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Smesny S, Gussew A, Biesel NJ, Schack S, Walther M, Rzanny R, Milleit B, Gaser C, Sobanski T, Schultz CC, Amminger P, Hipler UC, Sauer H, Reichenbach JR. Glutamatergic dysfunction linked to energy and membrane lipid metabolism in frontal and anterior cingulate cortices of never treated first-episode schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:322-9. [PMID: 26255566 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamatergic dysfunction and altered membrane lipid and energy metabolism have been repeatedly demonstrated in the frontal/prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in schizophrenia. Though having been already studied in animals, the presumed link between glutamatergic function and structural plasticity has not been investigated directly in the human brain yet. We measured glutamate (Glu), focal energy metabolism, and membrane phospholipid turnover to investigate main pathologies in those key brain regions of schizophrenia. METHODS (1)H- and (31)P-Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) was combined in a single session to assess Glu and markers of energy (PCr, ATP) and membrane lipid (PME, PDE) metabolism in 31 neuroleptic-naïve first acute onset psychosis patients and 31 matched healthy controls. Multivariate analyses of covariance were used to assess disease effects on Glu and to investigate the impact of Glu alterations on phospholipid and energy metabolites. RESULTS Glu levels of patients were increased in the frontal and prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in the ACC. Higher Glu was associated with increased left frontal/prefrontal PME and right frontal/prefrontal PDE in patients, which was not observed in healthy controls. In contrast, higher Glu levels were associated with lower PCr or ATP values in the frontal/prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in the right ACC of controls. This was not observed in the right ACC and left frontal/prefrontal cortex of patients. CONCLUSION Frontal glutamatergic hyperactivity is disconnected from physiologically regulated energy metabolism and is associated with increased membrane breakdown in right and increased membrane restoration in left frontal and prefrontal cortical regions. As indicated by previous findings, this pathology is likely dynamic during the course of first acute illness and possibly associated with negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. Our findings underline the importance of further research on neuroprotective treatment options during the early acute or even better for the ultra-high risk state of psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Joan Biesel
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schack
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Walther
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Documentation (IMSID), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Bachstraße 18, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rzanny
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Berko Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Thüringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH Rainweg 68, D-07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry, Thüringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH Rainweg 68, D-07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Carl Christoph Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Amminger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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Fournier M, Ferrari C, Baumann PS, Polari A, Monin A, Bellier-Teichmann T, Wulff J, Pappan KL, Cuenod M, Conus P, Do KQ. Impaired metabolic reactivity to oxidative stress in early psychosis patients. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:973-83. [PMID: 24687046 PMCID: PMC4133680 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Because increasing evidence point to the convergence of environmental and genetic risk factors to drive redox dysregulation in schizophrenia, we aim to clarify whether the metabolic anomalies associated with early psychosis reflect an adaptation to oxidative stress. Metabolomic profiling was performed to characterize the response to oxidative stress in fibroblasts from control individuals (n = 20) and early psychosis patients (n = 30), and in all, 282 metabolites were identified. In addition to the expected redox/antioxidant response, oxidative stress induced a decrease of lysolipid levels in fibroblasts from healthy controls that were largely muted in fibroblasts from patients. Most notably, fibroblasts from patients showed disrupted extracellular matrix- and arginine-related metabolism after oxidative stress, indicating impairments beyond the redox system. Plasma membrane and extracellular matrix, 2 regulators of neuronal activity and plasticity, appeared as particularly susceptible to oxidative stress and thus provide novel mechanistic insights for pathophysiological understanding of early stages of psychosis. Statistically, antipsychotic medication at the time of biopsy was not accounting for these anomalies in the metabolism of patients' fibroblasts, indicating that they might be intrinsic to the disease. Although these results are preliminary and should be confirmed in a larger group of patients, they nevertheless indicate that the metabolic signature of reactivity to oxidative stress may provide reliable early markers of psychosis. Developing protective measures aimed at normalizing the disrupted pathways should prevent the pathological consequences of environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carina Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S. Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Polari
