1
|
Kelly JJ, Ankrom ET, Newkirk SE, Thévenin D, Pires MM. Targeted acidosis mediated delivery of antigenic MHC-binding peptides. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337973. [PMID: 38665920 PMCID: PMC11043575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the primary effector immune cells responsible for protection against cancer, as they target peptide neoantigens presented through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on cancer cells, leading to cell death. Targeting peptide-MHC (pMHC) complex offers a promising strategy for immunotherapy due to their specificity and effectiveness against cancer. In this work, we exploit the acidic tumor micro-environment to selectively deliver antigenic peptides to cancer using pH(low) insertion peptides (pHLIP). We demonstrated the delivery of MHC binding peptides directly to the cytoplasm of melanoma cells resulted in the presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC, and activation of T cells. This work highlights the potential of pHLIP as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of antigenic peptides and its presentation via MHC-bound complexes on cancer cell surface for activation of T cells with implications for enhancing anti-cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joey J. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Emily T. Ankrom
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Newkirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Damien Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kelly JJ, Ankrom E, Thévenin D, Pires MM. Targeted Acidosis Mediated Delivery of Antigenic MHC-Binding Peptides. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562409. [PMID: 37904977 PMCID: PMC10614887 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the primary effector immune cells responsible for protection against cancer, as they target peptide neoantigens presented through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on cancer cells, leading to cell death. Targeting peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes offers a promising strategy for immunotherapy due to its specificity and effectiveness against cancer. In this work, we exploit the acidic tumor micro-environment to selectively deliver antigenic peptides to cancer cells using pH(low) insertion peptides (pHLIP). We demonstrated that the delivery of MHC binding peptides directly to the cytoplasm of melanoma cells resulted in the presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC, and subsequent activation of T cells. This work highlights the potential of pHLIP as a vehicle for targeted delivery of antigenic peptides and their presentation via MHC-bound complexes on cancer cell surfaces for activation of T cells with implications for enhancing anti-cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kinoshita N, Huang AJY, McHugh TJ, Suzuki SC, Masai I, Kim IH, Soderling SH, Miyawaki A, Shimogori T. Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Indicator GRAPHIC Delineates Intercellular Connections. iScience 2019; 15:28-38. [PMID: 31026667 PMCID: PMC6482341 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular contacts are essential for precise organ morphogenesis, function, and maintenance; however, spatiotemporal information of cell-cell contacts or adhesions remains elusive in many systems. We developed a genetically encoded fluorescent indicator for intercellular contacts with optimized intercellular GFP reconstitution using glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, GRAPHIC (GPI anchored reconstitution-activated proteins highlight intercellular connections), which can be used for an expanded number of cell types. We observed a robust GFP signal specifically at the interface between cultured cells, without disrupting natural cell contact. Application of GRAPHIC to the fish retina specifically delineated cone-bipolar connection sites. Moreover, we showed that GRAPHIC can be used in the mouse central nervous system to delineate synaptic sites in the thalamocortical circuit. Finally, we generated GRAPHIC color variants, enabling detection of multiple convergent contacts simultaneously in cell culture system. We demonstrated that GRAPHIC has high sensitivity and versatility, which will facilitate the analysis of the complex multicellular connections without previous limitations. Development of GRAPHIC to visualize intercellular contact site GPI anchor and different split site provides stronger fluorescent signal GRAPHIC can be used to delineate synaptic site in mouse CNS and zebrafish retina GRAPHIC color variants for multi–contact site visualization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagatoki Kinoshita
- Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, Center for Brain Science (CBS), RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Thomas J McHugh
- Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, CBS, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sachihiro C Suzuki
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Masai
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Il Hwan Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott H Soderling
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan; Cell Function Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, Center for Brain Science (CBS), RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sioud M. T-cell cross-reactivity may explain the large variation in how cancer patients respond to checkpoint inhibitors. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Cancer Immunology; Oslo University Hospital; The Norwegian Radium Hospital; Montebello Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cohn M. Thoughts engendered by Bretscher's Two-step, Two-signal model for a peripheral self-non-self discrimination and the origin of primer effector T helpers. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:87-95. [PMID: 25413363 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There are three questions under re-examination here that have been inspired by Bretscher's 'Two-step, Two-signal' model. First, what is the nature of the steps required in order for antigen-responsive cells to become effectors? Second, how does the immune system get started? Third and the most troublesome, what is the mechanism that relates the delivery of the two signals? To answer the first question, Bretscher proposes a pathway that I will place in another context by comparing it with what had been envisaged under the Associative Recognition of Antigen (ARA) model. The second question, how does the immune system gets started, is crucial to our understanding of the self-non-self discrimination. This problem boils down to, what is the origin of the first effector T helper (eTh) cells required to activate all antigen-responsive cells including the T helpers themselves (the primer problem)? To deal with this question, I proposed an antigen-independent pathway to primer eTh. Bretscher presents us with an antigen-dependent pathway to primer eTh. As competing models are precious in clarifying thinking and in guiding experimentation, I felt it important to reanalyse the two models and look for ways to decide between them. The third question deals with the requirement for and the mechanism of associative (linked) recognition of antigen (ARA). The concept of ARA is so compelling at both the experimental and theoretical levels that to save it, a new perspective will be introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cohn
- Conceptual Immunology Group, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnston A, Uetrecht J. Current understanding of the mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:243-57. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.985649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
7
|
Van Kaer L. Role of invariant natural killer T cells in immune regulation and as potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:745-57. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.5.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
8
|
Buhrman JD, Jordan KR, Munson DJ, Moore BL, Kappler JW, Slansky JE. Improving antigenic peptide vaccines for cancer immunotherapy using a dominant tumor-specific T cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33213-25. [PMID: 24106273 PMCID: PMC3829168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that incorporate peptide mimics of tumor antigens, or mimotope vaccines, are commonly used in cancer immunotherapy and function by eliciting increased numbers of T cells that cross-react with the native tumor antigen. Unfortunately, they often elicit T cells that do not cross-react with or that have low affinity for the tumor antigen. Using a high affinity tumor-specific T cell clone, we identified a panel of mimotope vaccines for the dominant peptide antigen from a mouse colon tumor that elicits a range of tumor protection following vaccination. The TCR from this high affinity T cell clone was rarely identified in ex vivo evaluation of tumor-specific T cells elicited by mimotope vaccination. Conversely, a low affinity clone found in the tumor and following immunization was frequently identified. Using peptide libraries, we determined if this frequently identified TCR improved the discovery of efficacious mimotopes. We demonstrated that the representative TCR identified more protective mimotopes than the high affinity TCR. These results suggest that targeting a dominant fraction of tumor-specific T cells generates potent immunity and that consideration of the available T cell repertoire is necessary for targeted T cell therapy. These results have important implications when optimizing mimotope vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
