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Ma X, Liu D, Hou F. Sono-activation of food enzymes: From principles to practice. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1184-1225. [PMID: 36710650 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, sono-activation of enzymes as an emerging research area has received considerable attention from food researchers. This kind of relatively new application of ultrasound has demonstrated promising potential in facilitating the modern food industry by broadening the application of various food enzymes, improving relevant industrial unit operation and productivity, as well as increasing the yield of target products. This review aims to provide insight into the fundamental principles and possible industrialization strategies of the sono-activation of food enzymes to facilitate its commercialization. This review first provides an overview of ultrasound application in the activation of food protease, carbohydrase, and lipase. Then, the recent development on ultrasound activation of food enzymes is discussed on aspects including mechanisms, influencing factors, modification effects, and its applications in real food systems for free and immobilized enzymes. Despite the far fewer studies on sono-activation of immobilized enzymes compared with those on free enzymes, we endeavored to summarize the relevant aspects in three stages: ultrasound pretreatment of free enzyme/carrier, assistance in immobilization process, and modification of the already immobilized enzyme. Lastly, challenges for the scalability of ultrasound in these target areas are discussed and future research prospects are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ma
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Furong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Deng J, Lu Z, Wang H, Li N, Song G, Zhu Q, Sun J, Zhang Y. A secretory phospholipase A2 of a fungal pathogen contributes to lipid droplet homeostasis, assimilation of insect-derived lipids, and repression of host immune responses. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1685-1702. [PMID: 35276754 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s) are found in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to higher plants and animals and are involved in varied and cellular processes. However, roles of these enzymes in microbial pathogens remain unclear. Here, an sPLA2 (BbPLA2) was characterized in the filamentous insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. BbPLA2 was exclusively expressed in insect hemolymph-derived cells (hyphal bodies), and its expression was induced by insect-derived nutrients and lipids, and nutrient starvation. High levels of secretion of BbPLA2 were observed as well as its distribution in hyphal body lipid drops (LDs). Overexpression of BbPLA2 increased the ability of B. bassiana to utilize insect-derived nutrients and lipids, and promoted LD accumulation, indicating functions for BbPLA2 in mediating LD homeostasis and assimilation of insect-derived lipids. Strains overexpressing BbPLA2 showed moderately increased virulence, including more efficient penetration of the insect cuticle and evasion of host immune responses as compared to the wild type strain. In addition, B. bassiana-activated host immune genes were downregulated in the BbPLA2 overexpression strain, but upregulated by infections with a ΔBbPLA2 strain. These data demonstrate that BbPLA2 contributes to LD homeostasis, assimilation of insect-derived lipids, and repression of host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuoyue Lu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guimei Song
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiankuan Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxin Sun
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Welter AA, Wu WJ, Maurer R, O’Quinn TG, Chao MD, Boyle DL, Geisbrecht ER, Hartson SD, Bowker BC, Zhuang H. An Investigation of the Altered Textural Property in Woody Breast Myopathy Using an Integrative Omics Approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:860868. [PMID: 35370787 PMCID: PMC8970568 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.860868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Woody breast (WB) is a myopathy observed in broiler Pectoralis major (PM) characterized by its tough and rubbery texture with greater level of calcium content. The objective of this study was to investigate the functionality/integrity of WB sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which may contribute to the elevated calcium content observed in WB and other factors that may influence WB texture. Fourteen Ross line broiler PM [7 severe WB and 7 normal (N)] were selected, packaged, and frozen at −20°C at 8 h postmortem from a commercial processing plant. Samples were used to measure pH, sarcomere length, proteolysis, calpain activity, collagenase activity, collagen content, collagen crosslinks density, and connective tissue peak transitional temperature. Exudate was also collected from each sample to evaluate free calcium concentration. The SR fraction of the samples was separated and utilized for proteomic and lipidomic analysis. The WB PM had a higher pH, shorter sarcomeres, lower % of intact troponin-T, more autolyzed μ/m calpain, more activated collagenase, greater collagen content, greater mature collagen crosslinks density, and higher connective tissue peak transitional temperature than the N PM (p ≤ 0.05). Exudate from WB PM had higher levels of free calcium than those from N PM (p < 0.05). Proteomics data revealed an upregulation of calcium transport proteins and a downregulation of proteins responsible for calcium release (p < 0.05) in WB SR. Interestingly, there was an upregulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and cholinesterase exhibited a 7.6-fold increase in WB SR (p < 0.01). Lipidomics data revealed WB SR had less relative % of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and more lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; p < 0.05). The results indicated that upregulation of calcium transport proteins and downregulation of calcium-release proteins in WB SR may be the muscle’s attempt to regulate this proposed excessive signaling of calcium release due to multiple factors, such as upregulation of PLA2 resulting in PC hydrolysis and presence of cholinesterase inhibitors in the system prolonging action potential. In addition, the textural abnormality of WB may be the combined effects of shorter sarcomere length and more collagen with greater crosslink density being deposited in the broiler PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A. Welter
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Wan Jun Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Ryan Maurer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Travis G. O’Quinn
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Michael D. Chao
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael D. Chao,
| | - Daniel L. Boyle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University Microscopy Facility, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Erika R. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Steve D. Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Brian C. Bowker
- United States National Poultry Research Center USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hong Zhuang
- United States National Poultry Research Center USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
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Krayem N, Gargouri Y. Scorpion venom phospholipases A2: A minireview. Toxicon 2020; 184:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Effect of Rhus verniciflua Extract on IgE-Antigen-Mediated Allergic Reaction in Rat Basophilic Leukemic RBL-2H3 Mast Cells and Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6497691. [PMID: 31687037 PMCID: PMC6811800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6497691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua is widely known for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiaging efficacy and α-glucosidase inhibition. This study was designed whether Rhus verniciflua extracts inhibit the IgE-antigen-mediated allergic reaction in RBL-2H3 mast cells, and it further investigated the FcεRI- and arachidonate-signaling by which Rhus verniciflua extracts exert its antiallergic effects. IgE-antigen-sensitized RBL-2H3 mast cells were investigated for the cytotoxicity of Rhus verniciflua extracts and β-hexosaminidase release, and inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, histamine, and PGD2) were then assessed. Additionally, we examined expressions of genes involved in arachidonate- and FcεRI-signaling pathway in RBL-2H3. Rhus verniciflua extracts inhibited β-hexosaminidase release and production of the inflammatory mediators in RBL-2H3. Rhus verniciflua extracts reduced amounts of histamine and expressions of FcεRI signaling-related genes such as Lyn and Syk and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in mast cells. Finally, in late allergic responses, Rhus verniciflua extracts reduced PGD2 release and COX-2 and cPLA2 phosphorylation expressions from IgE-antigen-mediated mast cells. Lastly, 250–500 mg/kg RVE significantly attenuated the Ag/IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice. These findings provide novel information on the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiallergy properties of Rhus verniciflua extracts in FcɛRI-mediated allergic reaction.
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Phospholipases play multiple cellular roles including growth, stress tolerance, sexual development, and virulence in fungi. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α Promotes Pulmonary Inflammation and Systemic Disease during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00280-17. [PMID: 28808157 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00280-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae is characterized by a robust alveolar infiltration of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells [PMNs]) that can promote systemic spread of the infection if not resolved. We previously showed that 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), which is required to generate the PMN chemoattractant hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) from arachidonic acid (AA), promotes acute pulmonary inflammation and systemic infection after lung challenge with S. pneumoniae As phospholipase A2 (PLA2) promotes the release of AA, we investigated the role of PLA2 in local and systemic disease during S. pneumoniae infection. The group IVA cytosolic isoform of PLA2 (cPLA2α) was activated upon S. pneumoniae infection of cultured lung epithelial cells and was critical for AA release from membrane phospholipids. Pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme blocked S. pneumoniae-induced PMN transepithelial migration in vitro Genetic ablation of the cPLA2 isoform cPLA2α dramatically reduced lung inflammation in mice upon high-dose pulmonary challenge with S. pneumoniae The cPLA2α-deficient mice also suffered no bacteremia and survived a pulmonary challenge that was lethal to wild-type mice. Our data suggest that cPLA2α plays a crucial role in eliciting pulmonary inflammation during pneumococcal infection and is required for lethal systemic infection following S. pneumoniae lung challenge.
