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Zhao LP, Papadopoulos GK, Skyler JS, Pugliese A, Parikh HM, Kwok WW, Lybrand TP, Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Wang R, Pyo CW, Nelson WC, Geraghty DE, Lernmark Å. HLA Class II (DR, DQ, DP) Genes Were Separately Associated With the Progression From Seroconversion to Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Among Participants in Two Diabetes Prevention Trials (DPT-1 and TN07). Diabetes Care 2024; 47:826-834. [PMID: 38498185 PMCID: PMC11043228 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore associations of HLA class II genes (HLAII) with the progression of islet autoimmunity from asymptomatic to symptomatic type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Next-generation targeted sequencing was used to genotype eight HLAII genes (DQA1, DQB1, DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DPA1, DPB1) in 1,216 participants from the Diabetes Prevention Trial-1 and Randomized Diabetes Prevention Trial with Oral Insulin sponsored by TrialNet. By the linkage disequilibrium, DQA1 and DQB1 are haplotyped to form DQ haplotypes; DP and DR haplotypes are similarly constructed. Together with available clinical covariables, we applied the Cox regression model to assess HLAII immunogenic associations with the disease progression. RESULTS First, the current investigation updated the previously reported genetic associations of DQA1*03:01-DQB1*03:02 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25, P = 3.50*10-3) and DQA1*03:03-DQB1*03:01 (HR = 0.56, P = 1.16*10-3), and also uncovered a risk association with DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01 (HR = 1.19, P = 0.041). Second, after adjusting for DQ, DPA1*02:01-DPB1*11:01 and DPA1*01:03-DPB1*03:01 were found to have opposite associations with progression (HR = 1.98 and 0.70, P = 0.021 and 6.16*10-3, respectively). Third, DRB1*03:01-DRB3*01:01 and DRB1*03:01-DRB3*02:02, sharing the DRB1*03:01, had opposite associations (HR = 0.73 and 1.44, P = 0.04 and 0.019, respectively), indicating a role of DRB3. Meanwhile, DRB1*12:01-DRB3*02:02 and DRB1*01:03 alone were found to associate with progression (HR = 2.6 and 2.32, P = 0.018 and 0.039, respectively). Fourth, through enumerating all heterodimers, it was found that both DQ and DP could exhibit associations with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HLAII polymorphisms influence progression from islet autoimmunity to T1D among at-risk subjects with islet autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - George K. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - Jay S. Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Miami Miler School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, City of Hope, South Pasadena, CA
| | - Hemang M. Parikh
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - George P. Bondinas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - Antonis K. Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Wyatt C. Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Moustakas AK, Nguyen H, James EA, Papadopoulos GK. Autoimmune susceptible HLA class II motifs facilitate the presentation of modified neoepitopes to potentially autoreactive T cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 390:104729. [PMID: 37301094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and celiac disease (CD), are strongly associated with susceptible HLA class II haplotypes. The peptide-binding pockets of these molecules are polymorphic, thus each HLA class II protein presents a distinct set of peptides to CD4+ T cells. Peptide diversity is increased through post-translational modifications, generating non-templated sequences that enhance HLA binding and/or T cell recognition. The high-risk HLA-DR alleles that confer susceptibility to RA are notable for their ability to accommodate citrulline, promoting responses to citrullinated self-antigens. Likewise, HLA-DQ alleles associated with T1D and CD favor the binding of deamidated peptides. In this review, we discuss structural features that promote modified self-epitope presentation, provide evidence supporting the relevance of T cell recognition of such antigens in disease processes, and make a case that interrupting the pathways that generate such epitopes and reprogramming neoepitope-specific T cells are key strategies for effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, GR26100 Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