What is so special about thinking; after all, we all do it! Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:354-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
10
|
Cohn M. The discussion with Jacques Miller: illustrating the limitations of pure empiricism. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:435-7. [PMID: 19434068 PMCID: PMC2882186 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Cohn
- Conceptual Immunology Group, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cohn M. On the opposing views of the self-nonself discrimination by the immune system. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:113-9, discussion 120-1. [PMID: 19048020 PMCID: PMC2880885 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Today's generally accepted view of the self-nonself discrimination was voiced by Miller(1) in 2004 in a thought-provoking essay. In spite of its popularity, this position has its limitations, which are analyzed here with a view toward establishing an interactive discussion that hopefully will culminate in agreed upon decisive experiments. The inadequacies of Miller's view of the self-nonself discrimination and their resolution under the associative recognition of antigen model are analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Cohn
- Conceptual Immunology Group, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Steinaa L, Rasmussen PB, Gautam A, Mouritsen S. Breaking B-cell Tolerance and CTL Tolerance in three OVA-transgenic Mouse Strains Expressing Different Levels of OVA. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:113-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Tayebi M, Bate C, Hawke S, Williams A. A role for B lymphocytes in anti-infective prion therapies? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 5:631-8. [PMID: 17678426 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.4.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of proteins in the form of amyloid fibrils and plaques is the characteristic feature of a number of neurodegenerative conditions affecting the nervous system. These disorders include prion and Alzheimer's diseases and are of enormous importance for public health. It has become apparent over the last 20 years that specificity and application in prion diseases' diagnostic and therapeutic situations are the most important considerations in designing strategies for the generation of antiprion antibodies. Specific antiprion therapeutics have been suggested and the establishment of the 'proof-of-principle' that the use of epitope-specific antiprion antibodies leads to indefinite delay of disease onset, has increased momentum for its use, although caution should be exerted prior to the application of new therapeutic strategies in a clinical set up. Furthermore, in vivo stimulation of immune-competent cells to specifically recognize and neutralize the abnormally folded isoform should also be pursued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Tayebi
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barabas AZ, Cole CD, Barabas AD, Barabas AN, Lafreniere R. Effect of rat kidney fraction 3 (rKF3) antigen and specific IgM antibody against rKF3 on the progression of slowly progressive Heymann nephritis. Pathol Int 2006; 56:516-29. [PMID: 16930332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.02000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find out if specific IgM (M) antibody (directed against rat kidney fraction 3 (rKF3)) or rKF3 antigen were able to influence disease progression in an experimental autoimmune kidney disease called slowly progressive Heymann nephritis (SPHN). The level of circulating autoantibodies (aabs) and the morphological and functional changes to the kidney were studied in six groups of rats. All of the treatment components (except post-treatment with M) used in the SPHN pre- and post-treated rats and post-treated-only rats had measurable beneficial effects (even during restimulation with the chemically modified renal antigen, 22 weeks after the induction of the disease) as demonstrated by diminished pathogenic IgG aab production, less severe kidney lesions, and proteinuria reductions. The injected rKF3 minimized progression best in this experiment, especially when administered in a pre- and post-treatment regimen. It is thought that the effect of rKF3 in the reduced progression of SPHN was due to increased production of specific IgM aabs, which in turn limited pathogenic aab production and continuous buildup of immune complexes in the glomeruli by facilitating removal or blockage of nephritogenic autoantigens from the circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Zsigmond Barabas
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Onuma S, Yamaji K, Kempe K, Ogasawara M, Ogawa T, Yang K, Kanai M, Tsuda H, Takasaki Y. Investigation of the Clinical Effect of Large Volume Leukocytapheresis on Methotrexate-Resistant Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ther Apher Dial 2006; 10:404-11. [PMID: 17096694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) is already being used in a clinical setting for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and it has been reported to be effective. However, it is totally or partially ineffective in some patients, which has forced clinicians to rethink therapeutic strategies and concurrent treatment. With the aim of enhancing the therapeutic effect, we carried out large volume leukocytapheresis, with a throughput of 5000 mL instead of the 3000-mL throughput of conventional leukocytapheresis in nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis resistant to methotrexate treatment. Using Cellsorba, the column filled with the unwoven fabric made of the polyethylene phthalate, a leukocyte removal filter, large volume leukocytapheresis was carried out once a week for a total of five sessions. The observation period was the 12-week period following completion of treatment. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) core set was used for assessment of efficacy. Eight weeks after completion of treatment, a 20% improvement in ACR was observed in 77.8% (7/9) of subjects, a 50% improvement in ACR was seen in 55.6% (5/9) of subjects, and a 70% improvement in ACR was observed in 22.2% (2/9) of subjects. C-reactive protein decreased gradually as treatment progressed, and a significant decrease was observed 4 weeks after completion of treatment. The fact that some subjects had an ACR70 response, few reports of which are observed in the case of conventional leukocytapheresis, and the fact that the effect continued up to 12 weeks after completion of treatment suggests that the degree and duration of the effect of large volume leukocytapheresis might be longer than those of conventional leukocytapheresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Onuma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ni Choileain N, Redmond HP. Regulatory T-Cells and Autoimmunity. J Surg Res 2006; 130:124-35. [PMID: 16154142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 07/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of the population is affected by autoimmune or inflammatory diseases mediated by an abnormal immune response. A characteristic feature of autoimmune disease is the selective targeting of a single cell type, organ or tissue by certain populations of autoreactive T-cells. Examples of such diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), all of which are characterized by chronic inflammation, tissue destruction and target organ malfunction. Although strong evidence links most autoimmune diseases to specific genes, considerable controversy prevails regarding the role of regulatory T-cell populations in the disease process. These cells are now also believed to play a key role in mediating transplantation tolerance and inhibiting the induction of tumor immunity. Though the concept of therapeutic immune regulation aimed at treating autoimmune pathology has been validated in many animal models, the development of strategies for the treatment of human autoimmune disorders remains in its infancy. The main obstacles to this include the conflicting findings of different model systems, as well as the contrasting functions of regulatory T-cells and cytokines involved in the development of such disorders. This review examines the role of regulatory T-cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and describes the therapeutic potential of these cells for the prevention of immune-mediated pathologies in the future. Although much remains to be learned about such pathologies, a clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which regulatory T-cells function will undoubtedly lead to exciting new possibilities for immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