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Bandeira-Melo C, Paiva LA, Amorim NRT, Weller PF, Bozza PT. EicosaCell: An Imaging-Based Assay to Identify Spatiotemporal Eicosanoid Synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1554:127-141. [PMID: 28185186 PMCID: PMC5774667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6759-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are bioactive lipids derived from enzymatic metabolism of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways. These lipids are newly formed and nonstorable molecules that have important roles in physiological and pathological processes. The particular interest to determine intracellular compartmentalization of eicosanoid-synthetic machinery has emerged as a key component in the regulation of eicosanoid synthesis and in delineating functional intracellular and extracellular actions of eicosanoids. In this chapter, we discuss the EicosaCell protocol, an assay that enables the intracellular detection and localization of eicosanoid lipid mediator-synthesizing compartments by means of a strategy to covalently cross-link and immobilize eicosanoids at their sites of synthesis followed by immunofluorescent-based localization of the targeted eicosanoid. EicosaCell assays have been successfully used to identify different intracellular compartments of synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes upon cellular activation. This chapter covers basics of EicosaCell assay including its selection of reagents, immunodetection design as well as some troubleshooting recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ligia Almeida Paiva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália R T Amorim
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Kosik-Bogacka DI, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Lanocha-Arendarczyk N, Gutowska I, Korbecki J, Namięta H, Rotter I. The inflammatory effect of infection with Hymenolepis diminuta via the increased expression and activity of COX-1 and COX-2 in the rat jejunum and colon. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:69-76. [PMID: 27466058 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether Hymenolepis diminuta may affect the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), resulting in the altered levels of their main products - prostaglandins (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). The study used the same experimental model as in our previous studies in which we had observed changes in the transepithelial ion transport, tight junctions and in the indicators of oxidative stress, in both small and large intestines of rats infected with H. diminuta. In this paper, we investigated not only the site of immediate presence of the tapeworm (jejunum), but also a distant site (colon). Inflammation related to H. diminuta infection is associated with the increased expression and activation of cyclooxygenase (COX), enzyme responsible for the synthesis of PGE2 and TXB2, local hormones contributing to the enhanced inflammatory reaction in the jejunum and colon in the infected rats. The increased COX expression and activity is probably caused by the increased levels of free radicals and the weakening of the host's antioxidant defense induced by the presence of the parasite. Our immunohistochemical analysis showed that H. diminuta infection affected not only the intensity of the immunodetection of COX but also the enzyme protein localization within intestinal epithelial cells - from the entire cytoplasm to apical/basal regions of cells, or even to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - N Lanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - J Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - H Namięta
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Rotter
- Independent Laboratory of Medical Rehabilitation, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Stief TW. Thrombin Generation by Exposure of Blood to Endotoxin: A Simple Model to Study Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 12:137-61. [PMID: 16708116 DOI: 10.1177/107602960601200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic disseminated intravascular coagulation (PDIC) is a serious complication in sepsis. In an in-vitro system consisting of incubation of fresh citrated blood with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or glucans and subsequent plasma recalcification plasmatic thrombin was quantified. Five hundred microliters of freshly drawn citrated blood of healthy donors were incubated with up to 800 ng/mL LPS ( Escherichia coli) or up to 80 μg/mL Zymosan A (ZyA; Candida albicans) for 30 minutes at room temperature (RT). The samples were centrifuged, and 30 μL plasma were recalcified with 1 volume or less of CaCl2 (25 μmoles Ca2+/mL plasma). After 0 to 12 minutes (37°C), 20 μL 2.5 M arginine, pH 8.6, were added. Thirty microliters 0.9 m M HD-CHG-Ala-Arg-pNA in 2.3 M arginine were added, and the absorbance increase at 405 nm was determined. Fifty microliters plasma were also incubated with 5 μL 250 m M CaCl2 for 5, 10, or 15 minutes (37°C). Fifty microliters 2.5 M arginine stops coagulation, and 50 μL 0.77 m M HD-CHG-Ala-Arg-pNA in 2.3 M arginine starts the thrombin detection. The standard was 1 IU/mL thrombin in 7% human albumin instead of plasma. Arginine was also added in the endotoxin exposure time (EET) or in the plasma coagulation reaction time (CRT). Tissue factor (TF)-antigen and soluble CD14 were determined. LPS at blood concentrations greater than 10 ng/mL or ZyA at greater than 1 μg/mL severalfold enhance thrombin generation, when the respective plasmas are recalcified. After 30 minutes EET at RT, the thrombin activity at 12 minutes CRT generated by the addition of 200 ng/mL LPS or 20 μg/mL ZyA is approximately 200 mIU/mL compared to approximately 20 mIU/mL without addition of endotoxin, or compared to about 7 mIU/mL thrombin at 0 minutes CRT. Arginine added to blood or to plasma inhibits thrombin generation; the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC 50) is approximately 15 m M plasma concentration. Endotoxin incubation of blood increases neither TF nor sCD14. This assay allows the study of the hemostasis alteration in PDIC, particularly in PDIC by sepsis. The thrombin generated by blood plus endotoxin incubation and plasma recalcification suggests that the contact phase of coagulation; e.g., triggered by cell components of (phospholipase-) lysed cells such as monocyte or endothelium DNA or phospholipid-vesicles (microparticles), is of primary pathologic importance in sepsis-PDIC. Arginine at plasma concentrations of 10 to 50 m M might be a new therapeutic for sepsis-PDIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Stief
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Giessen/Marburg, Germany.
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DHANANJAYA BHADRAPURALAKKAPPA, SHIVALINGAIAH SUDHARSHAN. The anti-inflammatory activity of standard aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. as evident in inhibition of Group IA sPLA2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:197-209. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620140574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The standard aqueous stem bark extract is consumed as herbal drink and used in the pharmaceutical formulations to treat patients suffering from various disease conditions in Cuba. This study was carried out to evaluate the modulatory effect of standard aqueous bark extract of M. indica on Group IA sPLA2. M. indica extract, dose dependently inhibited the GIA sPLA2 (NN-XIa-PLA2) activity with an IC50 value 8.1 µg/ml. M. indica extract effectively inhibited the indirect hemolytic activity up to 98% at ~40 µg/ml concentration and at various concentrations (0-50 µg/ml), it dose dependently inhibited the edema formation. When examined as a function of increased substrate and calcium concentration, there was no relieve of inhibitory effect on the GIA sPLA2. Furthermore, the inhibition was irreversible as evidenced from binding studies. It is observed that the aqueous extract ofM. indica effectively inhibits sPLA2 and it is associated inflammatory activities, which substantiate their anti-inflammatory properties. The mode of inhibition could be due to direct interaction of components present in the extract, with sPLA2 enzyme. Further studies on understanding the principal constituents, responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity would be interesting to develop this into potent anti-inflammatory agent.