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Zhao LP, Skyler J, Papadopoulos GK, Pugliese A, Najera JA, Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Wang R, Pyo CW, Nelson WC, Geraghty DE, Lernmark Å. Association of HLA-DQ Heterodimer Residues -18β and β57 With Progression From Islet Autoimmunity to Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1610-1620. [PMID: 35621697 PMCID: PMC9274226 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose was to test the hypothesis that the HLA-DQαβ heterodimer structure is related to the progression of islet autoimmunity from asymptomatic to symptomatic type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Next-generation targeted sequencing was used to genotype HLA-DQA1-B1 class II genes in 670 subjects in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1). Coding sequences were translated into DQ α- and β-chain amino acid residues and used in hierarchically organized haplotype (HOH) association analysis to identify motifs associated with diabetes onset. RESULTS The opposite diabetes risks were confirmed for HLA DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.36; P = 2.01 ∗ 10-3) and DQA1*03:03-B1*03:01 (HR 0.62; P = 0.037). The HOH analysis uncovered residue -18β in the signal peptide and β57 in the β-chain to form six motifs. DQ*VA was associated with faster (HR 1.49; P = 6.36 ∗ 10-4) and DQ*AD with slower (HR 0.64; P = 0.020) progression to diabetes onset. VA/VA, representing DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02 (DQ8/8), had a greater HR of 1.98 (P = 2.80 ∗ 10-3). The DQ*VA motif was associated with both islet cell antibodies (P = 0.023) and insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) (P = 3.34 ∗ 10-3), while the DQ*AD motif was associated with a decreased IAA frequency (P = 0.015). Subjects with DQ*VA and DQ*AD experienced, respectively, increasing and decreasing trends of HbA1c levels throughout the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS HLA-DQ structural motifs appear to modulate progression from islet autoimmunity to diabetes among at-risk relatives with islet autoantibodies. Residue -18β within the signal peptide may be related to levels of protein synthesis and β57 to stability of the peptide-DQab trimolecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jay Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | - George P Bondinas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, Argostoli, Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, Argostoli, Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Wyatt C Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Zhao LP, Papadopoulos GK, Lybrand TP, Moustakas AK, Bondinas GP, Carlsson A, Larsson HE, Ludvigsson J, Marcus C, Persson M, Samuelsson U, Wang R, Pyo CW, Nelson WC, Geraghty DE, Rich SS, Lernmark Å. The KAG motif of HLA-DRB1 (β71, β74, β86) predicts seroconversion and development of type 1 diabetes. EBioMedicine 2021; 69:103431. [PMID: 34153873 PMCID: PMC8220560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA-DR4, a common antigen of HLA-DRB1, has multiple subtypes that are strongly associated with risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, some are risk neutral or resistant. The pathobiological mechanism of HLA-DR4 subtypes remains to be elucidated. METHODS We used a population-based case-control study of T1D (962 patients and 636 controls) to decipher genetic associations of HLA-DR4 subtypes and specific residues with susceptibility to T1D. Using a birth cohort of 7865 children with periodically measured islet autoantibodies (GADA, IAA or IA-2A), we proposed to validate discovered genetic associations with a totally different study design and time-to-seroconversions prior to clinical onset of T1D. A novel analytic strategy hierarchically organized the HLA-DRB1 alleles by sequence similarity and identified critical amino acid residues by minimizing local genomic architecture and higher-order interactions. FINDINGS Three amino acid residues of HLA-DRB1 (β71, β74, β86) were found to be predictive of T1D risk in the population-based study. The "KAG" motif, corresponding to HLA-DRB1×04:01, was most strongly associated with T1D risk ([O]dds [R]atio=3.64, p = 3.19 × 10-64). Three less frequent motifs ("EAV", OR = 2.55, p = 0.025; "RAG", OR = 1.93, p = 0.043; and "RAV", OR = 1.56, p = 0.003) were associated with T1D risk, while two motifs ("REG" and "REV") were equally protective (OR = 0.11, p = 4.23 × 10-4). In an independent birth cohort of HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 subjects, those having the "KAG" motif had increased risk for time-to-seroconversion (Hazard Ratio = 1.74, p = 6.51 × 10-14) after adjusting potential confounders. INTERPRETATIONS DNA sequence variation in HLA-DRB1 at positions β71, β74, and β86 are non-conservative (β74 A→E, β71 E vs K vs R and β86 G vs V). They result in substantial differences in peptide antigen anchor pocket preferences at p1, p4 and potentially neighboring regions such as pocket p7. Differential peptide antigen binding is likely to be affected. These sequence substitutions may account for most of the HLA-DR4 contribution to T1D risk as illustrated in two HLA-peptide model complexes of the T1D autoantigens preproinsulin and GAD65. FUNDING National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation and the Swedish Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta GR47100, Greece.