|
17
|
Barabas AZ, Lafreniere R. Antigen-specific down-regulation of immunopathological events in an experimental autoimmune kidney disease. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4:565-70. [PMID: 16214097 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heymann nephritis (HN) is an experimental autoimmune disease of rats characterized by immune-complex (IC) depositions on the epithelial side of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and by proteinuria. Several forms of HN have been produced by various investigators, but one thing has been common to all of them, namely their inducement by the development of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies (aabs). The aim of this review is to describe how pathogenic IgG aab production (which initiates and maintains the disease) in slowly progressive HN (SPHN) can be specifically terminated by injections of ICs made up of native rat renal tubular antigens and IgM antibodies directed against them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Zsigmond Barabas
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, 2802 Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Apart from the deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus, various methods exist in the peripheral immune system to control specific human immune responses to self-antigens. One of these mechanisms involves regulatory T cells, of which CD4+CD25+ T cells are a major subset. Recent evidence suggests that CD4+CD25+ T cells have a role in controlling the development of autoimmune diseases in animals and in humans. The precise delineation of the function of CD4+CD25+ T cells in autoimmune inflammation is therefore of great importance for the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the ability to control such regulatory mechanisms might provide novel therapeutic opportunities in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here we review existing knowledge of CD4+CD25+ T cells and discuss their role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Leipe
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alla Skapenko
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hendrik Schulze-Koops
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ait-Azzouzene D, Verkoczy L, Peters J, Gavin A, Skog P, Vela JL, Nemazee D. An immunoglobulin C kappa-reactive single chain antibody fusion protein induces tolerance through receptor editing in a normal polyclonal immune system. J Exp Med 2005; 201:817-28. [PMID: 15738053 PMCID: PMC2212821 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune tolerance mechanisms is a major goal of immunology research, but mechanistic studies have generally required the use of mouse models carrying untargeted or targeted antigen receptor transgenes, which distort lymphocyte development and therefore preclude analysis of a truly normal immune system. Here we demonstrate an advance in in vivo analysis of immune tolerance that overcomes these shortcomings. We show that custom superantigens generated by single chain antibody technology permit the study of tolerance in a normal, polyclonal immune system. In the present study we generated a membrane-tethered anti-Igkappa-reactive single chain antibody chimeric gene and expressed it as a transgene in mice. B cell tolerance was directly characterized in the transgenic mice and in radiation bone marrow chimeras in which ligand-bearing mice served as recipients of nontransgenic cells. We find that the ubiquitously expressed, Igkappa-reactive ligand induces efficient B cell tolerance primarily or exclusively by receptor editing. We also demonstrate the unique advantages of our model in the genetic and cellular analysis of immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djemel Ait-Azzouzene
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liñares D, Mañá P, Goodyear M, Chow AM, Clavarino C, Huntington ND, Barnett L, Koentgen F, Tomioka R, Bernard CCA, Freire-Garabal M, Reid HH. The magnitude and encephalogenic potential of autoimmune response to MOG is enhanced in MOG deficient mice. J Autoimmun 2004; 21:339-51. [PMID: 14624757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a minor component of central nervous system myelin presumably implicated in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Immunization with MOG leads to the development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), the experimental model of MS. It has been suggested that its encephalitogenic potential may be due to the lack of MOG self-immune tolerance. To clarify this, we have generated a MOG deficient mouse (MOG(-/-)) strain. Surprisingly, MOG(35-55)specific proliferation and Th1-type cytokine production were markedly enhanced in MOG(-/-)mice compared to wild type control. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of MOG(35-55)specific T cells, isolated from MOG deficient mice, into wild-type recipients resulted in the development of a more severe disease, indicating a high capacity of MOG(-/-)T cells to initiate effector responses. Interestingly, T cell reactivity to overlapping MOG peptides in MOG(-/-)mice did not reveal new potential immunodominant epitopes in H-2(b)mice. Taken together, our data suggests that MOG self-tolerance modulates the encephalitogenic potential of autoreactive MOG T cells in the periphery.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Proteins/metabolism
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/deficiency
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/genetics
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Spinal Cord/chemistry
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Liñares
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brenner MK. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disease: limits and future potential. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2004; 17:359-74. [PMID: 15302346 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation (SCT) for autoimmune disease is handicapped by a lack of definitive clinical trials able to demonstrate an overall benefit. This deficiency will become more problematic as the impetus grows to introduce and evaluate additional technologies intended to improve the safety and efficacy of the procedure. The development of effective surrogate analyses to predict outcome by measuring resurgent autoimmune clones or by genomic- and proteomic-based technologies to detect early disease recurrence may be of value in assessing the benefits of these modifications without the need for full-scale, long-term, randomized trials. The introduction of safer allogeneic transplantation techniques may increase the effectiveness of the procedure, while work on marrow stem cell plasticity and/or fusion suggests that SCT may serve not simply to halt the autoimmune process, but also to contribute cells capable of healing or regenerating diseased organs. Finally, the introduction of therapeutic transgenes into transplanted cells may further increase the effectiveness of SCT, although the regulatory complexities of gene therapy trials will probably delay this process. All these innovations will ensure that the next decade will see major changes in the practice and purpose of SCT for autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, Suite 1140, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Regulatory T cells participate in immunologic homeostasis by active suppression of inappropriate immune responses. Regulatory T lymphocytes expressing CD4 and CD25 antigens and naturally present in the peripheral blood were the first to be phenotypically characterized. However, their small number and antigen nonspecific suppression has prompted efforts to identify and dissect antigen-specific regulatory T cells. In this review we discuss how antigen-specific regulatory T cells can be identified, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their induction and activity, and the challenges facing their potential clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Vigouroux