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Barros GAC, Pereira AV, Barros LC, Lourenço A, Calvi SA, Santos LD, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS. In vitro activity of phospholipase A2 and of peptides from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom against amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:48. [PMID: 26609302 PMCID: PMC4658749 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, and transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Since treatment is based on classical chemotherapeutics with significant side effects, the search for new drugs remains the greatest global challenge. Thus, this in vitro study aimed to evaluate the leishmanicidal effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom fractions on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. METHODS Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and a pool of peptide fraction (<3 kDa) were purified from Crotalus venom. Furthermore, promastigotes and peritoneal macrophages of mice infected by amastigotes were exposed to serial dilutions of the PLA2 and peptides at intervals varying between 1.5625 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL. Both showed activity against promastigotes that varied according to the tested concentration and the time of incubation (24, 48 and 72 h). RESULTS MTT assay for promastigotes showed IC50 of 52.07 μg/mL for PLA2 and 16.98 μg/mL for the peptide fraction of the venom. The cytotoxicity assessment in peritoneal macrophages showed IC50 of 98 μg/mL and 16.98 μg/mL for PLA2 and peptide by MTT assay, respectively. In peritoneal macrophages infected by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi amastigotes, the PLA2 stimulated growth of parasites, and at higher doses reduced growth by 23 %. The peptide fraction prevented 43 % of the intracellular parasite growth at a dose of 16.98 μg/mL, demonstrating the toxicity of this dose to macrophages. Both fractions stimulated H2O2 production by macrophages but only PLA2 was able to stimulate NO production. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the PLA2 and peptide fraction of Crotalus venom. The results encourage further studies to describe the metabolic pathways involved in cell death, as well as the prospecting of molecules with antiparasitic activity present in the peptide fraction of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A C Barros
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Andreia V Pereira
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Luciana C Barros
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Airton Lourenço
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Sueli A Calvi
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Lucilene D Santos
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil ; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil ; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil ; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil ; CEVAP/UNESP, Caixa Postal 577, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, 18610-307 Botucatu, SP Brasil
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Mruwat R, Kivity S, Landsberg R, Yedgar S, Langier S. Phospholipase A2-dependent Release of Inflammatory Cytokines by Superantigen-Stimulated Nasal Polyps of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29:e122-8. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory/allergic disease with unclear pathophysiology, but it has been linked to an imbalance in the production of eicosanoids, which are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and results from phospholipids hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). As of yet, the role of PLA2 in CRS has hardly been studied, except for a report that group II PLA2 expression is elevated in interleukin (IL) 1β or tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated CRS nasal tissues with and without polyps. The PLA2 families include extracellular (secretory) and intracellular isoforms, which are involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes in different ways. Here we comprehensively investigated the expression of PLA2s, particularly those reported to be involved in respiratory disorders, in superantigen (SAE)-stimulated nasal polyps from patients with CRS with polyps, and determined their role in inflammatory cytokine production by inhibition of PLA2 expression. Methods The release of IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and interferon γ by nasal polyps dispersed cells (NPDC) was determined concomitantly with PLA2 messenger RNA expression, under SAE stimulation, with or without dexamethasone, as a regulator of PLA2 expression. Results Stimulation of NPDCs by SAE-induced cytokine secretion with enhanced expression of several secretory PLA2 and Ca2+-independent PLA2, while suppressing cytosolic PLA2 expression. All these were reverted to the level of unstimulated NPDCs on treatment with dexamethasone. Conclusion This study further supports the key role of secretory PLA2 in the pathophysiology of respiratory disorders and presents secretory PLA2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRS and airway pathologies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufayda Mruwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Roee Landsberg
- Ear Nose and Throat Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, lsrael
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Othman AR, Abdullah N, Ahmad S, Ismail IS, Zakaria MP. Elucidation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds isolated from Jatropha curcas L. plant root. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:11. [PMID: 25652309 PMCID: PMC4330596 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Jatropha curcas plant or locally known as "Pokok Jarak" has been widely used in traditional medical applications. This plant is used to treat various conditions such as arthritis, gout, jaundice, wound and inflammation. However, the nature of compounds involved has not been well documented. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of different parts of J. curcas plant and to identify the active compounds involved. METHODS In this study, methanol (80%) extraction of four different parts (leaves, fruits, stem and root) of J. curcas plant was carried out. Phenolic content of each part was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Gallic acid was used as the phenol standard. Each plant part was screened for anti-inflammatory activity using cultured macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The active plant part was then partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water. Each partition was again screened for anti-inflammatory activity. The active partition was then fractionated using an open column chromatography system. Single spots isolated from column chromatography were assayed for anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities. Spots that showed activity were subjected to gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis for identification of active metabolites. RESULTS The hexane partition from root extract showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity. However, it also showed high cytotoxicity towards RAW 264.7 cells at 1 mg/mL. Fractionation process using column chromatography showed five spots. Two spots labeled as H-4 and H-5 possessed anti-inflammatory activity, without cytotoxicity activity. Analysis of both spots by GC-MS showed the presence of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and octadecanoic acid. CONCLUSION This finding suggests that hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and octadecanoic acid could be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of the J. curcas root extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Razi Othman
- Laboratory of Natural Product, Institute Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Norhani Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Institute Of Tropical Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Syahida Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Product, Institute Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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15
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Suzuki K, Takahashi S, Watanabe K, Fujioka D, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata KI, Katoh R, Matsumoto M, Kugiyama K. The expression of groups IIE and V phospholipase A2 is associated with an increased expression of osteogenic molecules in human calcified aortic valves. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1308-25. [PMID: 25132377 DOI: 10.5551/jat.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Eicosanoids play various pathogenic roles in aortic valve calcification. Eicosanoids are derived from the arachidonic acid generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). We therefore sought to determine whether PLA2s are expressed in human aortic valves and, if so, whether the expression of PLA2s is related to the expression of osteogenic molecules in these tissues. METHODS Histological and gene expression analyses of 38 non-rheumatic aortic valves obtained at the time of cardiac valve replacement surgery were conducted. Moreover, gene expression analyses were performed using valve interstitial cells (VICs) obtained from human aortic valves. RESULTS Among the PLA2s examined, the degree of immunoreactivity for PLA2s-IIE and -V was found to significantly correlate with the grade of calcification in the aortic valves. The degree of immunoreactivity and gene expression levels of PLA2s-IIE and -V significantly correlated with those of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, immunoreactivity for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase, downstream enzymes of PLA2 in the arachidonic acid cascade, was co-localized with that for PLA2s-IIE and -V in cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin and macrophages expressing CD68. Furthermore, in the in vitro experiments using cultured VICs, the mRNA expression levels of BMP-2, osteopontin and ALP were suppressed by the inhibition of the expression of PLA2s-IIE or -V with specific siRNAs. CONCLUSIONS The expression of PLA2s-IIE and -V correlates with the development of calcification as well as the expression of pro-osteogenic molecules in human aortic valves, and inhibiting the expression of PLA2s-IIE and -V suppresses the induction of osteogenic molecules in cultured cells. Therefore, PLA2s-IIE and -V may play a role in the pathogenesis of valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine
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16
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Mishina H, Watanabe K, Tamaru S, Watanabe Y, Fujioka D, Takahashi S, Suzuki K, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata K, Yokota Y, Inoue O, Murakami M, Hanasaki K, Kugiyama K. Lack of phospholipase A2 receptor increases susceptibility to cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2013; 114:493-504. [PMID: 24305469 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent evidence indicates that the biological effects of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) cannot be fully explained by its catalytic activity. A cell surface receptor for sPLA2 (PLA2 receptor 1 [PLA2R]) and its high-affinity ligands (including sPLA2-IB, sPLA2-IIE, and sPLA2-X) are expressed in the infarcted myocardium. OBJECTIVE This study asked whether PLA2R might play a pathogenic role in myocardial infarction (MI) using mice lacking PLA2R (PLA2R(-/-)). METHODS AND RESULTS MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery. PLA2R(-/-) mice exhibited higher rates of cardiac rupture after MI compared with PLA2R wild-type (PLA2R(+/+)) mice (46% versus 21%, respectively; P=0.015). PLA2R(-/-) mice had a 31% decrease in collagen content and a 45% decrease in the number of α-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts in the infarcted region compared with PLA2R(+/+) mice. PLA2R was primarily found in myofibroblasts in the infarcted region. PLA2R(-/-) myofibroblasts were impaired in collagen-dependent migration, proliferation, and activation of focal adhesion kinase in response to sPLA2-IB. Binding of sPLA2-IB to PLA2R promoted migration and proliferation of myofibroblasts through functional interaction with integrin β1, independent of the catalytic activity of sPLA2-IB. In rescue experiments, the injection of PLA2R(+/+) myofibroblasts into the infarcted myocardium prevented post-MI cardiac rupture and reversed the decrease in collagen content in the infarcted region in PLA2R(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS PLA2R deficiency increased the susceptibility to post-MI cardiac rupture through impaired healing of the infarcted region. This might be partly explained by a reduction in integrin β1-mediated migratory and proliferative responses of PLA2R(-/-) myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Mishina
- From the Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan (H.M., K.W., S.T., Y.W., D.F., S.T., K.S., T.N., J.O., K.K., K.K.); Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co Ltd, Osaka, Japan (Y.Y., K.H.); Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan (O.I.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (M.M.)