| | - Terry P Lybrand
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, Argostoli GR26100, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta GR47100, Greece
| | - Annelie Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children´s Hospital and Div of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Karolinska Institutet and Institution of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Persson
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiological Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Samuelsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children´s Hospital and Div of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wyatt C Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, PO Box 800717, MSB Room 3232, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden.
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Zhao LP, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW, Moustakas AK, Bondinas GP, Carlsson A, Elding Larsson H, Ludvigsson J, Marcus C, Samuelsson U, Wang R, Pyo CW, Nelson WC, Geraghty DE, Lernmark Å. Next-Generation HLA Sequence Analysis Uncovers Seven HLA-DQ Amino Acid Residues and Six Motifs Resistant to Childhood Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:2523-2535. [PMID: 32868339 PMCID: PMC7576571 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 genes have significant and potentially causal associations with autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). To follow up on the earlier analysis on high-risk HLA-DQ2.5 and DQ8.1, the current analysis uncovers seven residues (αa1, α157, α196, β9, β30, β57, and β70) that are resistant to T1D among subjects with DQ4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-resistant DQ haplotypes. These 7 residues form 13 common motifs: 6 motifs are significantly resistant, 6 motifs have modest or no associations (P values >0.05), and 1 motif has 7 copies observed among control subjects only. The motifs "DAAFYDG," "DAAYHDG," and "DAAYYDR" have significant resistance to T1D (odds ratios [ORs] 0.03, 0.25, and 0.18; P = 6.11 × 10-24, 3.54 × 10-15, and 1.03 × 10-21, respectively). Remarkably, a change of a single residue from the motif "DAAYHDG" to "DAAYHSG" (D to S at β57) alters the resistance potential, from resistant motif (OR 0.15; P = 3.54 × 10-15) to a neutral motif (P = 0.183), the change of which was significant (Fisher P value = 0.0065). The extended set of linked residues associated with T1D resistance and unique to each cluster of HLA-DQ haplotypes represents facets of all known features and functions of these molecules: antigenic peptide binding, peptide-MHC class II complex stability, β167-169 RGD loop, T-cell receptor binding, formation of homodimer of α-β heterodimers, and cholesterol binding in the cell membrane rafts. Identification of these residues is a novel understanding of resistant DQ associations with T1D. Our analyses endow potential molecular approaches to identify immunological mechanisms that control disease susceptibility or resistance to provide novel targets for immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Ionian University, Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | | | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Samuelsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Wyatt C Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Zhao LP, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW, Moustakas AK, Bondinas GP, Larsson HE, Ludvigsson J, Marcus C, Samuelsson U, Wang R, Pyo CW, Nelson WC, Geraghty DE, Lernmark Å. Motifs of Three HLA-DQ Amino Acid Residues (α44, β57, β135) Capture Full Association With the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in DQ2 and DQ8 Children. Diabetes 2020; 69:1573-1587. [PMID: 32245799 PMCID: PMC7306123 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 are strongly associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and DQ8.1 and DQ2.5 are major risk haplotypes. Next-generation targeted sequencing of HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 in Swedish newly diagnosed 1- to 18 year-old patients (n = 962) and control subjects (n = 636) was used to construct abbreviated DQ haplotypes, converted into amino acid (AA) residues, and assessed for their associations with T1D. A hierarchically organized haplotype (HOH) association analysis allowed 45 unique DQ haplotypes to be categorized into seven clusters. The DQ8/9 cluster included two DQ8.1 risk and the DQ9 resistant haplotypes, and the DQ2 cluster included the DQ2.5 risk and DQ2.2 resistant haplotypes. Within each cluster, HOH found residues α44Q (odds ratio [OR] 3.29, P = 2.38 * 10-85) and β57A (OR 3.44, P = 3.80 * 10-84) to be associated with T1D in the DQ8/9 cluster representing all ten residues (α22, α23, α44, α49, α51, α53, α54, α73, α184, β57) due to complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) of