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Serreze DV, Holl TM, Marron MP, Graser RT, Johnson EA, Choisy-Rossi C, Slattery RM, Lieberman SM, DiLorenzo TP. MHC Class II Molecules Play a Role in the Selection of Autoreactive Class I-Restricted CD8 T Cells That Are Essential Contributors to Type 1 Diabetes Development in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:871-9. [PMID: 14707058 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of autoreactive CD4 T cells contributing to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is either promoted or dominantly inhibited by particular MHC class II variants. In addition, it is now clear that when co-expressed with other susceptibility genes, some common MHC class I variants aberrantly mediate autoreactive CD8 T cell responses also essential to T1D development. However, it was unknown whether the development of diabetogenic CD8 T cells could also be dominantly inhibited by particular MHC variants. We addressed this issue by crossing NOD mice transgenically expressing the TCR from the diabetogenic CD8 T cell clone AI4 with NOD stocks congenic for MHC haplotypes that dominantly inhibit T1D. High numbers of functional AI4 T cells only developed in controls homozygously expressing NOD-derived H2(g7) molecules. In contrast, heterozygous expression of some MHC haplotypes conferring T1D resistance anergized AI4 T cells through decreased TCR (H2(b)) or CD8 expression (H2(q)). Most interestingly, while AI4 T cells exert a class I-restricted effector function, H2(nb1) MHC class II molecules can contribute to their negative selection. These findings provide insights to how particular MHC class I and class II variants interactively regulate the development of diabetogenic T cells and the TCR promiscuity of such autoreactive effectors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Carrier Screening
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Haplotypes
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David V Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vigouroux S, Yvon E, Wagner HJ, Biagi E, Dotti G, Sili U, Lira C, Rooney CM, Brenner MK. Induction of antigen-specific regulatory T cells following overexpression of a Notch ligand by human B lymphocytes. J Virol 2003; 77:10872-80. [PMID: 14512537 PMCID: PMC224961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.10872-10880.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, activation of the Notch pathway in T cells by antigen-presenting cells overexpressing Notch ligands favors differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes responsible for antigen-specific tolerance. To determine whether this mechanism operates in human T cells, we used Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCL) as our (viral) antigen-presenting cells and overexpressed the Notch ligand Jagged-1 (EBV-LCL J1) by adenoviral transduction. The EBV-LCL J1s were cocultured with autologous T cells, and the proliferative and cytotoxic responses to EBV antigens were measured. Transduction had no effect on EBV-LCL expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens or of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40. However, we observed a 35% inhibition of proliferation and a >65% reduction in cytotoxic-T-cell activity, and interleukin 10 production was increased ninefold. These EBV-LCL J1-stimulated T lymphocytes act as antigen-specific regulatory cells, since their addition to fresh autologous T cells cultured with autologous nontransduced EBV-LCL cells significantly inhibited both proliferation and cytotoxic effector function. Within the inhibitory population, CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD8(+)CD25(-) T cells had the greatest activity. This inhibition appears to be antigen-specific, since responses to Candida and cytomegalovirus antigens were unaffected. Hence, transgenic expression of Jagged-1 by antigen-presenting cells can induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells in humans and modify immune responses to viral antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vigouroux
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Petroff MG, Chen L, Phillips TA, Azzola D, Sedlmayr P, Hunt JS. B7 family molecules are favorably positioned at the human maternal-fetal interface. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:1496-504. [PMID: 12606489 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta utilizes both active and passive mechanisms to evade rejection by the maternal immune system. We investigated the pattern of expression of the B7 family of immunomodulatory molecules B7-H1 (PD-L1), B7-2 (CD86), and B7-1 (CD80) at the term maternal-fetal interface. Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses showed that B7-H1 mRNA is abundant in term placenta and that cytotrophoblasts are sources of this message. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that B7-H1 is constitutively expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast and by extravillous cytotrophoblasts, both of which are juxtaposed to maternal blood and tissue. By contrast, placental stromal cells, including macrophages, lacked the protein. Expression of B7-H1 protein was low in first-trimester placenta compared to second- and third-trimester tissue (P < 0.05) and was enhanced in cultured cytotrophoblasts by treatment with either interferon-gamma or epidermal growth factor (P < 0.05), suggesting that one or both of these mediators regulates B7-H1 expression in the placenta. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis of term placental tissue revealed different patterns of expression of the immunostimulatory protein, B7-2. In contrast to B7-H1, B7-2 mRNA and protein were absent in cytotrophoblast cells but present in maternal macrophages and some fetal macrophages. The B7-1 mRNA and protein were absent at the maternal-fetal interface. These studies document expression of the B7 family proteins at the maternal-fetal interface and demonstrate that B7-H1 is positioned such that it could facilitate protection of fetal cells against activated maternal leukocytes. Conversely, B7-2 was absent on trophoblasts and was appropriately localized to fetal and maternal macrophages, which may participate in antigen presentation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- B7-H1 Antigen
- Blood Proteins
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Decidua/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Epidermal Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Peptides
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Trimester, First
- Pregnancy Trimester, Second
- Pregnancy Trimester, Third
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Trophoblasts/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Petroff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- A N Warrens
- Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fillatreau S, Sweenie CH, McGeachy MJ, Gray D, Anderton SM. B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of IL-10. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:944-50. [PMID: 12244307 DOI: 10.1038/ni833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1232] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2002] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To assess the importance of B cell control of T cell differentiation, we analyzed the course of the T helper type 1 (T(H)1)-driven disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice with an altered B cell compartment. We found that recovery was dependent on the presence of autoantigen-reactive B cells. B cells from recovered mice produced interleukin 10 (IL-10) in response to autoantigen. With a bone marrow chimeric system, we generated mice in which IL-10 deficiency was restricted to B cells but not T cells. In the absence of IL-10 production by B cells, the pro-inflammatory type 1 immune response persisted and mice did not recover. These data show that B cell-derived IL-10 plays a key role in controlling autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, King's Buildings West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK. Molecular properties of HLA-DQ alleles conferring susceptibility to or protection from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: keys to the fate of islet beta-cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 115:37-47. [PMID: 12116175 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex Class II alleles, HLA-DQ, and the related HLA-DR, are the chief genetic elements of human type 1 diabetes. These genes code for polymorphic heterodimeric proteins, whose chief function is to trap peptide antigens in the endosome and present them on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages) to CD4(+) T helper cells. A systematic investigation of the molecular properties of HLA-DQ alleles linked to susceptibility or resistance to type 1 diabetes has shown that these properties segregate along lines of susceptibility or resistance. A correlation of these features with the function of each particular segment of the HLA-DQ molecule yields interesting insights into the possible pathways leading to type 1 diabetes. There remain, however, areas to be clarified, including mechanisms by which dominant protection is conferred by certain alleles, the interplay between HLA-DQ and the related locus HLA-DR, that also shows autoantigen-specific reactivity, and the cross-Class help delivered to CD8(+) T cells, the final effectors in pancreatic beta-cell destruction. Clarification of these issues may lead to ways to prevent diabetes in predisposed individuals already exhibiting the genetic and immunological characteristics, and perhaps a cure in those with the disease, by means of transplantation, and measures for prevention of disease recurrence.