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17
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Mruwat R, Yedgar S, Lavon I, Ariel A, Krimsky M, Shoseyov D. Phospholipase A2 in experimental allergic bronchitis: a lesson from mouse and rat models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76641. [PMID: 24204651 PMCID: PMC3812210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes phospholipids, initiating the production of inflammatory lipid mediators. We have previously shown that in rats, sPLA2 and cPLA2 play opposing roles in the pathophysiology of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic bronchitis (OVA-EAB), an asthma model: Upon disease induction sPLA2 expression and production of the broncho-constricting CysLTs are elevated, whereas cPLA2 expression and the broncho-dilating PGE2 production are suppressed. These were reversed upon disease amelioration by treatment with an sPLA2 inhibitor. However, studies in mice reported the involvement of both sPLA2 and cPLA2 in EAB induction. Objectives To examine the relevance of mouse and rat models to understanding asthma pathophysiology. Methods OVA-EAB was induced in mice using the same methodology applied in rats. Disease and biochemical markers in mice were compared with those in rats. Results As in rats, EAB in mice was associated with increased mRNA of sPLA2, specifically sPLA2gX, in the lungs, and production of the broncho-constricting eicosanoids CysLTs, PGD2 and TBX2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In contrast, EAB in mice was associated also with elevated cPLA2 mRNA and PGE2 production. Yet, treatment with an sPLA2 inhibitor ameliorated the EAB concomitantly with reverting the expression of both cPLA2 and sPLA2, and eicosanoid production. Conclusions In both mice and rats sPLA2 is pivotal in OVA-induced EAB. Yet, amelioration of asthma markers in mouse models, and human tissues, was observed also upon cPLA2 inhibition. It is plausible that airway conditions, involving multiple cell types and organs, require the combined action of more than one, essential, PLA2s.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/immunology
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/immunology
- Arginase/metabolism
- Asthma/genetics
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Bronchitis/genetics
- Bronchitis/immunology
- Bronchitis/metabolism
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Chitinases/genetics
- Chitinases/immunology
- Chitinases/metabolism
- Cysteine/immunology
- Cysteine/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/immunology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Group X Phospholipases A2/genetics
- Group X Phospholipases A2/immunology
- Group X Phospholipases A2/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukotrienes/immunology
- Leukotrienes/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/genetics
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/metabolism
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/genetics
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/immunology
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Leukotriene/immunology
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufayda Mruwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Iris Lavon
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miron Krimsky
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Shoseyov
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ben Bacha A, Abid I, Horchani H, Mejdoub H. Enzymatic properties of stingray Dasyatis pastinaca group V, IIA and IB phospholipases A(2): a comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:537-42. [PMID: 24120965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have purified the group V phospholipase from the heart of cartilaginous fish stingray Dasyatis pastinaca and compared its biochemical properties with group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) and IB (sPLA2-IB) phospholipases previously purified from pancreas and intestine, respectively. Group V phospholipase (sPLA2-V) was purified to homogeneity by heat treatment, ammonium sulphate precipitation and RP-HPLC. The N-terminal sequence of the purified sPLA2-V exhibits a high degree of homology with those of mammal. The enzyme was found to be monomeric with a molecular mass estimation of 14 kDa. The specific activity of the purified enzyme, measured at pH 8 and 37 °C was 52 U/mg. Like sPLA2-IB and sPLA2-IIA, the sPLA2-V is found to be stable between pH 3 and 11 after 30 min of incubation. The purified sPLA2-V retained 65% of its activity after 10 min of incubation at 70 °C and it absolutely requires Ca(2+) for enzymatic activity. In addition it displayed high tolerance to organic solvents. Kinetic parameters Kmapp, kcat and the deduced catalytic efficiency (kcat/Kmapp) of the purified group-V, -IB and -IIA PLA2s were determined using phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylserine (PS) as substrate. The three enzymes hydrolyze the zwiterionic PE and PC substrates more efficiently than anionic PS substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to Crop Improvement, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.
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19
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Takahashi S, Suzuki K, Watanabe Y, Watanabe K, Fujioka D, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata K, Mishina H, Kugiyama K. Phospholipase A2 expression in coronary thrombus is increased in patients with recurrent cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:4214-21. [PMID: 23948114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intracoronary thrombus is a source of active lipid mediators including eicosanoids that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid generated by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). This study examined whether PLA(2) is expressed in the aspirated coronary thrombus and whether PLA(2) expression in the thrombus may be related to recurrence of cardiac events and development of atherosclerosis in the culprit coronary artery after AMI. METHODS Intracoronary thrombus was obtained using an aspiration catheter from 48 patients with AMI, who had successful emergent treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Repeated intravascular ultrasound in the culprit coronary artery was performed at emergent PCI and 6 months later in a subgroup of 20 patients. RESULTS There was a higher prevalence of cells in the thrombus that were immunopositive to group IIA, IVA, V and X PLA2s in patients with (n = 11) than without (n = 37) cardiac events during 6 months of follow-up (P < 0.05 for all). The prevalence of the cells that were immunopositive to group IIA, IVA and V PLA2s in the thrombus was significantly associated with the percent increase in atheroma volume (r = 0.60, 0.55 and 0.45, respectively, P < 0.05 for all) after 6 months in the native coronary segment distal to the culprit coronary lesion. CONCLUSION PLA(2) expression in coronary thrombus is associated with recurrence of cardiac events and development of atherosclerosis in the culprit coronary artery in AMI survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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20
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Robichaud PP, Boulay K, Munganyiki JÉ, Surette ME. Fatty acid remodeling in cellular glycerophospholipids following the activation of human T cells. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2665-77. [PMID: 23894206 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in fatty acid (FA) and glycerophospholipid (GPL) metabolism associated with cell cycle entry are not fully understood. In this study FA-GPL remodeling was investigated in resting and proliferating primary human T cells. Significant changes were measured in the composition and distribution of FAs in GPLs following receptor activation of human T cells. The FA distribution of proliferating T cells was very similar to that of the human Jurkat T cell line and when the stimulus was removed from proliferating T cells, they stopped proliferating and the FA distribution largely reverted back to that of resting T cells. The cellular content of saturated and monounsaturated FAs was significantly increased in proliferating cells, which was associated with an induction of FA synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 gene expression. Additionally, cellular arachidonate was redistributed in GPLs in a distinct pattern that was unlike any other FAs. This redistribution was associated with an induction of CoA-dependent and CoA-independent remodeling. Accordingly, significant changes in the expression of several acyl-CoA synthetases, lysophospholipid acyltransferases, and phospholipase A2 were measured. Overall, these results suggest that metabolic pathways are activated in proliferating T cells that may represent fundamental changes associated with human cell proliferation.
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Lipid mediators and allergic diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111:155-62. [PMID: 23987187 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the basic science and translational relevance of lipid mediators in the pathobiology of allergic diseases. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched for articles using the key terms lipid mediator, prostaglandin, prostanoid, leukotriene, thromboxane, asthma, and allergic inflammation. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles were selected based on their relevance to the goals of this review. Articles with a particular focus on clinical and translational aspects of basic science discoveries were emphasized. RESULTS Lipid mediators are bioactive molecules generated from cell membrane phospholipids. They play important roles in many disease states, particularly in inflammatory and immune responses. Lipid mediators and their receptors are potentially useful as diagnostic markers of disease and therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS Several useful therapeutic agents have been developed based on a growing understanding of the lipid mediator pathways in allergic disease, notably the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1 antagonists and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton. Additional receptor agonists and antagonists relevant to these pathways are in development, and it is likely that future pharmacologic treatments for allergic disease will become available as our understanding of these molecules continues to evolve.