α44 with eight such residues. Within the DQ2 cluster and due to LD, HOH analysis found α44C and β135D to share the risk for T1D (OR 2.10, P = 1.96 * 10-20). The motif "QAD" of α44, β57, and β135 captured the T1D risk association of DQ8.1 (OR 3.44, P = 3.80 * 10-84), and the corresponding motif "CAD" captured the risk association of DQ2.5 (OR 2.10, P = 1.96 * 10-20). Two risk associations were related to GAD65 autoantibody (GADA) and IA-2 autoantibody (IA-2A) but in opposite directions. CAD was positively associated with GADA (OR 1.56, P = 6.35 * 10-8) but negatively with IA-2A (OR 0.59, P = 6.55 * 10-11). QAD was negatively associated with GADA (OR 0.88; P = 3.70 * 10-3) but positively with IA-2A (OR 1.64; P = 2.40 * 10-14), despite a single difference at α44. The residues are found in and around anchor pockets 1 and 9, as potential T-cell receptor contacts, in the areas for CD4 binding and putative homodimer formation. The identification of three HLA-DQ AAs (α44, β57, β135) conferring T1D risk should sharpen functional and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Region Östergötland, and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Samuelsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Region Östergötland, and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Wyatt C Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Koliastasi A, Kompothekra V, Giotis C, Moustakas AK, Skotti EP, Gerakis A, Kalogianni EP, Georgiou D, Ritzoulis C. Novel emulsifiers from olive mill compost. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Petsiou A, Paschou SA, Vartholomatos G, Chatzigianni K, Kolaitis N, Giotaki E, Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Karamoutsios A, Zervou E, Tigas S, Tsatsoulis A, Papadopoulos GK. A modified flow cytometry method for objective estimation of human CD4 + regulatory T cells (CD4 + Tregs) in peripheral blood, via CD4/CD25/CD45RO/FoxP3 labeling. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2019; 98:259-269. [PMID: 31571372 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several methods exist for flow-cytometric estimation of human peripheral blood CD4+ T regulatory cells (CD4+ Tregs). METHODS We report our experience with the estimation of human CD4+ Tregs via three different characterizations using flow cytometry (CD25high FoxP3+ , CD25high CD127low/- FoxP3+ , and CD4+ CD25high/int CD45ROFoxP3+ ) in normal subjects. We have used these methods on the control populations from two studies (32 and 36 subjects, respectively), the latter two methods retrospectively on the subjects of the first study. The six CD4+ T cell fractions obtained by the third method were differentially colored to ascertain the distribution of these cell fractions in the CD25/FoxP3, CD45RO/FoxP3, and CD25/CD127 dot plots from CD4/CD25/CD45RO/FoxP3 and CD4/CD25/CD45RO/CD127 panels. RESULTS Each approach gives significantly different estimates of Tregs (expressed as percentage of CD4+ T cells), with the second almost invariably yielding higher percentages than the other two. Only the third approach can distinguish among effector and naïve Tregs and FoxP3+ non-Tregs. Analysis of CD25/CD127 dot plots reveals that Treg delineation via the widely used definition of CD4+ CD25high CD127low/- cells unavoidably yields a mixture of nearly all effector and most of naïve Tregs, as well as FoxP3+ non-Tregs plus other cells. Delineation of effector/naïve Tregs and FoxP3+ non-Tregs is possible via CD45RO/CD25 dot plots but not by CD45RO/FoxP3 counterparts (as done previously) because of overlapping FoxP3 intensities among Tregs and non-Tregs. CONCLUSION Our comparison shows that CD4/CD25/CD45RO/FoxP3 panels are an objective means of estimating effector and naïve Tregs via colored dot plots, aiding thus in Treg delineation in health and detecting aberrations in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Petsiou
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Chatzigianni
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kolaitis
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Giotaki
- Department of Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Argostoli, Greece
| | - Achilleas Karamoutsios
- Laboratory of Animal Health-Food Hygiene and Quality, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Zervou
- Department of Bloodbank, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stelios Tigas
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
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9
