One of such genes could be ag1, which encodes secreted protein disulfide isomerase of the Agr family. Ag1 is activated during limb and tail regeneration in the frog Xenopus laevis tadpoles and is absent in warm-blooded animals. The essential role of another agr family gene, agr2, in limb regeneration was demonstrated previously in newts. However, agr2, as well as the third member of agr family, agr3, are present in all vertebrates. Therefore, it is important to verify if the activity of ag1 lost by warm-blooded vertebrates is also essential for regeneration in amphibians, which could be a further argument in favor of our hypothesis. Here, we show that in the Xenopus laevis tadpoles in which the expression of ag1 or agr2 was artificially suppressed, regeneration of amputated tail tips was also significantly reduced. Importantly, overexpression of any of these agrs or treatment of tadpoles with any of their recombinant proteins resulted in the restoration of tail regeneration in the refractory period when these processes are severely inhibited in normal development. These findings demonstrate the critical roles of ag1 and agr2 in regeneration in frogs and present indirect evidence that the loss of ag1 in evolution could be one of the prerequisites for the reduction of regenerative ability in warm-blooded vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S Ivanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina R Araslanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Y Martynova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Dittmer J. Nuclear Mechanisms Involved in Endocrine Resistance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:736597. [PMID: 34604071 PMCID: PMC8480308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.736597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy is a standard treatment offered to patients with ERα (estrogen receptor α)-positive breast cancer. In endocrine therapy, ERα is either directly targeted by anti-estrogens or indirectly by aromatase inhibitors which cause estrogen deficiency. Resistance to these drugs (endocrine resistance) compromises the efficiency of this treatment and requires additional measures. Endocrine resistance is often caused by deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 activities allowing inhibitors of these factors to be used clinically to counteract endocrine resistance. The nuclear mechanisms involved in endocrine resistance are beginning to emerge. Exploring these mechanisms may reveal additional druggable targets, which could help to further improve patients' outcome in an endocrine resistance setting. This review intends to summarize our current knowledge on the nuclear mechanisms linked to endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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10
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Fessart D, Robert J, Hartog C, Chevet E, Delom F, Babin G. The Anterior GRadient (AGR) family proteins in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:271. [PMID: 34452625 PMCID: PMC8394676 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common gynecologic disorder. Even with the recent progresses made towards the use of new therapeutics, it still represents the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in women from developed countries. The discovery of the anterior gradient proteins AGR2 and AGR3, which are highly related members belonging to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, attracted researchers’ attention due to their putative involvement in adenocarcinoma development. This review compiles the current knowledge on the role of the AGR family and the expression of its members in EOC and discusses the potential clinical relevance of AGR2 and AGR3 for EOC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. A better understanding of the role of the AGR family may thus provide new handling avenues for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fessart
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France. .,ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Jacques Robert
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cecile Hartog
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Guillaume Babin
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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11
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Taank Y, Agnihotri N. Understanding the regulation of β-catenin expression and activity in colorectal cancer carcinogenesis: beyond destruction complex. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:2448-2459. [PMID: 34426910 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is central to colorectal cancer carcinogenesis. The well-known potential of targeting the canonical Wnt signaling pathway for the treatment of CRC is largely attributed to the ability of this pathway to regulate various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, immune response, apoptosis, and cellular metabolism. However, with the current approach of targeting this pathway, none of the Wnt-targeted agents have been successfully implicated in clinical practice. Instead of using classical approaches to target this pathway, there is a growing need to find new and modified approaches to achieve the same. For this, a better understanding of the regulation of β-catenin, a major effector of the canonical Wnt pathway is a must. The present review addresses the importance of understanding the regulation of β-catenin beyond the destruction complex. Few recently discovered β-catenin regulators such as ZNF281, TTPAL, AGR2, ARHGAP25, TREM2, and TIPE1 showed significant potential in regulating the development of CRC through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Although the expression and activity of β-catenin is influenced by many protein regulators, the abovementioned proteins not only influence its expression and activation but are also directly involved in the development of CRC and various other solid tumors. Therefore, we hypothesise that focusing the current research on finding the detailed mechanism of action of these regulators may assist in providing with a better treatment approach or improve the current therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Taank
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - N Agnihotri
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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12
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Białobrzeska W, Dziąbowska K, Lisowska M, Mohtar MA, Muller P, Vojtesek B, Krejcir R, O’Neill R, Hupp TR, Malinowska N, Bięga E, Bigus D, Cebula Z, Pala K, Czaczyk E, Żołędowska S, Nidzworski D. An Ultrasensitive Biosensor for Detection of Femtogram Levels of the Cancer Antigen AGR2 Using Monoclonal Antibody Modified Screen-Printed Gold Electrodes. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:184. [PMID: 34200338 PMCID: PMC8230265 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The detection of cancer antigens is a major aim of cancer research in order to develop better patient management through early disease detection. Many cancers including prostate, lung, and ovarian secrete a protein disulfide isomerase protein named AGR2 that has been previously detected in urine and plasma using mass spectrometry. Here we determine whether a previously developed monoclonal antibody targeting AGR2 can be adapted from an indirect two-site ELISA format into a direct detector using solid-phase printed gold electrodes. The screen-printed gold electrode was surface functionalized with the anti-AGR2 specific monoclonal antibody. The interaction of the recombinant AGR2 protein and the anti-AGR2 monoclonal antibody functionalized electrode changed its electrochemical impedance spectra. Nyquist diagrams were obtained after incubation in an increasing concentration of purified AGR2 protein with a range of concentrations from 0.01 fg/mL to 10 fg/mL. In addition, detection of the AGR2 antigen can be achieved from cell lysates in medium or artificial buffer. These data highlight the utility of an AGR2-specific monoclonal antibody that can be functionalized onto a gold printed electrode for a one-step capture and quantitation of the target antigen. These platforms have the potential for supporting methodologies using more complex bodily fluids including plasma and urine for improved cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Białobrzeska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland; (N.M.); (E.B.); (D.B.); (Z.C.); (S.Ż.); (D.N.)
| | | | - Małgorzata Lisowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24 St., 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.L.); (T.R.H.)
| | - M. Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Petr Muller
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (B.V.); (R.K.)
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (B.V.); (R.K.)
| | - Radovan Krejcir
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (B.V.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert O’Neill
- Cambridge Oesophagogastric Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
| | - Ted R. Hupp
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24 St., 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.L.); (T.R.H.)
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Natalia Malinowska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland; (N.M.); (E.B.); (D.B.); (Z.C.); (S.Ż.); (D.N.)
| | - Ewelina Bięga
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland; (N.M.); (E.B.); (D.B.); (Z.C.); (S.Ż.); (D.N.)
| | - Daniel Bigus
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland; (N.M.); (E.B.); (D.B.); (Z.C.); (S.Ż.); (D.N.)
| | - Zofia Cebula
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland; (N.M.); (E.B.); (D.B.); (Z.C.); (S.Ż.); (D.N.)
| | - Katarzyna Pala
- SensDx, 14b Postępu St., 02-676 Warszawa, Poland; (K.D.); (K.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Elżbieta Czaczyk
- SensDx, 14b Postępu St., 02-676 Warszawa, Poland; (K.D.); (K.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Sabina Żołędowska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland; (N.M.); (E.B.); (D.B.); (Z.C.); (S.Ż.); (D.N.)
| | - Dawid Nidzworski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland; (N.M.); (E.B.); (D.B.); (Z.C.); (S.Ż.); (D.N.)