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BnSP-7 toxin, a basic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom, interferes with proliferation, ultrastructure and infectivity of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Parasitology 2013; 140:844-54. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYThis paper reports the effects of BnSP-7 toxin, a catalytically inactive phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom, on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. BnSP-7 presented activity against promastigote parasite forms both in the MTT assay, with IC50 of 58·7 μg mL−1 of toxin, and a growth curve, inhibiting parasite proliferation 60–70% at concentrations of 50–200 μg mL−1 of toxin 96 h after treatment. Also, the toxin presented effects on amastigotes, reducing parasite viability by 50% at 28·1 μg mL−1 and delaying the amastigote–promastigote differentiation process. Ultrastructural studies showed that BnSP-7 caused severe morphological changes in promastigotes such as mitochondrial swelling, nuclear alteration, vacuolization, acidocalcisomes, multiflagellar aspects and a blebbing effect in the plasma membrane. Finally, BnSP-7 interfered with the infective capacity of promastigotes in murine peritoneal macrophages, causing statistically significant infectivity-index reductions (P < 0·05) of 20–35%. These data suggest that the BnSP-7 toxin is an important tool for the discovery of new parasite targets that can be exploited to develop new drugs for treating leishmaniasis.
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Induction of group IVC phospholipase A2 in allergic asthma: transcriptional regulation by TNFα in bronchoepithelial cells. Biochem J 2012; 442:127-37. [PMID: 22082005 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Airway inflammation in allergen-induced asthma is associated with eicosanoid release. These bioactive lipids exhibit anti- and pro-inflammatory activities with relevance to pulmonary pathophysiology. We hypothesized that sensitization/challenge using an extract from the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in a mouse model of allergic asthma would result in altered phospholipase gene expression, thus modulating the downstream eicosanoid pathway. We observed the most significant induction in the group IVC PLA2 (phospholipase A2) [also known as cPLA2γ (cytosolic PLA2γ) or PLA2G4C]. Our results infer that A. fumigatus extract can induce cPLA2γ levels directly in eosinophils, whereas induction in lung epithelial cells is most likely to be a consequence of TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) secretion by A. fumigatus-activated macrophages. The mechanism of TNFα-dependent induction of cPLA2γ gene expression was elucidated through a combination of promoter deletions, ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) and overexpression studies in human bronchoepithelial cells, leading to the identification of functionally relevant CRE (cAMP-response element), NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and E-box promoter elements. ChIP analysis demonstrated that RNA polymerase II, ATF-2 (activating transcription factor 2)-c-Jun, p65-p65 and USF (upstream stimulating factor) 1-USF2 complexes are recruited to the cPLA2γ enhancer/promoter in response to TNFα, with overexpression and dominant-negative studies implying a strong level of co-operation and interplay between these factors. Overall, our results link cytokine-mediated alterations in cPLA2γ gene expression with allergic asthma and outline a complex regulatory mechanism.
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Saito Y, Watanabe K, Fujioka D, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata K, Watanabe Y, Mishina H, Tamaru S, Kita Y, Shimizu T, Kugiyama K. Disruption of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury partly through inhibition of TNF-α-mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2018-30. [PMID: 22427514 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00955.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)α), which preferentially cleaves arachidonic acid from phospholipids, plays a role in apoptosis and tissue injury. Downstream signals in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a mediator of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, involve cPLA(2)α activation. This study examined the potential role of cPLA(2)α and its mechanistic link with TNF-α in myocardial I/R injury using cPLA(2)α knockout (cPLA(2)α(-/-)) mice. Myocardial I/R was created with 10-wk-old male mice by 1 h ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. As a result, compared with wild-type (cPLA(2)α(+/+)) mice, cPLA(2)α(-/-) mice had a 47% decrease in myocardial infarct size, preservation of echocardiographic left ventricle (LV) function (%fractional shortening: 14 vs. 21%, respectively), and lower content of leukotriene B(4) and thromboxane B(2) (62 and 50% lower, respectively) in the ischemic myocardium after I/R. Treatment with the TNF-α inhibitor (soluble TNF receptor II/IgG1 Fc fusion protein, sTNFR:Fc) decreased myocardial I/R injury and LV dysfunction in cPLA(2)α(+/+) mice but not cPLA(2)α(-/-) mice. sTNFR:Fc also suppressed cPLA(2)α phosphorylation in the ischemic myocardium after I/R of cPLA(2)α(+/+) mice. Similarly, sTNFR:Fc exerted protective effects against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury in the cultured cardiomyocytes from cPLA(2)α(+/+) mice but not cPLA(2)α(-/-) cardiomyocytes. H/R and TNF-α induced cPLA(2)α phosphorylation in cPLA(2)α(+/+) cardiomyocytes, which was reversible by sTNFR:Fc. In cPLA(2)α(-/-) cardiomyocytes, TNF-α induced apoptosis and release of arachidonic acid to a lesser extent than in cPLA(2)α(+/+) cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, disruption of cPLA(2)α attenuates myocardial I/R injury partly through inhibition of TNF-α-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Saito
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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25
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Gutowska I, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Siennicka A, Telesiński A, Stańczyk-Dunaj M, Wesołowska T, Gąssowska M, Kłos P, Zakrzewska H, Machaliński B, Chlubek D, Stachowska E. Activation of phospholipase A(2) by low levels of fluoride in THP1 macrophages via altered Ca(2+) and cAMP concentration. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:99-105. [PMID: 22382002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases (PLA's) participate in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes in the cell, including the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and stimulation of inflammatory processes. It is also well known that fluoride can increase the inflammatory reactions. Therefore we decided to examine the effect of fluorides in concentrations determined in human serum on cPLA(2) and sPLA(2) activity. The incubation of macrophages in fluoride solutions significantly increased the amount of synthesized cellular cAMP, intracellular calcium and sPLA(2) activity in a dose-dependent pattern. The cPLA(2) activity, estimated by the amount of released arachidonic acid, increased significantly when 10 μM NaF was used. The results of our study suggest that fluoride may change the activity of phospholipases in macrophage cells. Probably, increased cAMP concentration activates protein kinase C (PKC) and thus stimulates PLA(2). cAMP also regulates the passage of Ca(2+) through ion channels, which additionally influence PLA(2) throughout Ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Żołnierska 48, Szczecin, Poland.
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26
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Watanabe K, Fujioka D, Saito Y, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata K, Watanabe Y, Mishina H, Tamaru S, Hanasaki K, Kugiyama K. Group X secretory PLA2 in neutrophils plays a pathogenic role in abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H95-104. [PMID: 21984544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00695.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Group X secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)-X) is expressed in neutrophils and plays a role in the pathogenesis of neutrophil-mediated tissue inflammation and injury. This study tested the hypothesis that sPLA(2)-X in neutrophils may contribute to the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using sPLA(2)-X(-/-) mice. AAA was created by application of CaCl(2) to external surface of aorta. As a result, the aortas of sPLA(2)-X(-/-) mice had smaller diameters (percent increase from baseline; 24.8 ± 3.5% vs. 49.9 ± 9.1%, respectively; P < 0.01), a reduced grade of elastin degradation, and lower activities of elastase and gelatinase (26% and 19% lower, respectively) after CaCl(2) treatment compared with sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice. In sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice, immunofluorescence microscopic images showed that the immunoreactivity of sPLA(2)-X was detected only in neutrophils within aortic walls 3 days, 1, 2, and 6 wk after CaCl(2) treatment, whereas the immunoreactivity was not detected in macrophages or mast cells in aortic walls. sPLA(2)-X immunoreactivity also was colocalized in cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Neutrophils isolated from sPLA(2)-X(-/-) mice had lower activities of elastase, gelatinase, and MMP-9 in response to stimuli compared with sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice. The attenuated release of elastase and gelatinase from sPLA(2)-X(-/-) neutrophils was reversed by exogenous addition of mouse sPLA(2)-X protein. The adoptive transfer of sPLA(2)-X(+/+) neutrophils days 0 and 3 after CaCl(2) treatment reversed aortic diameters and elastin degradation grades in the lethally irradiated sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice reconstituted with sPLA(2)-X(-/-) bone marrow to an extent similar to that seen in sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice. In conclusion, sPLA(2)-X in neutrophils plays a pathogenic role in AAA in a mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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27