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Zhao LP, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW, Xu B, Kong M, Moustakas AK, Bondinas GP, Carlsson A, Elding-Larsson H, Ludvigsson J, Marcus C, Persson M, Samuelsson U, Wang R, Pyo CW, Nelson WC, Geraghty DE, Lernmark Å. Eleven Amino Acids of HLA-DRB1 and Fifteen Amino Acids of HLA-DRB3, 4, and 5 Include Potentially Causal Residues Responsible for the Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:1692-1704. [PMID: 31127057 PMCID: PMC6692811 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation targeted sequencing of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB3, -DRB4, and -DRB5 (abbreviated as DRB345) provides high resolution of functional variant positions to investigate their associations with type 1 diabetes risk and with autoantibodies against insulin (IAA), GAD65 (GADA), IA-2 (IA-2A), and ZnT8 (ZnT8A). To overcome exceptional DR sequence complexity as a result of high polymorphisms and extended linkage disequilibrium among the DR loci, we applied a novel recursive organizer (ROR) to discover disease-associated amino acid residues. ROR distills disease-associated DR sequences and identifies 11 residues of DRB1, sequences of which retain all significant associations observed by DR genes. Furthermore, all 11 residues locate under/adjoining the peptide-binding groove of DRB1, suggesting a plausible functional mechanism through peptide binding. The 15 residues of DRB345, located respectively in the β49-55 homodimerization patch and on the face of the molecule shown to interact with and bind to the accessory molecule CD4, retain their significant disease associations. Further ROR analysis of DR associations with autoantibodies finds that DRB1 residues significantly associated with ZnT8A and DRB345 residues with GADA. The strongest association is between four residues (β14, β25, β71, and β73) and IA-2A, in which the sequence ERKA confers a risk association (odds ratio 2.15, P = 10-18), and another sequence, ERKG, confers a protective association (odds ratio 0.59, P = 10-11), despite a difference of only one amino acid. Because motifs of identified residues capture potentially causal DR associations with type 1 diabetes, this list of residuals is expected to include corresponding causal residues in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Corresponding authors: Lue Ping Zhao, ; George K. Papadopoulos, ; and Åke Lernmark,
| | - George K. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece, presently known as Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Bryan Xu
- College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Matthew Kong
- Department of Computer Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Antonis K. Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - George P. Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Biomaterials and Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece, presently known as Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Annelie Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children’s Hospital, Region Östergötland, and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Claude Marcus
- Department of Clinical Science and Education and Institution of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martina Persson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education and Institution of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulf Samuelsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children’s Hospital, Region Östergötland, and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Wyatt C. Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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10
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Chow IT, Gates TJ, Papadopoulos GK, Moustakas AK, Kolawole EM, Notturno RJ, McGinty JW, Torres-Chinn N, James EA, Greenbaum C, Nepom GT, Evavold BD, Kwok WW. Discriminative T cell recognition of cross-reactive islet-antigens is associated with HLA-DQ8 transdimer-mediated autoimmune diabetes. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw9336. [PMID: 31457096 PMCID: PMC6703875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8 transdimer (HLA-DQA1*0501/DQB1*0302) confers exceptionally high risk in autoimmune diabetes. However, little is known about HLA-DQ8 transdimer-restricted CD4 T cell recognition, an event crucial for triggering HLA-DQ8 transdimer-specific anti-islet immunity. Here, we report a high degree of epitope overlap and T cell promiscuity between susceptible HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DQ8 transdimer. Despite preservation of putative residues for T cell receptor (TCR) contact, stronger disease-associated responses to cross-reactive, immunodominant islet epitopes are elicited by HLA-DQ8 transdimer. Mutagenesis at the α chain of HLA-DQ8 transdimer in complex with the disease-relevant GAD65250-266 peptide and in silico analysis reveal the DQ α52 residue located within the N-terminal edge of the peptide-binding cleft for the enhanced T cell reactivity, altering avidity and biophysical affinity between TCR and HLA-peptide complexes. Accordingly, a structurally promiscuous but nondegenerate TCR-HLA-peptide interface is pivotal for HLA-DQ8 transdimer-mediated autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Theresa J. Gates