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Monin
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Bellier-Teichmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Michel Cuenod
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,These authors contributed equally to this work
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Abstract
THE MULTIPLE ETIOLOGIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PROMPT US TO RAISE THE QUESTION: what final common pathway can induce a convincing sense of the reality of the hallucinations in this disease? The observation that artificial stimulation of an intermediate order of neurons of a normal nervous system induces hallucinations indicates that the lateral entry of activity (not resulting from canonical synaptic transmission) at intermediate neuronal orders may provide a mechanism for hallucinations. Meaningful hallucinations can be de-constructed into an organized temporal sequence of internal sensations of associatively learned items that occur in the absence of any external stimuli. We hypothesize that these hallucinations are autonomously generated by the re-activation of pathological non-specific functional LINKs formed between the postsynaptic membranes at certain neuronal orders and are examined as a final common mechanism capable of explaining most of the features of the disease. Reversible and stabilizable hemi-fusion between simultaneously activated adjacent postsynaptic membranes is viewed as one of the normal mechanisms for functional LINK formation and is dependent on lipid membrane composition. Methods of removing the proteins that may traverse the non-specifically hemi-fused membrane segments and attempts to replace the phospholipid side chains to convert the membrane composition to a near-normal state may offer therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjumon I Vadakkan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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4
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Bošković M, Vovk T, Kores Plesničar B, Grabnar I. Oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:301-12. [PMID: 22131939 PMCID: PMC3131721 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795596595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative damage exists in schizophrenia. Available literature about possible mechanisms of oxidative stress induction was reviewed. Furthermore, possibilities of measuring biomarkers of schizophrenia outside the central nervous system compartment, their specificity for different types of schizophrenia and potential therapeutic strategies to prevent oxidative injuries in schizophrenia were discussed. Data were extracted from published literature found in Medline, Embase, Biosis, Cochrane and Web of Science, together with hand search of references. Search terms were: schizophrenia, oxidative stress, antipsychotics, antioxidants and fatty acids. Finding a sensitive, specific and non invasive biomarker of schizophrenia, which could be measured in peripheral tissue, still stays an important task. Antioxidant enzymes, markers of lipid peroxidation, oxidatively modified proteins and DNA are most commonly used. As it considers the supplemental therapy, according to our meta-analysis vitamin E could potentially improve tardive dyskinesia, while for the effect of therapy with polyunsaturated fatty acids there is no clear evidence. Oxidative stress is a part of the pathology in schizophrenia and appears as a promising field to develop new therapeutic strategies. There is a need for well designed, placebo controlled trials with supplementation therapy in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Bošković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Vovk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Iztok Grabnar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Brown CM, Austin DW. Autistic disorder and phospholipids: A review. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 84:25-30. [PMID: 20970971 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated phospholipid metabolism has been proposed as an underlying biological component of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autistic disorder (AD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review provides an overview of fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and evidence for phospholipid dysregulation with reference to the membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. While there is evidence that phospholipid metabolism is at least impaired in individuals with AD, it has not been established whether phospholipid metabolism is implicated in causal, mechanistic or epiphenomenological models. More research is needed to ascertain whether breastfeeding, and specifically, the administration of colostrum or an adequate substitute can play a preventative role by supplying the neonate with essential fatty acids (EFAs) at a critical juncture in their development. Regarding treatment, further clinical trials of EFA supplementation are essential to determine the efficacy of EFAs in reducing AD symptomatology and whether supplementation can serve as a cost-effective and readily available intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Brown
- Swinburne Autism Bio-Research Initiative, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