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Madsen JJ, Linderoth L, Subramanian AK, Andresen TL, Peters GH. Secretory phospholipase A2 activity toward diverse substrates. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6853-61. [PMID: 21561115 DOI: 10.1021/jp112137b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied secretory phospholipase A(2)-IIA (sPLA(2)) activity toward different phospholipid analogues by performing biophysical characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations. The phospholipids were natural substrates, triple alkyl phospholipids, a prodrug anticancer etherlipid, and an inverted ester. The latter were included to study head group-enzyme interactions. Our simulation results show that the lipids are optimally placed into the binding cleft and that water molecules can freely reach the active site through a well-defined pathway; both are indicative that these substrates are efficiently hydrolyzed, which is in good agreement with our experimental data. The phospholipid analogue with three alkyl side chains forms aggregates of different shapes with no well-defined sizes due to its cone-shape structure. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine head groups interact with specific charged residues, but relatively large fluctuations are observed, suggesting that these interactions are not necessarily important for stabilizing substrate binding to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper J Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 activity attenuates acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema induced by isoproterenol infusion in mice after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 56:369-78. [PMID: 20625313 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181ef1aab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several types of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) are expressed in lung tissue, yielding various eicosanoids that might cause pulmonary edema. This study examined whether inhibition of sPLA2 activity attenuates acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in mice. Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by an increase in heart rate with continuous intravenous infusion of isoproterenol (ISP) (10 mg/kg/h) at 2 weeks after the creation of myocardial infarction by left coronary artery ligation. Just before ISP infusion, a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg LY374388, a prodrug of LY329722 that inhibits sPLA2 activity, or vehicle was administered. The ISP infusion after myocardial infarction induced interstitial and alveolar edema on lung histology. Furthermore, it increased the lung-to-body weight ratio, pulmonary vascular permeability evaluated by the Evans blue extravasation method, lung activity of sPLA2, and lung content of thromboxane A2 and leukotriene B4. These changes were significantly attenuated by LY374388 treatment. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the survival rate during the ISP infusion after myocardial infarction was significantly higher in LY374388- than in vehicle-treated mice. Similar results were obtained with another inhibitor of sPLA2 activity, para-bromophenacyl bromide. In conclusion, inhibition of sPLA2 activity suppressed acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
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29
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Bandeira-Melo C, Weller PF, Bozza PT. EicosaCell - an immunofluorescent-based assay to localize newly synthesized eicosanoid lipid mediators at intracellular sites. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 689:163-181. [PMID: 21153792 PMCID: PMC3679533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-950-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lipoxins) are a family of signaling lipids derived from arachidonic acid that have important roles in physiological and pathological processes. Over the past years, it has been established that successful eicosanoid production is not merely determined by arachidonic acid and eicosanoid-forming enzymes availability, but requires sequential interactions between specific biosynthetic proteins acting in cascade and may involve very unique spatial interactions. Direct assessment of specific subcellular locales of eicosanoid synthesis has been elusive, as those lipid mediators are newly formed, not stored and often rapidly released upon cell stimulation. In this chapter, we discuss the EicosaCell protocol for intracellular detection of eicosanoid-synthesizing compartments by means of a strategy to covalently cross-link and immobilize the lipid mediators at their sites of synthesis followed by immunofluorescent-based localization of the targeted eicosanoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Yano T, Fujioka D, Saito Y, Kobayashi T, Nakamura T, Obata JE, Kawabata K, Watanabe K, Watanabe Y, Mishina H, Tamaru S, Kugiyama K. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 plays a pathogenic role in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 90:335-43. [PMID: 21169294 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Group V secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-V) is highly expressed in the heart. This study examined (i) the role of sPLA(2)-V in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and (ii) the cooperative action of sPLA(2)-V and cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) in myocardial I/R injury, using sPLA(2)-V knockout (sPLA(2)V(-/-)) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Myocardial I/R injury was created by 1 h ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. The sPLA(2)V(-/-) mice had a 44% decrease in myocardial infarct size, a preservation of echocardiographic LV function (%fractional shortening: 40 ± 3.5 vs. 21 ± 4.6, respectively), and lower content of leucotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) (40 and 37% lower, respectively) in the ischaemic myocardium after I/R compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Intraperitoneal administration of AACOCF3 or MAFP, inhibitors of cPLA(2) activity, decreased myocardial infarct size and myocardial content of LTB(4) and TXB(2) in both genotyped mice. The decrease in myocardial infarct size and content of LTB(4) and TXB(2) after cPLA(2) inhibitor administration was greater in WT mice than in sPLA(2)V(-/-) mice. I/R increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in the ischaemic myocardium in association with cPLA(2) phosphorylation. The I/R-induced increase in the phosphorylation of p38 and cPLA(2) was less in sPLA(2)-V(-/-) mice than in WT mice. Pretreatment with the p38 inhibitor SB202190 suppressed an increase in cPLA(2) phosphorylation after I/R in WT mice. CONCLUSION sPLA(2)-V plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial I/R injury partly in concert with the activation of cPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yano
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
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31
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Chemical modification of ascorbic acid and evaluation of its lipophilic derivatives as inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:69-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Sato R, Yamaga S, Watanabe K, Hishiyama S, Kawabata KI, Kobayashi T, Fujioka D, Saito Y, Yano T, Watanabe K, Watanabe Y, Ishihara H, Kugiyama K. Inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 activity attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in a mouse model. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:191-200. [PMID: 20426527 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903288026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the hypothesis that LY374388, an inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) activity, may exert a protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in male C57BL/6J mice. Intratracheal administration of LPS increased histopathological changes in lung tissue, lung wet to dry ratios, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of neutrophil numbers, sPLA(2) activity, leukotriene B(4), and thromboxane B(2). However, a simultaneous intraperitoneal treatment with LY374388 significantly attenuated these LPS-induced changes. Thus, inhibition of sPLA(2) activity significantly attenuated the acute lung injury induced by LPS. sPLA(2) played an important role in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Compare D, Nardone O, Nardone G. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Carcinogenesis of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2495-2516. [PMID: 27713364 PMCID: PMC4033936 DOI: 10.3390/ph3082495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that underlying infections and inflammatory responses are linked to 15–20% of all deaths from cancer worldwide. Inflammation is a physiologic process in response to tissue damage resulting from microbial pathogen infection, chemical irritation, and/or wounding. Tissues injured throughout the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, generate a great amount of growth factors, cytokines, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that may cause DNA damage that in turn predisposes to the transformation from chronic inflammation to neoplasia. Cyclooxygenase (COX), playing a key role in cell homeostasis, angiogenesis and tumourigenesis, may represent the link between inflammation and cancer. Currently COX is becoming a pharmacological target for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Compare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Olga Nardone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gerardo Nardone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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34
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Phospholipases A2 in ocular homeostasis and diseases. Biochimie 2010; 92:611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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35
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Pardeike J, Müller RH. Nanosuspensions: A promising formulation for the new phospholipase A2 inhibitor PX-18. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:322-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Buttar NS, DeMars CJ, Lomberk G, Ilyas SI, Bonilla-Velez J, Achra S, Rashtak S, Wang KK, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Urrutia R. Distinct role of Kruppel-like factor 11 in the regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11433-44. [PMID: 20154088 PMCID: PMC2857022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor (KLF) proteins are emerging as key regulators of lipid metabolism, diabetes, and the biosynthesis of immunological cytokines. However, their role in the synthesis of prostaglandins, widely known biochemical mediators that act in a myriad of cell biological processes remain poorly understood. Consequently, in this study a comprehensive investigation at the cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels reveal that KLF11 inhibits prostaglandin E(2) synthesis via transcriptional silencing of the promoter of its biosynthetic enzyme, cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha. Mechanistically, KLF11 accomplishes this function by binding to the promoter via specific GC-rich sites and recruiting the Sin3-histone deacetylase chromatin remodeling complex. Further functional characterization reveals that this function of KLF11 can be reversed by epidermal growth factor receptor-AKT-mediated post-translational modification of threonine 56, a residue within its Sin3-binding domain. This is the first evidence supporting a relevant role for any KLF protein in doing both: transcriptionally inhibiting prostaglandin biosynthesis and its reversibility by an epidermal growth factor receptor-AKT signaling-mediated posttranslational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navtej S Buttar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA.
