1
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Wang P, Wu P, Wang J, Zeng Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Xiao X, Zhang Q. Missense Mutations in MAB21L1: Causation of Novel Autosomal Dominant Ocular BAMD Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:19. [PMID: 36892533 PMCID: PMC10010443 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Biallelic MAB21L1 variants have been reported to cause autosomal recessive cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital syndrome (COFG), whereas only five heterozygous pathogenic variants have been suspected to cause autosomal dominant (AD) microphthalmia and aniridia in eight families. This study aimed to report an AD ocular syndrome (blepharophimosis plus anterior segment and macular dysgenesis [BAMD]) syndrome based on clinical and genetic findings from patients with monoallelic MAB21L1 pathogenic variants in our cohort and reported cases. Methods Potential pathogenic variants in MAB21L1 were detected from a large in-house exome sequencing dataset. Ocular phenotypes of the patients with potential pathogenic variants in MAB21L1 were summarized, and the genotype-phenotype correlation was analyzed through a comprehensive literature review. Results Three heterozygous missense variants in MAB21L1, predicted to be damaging, were detected in 5 unrelated families, including c.152G>T in 2, c.152G>A in 2, and c.155T>G in one. All were absent from gnomAD. The variants were de novo in two families, transmitted from affected parents to offspring in two families, and with an unknown origin in the other family, demonstrating strong evidence of AD inheritance. All patients revealed similar BAMD phenotypes, including blepharophimosis, anterior segment dysgenesis, and macular dysgenesis. Genotype-phenotype analysis suggested that patients with monoallelic MAB21L1 missense variants had only ocular anomalies (BAMD), whereas patients with biallelic variants presented both ocular and extraocular symptoms. Conclusions Heterozygous pathogenic variants in MAB21L1 account for a new AD BAMD syndrome, which is completely different from COFG caused by homozygous variants in MAB21L1. Nucleotide c.152 is likely a mutation hot spot, and the encoded residue of p.Arg51 might be critical for MAB21L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengsen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Xiao Y, Xiang JW, Gao Q, Bai YY, Huang ZX, Hu XH, Wang L, Li DWC. MAB21L1 promotes survival of lens epithelial cells through control of αB-crystallin and ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6128-6148. [PMID: 35951367 PMCID: PMC9417230 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The male abnormal gene family 21 (mab21), was initially identified in C. elegans. Since its identification, studies from different groups have shown that it regulates development of ocular tissues, brain, heart and liver. However, its functional mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Mab21L1 promotes survival of lens epithelial cells. Mechanistically, Mab21L1 upregulates expression of αB-crystallin. Moreover, our results show that αB-crystallin prevents stress-induced phosphorylation of p53 at S-20 and S-37 through abrogating the activation of the upstream kinases, ATR and CHK1. As a result of suppressing p53 activity by αB-crystallin, Mab21L1 downregulates expression of Bak but upregulates Mcl-1 during stress insult. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Mab21L1 promotes survival of lens epithelial cells through upregulation of αB-crystallin to suppress ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Yue Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 121212, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- The Academician Work Station, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
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3
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Ogami T, Tamura Y, Toss K, Yuki K, Morikawa M, Tsutsumi S, Aburatani H, Miyazawa K, Miyazono K, Koinuma D. MAB21L4 regulates the TGF-β-induced expression of target genes in epidermal keratinocytes. J Biochem 2021; 171:399-410. [PMID: 34908107 PMCID: PMC8969751 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad proteins transduce signals downstream of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and are one of the factors that regulate the expression of genes related to diseases affecting the skin. In the present study, we identified MAB21L4, also known as male abnormal 21 like 4 or C2orf54, as the most up-regulated targets of TGF-β and Smad3 in differentiated human progenitor epidermal keratinocytes using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
(ChIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We found that TGF-β induced expression of the barrier protein involucrin (encoded by the IVL gene). Transcriptional activity of the IVL promoter induced by TGF-β was inhibited by MAB21L4 siRNAs. Further analysis revealed that MAB21L4 siRNAs also down-regulated the expression of several target genes of TGF-β. MAB21L4 protein was located mainly in the cytosol, where it was physically bound to Smad3 and a transcriptional corepressor c-Ski. siRNAs for MAB21L4 did not inhibit the binding of Smad3 to their target genomic regions but down-regulated the acetylation of histone H3 lys 27 (H3K27ac), an active histone mark, near the Smad3 binding regions. These findings suggest that TGF-β-induced MAB21L4 up-regulates the gene expression induced by TGF-β, possibly through the inhibition of c-Ski via physical interaction in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ogami
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kim Toss
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Yuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masato Morikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tsutsumi
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daizo Koinuma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Rad A, Altunoglu U, Miller R, Maroofian R, James KN, Çağlayan AO, Najafi M, Stanley V, Boustany RM, Yeşil G, Sahebzamani A, Ercan-Sencicek G, Saeidi K, Wu K, Bauer P, Bakey Z, Gleeson JG, Hauser N, Gunel M, Kayserili H, Schmidts M. MAB21L1 loss of function causes a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder with distinctive cerebellar, ocular, cranio facial and genital features (COFG syndrome). J Med Genet 2018; 56:332-339. [PMID: 30487245 PMCID: PMC6581149 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Putative nucleotidyltransferase MAB21L1 is a member of an evolutionarily well-conserved family of the male abnormal 21 (MAB21)-like proteins. Little is known about the biochemical function of the protein; however, prior studies have shown essential roles for several aspects of embryonic development including the eye, midbrain, neural tube and reproductive organs. OBJECTIVE A homozygous truncating variant in MAB21L1 has recently been described in a male affected by intellectual disability, scrotal agenesis, ophthalmological anomalies, cerebellar hypoplasia and facial dysmorphism. We employed a combination of exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping to identify the underlying genetic cause in subjects with similar phenotypic features descending from five unrelated consanguineous families. RESULTS We identified four homozygous MAB21L1 loss of function variants (p.Glu281fs*20, p.Arg287Glufs*14 p.Tyr280* and p.Ser93Serfs*48) and one missense variant (p.Gln233Pro) in 10 affected individuals from 5 consanguineous families with a distinctive autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome. Cardinal features of this syndrome include a characteristic facial gestalt, corneal dystrophy, hairy nipples, underdeveloped labioscrotal folds and scrotum/scrotal agenesis as well as cerebellar hypoplasia with ataxia and variable microcephaly. CONCLUSION This report defines an ultrarare but clinically recognisable Cerebello-Oculo-Facio-Genital syndrome associated with recessive MAB21L1 variants. Additionally, our findings further support the critical role of MAB21L1 in cerebellum, lens, genitalia and as craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Rad
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rebecca Miller
- Inova Cardiovascular Genomics Clinic, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics and Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kiely N James
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ahmet Okay Çağlayan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Medical Genetics Department, Bilim University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Maryam Najafi
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Beirut, Lebanon.,Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gözde Yeşil
- Medical Genetics Department, Bezmi Alem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Afsaneh Sahebzamani
- Paediatric and Genetic Counselling Center, Kerman Welfare Organization, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gülhan Ercan-Sencicek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kaman Wu
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zeineb Bakey
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pediatrics Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Natalie Hauser
- Inova Cardiovascular Genomics Clinic, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pediatrics Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Nguyen D, Yamada R, Yoshimitsu N, Oguri A, Kojima T, Takahashi N. Involvement of the Mab21l1 gene in calvarial osteogenesis. Differentiation 2017; 98:70-78. [PMID: 29156428 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Mab-21 gene family is crucial for animal development. A deficiency in the Mab-21 genes associates with several defects, including skeletal malformation in mice and humans. In this study, we observed that mice lacking Mab21l1 displayed an unclosed fontanelle, suggesting impaired calvarial bone development. Cells isolated from the calvaria of these mice showed a greater osteoblast differentiation potential as evidenced by the abundance of mineralized bone nodules and higher expression levels of osteogenic markers than wild-type cells. Mab21l1-/- osteoblasts also expressed higher levels of adipocyte genes and interferon-regulated genes at early stages of osteogenesis. Rankl/Opg expression levels were also higher in Mab21l1-/- osteoblasts than in wild-type cells. These data suggest that Mab21l1 is involved in either the regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation or the balance between bone formation and resorption. An alteration in these regulatory machineries, therefore, may lead to insufficient bone formation, causing the bone phenotype in Mab21l1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nguyen
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Yamada
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; RNA Company Limited, 7-25-7, Nishikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 114-8661, Japan
| | - Nodoka Yoshimitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akira Oguri
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takuya Kojima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; RNA Company Limited, 7-25-7, Nishikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 114-8661, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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6
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de Oliveira Mann CC, Kiefersauer R, Witte G, Hopfner KP. Structural and biochemical characterization of the cell fate determining nucleotidyltransferase fold protein MAB21L1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27498. [PMID: 27271801 PMCID: PMC4897736 DOI: 10.1038/srep27498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The exceptionally conserved metazoan MAB21 proteins are implicated in cell fate decisions and share considerable sequence homology with the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. cGAS is the major innate immune sensor for cytosolic DNA and produces the second messenger 2′-5′, 3′-5′ cyclic GMP-AMP. Little is known about the structure and biochemical function of other proteins of the cGAS-MAB21 subfamily, such as MAB21L1, MAB21L2 and MAB21L3. We have determined the crystal structure of human full-length MAB21L1. Our analysis reveals high structural conservation between MAB21L1 and cGAS but also uncovers important differences. Although monomeric in solution, MAB21L1 forms a highly symmetric double-pentameric oligomer in the crystal, raising the possibility that oligomerization could be a feature of MAB21L1. In the crystal, MAB21L1 is in an inactive conformation requiring a conformational change - similar to cGAS - to develop any nucleotidyltransferase activity. Co-crystallization with NTP identified a putative ligand binding site of MAB21 proteins that corresponds to the DNA binding site of cGAS. Finally, we offer a structure-based explanation for the effects of MAB21L2 mutations in patients with eye malformations. The underlying residues participate in fold-stabilizing interaction networks and mutations destabilize the protein. In summary, we provide a first structural framework for MAB21 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C de Oliveira Mann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center and Dept. of Biochemistry, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reiner Kiefersauer
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center and Dept. of Biochemistry, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center and Dept. of Biochemistry, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Feodor-Lynen Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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7