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Sharma PK, Singh K, Kumar S, Kumar P, Dhawan SN, Lal S, Ulbrich H, Dannhardt G. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory evaluation of some pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Scholz M, Ulbrich HK, Soehnlein O, Lindbom L, Mattern A, Dannhardt G. Diaryl-dithiolanes and -isothiazoles: COX-1/COX-2 and 5-LOX-inhibitory, *OH scavenging and anti-adhesive activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:558-68. [PMID: 19097798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three series of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibiting the cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase (COX/5-LOX) pathways as such as formation of hydroxyl radicals and adhesion were prepared: 4,5-diaryl isothiazoles, 4,5-diaryl 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones and 4,5-diaryl 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-ones. The aim of the present study was to develop substances which can intervene into the inflammatory processes via different mechanisms of action as multiple target non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (MTNSAIDs) with increased anti-inflammatory potential. The current lead 11a was evaluated in COX-1/2, 5-LOX and (*)OH scavenging in vitro assays and in a static adhesion assay where it proved to inhibit adhesion. Moreover, 11a treatment attenuated expression of macrophage adhesion molecule-1 (Mac-1) on extravasated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) which indicates that the activation was reduced. The assays used are predictive for the in vivo efficacy of test compounds as shown for 11a in a peritonitis model of acute inflammation in mice. Thus, the novel 5-LOX/COX and (*)OH inhibitor 11a possesses anti-inflammatory activity that, in addition to COX/5-LOX inhibition, implicates effects on leukocyte-endothelial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scholz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, DE-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Nadalin S, Rubesa G, Giacometti J, Vulin M, Tomljanović D, Vraneković J, Kapović M, Buretić-Tomljanović A. BanI polymorphism of cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene is associated with age at onset in male patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:351-60. [PMID: 18562188 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes phospholipases A2 are believed to be involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. We investigated allelic and genotype frequencies of PLA2G4A BanI polymorphism and the rs4375 in PLA2G6A in Croatian schizophrenic patients (n=81) and controls (n=182), using PCR/RFLP. Genotype and allelic frequencies of both loci, alone or in combination did not show significant difference (chi2-test). Allele-wise and genotype-wise meta-analyses of BanI polymorphism in case-control and family-based studies also revealed no significant association with schizophrenia. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed statistically significant association between several items from PANSS general psychopathology scale and BanI polymorphism in PLA2G4A. BanI polymorphism further showed a significant impact on mean age of the onset of disease in males (betaA1=0.351, P=0.021; Spearman's rA1=0.391, P=0.010) indicating lower mean age at admission in homozygous A2A2 males.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nadalin
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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9
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Triebskorn R, Casper H, Scheil V, Schwaiger J. Ultrastructural effects of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, clofibric acid, metoprolol, diclofenac) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1405-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Horrobin D. Chapter 3 The lipid hypothesis of schizophrenia. BRAIN LIPIDS AND DISORDERS IN BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(02)35032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fukuzako H. Neurochemical investigation of the schizophrenic brain by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. World J Biol Psychiatry 2001; 2:70-82. [PMID: 12587188 DOI: 10.3109/15622970109027496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal phospholipid metabolisms may play important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) offers a new method for studying phosphorus-related metabolism in vivo. A decrease in the level of phosphomonoesters (PME) and an increase in the level of phosphodiesters (PDE) has been demonstrated in the prefrontal lobe of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Most of the studies in medicated schizophrenic patients have shown decreased PME and/or increased PDE. The decreased PME in the frontal lobe appears to be associated with negative symptoms and poor working memory performance. 1H-decoupled 31P-MRS revealed a reduction in the phosphocholine element of PME and an elevation in the mobile phospholipids of PDE in the prefrontal region of medicated schizophrenic patients. PDE were elevated in the temporal lobes of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients, and this increase was partially normalized by haloperidol administration. Data about the temporal lobes of medicated schizophrenic patients have not been consistent. Except for the reduction in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the basal ganglia and the correlation between the increase in the frontal lobe phosphocreatine (PCr) and negative symptomatology, data related to changes in high-energy phosphates are contradictory. No consensus on the effect of neuroleptics on phosphorus metabolites has been achieved. Methodological problems inherent in 31P-MRS may have contributed to the confusion in understanding available data. Future directions of MRS studies are suggested in the last section of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukuzako