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - George K. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K. Moustakas
- Department of Food Technology, Ionian University, GR28100 Argostoli, Cephallonia, Greece
| | - Elizabeth M. Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Richard J. Notturno
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - John W. McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Nadia Torres-Chinn
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carla Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Koliastasi A, Kompothekra V, Giotis C, Moustakas AK, Skotti EP, Gerakis A, Kalogianni E, Ritzoulis C. Emulsifiers from Partially Composted Olive Waste. Foods 2019; 8:E271. [PMID: 31330775 PMCID: PMC6678798 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial (one month) composting of solid olive processing waste is shown to produce extractable emulsifiers. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) show that these consist of polysaccharides and proteins from the composted waste. Aqueous extraction at pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9 all yield extracts rich in oligosacchrides and oligopeptides which derive from the break-down of the macromolecules under composting, with the extract obtained at pH 5 being the richer in such components. Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy also confirms that these materials consist of proteinic and poly/oligosaccharidic populations. These materials can emulsify stable oil-in-water emulsions at pH 3 for a few days, while the same emulsions collapse in less than 24 h at pH 7. Confocal microscopy and droplet size distribution data suggest that Ostwald ripening, rather than coalescence, is the major course of emulsion instability. The above point to a short-process alternative to full composting in producing a high added value product from solid olive processing waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Koliastasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kompothekra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Vergoti Avenue, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Charilaos Giotis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Vergoti Avenue, 28100 Argostoli, Greece.
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Vergoti Avenue, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Efstathia P Skotti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Vergoti Avenue, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Argyrios Gerakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Vergoti Avenue, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Eleni Kalogianni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Ritzoulis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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James EA, Gillette L, Durinovic-Bello I, Speake C, Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Greenbaum CJ, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW. DRB4*01:01 Has a Distinct Motif and Presents a Proinsulin Epitope That Is Recognized in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. J Immunol 2018; 201:3524-3533. [PMID: 30455401 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DRB4*01:01 (DRB4) is a secondary HLA-DR product that is part of the high-risk DR4/DQ8 haplotype that is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). DRB4 shares considerable homology with HLA-DR4 alleles that predispose to autoimmunity, including DRB1*04:01 and DRB1*04:04. However, the DRB4 protein sequence includes distinct residues that would be expected to alter the characteristics of its binding pockets. To identify high-affinity peptides that are recognized in the context of DRB4, we used an HLA class II tetramer-based approach to identify epitopes within multiple viral Ags. We applied a similar approach to identify antigenic sequences within glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and pre-proinsulin that are recognized in the context of DRB4. Seven sequences were immunogenic, eliciting high-affinity T cell responses in DRB4+ subjects. DRB1*04:01-restricted responses toward many of these peptides have been previously described, but responses to a novel pre-proinsulin 9-28 peptide were commonly observed in subjects with T1D. Furthermore, T cells that recognized this peptide in the context of DRB4 were present at significantly higher frequencies in patients with T1D than in healthy controls, implicating this as a disease-relevant specificity that may contribute to the breakdown of β cell tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals. We then deduced a DRB4 motif and confirmed its key features through structural modeling. This modeling suggested that the core epitope within the pre-proinsulin 9-28 peptide has a somewhat unusual binding motif, with tryptophan in the fourth binding pocket of DRB4, perhaps influencing the availability of this complex for T cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Laurel Gillette