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Dai M, Wang Y, Fang L, Irwin DM, Zhu T, Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Z. Differential expression of Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 during limb development associated with diversification of limb morphology in mammals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106100. [PMID: 25166052 PMCID: PMC4148388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals capable of self-powered flight using wings. Differing from mouse or human limbs, four elongated digits within a broad wing membrane support the bat wing, and the foot of the bat has evolved a long calcar that spread the interfemoral membrane. Our recent mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq) study found unique expression patterns for genes at the 5' end of the Hoxd gene cluster and for Tbx3 that are associated with digit elongation and wing membrane growth in bats. In this study, we focused on two additional genes, Meis2 and Mab21l2, identified from the mRNA-Seq data. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) we validated the mRNA-Seq results for differences in the expression patterns of Meis2 and Mab21l2 between bat and mouse limbs, and further characterize the timing and location of the expression of these two genes. These analyses suggest that Meis2 may function in wing membrane growth and Mab21l2 may have a role in AP and DV axial patterning. In addition, we found that Tbx3 is uniquely expressed in the unique calcar structure found in the bat hindlimb, suggesting a role for this gene in calcar growth and elongation. Moreover, analysis of the coding sequences for Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 showed that Meis2 and Mab21l2 have high sequence identity, consistent with the functions of genes being conserved, but that Tbx3 showed accelerated evolution in bats. However, evidence for positive selection in Tbx3 was not found, which would suggest that the function of this gene has not been changed. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that the modulation of the spatiotemporal expression patterns of multiple functional conserved genes control limb morphology and drive morphological change in the diversification of mammalian limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Dai
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Rainger J, Pehlivan D, Johansson S, Bengani H, Sanchez-Pulido L, Williamson KA, Ture M, Barker H, Rosendahl K, Spranger J, Horn D, Meynert A, Floyd JAB, Prescott T, Anderson CA, Rainger JK, Karaca E, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Jhangiani S, Muzny DM, Seawright A, Soares DC, Kharbanda M, Murday V, Finch A, Gibbs RA, van Heyningen V, Taylor MS, Yakut T, Knappskog PM, Hurles ME, Ponting CP, Lupski JR, Houge G, FitzPatrick DR. Monoallelic and biallelic mutations in MAB21L2 cause a spectrum of major eye malformations. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:915-23. [PMID: 24906020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified four different missense mutations in the single-exon gene MAB21L2 in eight individuals with bilateral eye malformations from five unrelated families via three independent exome sequencing projects. Three mutational events altered the same amino acid (Arg51), and two were identical de novo mutations (c.151C>T [p.Arg51Cys]) in unrelated children with bilateral anophthalmia, intellectual disability, and rhizomelic skeletal dysplasia. c.152G>A (p.Arg51His) segregated with autosomal-dominant bilateral colobomatous microphthalmia in a large multiplex family. The fourth heterozygous mutation (c.145G>A [p.Glu49Lys]) affected an amino acid within two residues of Arg51 in an adult male with bilateral colobomata. In a fifth family, a homozygous mutation (c.740G>A [p.Arg247Gln]) altering a different region of the protein was identified in two male siblings with bilateral retinal colobomata. In mouse embryos, Mab21l2 showed strong expression in the developing eye, pharyngeal arches, and limb bud. As predicted by structural homology, wild-type MAB21L2 bound single-stranded RNA, whereas this activity was lost in all altered forms of the protein. MAB21L2 had no detectable nucleotidyltransferase activity in vitro, and its function remains unknown. Induced expression of wild-type MAB21L2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells increased phospho-ERK (pERK1/2) signaling. Compared to the wild-type and p.Arg247Gln proteins, the proteins with the Glu49 and Arg51 variants had increased stability. Abnormal persistence of pERK1/2 signaling in MAB21L2-expressing cells during development is a plausible pathogenic mechanism for the heterozygous mutations. The phenotype associated with the homozygous mutation might be a consequence of complete loss of MAB21L2 RNA binding, although the cellular function of this interaction remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Rainger
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hemant Bengani
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Kathleen A Williamson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mehmet Ture
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Uludag, 16120 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Heather Barker
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Paediatric Radiology Department, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Denise Horn
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alison Meynert
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - James A B Floyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Trine Prescott
- Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline K Rainger
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ender Karaca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shalini Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne Seawright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dinesh C Soares
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mira Kharbanda
- Clinical Genetics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Victoria Murday
- Clinical Genetics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Andrew Finch
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tahsin Yakut
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Uludag, 16120 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Per M Knappskog
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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9
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Xmab21l3 mediates dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus laevis. Mech Dev 2012; 129:136-46. [PMID: 22609272 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Specification of the dorsoventral (DV) axis is critical for the subsequent differentiation of regional fate in the primary germ layers of the vertebrate embryo. We have identified a novel factor that is essential for dorsal development in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. Misexpression of Xenopus mab21-like 3 (Xmab21l3) dorsalizes gastrula-stage mesoderm and neurula-stage ectoderm, while morpholino-mediated knockdown of Xmab21l3 inhibits dorsal differentiation of these embryonic germ layers. Xmab21l3 is a member of a chordate-specific subclass of a recently characterized gene family, all members of which contain a conserved, but as yet ill-defined, Mab21 domain. Our studies suggest that Xmab21l3 functions to repress ventralizing activity in the early vertebrate embryo, via regulation of BMP/Smad and Ras/ERK signaling.