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37
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Panfoli I, Calzia D, Ravera S, Morelli A. Inhibition of hemorragic snake venom components: old and new approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:417-27. [PMID: 22069593 PMCID: PMC3153198 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex toxin mixtures. Viperidae and Crotalidae venoms, which are hemotoxic, are responsible for most of the envenomations around the world. Administration of antivenins aimed at the neutralization of toxins in humans is prone to potential risks. Neutralization of snake venom toxins has been achieved through different approaches: plant extracts have been utilized in etnomedicine. Direct electric current from low voltage showed neutralizing properties against venom phospholipase A2 and metalloproteases. This mini-review summarizes new achievements in venom key component inhibition. A deeper knowledge of alternative ways to inhibit venom toxins may provide supplemental treatments to serum therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Biology, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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38
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Mouchlis VD, Mavromoustakos TM, Kokotos G. Design of new secreted phospholipase A2 inhibitors based on docking calculations by modifying the pharmacophore segments of the FPL67047XX inhibitor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:107-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gentile LB, Piva B, Capizzani BC, Furlaneto LGB, Moreira LS, Zamith-Miranda D, Diaz BL. Hypertonic environment elicits cyclooxygenase-2-driven prostaglandin E2 generation by colon cancer cells: role of cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha and kinase signaling pathways. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:131-9. [PMID: 20004562 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostaglandin (PG)E(2) controls many aspects of colon cancer development, modulating from apoptosis resistance and cell proliferation to angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we investigated the role of different phospholipases (PL)A(2) in supplying arachidonic acid (AA) for COX-2-dependent PGE(2) generation and signaling pathways involved in activation of colon cancer cells by a physiologically relevant stimulus. To emulate the hypertonic environment found physiologically in colon, the human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 was maintained in hypertonic complete DMEM medium. Human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 exposed to a hypertonic environment responded with marked AA release, COX-2 induction and PGE(2) generation. Selective secretory (s)PLA(2) and calcium-independent (i)PLA(2) inhibitors did not modify PGE(2) generation, while either COX-2 or cytosolic (c)PLA(2) inhibitors completely inhibited PGE(2) generation. cPLA(2)-alpha was responsible for AA supply for PGE(2) generation, but had no role in COX-2 induction. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK 1/2, p38, and JNK, participated in the signaling events that lead to PGE(2) generation by modulating AA release, but only ERK 1/2 was involved in COX-2 upregulation. Our results indicate that hypertonic stress activates PGE(2) generation by Caco-2 cells through a mechanism dependent on MAP kinase-regulated AA mobilization, increased cPLA(2)-alpha activity, and COX-2 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana B Gentile
- Divisão de Biologia Celular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil
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40
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Fornai M, Antonioli L, Colucci R, Bernardini N, Ghisu N, Tuccori M, De Giorgio R, Del Tacca M, Blandizzi C. Emerging role of cyclooxygenase isoforms in the control of gastrointestinal neuromuscular functions. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:62-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Babu A, Mauchley D, Meng X, Banerjee AM, Gamboni-Robertson F, Fullerton DA, Weyant MJ. The secretory phospholipase A2 gene is required for gastroesophageal reflux-related changes in murine esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:2212-8. [PMID: 19672667 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-0972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial response of esophageal mucosa to gastroduodenal reflux is inflammation and hyperplasia. Secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) is a known mediator of gut inflammation, and its levels are increased in Barrett's esophagus. We hypothesized that the sPLA(2) gene is required to produce esophageal mucosal hyperplasia in response to gastroduodenal reflux. METHODS C57BL/6 (n = 5) sPLA(2) (-/-) mice and C57BL/6( Cg-Tg(PLA2G2A)703N16 ) mice (n = 4) sPLA(2) (-/+) underwent a side-to-side surgical anastomosis between the duodenum and gastroesophageal junction (DGEA). Control animals [sPLA(2) (-/-) (n = 5), sPLA(2) (-/+) (n = 4)] underwent laparotomy with incision and repair of the esophagus. Tissue was harvested after 4 weeks, and H&E staining was performed to quantify esophageal mucosal thickness. Ki67 and sPLA(2) immunostaining were performed to quantitate differences in cell division and sPLA(2) expression. RESULTS Mice expressing human sPLA(2) had a 2.5-fold increase in thickness of the esophageal mucosa as compared to controls (p = 0.01). A 6.5-fold increase in proliferation (p = 0.02) and a twofold increase in sPLA(2) expression (p = 0.04) were demonstrated in animals exposed to gastroduodenal reflux. CONCLUSIONS The presence of sPLA(2) is necessary for early mucosal hyperplasia produced by exposure of the esophagus to gastroduodenal contents. sPLA(2) expression is upregulated by gastroduodenal reflux, strengthening its role as a critical mediator of early mucosal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Babu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, 12631 East 17th Avenue, C310, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Bozza PT, D’Avila H, Almeida PE, Magalhães KG, Molinaro R, Almeida CJ, Maya-Monteiro CM. Lipid droplets in host–pathogen interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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43
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Ling H, Jia X, Zhang Y, Gapter LA, Lim YS, Agarwal R, Ng KY. Pachymic acid inhibits cell growth and modulates arachidonic acid metabolism in nonsmall cell lung cancer A549 cells. Mol Carcinog 2009; 49:271-82. [PMID: 19918789 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Mumy KL, McCormick BA. The role of neutrophils in the event of intestinal inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:697-701. [PMID: 19854677 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The transmigration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs; neutrophils) into the intestinal lumen is a classical phenomenon associated with a wide variety of disease states, including those of both pathogenic and autoimmune/idiopathic origin. While PMNs are highly effective at killing invading pathogens by releasing microbiocidal products, excessive or unnecessary release of these substances can cause substantial damage to the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms that lure neutrophils into the lumen allowing them to perform their desired functions, so that researchers may begin to identify which processes may be potential targets for inhibiting the transmigration of PMNs during noninfectious states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mumy
- The Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Cytosolic phospholipase A2: a member of the signalling pathway of a new G protein alpha subunit in Sporothrix schenckii. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:100. [PMID: 19454031 PMCID: PMC2694196 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporothrix schenckii is a pathogenic dimorphic fungus, the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, a lymphocutaneous disease that can remain localized or can disseminate, involving joints, lungs, and the central nervous system. Pathogenic fungi use signal transduction pathways to rapidly adapt to changing environmental conditions and S. schenckii is no exception. S. schenckii yeast cells, either proliferate (yeast cell cycle) or engage in a developmental program that includes proliferation accompanied by morphogenesis (yeast to mycelium transition) depending on the environmental conditions. The principal intracellular receptors of environmental signals are the heterotrimeric G proteins, suggesting their involvement in fungal dimorphism and pathogenicity. Identifying these G proteins in fungi and their involvement in protein-protein interactions will help determine their role in signal transduction pathways. Results In this work we describe a new G protein α subunit gene in S. schenckii, ssg-2. The cDNA sequence of ssg-2 revealed a predicted open reading frame of 1,065 nucleotides encoding a 355 amino acids protein with a molecular weight of 40.9 kDa. When used as bait in a yeast two-hybrid assay, a cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 catalytic subunit was identified as interacting with SSG-2. The sspla2 gene, revealed an open reading frame of 2538 bp and encoded an 846 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 92.62 kDa. The principal features that characterize cPLA2 were identified in this enzyme such as a phospholipase catalytic domain and the characteristic invariable arginine and serine residues. A role for SSPLA2 in the control of dimorphism in S. schenckii is suggested by observing the effects of inhibitors of the enzyme on the yeast cell cycle and the yeast to mycelium transition in this fungus. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors such as AACOCF3 (an analogue of archidonic acid) and isotetrandrine (an inhibitor of G protein PLA2 interactions) were found to inhibit budding by yeasts induced to re-enter the yeast cell cycle and to stimulate the yeast to mycelium transition showing that this enzyme is necessary for the yeast cell cycle. Conclusion A new G protein α subunit gene was characterized in S. schenckii and protein-protein interactions studies revealed this G protein alpha subunit interacts with a cPLA2 homologue. The PLA2 homologue reported here is the first phospholipase identified in S. schenckii and the first time a PLA2 homologue is identified as interacting with a G protein α subunit in a pathogenic dimorphic fungus, establishing a relationship between these G proteins and the pathogenic potential of fungi. This cPLA2 homologue is known to play a role in signal transduction and fungal pathogenesis. Using cPLA2 inhibitors, this enzyme was found to affect dimorphism in S. schenckii and was found to be necessary for the development of the yeast or pathogenic form of the fungus.