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, GR27100 Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece; and
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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13
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Scally SW, Law SC, Ting YT, van Heemst J, Sokolove J, Deutsch AJ, Clemens EB, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, van der Woude D, Smolik I, Hitchon CA, Robinson DB, Ferucci ED, Bernstein CN, Meng X, Anaparti V, Huizinga T, Kedzierska K, Reid HH, Raychaudhuri S, Toes RE, Rossjohn J, El-Gabalawy H, Thomas R. Molecular basis for increased susceptibility of Indigenous North Americans to seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:1915-1923. [PMID: 28801345 PMCID: PMC6724216 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenetic mechanisms by which HLA-DRB1 alleles are associated with anticitrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. RA high-risk HLA-DRB1 alleles are known to share a common motif, the 'shared susceptibility epitope (SE)'. Here, the electropositive P4 pocket of HLA-DRB1 accommodates self-peptide residues containing citrulline but not arginine. HLA-DRB1 His/Phe13β stratifies with ACPA-positive RA, while His13βSer polymorphisms stratify with ACPA-negative RA and RA protection. Indigenous North American (INA) populations have high risk of early-onset ACPA-positive RA, whereby HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*14:02 are implicated as risk factors for RA in INA. However, HLA-DRB1*14:02 has a His13βSer polymorphism. Therefore, we aimed to verify this association and determine its molecular mechanism. METHODS HLA genotype was compared in 344 INA patients with RA and 352 controls. Structures of HLA-DRB1*1402-class II loaded with vimentin-64Arg59-71, vimentin-64Cit59-71 and fibrinogen β-74Cit69-81 were solved using X-ray crystallography. Vimentin-64Cit59-71-specific and vimentin59-71-specific CD4+ T cells were characterised by flow cytometry using peptide-histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (pHLA) tetramers. After sorting of antigen-specific T cells, TCRα and β-chains were analysed using multiplex, nested PCR and sequencing. RESULTS ACPA+ RA in INA was independently associated with HLA-DRB1*14:02. Consequent to the His13βSer polymorphism and altered P4 pocket of HLA-DRB1*14:02, both citrulline and arginine were accommodated in opposite orientations. Oligoclonal autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells reactive with both citrulline and arginine forms of vimentin59-71 were observed in patients with HLA-DRB1*14:02+ RA and at-risk ACPA- first-degree relatives. HLA-DRB1*14:02-vimentin59-71-specific and HLA-DRB1*14:02-vimentin-64Cit59-71-specific CD4+ memory T cells were phenotypically distinct populations. CONCLUSION HLA-DRB1*14:02 broadens the capacity for citrullinated and native self-peptide presentation and T cell expansion, increasing risk of ACPA+ RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Scally
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Soi-Cheng Law
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jurgen van Heemst
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- Department of Medicine/Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Aaron J Deutsch
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Argostoli Kefalonia, Greece
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Epirus Institute of Technology, Arta, Greece
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Smolik
- Arthritis Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carol A Hitchon
- Arthritis Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David B Robinson
- Arthritis Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Ferucci
- Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | | | - Xiaobo Meng
- Arthritis Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Tom Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - René E Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hani El-Gabalawy