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10
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Saito Y, Kojima T, Takahashi N. Mab21l2 is essential for embryonic heart and liver development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32991. [PMID: 22412967 PMCID: PMC3297618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse embryogenesis, proper formation of the heart and liver is especially important and is crucial for embryonic viability. In this study, we showed that Mab21l2 was expressed in the trabecular and compact myocardium, and that deletion of Mab21l2 resulted in a reduction of the trabecular myocardium and thinning of the compact myocardium. Mab21l2-deficient embryonic hearts had decreased expression of genes that regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. These results show that Mab21l2 functions during heart development by regulating the expression of such genes. Mab21l2 was also expressed in the septum transversum mesenchyme (STM). Epicardial progenitor cells are localized to the anterior surface of the STM (proepicardium), and proepicardial cells migrate onto the surface of the heart and form the epicardium, which plays an important role in heart development. The rest of the STM is essential for the growth and survival of hepatoblasts, which are bipotential progenitors for hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Proepicardial cells in Mab21l2-deficient embryos had defects in cell proliferation, which led to a small proepicardium, in which α4 integrin expression, which is essential for the migration of proepicardial cells, was down-regulated, suggesting that defects occurred in its migration. In Mab21l2-deficient embryos, epicardial formation was defective, suggesting that Mab21l2 plays important roles in epicardial formation through the regulation of the cell proliferation of proepicardial cells and the migratory process of proepicardial cells. Mab21l2-deficient embryos also exhibited hypoplasia of the STM surrounding hepatoblasts and decreased hepatoblast proliferation with a resultant loss of defective morphogenesis of the liver. These findings demonstrate that Mab21l2 plays a crucial role in both heart and liver development through STM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ogino H, Ochi H, Reza HM, Yasuda K. Transcription factors involved in lens development from the preplacodal ectoderm. Dev Biol 2012; 363:333-47. [PMID: 22269169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lens development is a stepwise process accompanied by the sequential activation of transcription factors. Transcription factor genes can be classified into three groups according to their functions: the first group comprises preplacodal genes, which are implicated in the formation of the preplacodal ectoderm that serves as a common primordium for cranial sensory tissues, including the lens. The second group comprises lens-specification genes, which establish the lens-field within the preplacodal ectoderm. The third group comprises lens-differentiation genes, which promote lens morphogenesis after the optic vesicle makes contact with the presumptive lens ectoderm. Analyses of the regulatory interactions between these genes have provided an overview of lens development, highlighting crucial roles for positive cross-regulation in fate specification and for feed-forward regulation in the execution of terminal differentiation. This overview also sheds light upon the mechanisms of how preplacodal gene activities lead to the activation of genes involved in lens-specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ogino
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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12
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Kim BG, Park YJ, Libermann TA, Cho JY. PTH regulates myleoid ELF-1-like factor (MEF)-induced MAB-21-like-1 (MAB21L1) expression through the JNK1 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2051-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 5 promotes midbrain dopaminergic identity in pluripotent stem cells by enforcing a ventral-medial progenitor fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9131-6. [PMID: 21576465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016679108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the control of cell-fate choices during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation is crucial for harnessing strategies for efficient production of desired cell types for pharmaceutical drug screening and cell transplantation. Here we report the identification of the zinc finger-like doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 5 (Dmrt5) as a marker for mammalian ventral-medial mesencephalic neuroepithelium that give rise to dopamine neurons. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in ESC demonstrate that Dmrt5 is critically involved in the specification of ventral-medial neural progenitor cell fate and the subsequent generation of dopamine neurons expressing essential midbrain characteristics. Genome-wide analysis of Dmrt5-mediated transcriptome changes and expression profiling of ventral-medial and ventral-lateral mesencephalic neuroepithelium revealed suppressive and inductive regulatory roles for Dmrt5 in the transcription program associated with the ventral-medial neural progenitor fates. Together, these data identify Dmrt5 as an important player in ventral mesencephalic neural fate specification.