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13
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Moidu NA, A Rahman NS, Syafruddin SE, Low TY, Mohtar MA. Secretion of pro-oncogenic AGR2 protein in cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05000. [PMID: 33005802 PMCID: PMC7519367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) protein mediates the formation, breakage and isomerization of disulphide bonds during protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contributes to the homoeostasis of the secretory pathway. AGR2 promotes tumour development and metastasis and its elevated expression is almost completely restricted to malignant tumours. Interestingly, this supposedly ER-resident protein can be localised to other compartments of cancer cells and can also be secreted into the extracellular milieu. There are emerging evidences that describe the gain-of-function activities of the extracellular AGR2, particularly in cancer development. Here, we reviewed studies detailing the expression, pathological and physiological roles associated with AGR2 and compared the duality of localization, intracellular and extracellular, with special emphasis on the later. We also discussed the possible mechanisms of AGR2 secretion as well as deliberating the functional impacts of AGR2 in cancer settings. Last, we deliberate the current therapeutic strategies and posit the potential use AGR2, as a prognosis and diagnosis marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshahirah Ashikin Moidu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisa Syakila A Rahman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Sommerova L, Ondrouskova E, Martisova A, Zoumpourlis V, Galtsidis S, Hrstka R. ZEB1/miR-200c/AGR2: A New Regulatory Loop Modulating the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Adenocarcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061614. [PMID: 32570918 PMCID: PMC7352583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process involved not only in morphogenesis and embryonic development, but also in cancer progression, whereby tumor cells obtain a more aggressive metastatic phenotype. Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) maintains the epithelial phenotype and blocks the induction of EMT, thus playing an undeniable role in tumor progression. However, the mechanism through which AGR2 expression is regulated, not only during EMT, but also in the early stages of cancer development, remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we show an inverse correlation of AGR2 with ZEB1 (zinc finger enhancer binding protein, δEF1) that was verified by analysis of several independent clinical data sets of lung adenocarcinomas. We also identified the ZEB1 binding site within the AGR2 promoter region and confirmed AGR2 as a novel molecular target of ZEB1. The overexpression of ZEB1 decreased the promoter activity of the AGR2 gene, which resulted in reduced AGR2 protein level and the acquisition of a more invasive phenotype of these lung cancer cells. Conversely, silencing of ZEB1 led not only to increased levels of AGR2 protein, but also attenuated the invasiveness of tumor cells. The AGR2 knockout, vice versa, increased ZEB1 expression, indicating that the ZEB1/AGR2 regulatory axis may function in a double negative feedback loop. In conclusion, we revealed for the first time that ZEB1 regulates AGR2 at the transcriptional level, while AGR2 presence contributes to ZEB1 mRNA degradation. Thus, our data identify a new regulatory mechanism between AGR2 and ZEB1, two rivals in the EMT process, tightly associated with the development of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sommerova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (E.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Eva Ondrouskova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (E.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Martisova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (E.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, NHRF 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sotirios Galtsidis
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Biotech 1, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (E.O.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-543-133-306
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15
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Delom F, Mohtar MA, Hupp T, Fessart D. The anterior gradient-2 interactome. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C40-C47. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00532.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein belonging to the protein disulfide isomerase family that mediates the formation of disulfide bonds and assists the protein quality control in the ER. In addition to its role in proteostasis, extracellular AGR2 is responsible for various cellular effects in many types of cancer, including cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Various OMICs approaches have been used to identify AGR2 binding partners and to investigate the functions of AGR2 in the ER and outside the cell. Emerging data showed that AGR2 exists not only as monomer, but it can also form homodimeric structure and thus interact with different partners, yielding different biological outcomes. In this review, we summarize the AGR2 “interactome” and discuss the pathological and physiological role of such AGR2 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Delom
- University of Bordeaux, ACTION, Bordeaux, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux, France
- Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - M. Aiman Mohtar
- University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ted Hupp
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Delphine Fessart
- University of Bordeaux, ACTION, Bordeaux, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux, France
- Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Suwanmanee G, Yosudjai J, Phimsen S, Wongkham S, Jirawatnotai S, Kaewkong W. Upregulation of AGR2vH facilitates cholangiocarcinoma cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress via the activation of the unfolded protein response pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:669-677. [PMID: 31894252 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an epithelial cell malignancy arising within the biliary tree in the liver. CCA is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, subsequent to developing with metastasis. Recently, anterior gradient‑2 (AGR2) was characterized as one of the most highly upregulated genes among all metastasis‑associated genes in highly metastatic CCA cell lines. Previous reports have demonstrated that AGR2 is required for triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway to support cancer cell survival, particularly under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. A previous study identified an AGR2 short isoform generated by aberrant splicing, AGR2vH, which contributed to the metastatic phenotype of CCA cells. The aim of the present study was to determine the function of AGR2vH in UPR pathway activation to support cancer cell survivability and apoptosis evasion. Subsequent to experimentally inducing ER stress in AGR2vH‑overexpressing CCA cells using tunicamycin, the UPR pathway was activated by the upregulation of UPR marker genes (activating transcription factor 6, eukaryotic initiation factor 2a and spliced X‑box binding protein 1), UPR proteins [binding immunoglobulin protein/glucose‑regulated protein (GRP)78 kDa and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2a] and UPR downstream targets (GRP94). In addition, the results were verified by AGR2vH knockdown using specific small interfering RNAs. Under ER stress conditions, the overexpression of AGR2vH reduced the number of apoptotic cells by decreasing caspase‑3/7 activity and downregulating C/EBP homologous protein mRNA and B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein expression, whereas the Bcl‑2 protein was upregulated, resulting in a higher number of viable cells. The results of the present study support the previous data that indicate that an oncogenic AGR2vH isoform may not only promote metastasis‑associated phenotypes, but also CCA cell survival and apoptosis evasion, thereby favoring cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunticha Suwanmanee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Yosudjai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Suchada Phimsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Siwanon Jirawatnotai
- Siriraj Center of Research for Excellence for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Medical School, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Worasak Kaewkong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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17
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Mangukiya HB, Negi H, Merugu SB, Sehar Q, Mashausi DS, Yunus FUN, Wu Z, Li D. Paracrine signalling of AGR2 stimulates RhoA function in fibroblasts and modulates cell elongation and migration. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:332-344. [PMID: 31710263 PMCID: PMC6844563 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1685928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prominent cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor stroma is known to form a protective structure to support tumor growth. Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2), a tumor secretory protein is believed to play a pivotal role during tumor microenvironment (TME) development. Here, we report that extracellular AGR2 enhances fibroblasts elongation and migration significantly. The early stimulation of RhoA showed the association of AGR2 by upregulation of G1-S phase-regulatory protein cyclin D1 and FAK phosphorylation through fibroblasts growth factor receptor (FGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Our finding indicates that secretory AGR2 alters fibroblasts elongation, migration, and organization suggesting the secretory AGR2 as a potential molecular target that might be responsible to alter fibroblasts infiltration to support tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hema Negi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Qudsia Sehar
