Gender differences in dietary intakes, anthropometrical measurements and biochemical indices in an urban adult population: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

The Role of Nutrients and MCV on Stunting: A Case Study on Indonesian Early Teenagers

BACKGROUND: Many teenagers experience many nutritional problems, including anemia and stunting. The correlation between energy intake, protein, iron, and stunting with MCV levels in stunting adolescents in Jatinangor is not yet known. AIM: This study aims to analyze the correlation of energy intake, protein, iron, and stunting and MCV levels in stunting adolescents in Jatinangor. METHODS: This study was conducted with a cross-sectional design involving early adolescents aged 10-14 years in Jatinangor District as many as 41 people. Analysis of MCV levels was done by taking blood through veins. Stunting data were obtained based on WHO criteria with a value of z-score TB / U<- 2 SD and nutritional intake data including energy, protein, and iron obtained through 24-hour recall. To determine the intake of nutrients is done by interviewing with the method of 24 hours recall and FFQ. The data were analyzed with the Pearson Correlation Test. RESULTS: The correlation between energy intake and MCV levels was p=0.022 (r=0.356). Furthermore, the correlation of protein intake and MCV levels was p=0.257, and iron intake with MCV levels was p=0.301. Eventually, the stunting correlation test to MCV levels was p=0.006 (r=0.419). CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that there is a correlation between energy intake and the value of the z-score TB / U index with MCV levels. There is no significant correlation between protein intake and iron intake with MCV levels in stunting adolescents in Jatinangor. There is a correlation between MCV and stunting levels, and there is no correlation between nutrient intake and stunting.

Nutrition and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors: Findings from 20 Years of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

CONTEXT

Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to review all findings of studies conducted in framework of the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) regarding the association of dietary factors with cardio-metabolic risk factors.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

All English-language studies were searched using PubMed and Scopus databases from 2000 to 2017. Finally, 105 relevant papers were included in this review.

RESULTS

Whole grains, legumes, nuts and healthy dietary patterns (DPs) reduced risk of MetS, while white rice, salty/sweet snacks increased this. The western DP had a significant interaction with APOC3, APOA1 and MC4R polymorphisms in relation to MetS. After 6.5 years of follow-up, odds of reaching menarche ≤ 12 years was significantly higher in girls with higher intakes of milk, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous. Among children and adolescents, higher adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)-style diet decreased the risk of abdominal obesity, whereas increased adherence to the western DP could contribute to general and abdominal obesity. A three-year follow-up of adult participants showed that higher intakes of phytochemical-rich foods were inversely related to development of insulin resistance. Higher adherence to the healthy DPs was associated with the reduced risk of hyperlipidemia and hypertention. Nutrition interventions postponed rise in the prevalence of MetS. The DASH diet resulted in weight reduction compared to control diet.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher adherence to healthy food choices was associated with reduced odds of MetS, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The western DP accentuated the association of polymorphisms with MetS.

Nutritional status of adolescents attending the Iranian secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Introduction:

The aim or this study was to determine factors associated with body weight status among Iranian adolescents in the two Secondary Schools run by the Embassy in Kuala Lumpur.

Methods:

A self administered questionnaire was used to assess socio demographic characteristics, physical activity, and body image. Dietary intake was recorded through individual interviews with the researcher. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) was used to evaluate levels of physical activity of the adolescents.

Results:

One-third (32.2%) of respondents were of normal weight, 14.5% and 11.1% were overweight and obese respectively, while 18.6% and 23.6% were severe thinness and thinness respectively. While the distribution of obese respondents by gender was almost the same, overweight females (16.4%) exceeded overweight males (12.7%) and although more females were in the thinness category (24.7% compared to 22.7%), more males were severely thin (20.0%) compared to 17.1% of the females. Body weight status was significantly associated with age (p < 0.05), gender (p < 0.05) and grade (p < 0.05). Males had significantly higher physically activity scores than females (p < 0.05). Intake of all micronutrients were higher than Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), except for vitamins B1, B2, C, D and E, Folate, Zinc, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium and Phosphorus. There was a tendency for the females to overestimate their weight and 72.6% of them expressed their desire to lose weight while 60% of the males wanted to gain weight. There was also significant association between body weight status and perception of ideal body size (p = 0.000) and healthy body size (p = 0.000).

Conclusion:

This study provides some information for the Iranian Secondary school to design intervention programs to improve the body weight status of their students.

Trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults: a cohort study

Background

Considering the increasing trend of obesity reported in current data, this study was conducted to examine trends of obesity and abdominal obesity among Tehranian adults during a median follow-up of 6.6 years.

Methods

Height and weight of 4402 adults, aged 20 years and over, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), were measured in 1999-2001(phase I) and again in 2002-2005(phase II) and 2006-2008 (phase III). Criteria used for obesity and abdominal obesity defined body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 and waist circumference ≥ 94/80 cm for men/women respectively. Subjects were divided into10-year groups and the prevalence of obesity was compared across sex and age groups.

Results

The prevalence of obesity was 15.8, 18.6 and 21% in men and 31.5, 37.7 and 38.6% in women in phases I, II and III respectively (p < 0.001). The prevalence of abdominal obesity in men was 36.5, 57.2 and 63.3% and in women was 76.7, 83.8 and 83.6% in the three periods mentioned (p < 0.001). Men aged between 20-29 years had highest increase rates of obesity and abdominal obesity in phase III in comparison with phase I (with a respective rates of 2.2- and 3.3-fold). In both sexes, an increased trend was observed between phases I and II, whereas between phases II and III, this trend was observed in men, but not in women.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates alarming rises in the prevalences of both obesity and abdominal obesity in both sexes especially in young men, calling for urgent action to educate people in lifestyle modifications.