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14
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Hughes AL, Buitenhuis AJ. Reduced variance of gene expression at numerous loci in a population of chickens selected for high feather pecking. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1858-69. [PMID: 20709970 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in gene expression in response to selection were studied by comparing microarray expression profiles among a population of domestic chickens selected for high feather pecking (FP) with a control population and a population selected for low FP. No transcripts showed significant differences among populations with respect to mean expression scores, but numerous transcripts showed reduced variance in expression scores in the high FP population in comparison to control and low FP populations. The reduction in variance in the high FP population generally involved transcripts whose expression scores had a negatively skewed distribution in the control population but not in the high FP population. A certain number of these transcripts corresponded to genes whose expression was significantly associated with either severe FP (SFP) or gentle FP. The patterns of gene expression associated with SFP and gentle FP were distinct, suggesting that very distinct underlying neural mechanisms underlie these 2 behaviors, with SFP showing more signs of an association with synaptic plasticity and with an immunosuppressive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
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15
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Buchtová M, Kuo WP, Nimmagadda S, Benson SL, Geetha-Loganathan P, Logan C, Au-Yeung T, Chiang E, Fu K, Richman JM. Whole genome microarray analysis of chicken embryo facial prominences. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:574-91. [PMID: 19941351 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The face is one of the three regions most frequently affected by congenital defects in humans. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved, it is necessary to have a more complete picture of gene expression in the embryo. Here, we use microarrays to profile expression in chicken facial prominences, post neural crest migration and before differentiation of mesenchymal cells. Chip-wide analysis revealed that maxillary and mandibular prominences had similar expression profiles while the frontonasal mass chips were distinct. Of the 3094 genes that were differentially expressed in one or more regions of the face, a group of 56 genes was subsequently validated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) and a subset examined with in situ hybridization. Microarrays trends were consistent with the QPCR data for the majority of genes (81%). On the basis of QPCR and microarray data, groups of genes that characterize each of the facial prominences can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Buchtová
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Tsang WH, Shek KF, Lee TY, Chow KL. An evolutionarily conserved nested gene pair - Mab21 and Lrba/Nbea in metazoan. Genomics 2009; 94:177-87. [PMID: 19482073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The embedding of one gene in another as a nested gene pair is a unique phenomenon of gene clustering in the metazoan genome. A gene-centric paralogous genomic sequence comparison strategy was used in this study to align these paralogous nested pairs, Mab21l2-Lrba and Mab21l1-Nbea, to identify the associated paralogous non-coding elements (pNEs) they shared. A majority of these pNEs in the Mab21l2-Lrba locus display tissue-specific enhancer activities recapitulating the expression profiles of Mab21l2 and Mab21l1. Since these enhancers are spread into the introns of Lrba, dissociation of the two genes will likely disrupt the function of at least one of them. Phylogenetic analysis of this complex locus in different species suggests that Mab21 was probably locked in the Lrba/Nbea intron in the ancestral metazoan species, in which the cis-elements uncovered in this study may act as a selective force to prevent the dissociation of this gene pair in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Tsang
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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Choy SW, Wong YM, Ho SH, Chow KL. C. elegans SIN-3 and its associated HDAC corepressor complex act as mediators of male sensory ray development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:802-7. [PMID: 17506990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mab21 gene family members are required for embryonic development and sensory organ formation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, their mechanistic role on differentiation is largely unexplored. We report here the isolation of SIN-3 as a MAB-21 interacting molecule. sin-3 is co-expressed with mab-21 in the ray structural cells and genetically interacts with mab-21 to control sensory organ development. Using pharmacological and RNAi approaches, we demonstrated that histone deacetylase and conserved SIN-3-associated components are required for ray patterning. Conserved physical interactions between these components were also observed, implicating the recruitment of HDAC complex by MAB-21/SIN-3 may occur to determine ray identity in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Choy
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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18
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Vieira C, Garda AL, Shimamura K, Martinez S. Thalamic development induced by Shh in the chick embryo. Dev Biol 2005; 284:351-63. [PMID: 16026780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of the early neural tube is achieved in part by the inductive signals, which arise from neuroepithelial signaling centers. The zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI) is a neuroepithelial domain in the alar plate of the diencephalon which separates the prethalamus from the thalamus. The ZLI has recently been considered to be a possible secondary organizer, effecting its inductions via sonic hedgehog (Shh), a signaling molecule which drives morphogenetic information for the thalamus. Using experimental embryological techniques involving the generation of chimeric embryos, we show that the formation of the ZLI in the diencephalic alar plate is due to an interaction between the prechordal and epichordal plate neuroepithelia. We also provide evidence that Shh expression in the ZLI underlies the morphogenetic activity of this putative diencephalic organizer. Ectopic Shh led to the auto-induction of its own gene expression in host cells, as well as to the expression of other genes involved in diencephalic regionalization and histogenesis. Analysis of long-term surviving embryos after Shh ectopic expression demonstrated that Shh was able to induce thalamic structures and local overgrowth. Overall, these results indicate that Shh expressed in the ZLI plays an important role in diencephalic growth and in the development of the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vieira
- Neuroscience Institute, Miguel Hernandez University N-332, Km 87, E-03550 Alicante, Spain
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19
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MAB21L2, a vertebrate member of the Male-abnormal 21 family, modulates BMP signaling and interacts with SMAD1. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:48. [PMID: 15613244 PMCID: PMC545073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Through in vivo loss-of-function studies, vertebrate members of the Male abnormal 21 (mab-21) gene family have been implicated in gastrulation, neural tube formation and eye morphogenesis. Despite mounting evidence of their considerable importance in development, the biochemical properties and nature of MAB-21 proteins have remained strikingly elusive. In addition, genetic studies conducted in C. elegans have established that in double mutants mab-21 is epistatic to genes encoding various members of a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway involved in the formation of male-specific sensory organs. Results Through a gain-of-function approach, we analyze the interaction of Mab21l2 with a TGF-beta signaling pathway in early vertebrate development. We show that the vertebrate mab-21 homolog Mab21l2 antagonizes the effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) overexpression in vivo, rescuing the dorsal axis and restoring wild-type distribution of Chordin and Xvent2 transcripts in Xenopus gastrulae. We show that MAB21L2 immunoprecipitates in vivo with the BMP4 effector SMAD1, whilst in vitro it binds SMAD1 and the SMAD1-SMAD4 complex. Finally, when targeted to an heterologous promoter, MAB21L2 acts as a transcriptional repressor. Conclusions Our results provide the first biochemical and cellular foundation for future functional studies of mab-21 genes in normal neural development and its pathological disturbances.