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Zhenghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Worfolk JC, Bell S, Simpson LD, Carne NA, Francis SL, Engelbertsen V, Brown AP, Walker J, Viswanath YK, Benham AM. Elucidation of the AGR2 Interactome in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells Identifies a Redox-Sensitive Chaperone Hub for the Quality Control of MUC-5AC. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1117-1132. [PMID: 31436131 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims: AGR2 is a tissue-restricted member of the protein disulfide isomerase family that has attracted interest because it is highly expressed in a number of cancers, including gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. The behavior of AGR2 was analyzed under oxidizing conditions, and an alkylation trapping and immunoprecipitation approach were developed to identify novel AGR2 interacting proteins. Results: The data show that AGR2 is induced in esophageal adenocarcinoma, where it participates in redox-responsive, disulfide-dependent complexes. AGR2 preferentially engages with MUC-5 as a primary client and is coexpressed with the acidic mucin in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma tissue. Innovation: New partner chaperones for AGR2 have been identified, including peroxiredoxin IV, ERp44, P5, ERp29, and Ero1α. AGR2 interacts with unexpected metabolic enzymes, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)3A1, and engages in an alkylation-sensitive association with the autophagy receptor SQSTM1, suggesting a potential mechanism for the postendoplasmic reticulum targeting of AGR2 to mucin granules. Disulfide-driven AGR2 complex formation provides a framework for a limited number of client proteins to interact, rather than for the recruitment of multiple novel clients. Conclusion: The extended AGR2 interactome will facilitate the development of therapeutics to target AGR2/mucin pathways in esophageal cancer and other conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Worfolk
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Bell
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Lee D Simpson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi A Carne
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Francis
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Vibecke Engelbertsen
- Department of Surgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Brown
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Walker
- Department of Surgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam M Benham
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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19
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Obacz J, Sommerova L, Sicari D, Durech M, Avril T, Iuliano F, Pastorekova S, Hrstka R, Chevet E, Delom F, Fessart D. Extracellular AGR3 regulates breast cancer cells migration via Src signaling. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4449-4456. [PMID: 31611954 PMCID: PMC6781763 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human anterior gradient proteins AGR2 and AGR3 are overexpressed in a variety of adenocarcinomas and are often secreted in cancer patients' specimens, which suggests a role for AGR proteins in intra and extracellular compartments. Although these proteins exhibit high sequence homology, AGR2 is predominantly described as a pro-oncogene and a potential prognostic biomarker. However, little is known about the function of AGR3. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of AGR3 in breast cancer. The results demonstrated that breast cancer cells secrete AGR3. Furthermore, it was revealed that extracellular AGR3 (eAGR3) regulates tumor cell adhesion and migration. The current study indicated that the pharmacological and genetic perturbation of Src kinase signaling, through treatment with Dasatinib (protein kinase inhibitor) or investigating cells that express a dominant-negative form of Src, significantly abrogated eAGR3-mediated breast cancer cell migration. Therefore, the results indicated that eAGR3 may control tumor cell migration via activation of Src kinases. The results of the present study indicated that eAGR3 may serve as a microenvironmental signaling molecule in tumor-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Obacz
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling', University of Rennes Campus 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Sommerova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daria Sicari
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling', University of Rennes Campus 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Michal Durech
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tony Avril
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling', University of Rennes Campus 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Filippo Iuliano
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling', University of Rennes Campus 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- University of Bordeaux, ACTION, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Bergonie Cancer Institute, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Fessart
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling', University of Rennes Campus 1, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France.,University of Bordeaux, ACTION, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1218, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Ivanova AS, Martynova NY, Komarov PA, Orlov EE, Ermakova GV, Zaraisky AG, Tereshina MB. Obtaining of Agr2 Specific Antibodies and Determination of the Agr2 Protein Distribution Pattern during Early Embryonic Development and Tadpole Regeneration in Xenopus laevis. Russ J Dev Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Lee HK, Ismail T, Kim C, Kim Y, Park JW, Kwon OS, Kang BS, Lee DS, Kwon T, Park TJ, Lee HS. Lysine demethylase 3a in craniofacial and neural development during Xenopus embryogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:1105-1113. [PMID: 30569092 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifier lysine demethylase 3a (Kdm3a) specifically demethylates mono‑ and di‑methylated ninth lysine of histone 3 and belongs to the Jumonji domain‑containing group of demethylases. Kdm3a serves roles during various biological and pathophysiological processes, including spermatogenesis and metabolism, determination of sex, androgen receptor‑mediated transcription and embryonic carcinoma cell differentiation. In the present study, physiological functions of Kdm3a were evaluated during embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis. Spatiotemporal expression pattern indicated that kdm3a exhibited its expression from early embryonic stages until tadpole stage, however considerable increase of kdm3a expression was observed during the neurula stage of Xenopus development. Depleting kdm3a using kdm3a antisense morpholino oligonucleotides induced anomalies, including head deformities, small‑sized eyes and abnormal pigmentation. Whole‑mount in situ hybridization results demonstrated that kdm3a knockdown was associated with defects in neural crest migration. Further, quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed abnormal expression of neural markers in kdm3a morphants. RNA sequencing of kdm3a morphants indicated that kdm3a was implicated in mesoderm formation, cell adhesion and metabolic processes of embryonic development. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that Kdm3a may serve a role in neural development during Xenopus embryogenesis and may be targeted for treatment of developmental disorders. Further investigation is required to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of neural development by Kdm3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tayaba Ismail
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chowon Kim
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Youni Kim
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeen-Woo Park
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Shin Kwon
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Sik Kang
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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An aberrantly spliced isoform of anterior gradient-2, AGR2vH promotes migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cell. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:109-116. [PMID: 30086457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a cancer of bile duct, considered to be an incurable and lethal cancer. High mortality rate of CCA patients is underlined by cancer metastasis, an ability of the cancer cells that spread to secondary organs. Recently, we have identified Anterior Gradient-2 (AGR2), from a pair of non-metastatic/metastatic cell lines (KKU-213/KKU-213L5), as a gene that is highly and specifically upregulated in the metastatic cell line. AGR2 encodes for a disulfide isomerase enzyme, ubiquitously detected in mucus-secreting tissues. Overexpression of AGR2 has been reported in several types of human cancer. Role of the overexpressed AGR2 in cancer is still unclear. Here, we found that upregulation of AGR2 in metastatic CCA cells coincides with an aberrant splicing of AGR2 mRNA, and that isoforms of AGR2 RNA, such as AGR2vE, AGR2vF, and AGR2vH are specific to the metastatic cells. We demonstrated that the AGR2vH isoform enables metastatic-associated phenotypes in CCA cells. Depletion of AGR2vH by an isoform-specific interfering RNA in metastatic KKU-213L5 cell results in significant reduction of cancer cell migration and invasion, and a slight decrease of cell adhesion. Overexpression of AGR2vH in non-metastatic KKU-213 cells promotes cancer cell migration, invasion, adhesion, and moderate cell proliferation. Moreover, we found that expression of a metastasis-associated gene, vimentin, positively correlates with expression of AGR2vH. Our results support the notion that aberrant alternative splicing of AGR2 facilitates an accumulation of the oncogenic AGR2vH isoform, in turn, contributes to the pathogenesis and severity of CCA.