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Low-penetrance alleles predisposing to sporadic colorectal cancers: a French case-controlled genetic association study. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:326. [PMID: 18992148 PMCID: PMC2585099 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC) are multifactorial diseases resulting from the combined effects of numerous genetic, environmental and behavioral risk factors. Genetic association studies have suggested low-penetrance alleles of extremely varied genes to be involved in susceptibility to CRC in Caucasian populations. Methods Through a large genetic association study based on 1023 patients with sporadic CRC and 1121 controls, we tested a panel of these low-penetrance alleles to find out whether they could determine "genotypic profiles" at risk for CRC among individuals of the French population. We examined 52 polymorphisms of 35 genes – drawn from inflammation, xenobiotic detoxification, one-carbon, insulin signaling, and DNA repair pathways – for their possible contribution to colorectal carcinogenesis. The risk of cancer associated with these polymorphisms was assessed by calculation of odds ratios (OR) using multivariate analyses and logistic regression. Results Whereas all these polymorphisms had previously been found to be associated with CRC risk, especially in Caucasian populations, we were able to replicate the association for only five of them. Three SNPs were shown to increase CRC risk: PTGS1 c.639C>A (p.Gly213Gly), IL8 c.-352T>A, and MTHFR c.1286A>C (p.Ala429Glu). On the contrary, two other SNPs, PLA2G2A c.435+230C>T and PPARG c.1431C>T (p.His477His), were associated with a decrease in CRC risk. Further analyses highlighted genotypic combinations having a greater predisposing effect on CRC (OR 1.97, 95%CI 1.31–2.97, p = 0.0009) than the allelic variants that were examined separately. Conclusion The identification of CRC-predisposing combinations, composed of alleles PTGS1 c.639A, PLA2G2A c.435+230C, PPARG c.1431C, IL8 c.-352A, and MTHFR c.1286C, highlights the importance of inflammatory processes in susceptibility to sporadic CRC, as well as a possible crosstalk between inflammation and one-carbon pathways.
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Costa-Junior HM, Mendes AN, Davis GHNG, da Cruz CM, Ventura ALM, Serezani CH, Faccioli LH, Nomizo A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Bisaggio RDC, Persechini PM. ATP-induced apoptosis involves a Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 and 5-lipoxygenase in macrophages. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 88:51-61. [PMID: 18984060 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages express P2X(7) and other nucleotide (P2) receptors, and display the phenomena of extracellular ATP (ATP(e))-induced P2X(7)-dependent membrane permeabilization and cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. P2X(7) receptors also cooperate with toll-like receptors (TLRs) to induce inflammasome activation and IL-1beta secretion. We investigated signaling pathways involved in the induction of cell death by ATP(e) in intraperitoneal murine macrophages. Apoptosis (hypodiploid nuclei) and necrosis (LDH release) were detected 6h after an induction period of 20 min in the presence of ATP. Apoptosis was blocked by caspase 3 and caspase 9 inhibitors and by cyclosporin A. The MAPK inhibitors PD-98059, SB-203580 and SB-202190 provoked no significant effect on apoptosis, but SB-203580 blocked LDH release. Neither apoptosis nor necrosis was inhibited when both intra- and extracellular Ca(2+) were chelated during the induction period. Mepacrine, a generic PLA(2) inhibitor and BEL, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) blocked apoptosis, while pBPB and AACOOPF(3), inhibitors of secretory and Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) respectively, had no significant effect. Cycloxygenase inhibitors had no effect on apoptosis, while the inhibitors of lipoxygenase (LOX) and leukotriene biosynthesis nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), zileuton, AA-861, and MK-886 significantly decreased apoptosis. Neither NDGA nor MK-886 blocked apoptosis of 5-LOX(-/-) macrophages. CP-105696 and MK-571, antagonists of leukotriene receptors, had no significant effect on apoptosis. None of the inhibitors of PLA(2) and LOX/leukotriene pathway had a significant inhibitory effect on LDH release. Our results indicate that a Ca(2+)-independent step involving an iPLA(2) and 5-LOX are involved in the triggering of apoptosis but not necrosis by P2X(7) in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Miranda Costa-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunobiofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Duncan RE, Sarkadi-Nagy E, Jaworski K, Ahmadian M, Sul HS. Identification and functional characterization of adipose-specific phospholipase A2 (AdPLA). J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25428-25436. [PMID: 18614531 PMCID: PMC2533091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804146200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) catalyze hydrolysis of fatty acids from the sn-2 position of phospholipids. Here we report the identification and characterization of a membrane-associated intracellular calcium-dependent, adipose-specific PLA(2) that we named AdPLA (adipose-specific phospholipase A(2)). We found that AdPLA was highly expressed specifically in white adipose tissue and was induced during preadipocyte differentiation into adipocytes. Clearance of AdPLA by immunoprecipitation significantly decreased PLA activity in white adipose tissue lysates but had no effect on liver lysates, where expression was hardly detectable. In characterizing AdPLA, we employed radiochemical assays with TLC analysis of the enzyme activity of lysates from COS-7 cells overexpressing AdPLA. For kinetic studies, we produced purified recombinant AdPLA for use in a lipoxidase-coupled spectrophotometric assay. AdPLA generated free fatty acid and lysophospholipid from phosphatidylcholine with a preference for hydrolysis at the sn-2 position. Although we found low but detectable lysophospholipase activity, AdPLA showed no significant activity against a variety of other lipid substrates. Calcium was found to activate AdPLA but was not essential for activity. Studies with known phospholipase inhibitors, including bromoenolactone, methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate, AACOCF(3), 7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid, and thioetheramide, supported that AdPLA is a phospholipase. Mutational studies showed that His-23 and Cys-113 are critical for activity of AdPLA and suggested that AdPLA is likely a His/Cys PLA(2). Overall, although AdPLA is similar to other histidine phospholipases in pH and calcium dependence, AdPLA showed different characteristics in many regards, including predicted catalytic mechanism. AdPLA may therefore represent the first member of a new group of PLA(2)s, group XVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Duncan
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Eszter Sarkadi-Nagy
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kathy Jaworski
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Maryam Ahmadian
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hei Sook Sul
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury are associated with a disturbance in cardiac sarcolemmal membrane phospholipid homeostasis. The contribution of the different phospholipases and their related signaling mechanisms to altered function of the diseased myocardium is not completely understood. Resolution of this issue is essential for both the understanding of the pathophysiology of heart disease and for determining if components of the phospholipid signaling pathways could serve as appropriate therapeutic targets. This review provides an outline of the role of phospholipase A2, C and D and subsequent signal transduction mechanisms in different cardiac pathologies with a discussion of their potential as targets for drug development for the prevention/treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit S Tappia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre & Departments of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Belhadj-Tahar H, Coulais Y, Tafani M, Bouissou F. Procalcitonin implication in renal cell apoptosis induced by acute pyelonephritis in children. Infect Drug Resist 2008; 1:17-20. [PMID: 21694876 PMCID: PMC3108721 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this biomedical trial was to clarify the physiological role of procalcitonin (PCT) in renal parenchyma apoptosis and fibrosis caused by acute childhood pyelonephritis. This prospective study enrolled 183 children. All children were treated with bi-therapy according to the French consensus on acute pyelonephritis treatment dated November 16, 1990: intra-vascular administration of ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/day and netromicine 7 mg/kg/day during the first 48 hours, followed by specific antibiotherapy suited to antibiogram. On admission, PCT, C-reactive protein, and phospholipase A2 were quantified in serum. Scintigraphy monitoring with 99mTc-DMSA was performed on day 4 and 9 months later, in the presence of persistent abnormalities. On day 4, 78% presented renal parenchyma alterations and 30% renal fibrosis 9 months after admission. Paradoxically, PCT level was significantly lower in the presence of renal fibrosis due to cell apoptosis (4.19 vs 7.59 μgL−1). A significant increase in PCT indicated favorable progress (recovery 7.55 vs aggravation 3.34) and no difference between recovery and improvement. This result suggests the protective effect of PCT against apoptosis by nitric oxide down-regulation.
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