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Pandit S, Roy S, Pillai J, Banerjee S. Formulation and Intracellular Trafficking of Lipid-Drug Conjugate Nanoparticles Containing a Hydrophilic Antitubercular Drug for Improved Intracellular Delivery to Human Macrophages. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4433-4448. [PMID: 32175491 PMCID: PMC7066568 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoniazid is an important first-line antitubercular drug used in the treatment of all major clinical manifestations of tuberculosis, including both pulmonary and cerebral diseases. However, it is associated with significant drawbacks due to its inherent hydrophilic nature, including poor gut permeability and an inability to cross the lipophilic blood-brain barrier, which, in turn, limit its clinical efficacy. We hypothesized that the addition of a hydrophobic moiety to this molecule would help overcome these limitations and improve its bioavailability in the bloodstream. Therefore, we designed a stable, covalently linked lipid-drug conjugate of isoniazid with a short lipid chain of stearoyl chloride. Further, lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles were synthesized from the bulk lipid-drug conjugate by a cold high-pressure homogenization method enabled by the optimized use of aqueous surfactants. The nanoparticle formulation was characterized systematically using in vitro physicochemical analytical methods, including atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance, particle size, ζ-potential, and drug release studies, and the mechanism of drug release kinetics. These investigations revealed that the lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles were loaded with an appreciable amount of isoniazid conjugate (92.73 ± 6.31% w/w). The prepared lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles displayed a uniform shape with a smooth surface having a particle size of 124.60 ± 5.56 nm. In vitro drug release studies showed sustained release up to 72 h in a phosphate-buffered solution at pH 7.4. The release profile fitted to various known models of release kinetics revealed that the Higuchi model of diffusion kinetics was the best-fitting model (R 2 = 0.9929). In addition, confocal studies showed efficient uptake of lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles by THP-1 macrophages presumably because of increased lipophilicity and anionic surface charge. This was followed by progressive intracellular trafficking into endosomal and lysosomal vesicles and colocalization with intravesicular compartmental proteins associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis, including CD63, LAMP-2, EEA1, and Rab11. The developed lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles, therefore, displayed significant ability to improve the intracellular delivery of a highly water-soluble drug such as isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Pandit
- Implants,
Devices & Drug Delivery Systems (ID3S) Laboratory,
Centre for Biodesign & Diagnostics (CBD), Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Implants,
Devices & Drug Delivery Systems (ID3S) Laboratory,
Centre for Biodesign & Diagnostics (CBD), Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences & Bio-Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Jonathan Pillai
- Implants,
Devices & Drug Delivery Systems (ID3S) Laboratory,
Centre for Biodesign & Diagnostics (CBD), Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Subham Banerjee
- Implants,
Devices & Drug Delivery Systems (ID3S) Laboratory,
Centre for Biodesign & Diagnostics (CBD), Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781125, India
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Banerjee S, Kundu A. Lipid-drug conjugates: a potential nanocarrier system for oral drug delivery applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 26:65-75. [PMID: 30159763 PMCID: PMC6154489 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic drugs are preferred candidates for most routes of drug administration, because of their enhanced solubility and dissolution under aqueous in vivo conditions. However, their hydrophilic nature also leads to decreased permeability across hydrophobic barriers. This is a severe limitation in situations where membrane permeability is the primary factor affecting bioavailability and efficacy of the drug. Highly impermeable cellular membranes or the tight endothelial junctions governing the blood-brain barrier are prime examples of this limitation. In other cases, decreased permeability across mucosal or epithelial membranes may require increased doses, which is an inefficient and potentially dangerous workaround. Covalent conjugation of hydrophilic drugs to hydrophobic moieties like short-chain lipids is a promising strategy for maintaining the critical balance between drug solubility and permeability. This article practically focuses on the production procedure of Lipid drug conjugates (LDCs), various formulation methodologies for preparing LDC nanoparticles with detailed about their in vitro physicochemical characterization at laboratory scale. Moreover, brief overviews on the role of LDCs in novel drug delivery applications as a substrate to various disease therapies are provided. Three dimensional (3-D) schematic representation of LDCs structures. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Amit Kundu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan Univerfsity, Seoul, South Korea