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23
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Mito K, Saito M, Morita K, Maetani I, Sata N, Mieno M, Fukushima N. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of MUC13 and AGR2 expression in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2018; 18:407-412. [PMID: 29650332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is a primary pancreatic ductal epithelial neoplasm with the potential to develop into an invasive adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of four potential biomarkers for the preoperative evaluation of patients with IPMN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinicopathologic materials from 104 patients with IPMN who underwent surgical resection at Jichi Medical University Hospital were analyzed. IPMNs (110 lesions in total) were histologically classified into low-grade IPMN (Group 1; n = 68), high-grade IPMN (Group 2; n = 16), or IPMN with an associated invasive carcinoma (Group 3; n = 26). We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of MUC13, AGR2, FUT8, and FXYD3, which were previously reported to be overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. RESULTS The expression of MUC13 was more common in Group 3 compared with groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001) and was associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.004). The expression of MUC13 was not associated with age, sex, tumor location, histological subtype, lymphatic or vascular invasion, or neural invasion. In most cases of IPMN, the loss of expression of AGR2 appeared to show an association with tumor recurrence and poorly differentiated histology of invasive carcinoma; however, this association was not statistically significant. The expressions of FUT8 and FXYD3were not associated with the clinicopathological features of IPMNs. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that MUC13 overexpression and loss of expression of AGR2 may predict the progression of IPMN and an unfavorable prognosis in patients with IPMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Mito
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Japan
| | - Michihiro Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kohei Morita
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Iruru Maetani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Makiko Mieno
- Department of Medical Informatics, Center for Information Jichi Medical University, Japan
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Goto T, Ito Y, Michiue T. Roles of Xenopus chemokine ligand CXCLh (XCXCLh) in early embryogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:226-238. [PMID: 29700804 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several chemokine molecules control cell movements during early morphogenesis. However, it is unclear whether chemokine molecules affect cell fate. Here, we identified and characterized the CXC-type chemokine ligand in Xenopus laevis, Xenopus CXCLh (XCXCLh), during early embryogenesis. XCXCLh is expressed in the dorsal vegetal region at the gastrula stage. Both overexpression and knockdown of XCXCLh in the dorsal region inhibited gastrulation. XCXCLh contributed to the attraction of mesendodermal cells and accelerated the reassembly of scratched culture cells. Also, XCXCLh contributed to early endodermal induction. Overexpression of VegTmRNA or high concentrations of calcium ions induced XCXCLh expression. XCXCLh may play roles in both cell movements and differentiation during early Xenopus embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Goto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tian S, Hu J, Tao K, Wang J, Chu Y, Li J, Liu Z, Ding X, Xu L, Li Q, Cai M, Gao J, Shuai X, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. Secreted AGR2 promotes invasion of colorectal cancer cells via Wnt11-mediated non-canonical Wnt signaling. Exp Cell Res 2018; 364:198-207. [PMID: 29427622 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient-2 (AGR2), a member of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, is present in both intracellular and extracellular compartments. Although AGR2 is overexpressed in various human cancers and reported to promote aggressive tumor features, little is known regarding AGR2's extracellular functions during tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that secreted AGR2 promotes cell migration and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, secreted AGR2 elevated Wnt11 expression, triggering non-canonical Wnt signaling: the Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. Knockdown of Wnt11 or pretreatment with CaMKII and JNK inhibitors reversed the secreted AGR2's migration-promoting effect. Further studies revealed that AGR2 antagonized canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling via activating CaMKII. Collectively, our study uncovers a critical role of Wnt11-mediated non-canonical Wnt signaling (CaMKII and JNK pathways) in secreted AGR2's promoted migration of CRC cells. These results raise the possibility that secreted AGR2 may be a potential therapeutic target towards inhibiting CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanan Chu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xueliang Ding
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Luming Xu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoming Shuai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Anterior Gradient 2 is Correlated with EGFR Mutation in Lung Adenocarcinoma Tissues. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 30:e234-42. [PMID: 25634032 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) has demonstrated a promising therapeutic response in lung adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR gene mutations. However, the predictive factors for this therapy have not been established, except for the EGFR gene mutation status of carcinoma cells. Methods We first performed microarray analysis in EGFR-TKI–sensitive lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The results indicated anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) as a potential surrogate marker of EGFR-TKI. Therefore, we then evaluated the correlation between the status of AGR2 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological factors including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and clinical response to EGFR-TKI, in 147 cases of surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma. The biological significance of AGR2 was further evaluated by transfecting small interfering RNA (siRNA) against AGR2 in these cells. Results The status of AGR2 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in lung adenocarcinoma cases with EGFR gene mutations than in those with the wild type (p<0.0001), but there were no significant differences in OS, PFS and response of EGFR-TKI between the AGR2 high and low carcinoma cases. Knockdown of AGR2 gene expression following siRNA transfection resulted in a significantly lower response to EGFR-TKI in EGFR-mutated PC-3. Conclusions AGR2 could serve as an adjunctive surrogate protein marker possibly reflecting EGFR gene mutations in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Results from in vitro analysis indicated that AGR2 could be a potential clinical biomarker of EGFR-TKI therapeutic sensitivity in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
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Mohtar MA, Hernychova L, O'Neill JR, Lawrence ML, Murray E, Vojtesek B, Hupp TR. The Sequence-specific Peptide-binding Activity of the Protein Sulfide Isomerase AGR2 Directs Its Stable Binding to the Oncogenic Receptor EpCAM. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:737-763. [PMID: 29339412 PMCID: PMC5880107 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AGR2 is an oncogenic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein disulfide isomerase. AGR2 protein has a relatively unique property for a chaperone in that it can bind sequence-specifically to a specific peptide motif (TTIYY). A synthetic TTIYY-containing peptide column was used to affinity-purify AGR2 from crude lysates highlighting peptide selectivity in complex mixtures. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry localized the dominant region in AGR2 that interacts with the TTIYY peptide to within a structural loop from amino acids 131–135 (VDPSL). A peptide binding site consensus of Tx[IL][YF][YF] was developed for AGR2 by measuring its activity against a mutant peptide library. Screening the human proteome for proteins harboring this motif revealed an enrichment in transmembrane proteins and we focused on validating EpCAM as a potential AGR2-interacting protein. AGR2 and EpCAM proteins formed a dose-dependent protein-protein interaction in vitro. Proximity ligation assays demonstrated that endogenous AGR2 and EpCAM protein associate in cells. Introducing a single alanine mutation in EpCAM at Tyr251 attenuated its binding to AGR2 in vitro and in cells. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to identify a stable binding site for AGR2 on EpCAM, adjacent to the TLIYY motif and surrounding EpCAM's detergent binding site. These data define a dominant site on AGR2 that mediates its specific peptide-binding function. EpCAM forms a model client protein for AGR2 to study how an ER-resident chaperone can dock specifically to a peptide motif and regulate the trafficking a protein destined for the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aiman Mohtar
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR.,§National University of Malaysia, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- ¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Robert O'Neill
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR
| | - Melanie L Lawrence
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR
| | - Euan Murray
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR.,¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- ¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Hupp
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR; .,¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.,‖University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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Li Y, Wang W, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Lu J, Xie H, Tang F. AGR2 diagnostic value in nasopharyngeal carcinoma prognosis. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 484:323-327. [PMID: 29269202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior Gradient (AGR) 2 concentration increases in the serum of tumor patients, and their diagnostic and prognostic significances were evaluated in some tumors. The previous works showed that AGR2 high express in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsy tissues. However, whether AGR2 serves as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for NPC remains unclear. METHODS 42 healthy volunteers, 34 breast cancer patients and 124 NPC patients were enrolled into this study, and the serum samples were collected from these healthy volunteers, breast cancer patients and NPC patients. Concomitantly, 79 frozen nasopharyngeal specimens consisted of 65 NPC tissues and 14 normal nasopharyngeal tissues were enrolled in the observation. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to estimate AGR2 concentration in the serum samples, and AGR2 mRNA expressions in the frozen tissue samples were detected by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS The real time RT-PCR results showed that AGR2 mRNA level was increased in NPC tissues compared with the normal nasopharyngeal tissues (p<0.05). The ELISA data showed that AGR2 concentration in NPC serum was significantly higher in NPC patient serums than that in the health population (p<0.05). And, AGR2 expression showed a correlation with tumor node metastasis (TNM) grade (p<0.05) and Recurrence (p<0.05). Moreover, the cumulative survival rate of patients with high concentration of AGR2 was significantly lower than that of patients with low concentration of AGR2 (p<0.05), and the cumulative hazard rate of patients with high concentration of AGR2 was significantly higher than that with low concentration of AGR2 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Serum AGR2 can be used as a serum marker for clinical prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, serum AGR2 levels could not provide advantages in clinical practice for the differential diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Li
- Clinical Laboratory of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Laboratory of Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Clinical Laboratory of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Laboratory of Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zheliang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinping Lu
- Clinical Laboratory of Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Haitao Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang, China
| | - Faqing Tang
- Clinical Laboratory of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Laboratory of Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.