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20
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Yamada R, Mizutani-Koseki Y, Koseki H, Takahashi N. Requirement for Mab21l2 during development of murine retina and ventral body wall. Dev Biol 2004; 274:295-307. [PMID: 15385160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mab-21 gene was first identified because of its requirement for ray identity specification in Caenorhabditis elegans. It is now known to constitute a family of genes that are highly conserved from vertebrates to invertebrates, and two homologues Mab21l1 and Mab21l2 have been identified in many species. Here we describe the generation of Mab21l2-deficient mice, which have defects in eye and body wall formation. The mutant mouse eye has a rudimentary retina, as a result of insufficient invagination of the optic vesicle due to deficient proliferation, causing the absence of lens. The defects in optic vesicle development correlate with reduced expression of Chx10, which is also required for retina development; Rx, Lhx2, and Pax6 expression is not significantly affected. We conclude that Mab21l2 expression is essential for optic vesicle growth and formation of the optic cup, its absence causing reduced expression of Chx10. Mutant mice also display abnormal extrusion of abdominal organs, defects in ventral body wall formation, resulting in death in utero at mid-gestational stage. Our results reveal that Mab21l2 plays crucial roles in retina and in ventral body wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
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21
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Kennedy BN, Stearns GW, Smyth VA, Ramamurthy V, van Eeden F, Ankoudinova I, Raible D, Hurley JB, Brockerhoff SE. Zebrafish rx3 and mab21l2 are required during eye morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2004; 270:336-49. [PMID: 15183718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two alleles of an eyeless mutant, chokh (chk), were identified in ongoing zebrafish F(3) mutagenesis screens. Morphologically, chk mutants can be identified at 15 h post-fertilization by the failure of optic primordia to evaginate from the forebrain. The chk phenotype appears specific, as marker genes in the forebrain, midbrain, and pineal are expressed in normal temporal, spatial, and circadian patterns. Sequence analysis of the chk alleles revealed nonsense or missense mutations in the rx3 homeobox. Rx genes encode paired-type homeodomain transcription factors known to be key regulators of eye development in mouse, medaka, Xenopus, and zebrafish. To uncover novel Rx targets, we analyzed the expression of multiple eye development genes in chk. We find that expression of mab21l2, mab21l1 and rx2 are specifically absent in the eye field of chk embryos. Knockdown of Mab21l2 by antisense morpholino microinjections partially phenocopies the rx3 mutation, leading to microphthalmia, incomplete eye maturation, and dramatic increases in apoptotic eye progenitors. We propose that mab21l2 is an early downstream effector of rx3 and is critical for survival of eye progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breandán N Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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22
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Evans SJ, Choudary PV, Vawter MP, Li J, Meador-Woodruff JH, Lopez JF, Burke SM, Thompson RC, Myers RM, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Watson SJ, Akil H. DNA microarray analysis of functionally discrete human brain regions reveals divergent transcriptional profiles. Neurobiol Dis 2003; 14:240-50. [PMID: 14572446 PMCID: PMC3098567 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-9961(03)00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional profiles within discrete human brain regions are likely to reflect structural and functional specialization. Using DNA microarray technology, this study investigates differences in transcriptional profiles of highly divergent brain regions (the cerebellar cortex and the cerebral cortex) as well as differences between two closely related brain structures (the anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Replication of this study across three independent laboratories, to address false-positive and false-negative results using microarray technology, is also discussed. We find greater than a thousand transcripts to be differentially expressed between cerebellum and cerebral cortex and very few transcripts to be differentially expressed between the two neocortical regions. We further characterized transcripts that were found to be specifically expressed within brain regions being compared and found that ontological classes representing signal transduction machinery, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, and transcription factors were most highly represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Evans
- Pritzker Consortium for Severe Psychiatric Disorders, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Dooley TP, Curto EV, Reddy SP, Davis RL, Lambert G, Wilborn TW. A method to improve selection of molecular targets by circumventing the ADME pharmacokinetic system utilizing PharmArray DNA microarrays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:828-41. [PMID: 12670486 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarrays may be used to identify potential molecular targets for drug discovery. Yet, DNA microarray experiments provide massive amounts of data. To limit the choice of potential molecular targets, it may be desirable to eliminate genes coincidentally up-regulated in tissues implicated in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) pharmacokinetics. DNA microarray experiments were performed to demonstrate a gene-exclusion approach using as an example RNA samples of neural origin, i.e., a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH) and brain tissue, as the intended hypothetical site(s) of drug action. Biomarkers were identified using PharmArray DNA microarrays. The lists of neuroblastoma and neural biomarkers were constrained by limiting selection to the subset of genes that were not highly expressed in three transformed cell lines from liver, colon, and kidney (HepG2, Caco-2, and 786-O, respectively) that