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Thanki K, Prajapati R, Sangamwar AT, Jain S. Long chain fatty acid conjugation remarkably decreases the aggregation induced toxicity of Amphotericin B. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Du Z, Sun J, Bader CA, Brooks DA, Li M, Li X, Plush SE. Synthesis, photophysical and cellular characterisation of folate and methotrexate labelled luminescent lanthanide complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 178:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim S, Hyun S, Lee Y, Lee Y, Yu J. Nonhemolytic Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Site Specific Introduction of Glutamine and Lysine Residues into the α-Helical Peptide Causes Deletion of Its Direct Membrane Disrupting Ability but Retention of Its Cell Penetrating Ability. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3007-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soonsil Hyun
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yuri Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most anticancer drugs have poor aqueous solubility and low permeability across the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, extensive efflux by P-glycoproteins (P-gp) in the small intestine also limits the efficient delivery of anticancer drugs via oral route. Area covered: This review explores the prodrug strategy for oral delivery of anticancer drugs. Different categories of oral anticancer prodrugs along with recent clinical studies have been comprehensively reviewed here. Furthermore, novel anticancer prodrugs such as polymer-prodrugs and lipid-prodrugs have been discussed in detail. Finally, various nanocarrier-based approaches employed for oral delivery of anticancer prodrugs have also been discussed. Expert opinion: Premature degradation of anticancer prodrugs in the gastrointestinal tract could lead to variable pharmacokinetics and undesired toxicity. Despite their increased aqueous solubility, the oral bioavailability of several anticancer prodrugs are limited by their poor permeability across the gastrointestinal tract. These limitations can be overcome by the use of functional excipients (polymers, lipids, amino acids/dipeptides), which are specifically absorbed via transporters and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Oral delivery of anticancer prodrugs using nanocarrier-based drug delivery system is a recent development; however it should be justified based on the comparative advantages of encapsulating prodrug in a nanocarrier versus the use of anticancer prodrug molecule itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Jain
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Sanyog Jain
- b Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Mohali , Punjab , India
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Vlasenko YV, Alekseeva AS, Vodovozova EL. Synthesis of a fluorescent analogue of methotrexate lipophilic prodrug. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thanki K, Gangwal RP, Sangamwar AT, Jain S. Oral delivery of anticancer drugs: Challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 2013; 170:15-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of fluorescent cell-penetrating peptidic antagonists of Grb2-SH2 for targeting MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Khan ZA, Tripathi R, Mishra B. Methotrexate: a detailed review on drug delivery and clinical aspects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:151-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.642362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Moura JA, Valduga CJ, Tavares ER, Kretzer IF, Maria DA, Maranhão RC. Novel formulation of a methotrexate derivative with a lipid nanoemulsion. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:2285-95. [PMID: 22072866 PMCID: PMC3205125 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s18039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid nanoemulsions that bind to low-density lipoprotein receptors can concentrate chemotherapeutic agents in tissues with low-density lipoprotein receptor overexpression and decrease the toxicity of the treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a new formulation using a lipophilic derivative of methotrexate, ie, didodecyl methotrexate (ddMTX), associated with a lipid nanoemulsion (ddMTX-LDE). Methods ddMTX was synthesized by an esterification reaction between methotrexate and dodecyl bromide. The lipid nanoemulsion was prepared by four hours of ultrasonication of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, triolein, and cholesteryloleate. Association of ddMTX with the lipid nanoemulsion was performed by additional cosonication of ddMTX with the previously prepared lipid nanoemulsion. Formulation stability was evaluated, and cell uptake, cytotoxicity, and acute animal toxicity studies were performed. Results The yield of ddMTX incorporation was 98% and the particle size of LDE-ddMTX was 60 nm. After 48 hours of incubation with plasma, approximately 28% ddMTX was released from the lipid nanoemulsion. The formulation remained stable for at least 45 days at 4°C. Cytotoxicity of LDE-ddMTX against K562 and HL60 neoplastic cells was higher than for methotrexate (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] 1.6 versus 18.2 mM and 0.2 versus 26 mM, respectively), and cellular uptake of LDE-ddMTX was 90-fold higher than that of methotrexate in K562 cells and 75-fold in HL60 cells. Toxicity of LDE-ddMTX, administered at escalating doses, was higher than for methotrexate (LD50 115 mg/kg versus 470 mg/kg; maximum tolerated dose 47 mg/kg versus 94 mg/kg) in mice. However, the hematological toxicity of LDE-ddMTX was lower than for methotrexate. Conclusion LDE-ddMTX was stable, and uptake of the formulation by neoplastic cells was remarkably greater than of methotrexate, which resulted in markedly greater cytotoxicity. LDE-ddMTX is thus a promising formulation to be tested in future animal models of cancer or rheumatic disease, wherein methotrexate is widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Moura
- Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wu A, Xu Y, Qian X. Novel naphthalimide–indomethacin hybrids as potential antitumor agents: effects of linkers on hypoxic/oxic cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pignatello R, Vicari L, Pistarà V, Musumeci T, Gulisano M, Puglisi G. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity on human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells of lipoamino acid conjugates of gemcitabine. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pignatello R, Maltese A, Maugeri F, Bucolo C. Enhancement of availability of cloricromene at brain level by a lipophilic prodrug. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:1001-5. [PMID: 16805962 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.7.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a lipophilic alkylamino acid (LAA) prodrug of cloricromene (AD6), namely CLOR-C4, was studied in rat plasma and brain. In particular, we observed that the intraperitoneal administration of CLOR-C4 to rats was able to provide a slight but statistically significant higher concentration of the active drug metabolite (cloricromene acid) in the brain compared with the parent drug administered by the same way. The correlation between pharmacokinetic data and calculated partition (LogP) and brain distribution coefficients (LogBB) supported the hypothesis that the amphiphilic nature of the LAA promoiety could be responsible for a better penetration into the brain, more than the simple increase of lipophilicity gained with respect to the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pignatello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Jiang YY, Tang GT, Zhang LH, Kong SY, Zhu SJ, Pei YY. PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers as a potential drug delivery carrier:in vitroandin vivocomparative evaluation of covalently conjugated drug and noncovalent drug inclusion complex. J Drug Target 2010; 18:389-403. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903494203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kuznetsova NR, Gaenko GP, Khaĭdukov SV, Bovin NV, Vodovozova EL. [The influence of carbohydrate ligands on the cytotoxicity of liposomes bearing a methotrexate-diglyceride conjugate in human acute leukemia cell cultures]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:542-9. [PMID: 19928057 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate (MTX) in tumor cells is limited by the frequent development of the drug resistance of tumor cells. We had previously shown in vitro using human acute leukemia cells with various sensitivity to MTX (T-lymphoblastic CCRF-CEM line and resistant CEM/MTX subline) that MTX incorporation into liposomes as a lipophilic prodrug, diglyceride conjugate (MTX-DG), allows for the overcoming of cell resistance due to the impaired active transmembrane transport. In this work, we have studied the profile of binding with carbohydrates of the cell lines mentioned using carbohydrate fluorescent probes (poly(acryl amide) conjugates). Lipophilic conjugates of tetrasaccharide SiaLe(x), 6'-HSO3LacNAc, and also inactive pentaol for incorporation into liposomes, have been synthesized. The cytotoxicity of MTX-DG liposomes equipped with the SiaLe(x) ligand toward the sensitive CCRF-CEM cell culture was demonstrated to be 3.5 times higher than that of MTX-DG liposomes bearing the control inactive pentaol. The activity of MTX liposomes bearing 6'-HSO3LacNAc toward resistant CEM/MTX was 1.6-fold increased. The use of carbohydrate ligands as molecular addresses for drug-carrying liposomes as a potential method of treating heterogeneous tumor tissue is discussed.
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Kuznetsova N, Kandyba A, Vostrov I, Kadykov V, Gaenko G, Molotkovsky J, Vodovozova E. Liposomes loaded with lipophilic prodrugs of methotrexate and melphalan as convenient drug delivery vehicles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vodovozova EL, Kuznetsova NR, Kadykov VA, Khutsyan SS, Gaenko GP, Molotkovsky YG. Liposomes as nanocarriers of lipid-conjugated antitumor drugs melphalan and methotrexate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078008030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Vodovozova EL, Kuznetsova NR, Gaenko GP, Molotkovskiĭ IG. [Liposomal formulation of a methotrexate diglyceride conjugate: activity in methotrexate-resistant leukemia cultured cells]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007; 33:470-3. [PMID: 17886439 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162007040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a lipid conjugate of the anticancer agent methotrexate (MTX-DG) and showed that the conjugate is quantitatively included in the lipid bilayer of liposomes prepared by a standard extrusion technique from an 8 : 1 : 1 (mol) egg phosphatidylcholine-yeast phosphatidylinositol-MTX-DG mixture. Both the size of liposomes (126 +/- 30 nm) and the MTX-DG concentration (4.4 mM) are relevant for systemic injections in mammals. The liposomal formulation of MTX-DG was shown to overcome the resistance of tumor cells in vitro to methotrexate: the cytotoxic activities (IC50) of MTX in cultures of the human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CEM-CCRF and the MTX-resistant subline CEM/MTX were 0.075 +/- 0.005 and 16.4 +/- 4.9 microM, respectively, while, in the case of liposomes loaded with MTX-DG, the IC50 values were much closer: 0.77 +/- 0.06 and 3.8 +/- 1.9 microM.