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The prognostic value of AGR2 expression in solid tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15500. [PMID: 29138453 PMCID: PMC5686151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value of anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) in tumours remains inconclusive. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature evidence and assessed the association between AGR2 expression and prognosis in solid tumours. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS)/progression-free survival (PFS). All analyses were performed by STATA 12.0, with the hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the effect size estimate. A total of 20 studies containing 3285 cases were included. Pooled analyses revealed that AGR2 overexpression had an unfavourable impact on OS (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.32-2.81) and time to tumour progression (TTP) (DFS/RFS/PFS) (HR 1.60 95% CI 1.06-2.40) in solid tumour patients. Subgroup analyses indicated that AGR2 overexpression in breast cancer patients was significantly associated with poor OS (HR 3.02, 95% CI 1.03-8.81) and TTP (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.17-3.20). Excluding breast cancer, AGR2 overexpression was also found to have a significant correlation with poor OS in the remaining solid tumour patients (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.19). Overall, AGR2 might be a potential biomarker to predict prognosis in solid tumour patients.
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Sommerova L, Ondrouskova E, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. Suppression of AGR2 in a TGF-β-induced Smad regulatory pathway mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:546. [PMID: 28810836 PMCID: PMC5557473 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During cancer progression, epithelial cancer cells can be reprogrammed into mesenchymal-like cells with increased migratory potential through the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), representing an essential step of tumor progression towards metastatic state. AGR2 protein was shown to regulate several cancer-associated processes including cellular proliferation, survival and drug resistance. Methods The expression of AGR2 was analyzed in cancer cell lines exposed to TGF-β alone or to combined treatment with TGF-β and the Erk1/2 inhibitor PD98059 or the TGF-β receptor specific inhibitor SB431542. The impact of AGR2 silencing by specific siRNAs or CRISPR/Cas9 technology on EMT was investigated by western blot analysis, quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence analysis, real-time invasion assay and adhesion assay. Results Induction of EMT was associated with decreased AGR2 along with changes in cellular morphology, actin reorganization, inhibition of E-cadherin and induction of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin in various cancer cell lines. Conversely, induction of AGR2 caused reversion of the mesenchymal phenotype back to the epithelial phenotype and re-acquisition of epithelial markers. Activated Smad and Erk signaling cascades were identified as mutually complementary pathways responsible for TGF-β-mediated inhibition of AGR2. Conclusion Taken together our results highlight a crucial role for AGR2 in maintaining the epithelial phenotype by preventing the activation of key factors involved in the process of EMT. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3537-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sommerova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ondrouskova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Li L, He J, Wang L, Chen W, Chang Z. Gene expression profiles of fin regeneration in loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanu). Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 25-26:124-130. [PMID: 28710028 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fins can regenerate accurate position-matched structure and function after amputation. However, we still lack systematic transcriptional profiling and methodologies to understand the molecular basis of fin regeneration. After histological analysis, we established a suppression subtraction hybridization library containing 418 distinct sequences expressed differentially during the process of blastema formation and differentiation in caudal fin regeneration. Genome ontology and comparative analysis of differential distribution of our data and the reference zebrafish genome showed notable subcategories, including multi-organism processes, response to stimuli, extracellular matrix, antioxidant activity, and cell junction function. KEGG pathway analysis allowed the effective identification of relevant genes in those pathways involved in tissue morphogenesis and regeneration, including tight junction, cell adhesion molecules, mTOR and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. From relevant function subcategories and signaling pathways, 78 clones were examined for further Southern-blot hybridization. Then, 17 genes were chosen and characterized using semi-quantitative PCR. Then 4 candidate genes were identified, including F11r, Mmp9, Agr2 and one without a match to any database. After real-time quantitative PCR, the results showed obvious expression changes in different periods of caudal fin regeneration. We can assume that the 4 candidates, likely valuable genes associated with fin regeneration, deserve additional attention. Thus, our study demonstrated how to investigate the transcript profiles with an emphasis on bioinformatics intervention and how to identify potential genes related to fin regeneration processes. The results also provide a foundation or knowledge for further research into genes and molecular mechanisms of fin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China; Department of Biology and CAREG, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jingya He
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medical Center (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
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Guo H, Zhu Q, Yu X, Merugu SB, Mangukiya HB, Smith N, Li Z, Zhang B, Negi H, Rong R, Cheng K, Wu Z, Li D. Tumor-secreted anterior gradient-2 binds to VEGF and FGF2 and enhances their activities by promoting their homodimerization. Oncogene 2017; 36:5098-5109. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liu Z, Hu Y, Gong Y, Zhang W, Liu C, Wang Q, Deng H. Hydrogen peroxide mediated mitochondrial UNG1-PRDX3 interaction and UNG1 degradation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:54-62. [PMID: 27480846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Isoform 1 of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG1) is the major protein for initiating base-excision repair in mitochondria and is in close proximity to the respiratory chain that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Effects of ROS on the stability of UNG1 have not been well characterized. In the present study, we found that overexpression of UNG1 enhanced cells' resistance to oxidative stress and protected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from oxidation. Proteomics analysis showed that UNG1 bound to eight proteins in the mitochondria, including PAPSS2, CD70 antigen, and AGR2 under normal growth conditions, whereas UNG1 mainly bound to Peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3) via a disulfide linkage under oxidative stress. We further demonstrated that the UNG1-PRDX3 interaction protected UNG1 from ROS-mediated degradation and prevented mtDNA oxidation. Moreover, our results show that ROS-mediated UNG1 degradation was Lon protease 1 (LonP1)-dependent and mitochondrial UNG1 degradation was aggravated by knockdown of PRDX3 expression. Taken together, these results reveal a novel function of UNG1 in the recruitment of PRDX3 to mtDNA under oxidative stress, enabling protection of UNG1 and UNG1-bound DNA from ROS damage and enhancing cell resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and the Center of Biomedical Analsis, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and the Center of Biomedical Analsis, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyi Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and the Center of Biomedical Analsis, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and the Center of Biomedical Analsis, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongdong Liu
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and the Center of Biomedical Analsis, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Clarke DJ, Murray E, Faktor J, Mohtar A, Vojtesek B, MacKay CL, Smith PL, Hupp TR. Mass spectrometry analysis of the oxidation states of the pro-oncogenic protein anterior gradient-2 reveals covalent dimerization via an intermolecular disulphide bond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:551-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Grassme KS, Garza-Garcia A, Delgado JP, Godwin JW, Kumar A, Gates PB, Driscoll PC, Brockes JP. Mechanism of Action of Secreted Newt Anterior Gradient Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154176. [PMID: 27100463 PMCID: PMC4839744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient (AG) proteins have a thioredoxin fold and are targeted to the secretory pathway where they may act in the ER, as well as after secretion into the extracellular space. A newt member of the family (nAG) was previously identified as interacting with the GPI-anchored salamander-specific three-finger protein called Prod1. Expression of nAG has been implicated in the nerve dependence of limb regeneration in salamanders, and nAG acted as a growth factor for cultured newt limb blastemal (progenitor) cells, but the mechanism of action was not understood. Here we show that addition of a peptide antibody to Prod1 specifically inhibit the proliferation of blastema cells, suggesting that Prod1 acts as a cell surface receptor for secreted nAG, leading to S phase entry. Mutation of the single cysteine residue in the canonical active site of nAG to alanine or serine leads to protein degradation, but addition of residues at the C terminus stabilises the secreted protein. The mutation of the cysteine residue led to no detectable activity on S phase entry in cultured newt limb blastemal cells. In addition, our phylogenetic analyses have identified a new Caudata AG protein called AG4. A comparison of the AG proteins in a cell culture assay indicates that nAG secretion is significantly higher than AGR2 or AG4, suggesting that this property may vary in different members of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S. Grassme
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Acely Garza-Garcia
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Paul Delgado
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Godwin
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip B. Gates
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. Driscoll
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Brockes
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a gene predominantly expressed in mucus-secreting tissues or in endocrine cells. Its expression is drastically increased in tumors including prostate cancer. Here we investigated whether AGR2 transcript levels can be used as a biomarker to detect prostate cancer (PCa). Using a PCR-based approach, we could show that in addition to the wild-type (AGRwt long and short) transcripts, five other AGR2 splice variants (SV) (referred to as AGR2 SV-C, -E, -F, -G and -H) were present in cancer cell lines. In tissue biopsies, SV-H and AGR2wt (short) distinguished between benign and PCa (p ≤ 0.05 n = 32). In urine exosomes, AGR2 SV-G and SV-H outperformed serum PSA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed the highest discriminatory power of SV-G and SV-H in predicting PCa. AGR2 SV-G and SV-H are potential diagnostic biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of PCa using urine exosomes.