Collapse
|
29
|
Saarelainen S, Zeiler T, Rautiainen J, Närvänen A, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Mäntyjärvi R, Vilja P, Virtanen T. Lipocalin allergen Bos d 2 is a weak immunogen. Int Immunol 2002; 14:401-9. [PMID: 11934876 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/14.4.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological characteristics of an important group of animal-derived allergens, lipocalins, are poorly known. To explore the immunology of the lipocalin allergen Bos d 2, several mouse strains with different H-2 haplotypes were immunized with the allergen. Only the BALB/c mouse mounted a distinct humoral response against Bos d 2. The proliferative spleen cell responses of all mouse strains remained very weak. Further experiments with BALB/c mice confirmed that Bos d 2 is a weak inducer of both humoral and cellular responses, and that the responses were weaker than with the control antigens hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and tetanus toxoid. IgG subclass analyses showed that Bos d 2 was prone to favor the T(h)2 response. Although s.c. immunization using complete Freund's adjuvant favored the T(h)1-deviated immune response by lymph node cells, Bos d 2 was able to induce the production of IL-4 while the control antigen HEL did not. Epitope mapping revealed that BALB/c mice recognized one immunodominant epitope in Bos d 2, almost identical to that recognized by humans. The epitope was shown to be immunogenic in subsequent experiments. However, further studies are needed to clarify the significance of priming and stimulation doses of the immunodominant and other epitopes in Bos d 2 for the outcome of immune response against the allergen. The murine immune response against Bos d 2 closely resembled that observed in humans. The weak immunogenicity of Bos d 2 may be associated with its allergenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soili Saarelainen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stein-Streilein J, Streilein JW. Anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID): regulation, biological relevance, and implications for therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2002; 21:123-52. [PMID: 12424840 DOI: 10.1080/08830180212066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege was first explored in the late 1800s by van Dooremaal, and was then extended by Medawar in the mid 1900s to fit in with emerging concepts of transplantation immunology. Modern concepts and understanding of immune privilege come from subsequent studies produced by Medawar, Billingham, and Streilein. The exploitation of the model of anterior chamber immune deviation (ACAID) in mice has allowed us to look at both cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of potentially damaging immune responses in such privileged sites. This review gives a historical perspective of the immune privilege research and provides up-to-date information of molecules, cells, and concepts newly recognized as contributing to tolerance induction induced in such specialized areas of the body. Evidence is given to support the idea that application of such information may lead to potential for therapeutic applications of ACAID mechanisms in prevention of progression of immune-inflammatory diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Stein-Streilein
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rosmalen JGM, van Ewijk W, Leenen PJM. T-cell education in autoimmune diabetes: teachers and students. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:40-6. [PMID: 11801453 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a classical example of a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Several aberrations in immune regulation have been described in both human diabetes patients and animal models of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we summarize how proposed immune defects might be implicated in the loss of T-cell tolerance towards self in autoimmune diabetes in humans, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and Biobreeding (BB) rats. For this purpose, we will discuss the tolerance-inducing mechanisms that an autoreactive T cell should encounter from its genesis to its pathogenic role in the pancreas, in order of appearance. These comprise central tolerance mechanisms (i.e. positive and negative selection in the thymus) and those mechanisms operative in the periphery (i.e. activation-induced cell death and regulatory T cells).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith G M Rosmalen
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmunity to kidney antigens causes membranous nephropathy and Goodpasture's disease and very likely is pivotal in many other glomerular diseases. We investigated the potential for central tolerance to the best-characterized kidney autoantigen, the NC1 domain of the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen [alpha3(IV)NC1], which is the target of autoimmune attack in Goodpasture's disease. METHODS Indirect immunofluorescence on human thymus and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis of cDNA reverse transcribed from RNA extracted from human thymus and kidney. RESULTS Indirect immunofluorescence on human thymus demonstrated the presence of alpha3(IV)NC1 in all six thymus samples examined. The homologous collagen IV chain, alpha5(IV)NC1, also was detected with a similar intra-thymic distribution. Strikingly, thymic alpha3 and alpha5 localized around and within Hassall's corpuscles in the thymic medulla, which are structures implicated in T cell apoptosis and possibly negative selection. In contrast, alpha1(IV)NC1 localized to the basement membranes of interlobular septa and blood vessels, as is typical of collagen IV chains situated outside the thymus. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the presence of mRNA encoding alpha3(IV)NC1 and alpha5(IV)NC1 in thymic tissue establishing that the antigens were likely to have been synthesized locally. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that alpha3(IV)NC1 is expressed in the human thymus, and therefore should be available for induction of alpha3(IV)NC1-specific tolerance. This observation has the important implication that patients' alpha3(IV)NC1-specific, autoreactive T cells are more likely to recognize cryptic epitopes that are not adequately presented by thymic antigen-presenting cells (APC) than the major antigen-derived epitopes generally identified by conventional approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Wong
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Internal Medicine), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh, EH3 9YW, Scotland, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Selection in the thymus restricted by MHC and self-peptide shapes the diverse reactivities of the T-cell population which subsequently seeds into the peripheral tissues, in anticipation of the universe of pathogen antigens to which the organism may be exposed. A necessary corollary is the potential for T-cell self-reactivity (autoimmunity) in the periphery. Transgenic mouse models in which transgene expression in the thymus is prevented or excluded, have been particularly useful for determining the immunological outcome when T-cells encounter transgene-encoded 'self' antigen in peripheral tissues. Data suggest that non-mutually exclusive mechanisms of T-cells 'ignoring' self-antigen, T-cell deletion, T-cell anergy and T-cell immunoregulation have evolved to prevent self-reactivity while maintaining T-cell diversity. The peripheral T-cell repertoire, far from being static following maturation through the thymus, is in a dynamic stated determined by these peripheral selective and immunoregulatory influences. This article reviews the evidence with particular reference to CD8+ive T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Tindle