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A diglyceride derivative of methotrexate: Synthesis and cytotoxic activity in addressed liposomes. Pharm Chem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-007-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pignatello R, Intravaia VD, Puglisi G. A calorimetric evaluation of the interaction of amphiphilic prodrugs of idebenone with a biomembrane model. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 299:626-35. [PMID: 16545836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipoamino acids (LAA) are useful promoieties to modify physicochemical properties of drugs, namely lipophilicity and amphiphilicity. The resulting membrane-like character of drug-LAA conjugates can increase the absorption profile of drugs through cell membranes and biological barriers. To show the role of amphiphilicity with respect to lipophilicity in the interaction of drugs with biomembranes, in the present study we evaluated the mode of such an interaction of lipophilic conjugates of LAA with the antioxidant drug idebenone (IDE). DSC analysis and transfer kinetic studies were carried out using dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) multilamellar liposomes (MLVs) as a model. For comparison, two esters of IDE with alkanoic acids were synthesized and included in the analysis. The experimental results indicate that based on their different structure, IDE-LAA conjugates interacted at different levels with respect to pure IDE with DMPC bilayers. In particular, a progressive penetration inside the vesicles was observed upon incubation of IDE-LAA compounds with empty liposomes. The enhanced amphiphilicity of the drug due to the LAA moieties caused more complex interactions with DMPC bilayers, compared to those registered with the native drug or IDE alkanoate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pignatello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria, 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
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Gurdag S, Khandare J, Stapels S, Matherly LH, Kannan RM. Activity of Dendrimer−Methotrexate Conjugates on Methotrexate-Sensitive and -Resistant Cell Lines. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:275-83. [PMID: 16536456 DOI: 10.1021/bc0501855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic nanostructures can play a key role in drug delivery, due to the high density and variety of surface functional groups that can facilitate and modulate the delivery process. We have investigated the effect of dendrimer end-functionality on the activity of polyamido amine (PAMAM) dendrimer-methotrexate (MTX) conjugates in MTX-sensitive and MTX-resistant human acute lymphoblastoid leukemia (CCRF-CEM) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Two amide-bonded PAMAM dendrimer-MTX conjugates were prepared using a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling reaction: one between a carboxylic acid-terminated G2.5 dendrimer and the amine groups of the MTX (conjugate A) and another between an amine-terminated G3 dendrimer and the carboxylic acid group of the MTX (conjugate B). Our studies suggest that conjugate A showed an increased drug activity compared to an equimolar amount of free MTX toward both sensitive and resistant cell lines, whereas conjugate B did not show significant activity on any of the cell lines. Despite substantially impaired MTX transport by MTX-resistant CEM/MTX and RII cells, conjugate A showed sensitivity increases of approximately 8- and 24-fold (based on IC50 values), respectively, compared to free MTX. Co-incubation of the cells with adenosine and thymidine along with either conjugate A or MTX resulted in almost complete protection, suggesting that the conjugate achieves its effect on dihyrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme through the same mechanism as that of MTX. The differences in cytotoxicity of these amide-bonded conjugates may be indicative of differences in the intracellular drug release from the cationic dendrimer (conjugate B) versus the anionic dendrimer (conjugate A), perhaps due to the differences in lysosomal residence times dictated by the surface functionality. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using dendrimers as drug delivery vehicles for achieving higher therapeutic effects in chemotherapy, especially in drug-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Gurdag
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, and Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Lindgren M, Rosenthal-Aizman K, Saar K, Eiríksdóttir E, Jiang Y, Sassian M, Ostlund P, Hällbrink M, Langel U. Overcoming methotrexate resistance in breast cancer tumour cells by the use of a new cell-penetrating peptide. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:416-25. [PMID: 16376307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy limits the effectiveness of anti-cancer drug treatment. Here, we present a new approach to overcome the setback of drug resistance by designing a conjugate of a cell-penetrating peptide and the cytostatic agent methotrexate (MTX). Two different peptides, YTA2 and YTA4, were designed and their intracellular delivery efficiency was characterized by fluorescence microscopy and quantified by fluorometry. MTX was conjugated to the transport peptides and the ability of the peptide-MTX conjugates to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, the target enzyme of MTX, was found to be 15 and 20 times less potent than MTX. In addition, in vitro studies were performed in a drug resistant cell model using the 100-fold MTX resistant breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. At a concentration of 1 microM, the peptide-MTX conjugates were shown to overcome MTX resistance and kill the cells more efficiently than MTX alone. Estimated EC50's were determined for MTX, MTX-YTA2 and YTA2 to be 18.5, 3.8 and 20 microM, respectively. In summary, cell-penetrating peptide conjugation of MTX is a new way of increasing delivery, and thereby, the potency of already well-characterized therapeutic molecules into drug resistant tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lindgren