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Kim SJ, Kim DH, Kang D, Kim JH. Expression of anterior gradient 2 is decreased with the progression of human biliary tract cancer. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 234:83-8. [PMID: 25186196 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.234.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers include cancers of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts, and its prognosis is poor. The anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a protein disulfide isomerase and is highly expressed in various human cancers, such as breast, prostate and pancreas cancers. AGR2 is expressed in normal cholangiocytes and its expression is maintained during biliary carcinogenesis. However, the clinical significance of AGR2 expression in biliary tract cancer has not yet been assessed. Thus, we examined the expression of AGR2 protein in biliary tract tumors using immunohistochemistry and its association with various clinicopathologic parameters. This study included 100 patients who underwent surgery for biliary tract cancers: 46 men and 54 women with a mean and median age of 64.2 and 65.0 years, respectively. AGR2 expression was detected in ductal epithelial cells of the normal biliary tract and in 95% of biliary tract cancer tissues. While the AGR2 expression was not associated with cancer location, patient age, patient sex, degree of regional lymph node metastasis (N-status), or residual status, the AGR2 expression level was decreased with increased tumor size (T-status, p = 0.006) and progression of tumor stage (p = 0.009). Moreover, well-differentiated cancers tended to show higher AGR2 expression than poorly differentiated cancers (p = 0.068); in fact, AGR2 expression was not associated with patient survival (Kaplan-Meier analysis, p = 0.415). Thus, AGR2 is of limited value as a prognostic marker for biliary tract cancer. In conclusion, the expression of AGR2 is decreased with the progression of biliary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital
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Brychtova V, Mohtar A, Vojtesek B, Hupp TR. Mechanisms of anterior gradient-2 regulation and function in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 33:16-24. [PMID: 25937245 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteins targeted to secretory pathway enter the endoplasmic reticulum where they undergo post-translational modification and subsequent quality control executed by exquisite catalysts of protein folding, protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). These enzymes can often provide strict conformational protein folding solutions to highly cysteine-rich cargo as they facilitate disulphide rearrangement in the endoplasmic reticulum. Under conditions when PDI substrates are not isomerised properly, secreted proteins can accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress initiation with implications for human disease development. Anterior Gradient-2 (AGR2) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident PDI superfamily member that has emerged as a dominant effector of basic biological properties in vertebrates including blastoderm formation and limb regeneration. AGR2 perturbation in mammals influences disease processes including cancer progression and drug resistance, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review will focus on the molecular characteristics, function, and regulation of AGR2, views on its emerging biological functions and misappropriation in disease, and prospects for therapeutic intervention into endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein folding pathways for improving the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Brychtova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aiman Mohtar
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre Cell Signalling Unit, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Hupp
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre Cell Signalling Unit, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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39
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Garczyk S, von Stillfried S, Antonopoulos W, Hartmann A, Schrauder MG, Fasching PA, Anzeneder T, Tannapfel A, Ergönenc Y, Knüchel R, Rose M, Dahl E. AGR3 in breast cancer: prognostic impact and suitable serum-based biomarker for early cancer detection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122106. [PMID: 25875093 PMCID: PMC4398490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-based early detection of breast cancer has recently gained novel momentum, as liquid biopsy diagnostics is a fast emerging field. In this study, we aimed to identify secreted proteins which are up-regulated both in tumour tissue and serum samples of breast cancer patients compared to normal tissue and sera. Based on two independent tissue cohorts (n = 75 and n = 229) and one serum cohort (n = 80) of human breast cancer and healthy serum samples, we characterised AGR3 as a novel potential biomarker both for breast cancer prognosis and early breast cancer detection from blood. AGR3 expression in breast tumours is significantly associated with oestrogen receptor α (P<0.001) and lower tumour grade (P<0.01). Interestingly, AGR3 protein expression correlates with unfavourable outcome in low (G1) and intermediate (G2) grade breast tumours (multivariate hazard ratio: 2.186, 95% CI: 1.008-4.740, P<0.05) indicating an independent prognostic impact. In sera analysed by ELISA technique, AGR3 protein concentration was significantly (P<0.001) elevated in samples from breast cancer patients (n = 40, mainly low stage tumours) compared to healthy controls (n = 40). To develop a suitable biomarker panel for early breast cancer detection, we measured AGR2 protein in human serum samples in parallel. The combined AGR3/AGR2 biomarker panel achieved a sensitivity of 64.5% and a specificity of 89.5% as shown by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve statistics. Thus our data clearly show the potential usability of AGR3 and AGR2 as biomarkers for blood-based early detection of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Garczyk
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Antonopoulos
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael G. Schrauder
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Anzeneder
- Patients' Tumor Bank of Hope (PATH) Foundation, München, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, on behalf of the PATH Biobank group
| | - Yavuz Ergönenc
- Department for Senology, St Anna Hospital, Herne, Germany, on behalf of the PATH Biobank group
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Rose
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Edgar Dahl
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Arumugam T, Deng D, Bover L, Wang H, Logsdon CD, Ramachandran V. New Blocking Antibodies against Novel AGR2-C4.4A Pathway Reduce Growth and Metastasis of Pancreatic Tumors and Increase Survival in Mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:941-51. [PMID: 25646014 PMCID: PMC4710371 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) promotes cancer growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy via unknown mechanisms. We investigated the effects of extracellular AGR2 signaling through the orphan glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked receptor C4.4A in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were measured using colorimetric, Boyden chamber, and FACS analyses. We developed blocking mAbs against AGR2 and C4.4A and tested their effects, along with siRNAs, on cancer cell functions and on orthotopic tumors in nude mice. Extracellular AGR2 stimulated proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance of PDAC cell lines. AGR2 interacted with C4.4A in cell lysates and mixtures of recombinant proteins. Knockdown of C4.4A reduced migration and resistance to gemcitabine. PDAC tissues, but not adjacent healthy pancreatic tissues, expressed high levels of AGR2 and C4.4A. AGR2 signaling through C4.4A required laminins 1 or 5 and integrin β1. Administration of antibodies against AGR2 and C4.4A reduced growth and metastasis and caused regression of aggressive xenograft tumors, leading to increased survival of mice. These data support a model in which AGR2 binds and signals via C4.4A in an autocrine loop and promotes the growth of pancreas tumors in mice. Blocking mAbs against AGR2 and C4.4A may have therapeutic potential against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvengadam Arumugam
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Defeng Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Bover
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vijaya Ramachandran