are routinely used as representatives of the ADME system during in vitro pharmacology and toxicology experiments. Principal component analysis methods with likelihood ratio-related bioinformatic tools were utilized to identify robust potential biomarker genes for the three ADME-related cell lines, neuroblastoma, and normal brain. Biomarkers of each sample were identified and selected genes were validated by qRT-PCR. Hundreds of biomarkers of the three ADME-related cell types, representing hepatocytes, kidney epithelium, and gastrointestinal tract, may now be used as a valuable database to restrict selection of biomarkers as potential molecular targets from the intended samples (e.g., neuroblastoma in this work). In addition to biomarker discovery per se, this demonstration suggests that our model method may be viable to help restrict gene lists during selection of potential molecular targets for subsequent drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Dooley
- IntegriDerm Inc., 2800 Milan Court, Birmingham, AL 35211-6908, USA.
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24
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Michaut L, Flister S, Neeb M, White KP, Certa U, Gehring WJ. Analysis of the eye developmental pathway in Drosophila using DNA microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4024-9. [PMID: 12655063 PMCID: PMC153041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0630561100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax-6 genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcription factors capable of activating the gene-expression program required to build an eye. When ectopically expressed in Drosophila imaginal discs, Pax-6 genes induce the eye formation on the corresponding appendages of the adult fly. We used two different Drosophila full-genome DNA microarrays to compare gene expression in wild-type leg discs versus leg discs where eyeless, one of the two Drosophila Pax-6 genes, was ectopically expressed. We validated these data by analyzing the endogenous expression of selected genes in eye discs and identified 371 genes that are expressed in the eye imaginal discs and up-regulated when an eye morphogenetic field is ectopically induced in the leg discs. These genes mainly encode transcription factors involved in photoreceptor specification, signal transducers, cell adhesion molecules, and proteins involved in cell division. As expected, genes already known to act downstream of eyeless during eye development were identified, together with a group of genes that were not yet associated with eye formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Michaut
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Wong YM, Chow KL. Expression of zebrafish mab21 genes marks the differentiating eye, midbrain and neural tube. Mech Dev 2002; 113:149-52. [PMID: 11960703 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mab21 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans is expressed in the sensory ray cells and determines the ray identity (Dev. Dyn. 221 (2001) 422). Similarly, vertebrate homologs of this gene have been shown to express in the craniofacial tissues, limb bud and neural tissues. We report here the cloning and expression analysis of two zebrafish mab21 genes. Both genes have a conserved open reading frame of 1080 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the two family subgroups existed prior to the divergence of vertebrates. Their expression profiles revealed that mab21l1 was turned on in embryos as early as 8 h post-fertilization (hpf) while mab21l2 was first detected at around 11 hpf. In situ hybridization results showed that expression of these mab21 genes marked the early differentiating olfactory bulbs, eye primordia, midbrain and subsequently the branchial pouches and neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Ming Wong
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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26
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Wong RLY, Chow KL. Depletion of Mab21l1 and Mab21l2 messages in mouse embryo arrests axial turning, and impairs notochord and neural tube differentiation. TERATOLOGY 2002; 65:70-7. [PMID: 11857508 DOI: 10.1002/tera.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nematode mab-21 gene specifies sensory ray cell identity and was first isolated because of its mutant sensory ray defects. Vertebrate Mab21 orthologs have since been identified in mammals and amphibians. In this report, we characterized in detail two Mab21 orthologs in mouse, Mab21l1 and Mab21l2. METHODS We examined the genomic organizations of Mab21 genes and used northern blot and in situ hybridizations to assay their temporal-spatial expression pattern. Their embryonic functions were revealed by specific attenuation of Mab21 messages with antisense oligos in cultured embryos. RESULTS Mab21l1 and Mab21l2 have very similar protein make-up and gene structures. Both genes were expressed in overlapping domains of actively differentiating embryonic tissues. In addition, Mab21l1 had unique expression in the lens vesicles and genital tubercle whereas Mab21l2 was expressed in the retinal epithelium and umbilical cord. Mab21l1 and Mab21l2 depleted embryos had severe defects in notochord, neural tube, organogenesis, vasculogenesis, and axial turning. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that both Mab21 genes are required in developing embryos for embryonic turning, formation of the notochord, neural tube, and other organ tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lee Yean Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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27