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pignatello R, Guccione S, Forte S, Di Giacomo C, Sorrenti V, Vicari L, Uccello Barretta G, Balzano F, Puglisi G. Lipophilic conjugates of methotrexate with short-chain alkylamino acids as DHFR inhibitors. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:2951-64. [PMID: 15142554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing previous researches on lipophilic conjugates of methotrexate, aimed at over-crossing a form of transport resistance shown by some tumor cell lines toward the drug, a new series of derivatives is described in which the drug alpha- and gamma-carboxyl groups have been linked through amide bonds to short-chain alpha-alkylamino acids (4-6 carbon atoms). A specific NMR study was performed to delineate the stereochemistry of the conjugates. The inhibitory activity of these compounds against the target enzyme, (bovine liver) dihydrofolate reductase, and a sensitive (CCRF-CEM) and a transport-resistant tumor cell subline (CEM-MTX) were assessed. The conjugates showed the ability of retaining the same inhibitory activity also against the resistant cell subline, against which the parent drug was much less active than against the wild one; the alpha,gamma-bis(hexyl) derivative was the most active term of the series. Docking studies are in agreement with the proposed mode of interaction of these conjugates with the human DHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pignatello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Città Universitaria, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
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Puleo A, Niemi R, Järvinen T, Puglisi G, Pignatello R. Chemical and enzymatic stability evaluation of lipoamino acid esters of idebenone. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:343-6. [PMID: 15018994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates of idebenone (IDE) with short-chain alkylamino acids were previously synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant properties. In this study, their susceptibility to chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated. Results indicated that these derivatives release the parent drug quantitatively via enzymatic hydrolysis by serum and liver esterases, with a cleavage rate related to the length of the alkyl side chain. Consequently, the present lipoamino acid conjugates of IDE are prodrugs and their in vivo effects are mediated through the parent compound released in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Puleo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Città Universitaria, Catania, Italy
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Pignatello R, Puleo A, Giustolisi S, Cuzzocrea S, Dugo L, Caputi AP, Puglisi G. Cloricromene conjugates with short-chain alkylamino acids: synthesis and biological evaluation. Drug Dev Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reynolds RC, Johnson CA, Piper JR, Sirotnak FM. Synthesis and antifolate evaluation of the aminopterin analogue with a bicyclo. Eur J Med Chem 2001; 36:237-42. [PMID: 11337102 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(01)01224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-[4-[[2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid (1) was synthesized and tested for antifolate activity. N-(4-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbonyl-L-glutamic acid dimethyl ester (6), the side chain precursor to subject compound 1, was synthesized readily via reported bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid monoethyl ester (2). The side chain precursor 6 was alkylated by 6-(bromomethyl)-2,4-pteridinediamine (7). Subsequent ester hydrolysis then afforded 1. Antifolate and antitumor evaluation of 1 verses L1210 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and three tumor cell lines (L1210, S180, and HL60) showed it to be ineffective. Although compound 1 was very similar to aminopterin structurally, the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring system in place of the phenyl ring in the p-aminobenzoate moiety effectively negates the stoichiometric binding displayed by many classical DHFR inhibitors bearing appropriate aromatic ring systems in the side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Reynolds
- Organic Chemistry Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA.
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Pignatello R, Vicari L, Sorrenti V, Di Giacomo C, Spampinato G, Puglisi G, Toth I. Lipophilic methotrexate conjugates with glucose-lipoamino acid moieties: Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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