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Mizuuchi Y, Aishima S, Ohuchida K, Shindo K, Fujino M, Hattori M, Miyazaki T, Mizumoto K, Tanaka M, Oda Y. Anterior gradient 2 downregulation in a subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a prognostic factor indicative of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Transl Med 2015; 95:193-206. [PMID: 25418581 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family, has been implicated in various cancers including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is known to promote cancer progression. However, the prognostic value of AGR2 expression and the interaction with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remain unclear. We investigated the clinical significance of AGR2 and EMT markers in PDAC patients by immunohistochemical analyses. Although AGR2 expression was not observed in normal pancreas, all pancreatic precursor neoplastic lesions were positive for AGR2, even at the earliest stages, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia-1A, AGR2 expression was reduced in 27.7% (54/195 cases) of PDAC patients. AGR2 downregulation correlated with EMT markers (vimentin overexpression and reduced membranous E-cadherin expression), high Union for International Cancer Control stage (P<0.0001), high histological cellular grade (P<0.0001), and adverse outcome (P<0.0001). In vitro, targeted silencing of AGR2 in cancer cells using siRNA reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, cell invasiveness, and migration, but did not alter EMT markers. To confer a more aggressive phenotype and induce EMT in PDAC cells, we co-cultured PDAC cell lines with primary-cultured pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and found that AGR2 was downregulated in co-cultured PDAC cells compared with PDAC monocultures. Treatment with transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β), secreted from PSCs, decreased AGR2 expression, whereas inhibition of TGF-β signaling using recombinant soluble human TGF-β receptor type II and TGF-β-neutralizing antibodies restored AGR2 expression. We conclude that AGR2 downregulation is a useful prognostic marker, induced by EMT, and that secreted TGF-β from PSCs may partially contribute to AGR2 downregulation in PDAC patients. AGR2 downregulation does not induce EMT or a more aggressive phenotype, but is a secondary effect of these processes in advanced PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuuchi
- 1] Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [2] Reserch Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Shindo
- 1] Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [2] Reserch Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujino
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masami Hattori
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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The secreted factor Ag1 missing in higher vertebrates regulates fins regeneration in Danio rerio. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8123. [PMID: 25630240 PMCID: PMC4309956 DOI: 10.1038/srep08123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agr family includes three groups of genes, Ag1, Agr2 and Agr3, which encode the thioredoxin domain-containing secreted proteins and have been shown recently to participate in regeneration of the amputated body appendages in amphibians. By contrast, higher vertebrates have only Agr2 and Agr3, but lack Ag1, and have low ability to regenerate the body appendages. Thus, one may hypothesize that loss of Ag1 in evolution could be an important event that led to a decline of the regenerative capacity in higher vertebrates. To test this, we have studied now the expression and role of Ag1 in the regeneration of fins of a representative of another large group of lower vertebrates, the fish Danio rerio. As a result, we have demonstrated that amputation of the Danio fins, like amputation of the body appendages in amphibians, elicits an increase of Ag1 expression in cells of the stump. Furthermore, down-regulation of DAg1 by injections of Vivo-morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a retardation of the fin regeneration. These data are in a good agreement with the assumption that the loss of Ag1 in higher vertebrates ancestors could lead to the reduction of the regenerative capacity in their modern descendants.
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Obacz J, Takacova M, Brychtova V, Dobes P, Pastorekova S, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. The role of AGR2 and AGR3 in cancer: similar but not identical. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:139-47. [PMID: 25666661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, highly related members of the protein disulphide isomerase family, anterior gradient protein AGR2 and AGR3, attracted researchers' attention due to their putative involvement in developmental processes and carcinogenesis. While AGR2 has been widely demonstrated as a metastasis-related protein whose elevated expression predicts worse patient outcome, little is known about AGR3's role in tumour biology. Thus, we aim to confront the issue of AGR3 function in physiology and pathology in the following review by comparing this protein with the better-described homologue AGR2. Relying on available data and in silico analyses, we show that AGR proteins are co-expressed or uncoupled in context-dependent manners in diverse carcinomas and healthy tissues. Further, we discuss plausible roles of both proteins in tumour-associated processes such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. This work brings new hints and stimulates further thoughts on hitherto unresolved conundrum of anterior gradient protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Obacz
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martina Takacova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Brychtova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Dobes
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kim SJ, Jun S, Cho HY, Lee DC, Yeom YI, Kim JH, Kang D. Knockdown of anterior gradient 2 expression extenuates tumor-associated phenotypes of SNU-478 ampulla of Vater cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:804. [PMID: 25367337 PMCID: PMC4228270 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) has been implicated in tumor-associated phenotypes such as cell viability, invasion and metastasis in various human cancers. However, the tumor promoting activity of AGR2 has not yet been determined in biliary tract cancers. Thus, we examined the expression of AGR2 and its tumor-promoting activity in biliary tract cancer cells in this study. Methods Expression of AGR2 mRNA and protein was analyzed by real time RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. MTT assay was employed to measure cell viability and pulsed BrdU incorporation by proliferating cells was monitored by flow cytometry. Soft agar colony formation assay and transwell invasion assay were employed to determine anchorage-independent growth and in vitro invasion of the tumor cells, respectively. In vivo tumor formation was examined by injection of tumor cells into immunocompromised mice subcutaneously. Statistical analysis was performed with 2-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test for continuous data and with one-way ANOVA for multiple group comparisons. Bonferroni tests were used for post hoc 2-sample comparisons. Results AGR2 mRNA was detected in SNU-245, SNU-478, and SNU-1196 cell lines, and its protein expression was confirmed in SNU-478 and SNU-245 cell lines by western blot analysis. Knockdown of AGR2 expression with an AGR2-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in SNU-478, an ampulla of Vater cancer cell line resulted in decreased cell viability and in decreased anchorage-independent growth by 98%. The AGR2 knockdown also increased the sensitivity of the cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, including gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. In addition, SNU-478 cells expressing AGR2-shRNA failed to form detectable tumor xenografts in nude mice, whereas control cells formed tumors with an average size of 179 ± 84 mm3 in 3 weeks. Overexpression of AGR2 in SNU-869 cells significantly increased cell viability through enhanced cell proliferation and the number of Matrigel™-invading cells compared with AGR2-negative SNU-869 cells. Conclusions Our findings implicate that AGR2 expression augments tumor-associated phenotypes by increasing proliferative and invasive capacities of the ampulla of Vater cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jong Hyeok Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
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Shishkin SS, Eremina LS, Kovalev LI, Kovaleva MA. AGR2, ERp57/GRP58, and some other human protein disulfide isomerases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1415-30. [PMID: 24490732 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791313004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the major features of human proteins AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 and of other members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. The ability of both AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 to catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins is the parameter most important for assigning them to a PDI family. Moreover, these proteins and also other members of the PDI family have specific structural features (thioredoxin-like domains, special C-terminal motifs characteristic for proteins localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, etc.) that are necessary for their assignment to a PDI family. Data demonstrating the role of these two proteins in carcinogenesis are analyzed. Special attention is given to data indicating the presence of biomarker features in AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58. It is now thought that there is sufficient reason for studies of AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 for possible use of these proteins in diagnosis of tumors. There are also prospects for studies on AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 leading to developments in chemotherapy. Thus, we suppose that further studies on different members of the PDI family using modern postgenomic technologies will broaden current concepts about functions of these proteins, and this will be helpful for solution of urgent biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Shishkin