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
It is now well established that regulatory T (T(R)) cells can inhibit harmful immunopathological responses directed against self or foreign antigens. However, many key aspects of T(R) cell biology remain unresolved, especially with regard to their antigen specificities and the cellular and molecular pathways involved in their development and mechanisms of action. We will review here recent findings in these areas, outline a model for how T(R) cells may inhibit the development of immune pathology and discuss potential therapeutic benefits that may arise from the manipulation of T(R) cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Amrani A, Serra P, Yamanouchi J, Trudeau JD, Tan R, Elliott JF, Santamaria P. Expansion of the antigenic repertoire of a single T cell receptor upon T cell activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:655-66. [PMID: 11441068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Activated T cells and their naive precursors display different functional avidities for peptide/MHC, but are thought to have identical antigenic repertoires. We show that, following activation with a cognate mimotope (NRP), diabetogenic CD8(+) T cells expressing a single TCR (8.3) respond vigorously to numerous peptide analogs of NRP that were unable to elicit any responses from naive 8.3-CD8(+) T cells, even at high concentrations. The NRP-reactive, in vivo activated CD8(+) cells arising in pancreatic islets of nonobese diabetic mice are similarly promiscuous for peptide/MHC, and paradoxically this promiscuity expands as the aviditiy of the T cell population for NRP/MHC increases with age. Thus, activation and avidity maturation of T lymphocyte populations can lead to dramatic expansions in the range of peptides that elicit functional T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Amrani
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tian MT, Chou CH, DeFranco AL. Apoptosis induced by the antigen receptor and Fas in a variant of the immature B cell line WEHI-231 and in splenic immature B cells. Int Immunol 2001; 13:581-92. [PMID: 11282997 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.4.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the BCR causes proliferation and resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis in mature B cells, but growth arrest and apoptosis in immature B cells. We have identified a variant of the immature B cell line WEHI 231 that retains the apoptotic response to the BCR but has acquired susceptibility to Fas-induced apoptosis. The Fas susceptibility was associated with increased Fas expression on the cell surface and down-regulated IgD expression. These cells exhibited a distinctive functional relationship in response to signals from the BCR, Fas and CD40: BCR stimulation markedly promoted Fas-mediated apoptosis (and vice versa) and Fas-induced apoptosis was not subject to modulation by CD40 signaling. While BCR-induced apoptosis was effectively rescued by CD40, it was not affected by the expression of a dominant-negative FADD. The mechanistic distinctions between BCR- and Fas-induced apoptosis were further characterized by the differential effects of different caspase inhibitors on these two processes which imply the involvement of different subsets of caspases. For BCR-induced apoptosis, we provide evidence that the final apoptotic destruction phase can be inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor BOC-Asp-FMK (BD) and that, in the presence of BD, the BCR only induces growth arrest which is reversible. The striking enhancing effects of Fas on BCR-induced apoptosis seen in the variant cells prompted us to examine if a similar cooperation in induction of apoptosis occurs in the highly tolerizable immature B cells of the spleen. We found that the splenic immature B population contains a significant number of Fas-expressing cells, but neither Fas-induced apoptosis nor an enhancing effect of Fas on BCR-induced apoptosis of these cells was detected in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Tian
- G. W. Hooper Foundation & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0552, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Systemic inflammation involves a large number of mediators and effector mechanisms. One approach to understanding systemic inflammation is to interpret the nature of the response based on the effector mechanisms that are observed. An alternative approach is to consider these effector responses in the context of our current understanding of immunoregulation. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the immune response and discuss the mechanisms of immunoregulation in order to provide non-immunologists with a framework for understanding the normal and aberrant immune responses that can be precipitated by major trauma. The clinical manifestations of the inflammatory response to major trauma resemble those observed after other significant insults (surgery, burns, and pancreatitis). Furthermore, the clinical manifestations, changes in serum proteins, and pattern of immune activation point to the presence of infection, yet proof of a contribution by infection to the pathogenesis by infection remains elusive. Although inflammation dominates the early phase of the response, there is often evidence of a paradoxical combination of inflammation and immunosuppression later on. Consideration of the proinflammatory cascades, and the contribution of the innate immune system, helps explain why the clinical picture after major trauma may resemble other clinical states. It also explains the counter-regulatory response, which normally acts to downregulate inflammation, but may cause immunosuppression in the face of persistent inflammation after major trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Cook
- Canberra Clinical School, University of Sydney and The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xia G, Goebels J, Rutgeerts O, Vandeputte M, Waer M. Transplantation tolerance and autoimmunity after xenogeneic thymus transplantation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1843-54. [PMID: 11160231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful grafting of vascularized xenografts (Xgs) depends on the ability to reliably induce both T cell-independent and -dependent immune tolerance. After temporary NK cell depletion, B cell suppression, and pretransplant infusion of donor Ags, athymic rats simultaneously transplanted with hamster heart and thymus Xgs developed immunocompetent rat-derived T cells that tolerated the hamster Xgs but provoked multiple-organ autoimmunity. The autoimmune syndrome was probably due to an insufficient development of tolerance for some rat organs; for example, it led to thyroiditis in the recipient rat thyroid, but not in simultaneously transplanted donor hamster thyroid. Moreover, grafting a mixed hamster/rat thymic epithelial cell graft could prevent the autoimmune syndrome. These experiments indicate that host-type thymic epithelial cells may be essential for the establishment of complete self-tolerance and that mixed host/donor thymus grafts may induce T cell xenotolerance while maintaining self-tolerance in the recipient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Xia
- Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fain PR, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 Diabetes, Autoimmunity, and the MHC. GENETICS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1597-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- P J Delves
- Department of Immunology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- A D Dick
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
de Vos AF, Fukushima A, Lobanoff MC, Vistica BP, Lai JC, Grivel JC, Wawrousek EF, Whitcup SM, Gery I. Breakdown of tolerance to a neo-self antigen in double transgenic mice in which B cells present the antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4594-600. [PMID: 10779762 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing a foreign Ag, hen egg lysozyme (HEL), under control of the alphaA-crystallin promoter ("HEL-Tg" mice) develop immunotolerance to HEL attributed to the expression of HEL in their thymus. In this paper we analyzed the immune response in double (Dbl)-Tg mice generated by mating the HEL-Tg mice with Tg mice that express HEL Abs on their B cells ("Ig-Tg" mice). The B cell compartment of the Dbl-Tg mice was unaffected by the HEL presence and was essentially identical to that of the Ig-Tg mice. A partial breakdown of tolerance was seen in the T cell response to HEL of the Dbl-Tg mice, i.e., their lymphocyte proliferative response against HEL was remarkably higher than that of the HEL-Tg mice. T-lymphocytes of both Dbl-Tg and Ig-Tg mice responded to HEL at concentrations drastically lower than those found stimulatory to lymphocytes of the wild-type controls. Cell mixing experiments demonstrated that 1) the lymphocyte response against low concentrations of HEL is due to the exceedingly efficient Ag presenting capacity of the Ab expressing B cells and 2) breakdown of tolerance in Dbl-Tg mice can also be attributed to the APC capacity of B cells, that sensitize in vivo and stimulate in vitro populations of T cells with low affinity toward HEL, assumed to be escapees of thymic deletion. These results thus indicate that T cell tolerance can be partially overcome by the highly potent Ag presenting capacity of Ab expressing B cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Lens, Crystalline/immunology
- Lens, Crystalline/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muramidase/immunology
- Muramidase/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Self Tolerance/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F de Vos
- National Eye Institute and National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mackay F, Woodcock SA, Lawton P, Ambrose C, Baetscher M, Schneider P, Tschopp J, Browning JL. Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1697-710. [PMID: 10587360 PMCID: PMC2195729 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.11.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1113] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases is unresolved, although dysregulated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members appears to be important in many cases. BAFF, a new member of the TNF family, binds to B cells and costimulates their growth in vitro. Mice transgenic for BAFF have vastly increased numbers of mature B and effector T cells, and develop autoimmune-like manifestations such as the presence of high levels of rheumatoid factors, circulating immune complexes, anti-DNA autoantibodies, and immunoglobulin deposition in the kidneys. This phenotype is reminiscent of certain human autoimmune disorders and suggests that dysregulation of BAFF expression may be a critical element in the chain of events leading to autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Cell Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Phelps RG, Rees AJ. The HLA complex in Goodpasture's disease: a model for analyzing susceptibility to autoimmunity. Kidney Int 1999; 56:1638-53. [PMID: 10571772 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) associations are recognized for many autoimmune diseases, but the mechanisms are not clear. Goodpasture's disease provides a unique opportunity to investigate possible mechanisms because strong HLA associations are known, the autoantigen is well defined, and major antigen-derived peptides presented bound to HLA molecules have been identified. Therefore, it may be possible to directly analyze interactions between the antigen and HLA molecules associated with the disease, and to examine influences on antigen presentation to T cells. Towards this goal, we present a detailed analysis of HLA associations with the disease and examine molecular mechanisms that could account for them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Phelps
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jhaver KG, Chandler P, Simpson E, Mellor AL. Thymocyte Antigens Do Not Induce Tolerance in the CD4+ T Cell Compartment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Thymocytes fail to tolerize the developing T cell repertoire to self MHC class I (MHC I) Ags because transgenic (CD2Kb) mice expressing H-2Kb solely in lymphoid cell lineages reject skin grafts mismatched only for H-2Kb. In this study, we examined why thymocytes fail to tolerize the T cell repertoire to self MHC I Ags. The ability of CD2Kb mice to reject H-2Kb skin grafts was age dependent because CD2Kb mice older than 20 wk accepted skin grafts. T cells from younger CD2Kb mice proliferated, but did not develop cytotoxic functions in vitro in response to H-2Kb. Proliferative responses were dominated by H-2Kb-specific, CD4+ T cells rather than CD8+ T cells. Representative CD4+ T cell clones from CD2Kb mice were MHC II restricted and recognized processed H-2Kb. TCR transgenic mice were generated from one CD4+ T cell clone (361) to monitor development of H-2Kb-specific immature thymocytes when all thymic cells or lymphoid cell lineages only expressed H-2Kb. Thymocyte precursors were not eliminated and mice were not tolerant to H-2Kb when Tg361 TCR transgenic mice were intercrossed with CD2Kb mice. In contrast, all thymocyte precursors were eliminated efficiently in thymic microenvironments in which all cells expressed H-2Kb. We conclude that self MHC I Ags expressed exclusively in thymocytes do not induce T cell tolerance because presentation of processed self MHC I Ags on self MHC II molecules fails to induce negative selection of CD4+ T cell precursors. This suggests that some self Ags are effectively compartmentalized and cannot induce self-tolerance in the T cell repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan G. Jhaver
- *Program in Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Phillip Chandler
- †Transplantation Biology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Simpson
- †Transplantation Biology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Mellor
- *Program in Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- R R Caspi