Physical activity and body mass index in elderly Iranians in Sweden: a population-based study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

To analyze whether elderly Iranians in Sweden have a higher mean body mass index (BMI) and are less physically active than elderly Swedes after adjustment for possible confounders.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A total of 402 men and women (167 Iranian-born and 235 Swedish-born) aged 60-84 years residing in Stockholm, Sweden, were included in this population-based survey. Iranian participants were weighed and their height was measured. BMI values from the Swedish participants were based on self-reported data adjusted for the known discrepancy between objectively measured and self-reported weight and height. The outcome variables, BMI and self-reported leisure-time physical activity, were analyzed by linear regression and unconditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

Overall, Iranian women had the highest mean BMI (29.2) of all subgroups. The model that included an interaction between sex and length of time in Sweden showed that there was no significant difference in BMI between Swedish men (reference) and Swedish women or Iranian men. In contrast, Iranian women had significantly higher BMI than the reference group after adjustment for age, education and marital status. The largest difference in BMI compared to the reference group was found among Iranian women who immigrated to Sweden in 1989 or later (beta-coefficient=3.41, 95% CI=1.99-4.83). Iranians and Swedes had almost the same odds of >or= once-weekly leisure-time physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Elderly Iranian immigrants and especially women who immigrated to Sweden in 1989 or later must be targeted in order to decrease their burden of risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Bone mineral density, body mass index and cigarette smoking among Iranian women: implications for prevention

BACKGROUND

While risk factors of osteoporosis in Western populations have been extensively documented, such a profile has not been well studied in Caucasians of non-European origin. This study was designed to estimate the modifiable distribution and determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) among Iranian women in Australia.

METHODS

Ninety women aged 35 years and older completed a questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) using DXA (GE Lunar, WI, USA), and was expressed in g/cm2 as well as T-score.

RESULTS

In multiple regression analysis, advancing age, lower body mass index (BMI), and smoking were independently associated with LS and FN BMD, with the 3 factors collectively accounting for 30% and 38% variance of LS and FN BMD, respectively. LS and FN BMD in smokers was 8% lower than that in non-smokers. Further analysis of interaction between BMI and smoking revealed that the effect of smoking was only observed in the obese group (p = 0.029 for LSBMD and p = 0.007 for FNBMD), but not in the overweight and normal groups. Using T-scores from two bone sites the prevalence of osteoporosis (T-scores

CONCLUSION

These data, for the first time, indicate that apart from advancing age and lower body mass index, cigarette smoking is an important modifiable determinant of bone mineral density in these Caucasians of non-European origin.

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MESH Headings

• Absorptiometry, Photon
• Adult
• Aged
• Aging
• Australia/epidemiology
• Body Mass Index
• Bone Density
• Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diagnostic imaging
• Bone Diseases, Metabolic/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Femur Neck/diagnostic imaging
• Femur Neck/metabolism
• Humans
• Iran/ethnology
• Linear Models
• Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging
• Lumbar Vertebrae/metabolism
• Middle Aged
• Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/diagnostic imaging
• Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/epidemiology
• Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/prevention & control
• Smoking

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Affiliation(s)

Azam Baheiraei Bone and Mineral Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Nicholas A Pocock Department of Nuclear Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
John A Eisman Bone and Mineral Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Nguyen D Nguyen Bone and Mineral Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Tuan V Nguyen Bone and Mineral Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Trends in Overweight, Obesity and Central Fat Accumulation among Tehranian Adults between 1998–1999 and 2001–2002: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

AIMS

Recent estimates show the prevalence of obesity to be increasing at alarming rates. This study was conducted to examine trends of prevalence in overweight, obesity and central fat accumulation among Tehranian adults between 1998 and 2002.

METHODS

Height and weight of 2,102 adults, aged 20-80 years, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, were measured in 1998-1999 and remeasured in 2001-2002, after 3 years. Criteria used to state prevalence of overweight and obesity were body mass index (BMI) 25-29.9 and > or =30, respectively. Central fat accumulation was defined as waist-hip ratio (WHR) > or =0.8 in women and > or =0.9 in men. Individuals were divided into 10-year groups and the prevalence of obesity was compared according to sex and age.

RESULTS

In 1998-1999 and 2001-2002, mean BMI was 26.1 +/- 4.1 and 26.7 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2) in men (p < 0.001) and 27.8 +/- 4.9 and 28.7 +/- 5.9 kg/m(2) in women (p < 0.001), respectively. Mean WHR in women was 0.84 +/- 0.08 in 1998-1999 and 0.88 +/- 0.08 in 2001-2002 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight in men was 42.5 and 46% and 40 and 39.5% in women in the two mentioned periods. The prevalence of obesity was 32.7 and 40.3% in men and 16.5 and 20.8% in women in 1998-1999 and 2001-2002 respectively. In both sexes the fastest increasing trends in obesity and central fat accumulation were seen in the 30- to 40- and 20- to 30-year-old age groups. Comparison of the 50th percentile of BMI in all age groups showed a significant increase in 2001-2002 as compared to 1998-1999 (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The findings demonstrate significant rises in the prevalence of both total and central fat accumulation, calling for urgent action to educate people in lifestyle modifications.