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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Hong XY, Wang J, Li Z. AGR2 expression is regulated by HIF-1 and contributes to growth and angiogenesis of glioblastoma. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:1487-95. [PMID: 23712868 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors are the most common type of brain tumors characterized by extensive angiogenesis that is mostly orchestrated by tumor hypoxia. The hypoxia induced factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional complex is the "master control switch" for hypoxia. Dysregulation of anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) expression is associated with tumor growth and metastasis. Whether AGR2 is a hypoxia-responsive factor and affects tumor progression via angiogenesis remains unknown. Here, we show that GBM cell lines, U87 and LN18, exhibited enhanced hypoxic responses compared with control normal human astrocytes, and a corresponding HIF-1-dependent increase in AGR2 mRNA and protein. Recombinant AGR2 and conditioned medium from GBM cells induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation, which were abrogated by anti-AGR2 neutralizing antibodies. Expression of the HIF-1α oxygen-dependent degradation domain mutant in cells resulted in elevated AGR2 levels and an increased ability to induce HUVEC migration and tube formation in vitro and enhanced growth and vascularity of tumor xenografts in vivo, which were prevented by AGR2 knockdown. Taken together, these results indicate that AGR2 expression is regulated by HIF-1 and plays an important role in control of glioblastoma growth and vascularity. Our findings suggest that inhibiting AGR2 may represent a new therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Hong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, China
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Huang J, Wang L, Jiang M, Chen Q, Jiang Z, Feng H. AGR2-mediated lung adenocarcinoma metastasis novel mechanism network through repression with interferon coupling cytoskeleton to steroid metabolism-dependent humoral immune response. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:102-6. [PMID: 24960290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
7 anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2)-inhibited different molecular mutual positive correlation network was constructed in lung adenocarcinoma compared with human normal adjacent tissues by 17 overlapping molecules of 358 GRNInfer and 19 Pearson (AGR2 CC⩽-0.25). Based on GO, KEGG, GenMAPP, BioCarta and disease databases, we determined AGR2-mediated lung adenocarcinoma metastasis through repression with cytoskeleton of MAST1; steroid metabolism of SOAT2; humoral immune response of POU2AF1; interferon alpha-inducible of IFI6; immunoglobulin of IGKC_3, CTA_246H3.1. Thus we proposed AGR2-mediated lung adenocarcinoma metastasis novel mechanism network through repression with interferon coupling cytoskeleton to steroid metabolism-dependent humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Huang
- Biomedical Center, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Biomedical Center, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Minghu Jiang
- Lab of Computational Linguistics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingchun Chen
- Biomedical Center, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Zhenfu Jiang
- School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haitao Feng
- Dean Department, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
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Di Maro G, Salerno P, Unger K, Orlandella FM, Monaco M, Chiappetta G, Thomas G, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Masullo M, Jarzab B, Santoro M, Salvatore G. Anterior gradient protein 2 promotes survival, migration and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:160. [PMID: 24976026 PMCID: PMC4094684 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through a transcriptome microarray analysis, we have isolated Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) as a gene up-regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). AGR2 is a disulfide isomerase over-expressed in several human carcinomas and recently linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we analyzed the expression of AGR2 in PTC and its functional role. METHODS Expression of AGR2 was studied by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR in normal thyroids and in PTC samples. The function of AGR2 was studied by knockdown in PTC cells and by ectopic expression in non-transformed thyroid cells. The role of AGR2 in the ER stress was analyzed upon treatment of cells, expressing or not AGR2, with Bortezomib and analyzing by Western blot the expression levels of GADD153. RESULTS PTC over-expressed AGR2 at mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of AGR2 in PTC cells induced apoptosis and decreased migration and invasion. Ectopic expression of AGR2 in non-transformed human thyroid cells increased migration and invasion and protected cells from ER stress induced by Bortezomib. CONCLUSIONS AGR2 is a novel marker of PTC and plays a role in thyroid cancer cell survival, migration, invasion and protection from ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giuliana Salvatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Universita' "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, Naples 80133, Italy.
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Sung HY, Choi EN, Lyu D, Park AK, Ju W, Ahn JH. Aberrant hypomethylation-mediated AGR2 overexpression induces an aggressive phenotype in ovarian cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:815-20. [PMID: 24920423 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic properties of cancer cells result from genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the abnormal expression of key genes regulating tumor phenotypes. Recent discoveries suggest that aberrant DNA methylation provides cancer cells with advanced metastatic properties; however, the precise regulatory mechanisms controlling metastasis-associated genes and their roles in metastatic transformation are largely unknown. We injected SK-OV-3 human ovarian cancer cells into the perineum of nude mice to generate a mouse model that mimics human ovarian cancer metastasis. We analyzed the mRNA expression and DNA methylation profiles in metastasized tumor tissues in the mice. The pro-oncogenic anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) gene showed increased mRNA expression and hypomethylation at CpG sites in its promoter region in the metastatic tumor tissues compared with the cultured SK-OV-3 cells. We identified crucial cytosine residues at CpG sites in the AGR2 promoter region. Treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reduced the level of CpG methylation in the AGR2 promoter and increased the level of AGR2 expression. Next, we explored the functional role of AGR2 in the metastatic transformation of SK-OV-3 cells. SK-OV-3 cells overexpressing AGR2 showed increased migratory and invasive activity. Our results indicate that DNA methylation within the AGR2 promoter modulates more aggressive cancer cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Youn Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Nam Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Ju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyuck Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
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Loss of anterior gradient-2 expression is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1722-1730. [PMID: 24794000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The human Anterior Gradient-2 (AGR2) protein is strongly expressed in various human cancers, and it has been described to promote aggressive tumour features in some entities. So far, a comprehensive analysis of AGR2 expression in colorectal carcinomas has not been described. METHODS Normal intestinal cells and colorectal carcinoma cell lines were analysed for AGR2 expression. AGR2 protein expression was immunohistochemically analysed in 28 normal tissue samples and 1068 tissue samples of clinically well characterised colorectal carcinomas. For statistical analysis, chi square test, spearman rank correlations, Kaplan-Meier estimates (Log rank test) and Cox regression were applied to test for diagnostic or prognostic associations. RESULTS In the normal intestinal cell line and in normal colon mucosa AGR2 was found in all cases (n=28). In contrast, loss of AGR2 was found in all six analysed colorectal cancer cell lines and in 833/1068 (78%) of the colorectal carcinoma tissue samples analysed, and it was significantly associated with a higher tumour grade and tumour localisation in the left-sided colon. In addition to the conventional prognostic tumour parameters pT category, nodal status, metastasis and histological tumour grade the loss of AGR2 expression was significantly associated with reduced overall survival times in univariate and multivariate analyses, thus suggesting AGR2 as an independent prognostic factor in primary colorectal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS AGR2 is frequently lost in colorectal carcinomas and might be a novel independent prognostic factor for overall patient survival.
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