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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Vance AL, Velakoulis D, Maruff P, Wood SJ, Desmond P, Pantelis C. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and schizophrenia: what have we learnt? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000; 34:14-25. [PMID: 11185927 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been increasingly used to investigate the in vivo biochemistry of particular regions of the brain in patients with schizophrenia. We review the literature and discuss the theoretical constructs that form the presumed impetus for these studies in light of the current methodological limitations. Future directions are noted. METHOD The available published literature in English formed the basis for this review. RESULTS The results of 31P-MRS have been interpreted as reflecting a relative increase in cell membrane degradation in prefrontal cortical regions at certain phases of schizophrenia. 1H-MRS studies, though less consistent, provide evidence suggestive of a decrease in neuronal cell mass in the hippocampal region, which supports the findings of volumetric studies. Both groups of MRS studies support a neuro-developmental hypothesis of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. However, current methodological problems limit the reliable interpretation of MRS data. A clear understanding of the methodology and its reliable interpretation is yet to emerge. CONCLUSIONS MRS remains a research instrument that is yet to be fully utilised in schizophrenia research. A few replicated findings are emerging, although the interpretation of these spectroscopic findings needs to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Vance
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Unit, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Australia.
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Riehemann S, Volz HP, Wenda B, Hübner G, Rössger G, Rzanny R, Sauer H. Frontal lobe in vivo (31)P-MRS reveals gender differences in healthy controls, not in schizophrenics. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 1999; 12:483-489. [PMID: 10668040 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1492(199912)12:8<483::aid-nbm589>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) has gained much interest in schizophrenia research in recent years since it allows the non-invasive measurement of high-energy phosphates and phospholipids in vivo. However, until now only differences in metabolite concentrations between certain brain areas of schizophrenic patients and healthy controls have been examined. We investigated the influence of gender on the concentrations of different phosphorus compounds. For this purpose, well-defined volumes in the frontal lobe of 32 healthy controls and 51 schizophrenic in-patients were examined with an image selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) sequence on a whole-body scanner at 1.5 T. Healthy females exhibited increased values of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) and decreased values of phosphocreatine (PCr) in comparison to their male counterparts. In schizophrenic patients such gender differences were not present. Thus, the results can be interpreted in the sense that frontal energy demanding processes are enhanced in female compared to male healthy volunteers; schizophrenia seems to reduce these gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riehemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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14
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Volz HP, Rössger G, Riehemann S, Hübner G, Maurer I, Wenda B, Rzanny R, Kaiser WA, Sauer H. Increase of phosphodiesters during neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenics: a longitudinal 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:1221-5. [PMID: 10331116 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of phosphodiesters (PDE%) and reduced relative concentrations of phosphomonoesters (PME%) have been reported in unmedicated schizophrenics, whereas findings in brain of medicated patients were not consistent. METHODS We determined in vivo the metabolism of phospholipids and high-energy phosphates in the left and right frontal lobes of 8 patients with schizophrenia using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). Serial investigations were performed first after a neuroleptic-free period (mean 7.5 +/- 1.9 days) and second, after neuroleptic treatment (mean 20.6 +/- 11.1 days). RESULTS PDE% increased significantly in the left frontal lobe (32.0 +/- 5.9% versus 36.9 +/- 5.6%, p = .009) after medication. All other parameters showed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that neuroleptics do not decrease phospholipase A2 activity in schizophrenia. Individual neuroleptics may have different effects on phospholipase A2 activity as indicated by animal studies. An influence of neuroleptics on high-energy phosphates cannot be confirmed by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Volz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Jena, Germany
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15
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Horrobin DF. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998; 30:193-208. [PMID: 9589514 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia is becoming an important feature of research in the field. However, its major drawback is that it lacks any biochemical basis which might draw the diverse observations together. It is suggested that the membrane phospholipid hypothesis can provide such a biochemical basis and that the neurodevelopmental phospholipid concept offers a powerful paradigm to guide future research.
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