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Kudoh T, Dawid IB. Zebrafish mab21l2 is specifically expressed in the presumptive eye and tectum from early somitogenesis onwards. Mech Dev 2001; 109:95-8. [PMID: 11677058 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Random screening for tissue specific genes in zebrafish by in situ hybridization led us to isolate a gene which showed highly restricted expression in the developing eyes and midbrain at somitogenesis stages. This gene was very similar to mouse and human mab21l2. The characteristic expression pattern of mab21l2 facilitates a detailed description of the morphogenesis of the eyes and midbrain in the zebrafish. In the eye field, mab21l2 expression illustrates the transformation of the eye field to form two separate eyes in the anterior neural plate. Mab21l2 staining in the cyclopic mutants, cyc and oep, exhibited incomplete splitting of the eye primodium. In the midbrain, mab21l2 is expressed in the tectum, and its expression follows the expansion of the tectal region. In mutants affecting the mid-hindbrain boundary (MHB), mab21l2 expression is affected differentially. In the noi/pax2.1 mutant, mab21l2 is down-regulated and the size of the tectum remains small, whereas in the ace/fgf8 mutant, mab21l2 expression persists although the shape of the tectum is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kudoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Ho SH, So GM, Chow KL. Postembryonic expression of Caenorhabditis elegans mab-21 and its requirement in sensory ray differentiation. Dev Dyn 2001; 221:422-30. [PMID: 11500979 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The male tail sensory rays in Caenorhabditis elegans are complex copulatory structures, the normal patterning of which requires a number of regulatory genes. Among them, mab-21 specifies the identity of sensory ray 6. By using green fluorescent protein reporters, we identify multiple cis-acting elements that control the developmental expression of mab-21. Traced with a functional mab-21:gfp gene driven by authentic regulatory sequences, mab-21 expression could be detected in hypodermal, neuronal, muscle, and ray cells. We showed here that the expression of mab-21 in the hypodermis and neuronal cells was dispensable for its function in ray 6. In contrast, its expression in the ray 6 structural cell and neurons as conferred by its 3' enhancer was crucial for determining the correct ray 6 identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Ho
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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29
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Lau GT, Wong OG, Chan PM, Kok KH, Wong RL, Chin KT, Lin MC, Kung HF, Chow KL. Embryonic XMab21l2 expression is required for gastrulation and subsequent neural development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:1378-84. [PMID: 11162683 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate determining gene mab-21 regulates the proper establishment of neural cell fate and sensory organ identity in nematode. Mammalian homologs of mab-21 have also been implicated to play critical roles in mid-, hindbrain and craniofacial differentiation. We report here the isolation of a mab-21 homolog, XMab21l2, from Xenopus. We showed that its expression in Xenopus was initiated at gastrulation and prominent signal was detected in neurulating embryos at the neural tube, the optic tissue, the developing midbrain, and the pharyngeal pouches. We demonstrated by RNA interference (RNAi), together with other antisense approaches, that XMab21l2 expression is required for the completion of gastrulation and subsequent neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Lau
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
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30
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Santi E, Capone S, Mennuni C, Lahm A, Tramontano A, Luzzago A, Nicosia A. Bacteriophage lambda display of complex cDNA libraries: a new approach to functional genomics. J Mol Biol 2000; 296:497-508. [PMID: 10669604 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the construction and characterization of two lambda surface displayed cDNA expression libraries derived from human brain and mouse embryo. cDNA inserts were obtained by tagged random-priming elongation of commercially available cDNA libraries and cloned into a novel lambda vector at the 3' end of the D capsid protein gene, which produced highly complex repertoires (1x10(8) and 2x10(7) phage). These libraries were affinity selected with a monoclonal antibody against the neural specific factor GAP-43 and with polyclonal antibodies that recognize the EMX1 and EMX2 homeoproteins. In both cases rapid identification of specific clones was achieved, which demonstrates the great potential of the lambda display system for generating affinity selectable cDNA libraries from complex genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Santi
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600;, Roma, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
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31
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Mariani M, Baldessari D, Francisconi S, Viggiano L, Rocchi M, Zappavigna V, Malgaretti N, Consalez GG. Two murine and human homologs of mab-21, a cell fate determination gene involved in Caenorhabditis elegans neural development. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:2397-406. [PMID: 10556287 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.13.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning and genetic characterization of one human and two murine homologs of the mab-21 cell fate specification gene. mab-21 participates in the formation of sensory organs in the male nematode tail, and is essential for other developmental functions elsewhere in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. The expanding mab-21 gene family, which is strikingly conserved in evolution, includes two putative Drosophila members. The two mammalian genes, encoding 41 kDa nuclear basic proteins, are expressed in partially overlapping territories in the embryonic brain, eye and limbs, as well as in neural crest derivatives. Recent genetic data implicating mab-21 as a downstream target of TGF-beta signaling, together with the distribution of mab-21 transcripts in the mouse embryo, propose these novel genes as relevant factors in various aspects of vertebrate neural development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans/growth & development
- Cerebellum/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Cloning, Molecular
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Eye/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mariani
- Department of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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