- Section on Immunoregulation, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5897, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Langman RE, Cohn M. Away with words: commentary on the Atlan-Cohen essay 'Immune information, self-organization and meaning'. Int Immunol 1999; 11:865-70. [PMID: 10360959 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.6.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing on metaphors from linguistics and information theory, Atlan and Cohen challenge us to take a very different view of the immune system, one that engages in constant chatter among the constituents and allows the immune system to arrive at a decision about what to, and not to, destroy. Our commentary responds to this challenge and points out many logical biological flaws in their view. We seem to agree that specificity is important, and that there is some kind of somatic selection process at work to distinguish self from non-self. Our analysis of models depends on the basis of how self and non-self are separated. There are only two possibilities, time or space; and space-based models are all but ruled out. There are two major kinds of time-based model, one based on the time taken for an organism to develop from embryo to adult, the other based on the time taken for a cell to differentiate from one state to another. With so many ambiguities in the metaphors and so little attention to mechanism, the Atlan and Cohen challenge is, we suspect, based on time measured in cell differentiation units. They also make the common mistake of assuming repertoires that are transcendental in size (>10(10)), making it impossible to have a functional immune system in animals smaller than a rabbit--a feature that does not instill confidence in the biological relevance of such models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Langman
- Conceptual Immunology Group, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Verdaguer2 J, Amrani2 A, Anderson B, Schmidt D, Santamaria P. Two Mechanisms for the Non-MHC-Linked Resistance to Spontaneous Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility and resistance to most autoimmune disorders are associated with highly polymorphic genes of the MHC and with non-MHC-linked polygenic modifiers. It is known that non-MHC-linked polymorphisms can override or enhance the susceptibility to an autoimmune disease provided by pathogenic MHC genes, but the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we have followed the fate of two highly diabetogenic β cell-specific T cell receptors (Kd and I-Ag7 restricted, respectively) in NOR/Lt mice, which are resistant to autoimmune diabetes despite expressing two copies of the diabetogenic MHC haplotype H-2g7. We show that at least two mechanisms of non-MHC-linked control of pathogenic T cells operate in these mice. One segregates as a recessive trait and is associated with a reduction in the peripheral frequency of diabetogenic CD8+ (but not CD4+) T cells. The other segregates as a dominant trait and is mediated by IL-4- and TGF-β1-independent immune suppressive functions provided by lymphocytes that target diabetogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, without causing their deletion, anergy, immune deviation, or ignorance. These results provide explanations as to how non-MHC-linked polymorphisms can override the susceptibility to an autoimmune disease provided by pathogenic MHC haplotypes, and demonstrate that protective non-MHC-linked genes may selectively target specific lymphoid cell types in cellularly complex autoimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Verdaguer2
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani2
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brad Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Martins TC, Aguas AP. A role for CD45RBlow CD38+ T cells and costimulatory pathways of T-cell activation in protection of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice from diabetes. Immunol Suppl 1999; 96:600-5. [PMID: 10233747 PMCID: PMC2326776 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Infection of the animals with mycobacteria, or immunization with mycobacteria-containing adjuvant, results in permanent protection of NOD mice from diabetes and we have recently reported that the phenomenon is associated with increased numbers of interferon-gamma-producing T cells, possessing increased cytotoxic activity, and also with augmented numbers of activated immunoglobulin M-positive (IgM+) B cells. Here, we have investigated whether protection of NOD mice from IDDM was associated with changes on costimulatory pathways of T and B cells, namely CD28/CTLA-4-B7 and CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) and we also further characterized protective T helper (Th) cells with regards to the expression of the differentiation markers CD45RB and CD38. We report that Th cells involved in diabetes vaccination of NOD mice by mycobacterial infection seem to belong to CD45RBlo CD38+ phenotype. The protective effect of Mycobacterium avium infection is also associated with increased CD40L and CTLA-4- expressing Th cells and with the generation of a CD40- IgG+ B cells. Our data are consistent with induction by mycobacterial infection of regulatory CD45RBlo CD38+ Th cells with the ability to trigger deletion or anergy of peripheral self-reactive lymphocytes, with shutting down of IgG+ B-cell response. They also implicate a role for IgG+ B cells in the autoimmune aggression of the endocrine pancreas of NOD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Martins
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sospedra M, Ferrer-Francesch X, Domínguez O, Juan M, Foz-Sala M, Pujol-Borrell R. Transcription of a Broad Range of Self-Antigens in Human Thymus Suggests a Role for Central Mechanisms in Tolerance Toward Peripheral Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of the thymus in the induction of tolerance to peripheral antigens is not yet well defined. One impending question involves how the thymus can acquire the diversity of peripheral nonthymic self-Ags for the process of negative selection. To investigate whether peripheral Ags are synthesized in the thymus itself, we have determined the expression of a panel of circulating and cell-bound peripheral Ags, some of which are targets of autoimmune diseases, at the mRNA level in total thymic tissue and in its main cellular fractions. Normalized and calibrated RT-PCR experiments demonstrated the presence of transcripts of nonthymic self-Ags in human thymi from 8 days to 13-yr-old donors. Out of 12 glands, albumin transcripts were found in 12; insulin, glucagon, thyroid peroxidase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-67 in six, thyroglobulin in five, myelin basic protein and retinal S Ag in three, and GAD-65 in one. The levels of peripheral Ag transcripts detected were age-related but also showed marked interindividual differences. Cytokeratin-positive stromal epithelial cells, which are a likely cellular source for these, contained up to 200 transcript copies of the most expressed peripheral Ags per cell. These results implicate the human thymus in the expression of wide representation of peripheral self-Ags and support the view that the thymus is involved in the establishment of tolerance to peripheral Ags. The existence of such central mechanism of tolerance is crucial for the understanding of organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- *Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Bellaterra, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | - Orlando Domínguez
- §Immunology Division, Research Centre, Almirall-Prodesfarma SA, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Màrius Foz-Sala
- ‡Internal Medicine Division, University Hospital “Germans Trias i Pujol,” Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; and
| | - Ricardo Pujol-Borrell
- *Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Bellaterra, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- †Immunology Division and
| |
Collapse
|