- Arthritis Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Kampstra ASB, van Heemst J, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM. The increased ability to present citrullinated peptides is not unique to HLA-SE molecules: arginine-to-citrulline conversion also enhances peptide affinity for HLA-DQ molecules. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:254. [PMID: 27809896 PMCID: PMC5094042 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Presentation of citrullinated neo-epitopes by HLA-DRB1 molecules that carry the shared epitope (SE) sequence was proposed to explain the association between HLA and seropositive RA. Although it is shown that several HLA-DRB1-SE molecules display enhanced binding affinities for citrullinated ligands, the ability of other HLA molecules to present citrullinated epitopes has not been investigated in a systematic manner. To better understand the HLA-RA connection, we aimed to investigate if the enhanced capacity to present arginine-to-citrulline-converted peptides is unique for HLA-SE alleles. Methods We selected four HLA molecules (one HLA-DR and three HLA-DQ molecules) that could potentially prefer citrulline over arginine residues in specific pockets and in addition two HLA-SE alleles as a method validation control. The affinity of peptides containing arginine/citrulline residues at positions interacting with the various peptide-binding pockets was compared by HLA class II peptide affinity assays. Results Pocket 4 of HLA-DRB1*04:04 and -DRB1*04:05 displayed a preference for citrulline over arginine, a property found in other pockets as well. HLA-DRB1*03:01 did not display an enhanced affinity for peptides containing a citrulline. In contrast, several peptide-binding pockets of the analyzed HLA-DQ molecules showed enhanced affinities for citrulline compared to arginine residues: i.e., pockets 4, 6, 7, and 9 of HLA-DQ2 and pockets 1, 6, and 9 of HLA-DQ7 and HLA-DQ8. Conclusions Arginine-to-citrulline conversion of peptides can also enhance the binding affinity for non-HLA-SE molecules. Hence the capacity to present citrullinated neo-epitopes is not confined to HLA-SE molecules, opening the possibility that also other HLA molecules could potentiate a possible breach of T cell tolerance toward citrullinated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieke S B Kampstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300, RC, The Netherlands.
| | - Jurgen van Heemst
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Organic Farming and Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Argostoli, Greece
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Epirus Institute of Technology, Arta, Greece
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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van Heemst J, Jansen DTSL, Polydorides S, Moustakas AK, Bax M, Feitsma AL, Bontrop-Elferink DG, Baarse M, van der Woude D, Wolbink GJ, Rispens T, Koning F, de Vries RRP, Papadopoulos GK, Archontis G, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. Crossreactivity to vinculin and microbes provides a molecular basis for HLA-based protection against rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6681. [PMID: 25942574 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The HLA locus is the strongest risk factor for anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)(+) rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite considerable efforts in the last 35 years, this association is poorly understood. Here we identify (citrullinated) vinculin, present in the joints of ACPA(+) RA patients, as an autoantigen targeted by ACPA and CD4(+) T cells. These T cells recognize an epitope with the core sequence DERAA, which is also found in many microbes and in protective HLA-DRB1*13 molecules, presented by predisposing HLA-DQ molecules. Moreover, these T cells crossreact with vinculin-derived and microbial-derived DERAA epitopes. Intriguingly, DERAA-directed T cells are not detected in HLA-DRB1*13(+) donors, indicating that the DERAA epitope from HLA-DRB1*13 mediates (thymic) tolerance in these donors and explaining the protective effects associated with HLA-DRB1*13. Together our data indicate the involvement of pathogen-induced DERAA-directed T cells in the HLA-RA association and provide a molecular basis for the contribution of protective/predisposing HLA alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen van Heemst
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diahann T S L Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ioanian Islands, Argostoli, Cephallonia 28100, Greece
| | - Marieke Bax
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk L Feitsma
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diënne G Bontrop-Elferink
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Baarse
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Wolbink
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René R P de Vries
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Epirus Institute of Technology, Arta 47100, Greece
| | | | - Tom W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chow IT, James EA, Gates TJ, Tan V, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW. Differential binding of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 epitopes by DRB1*08:01 and DRB1*11:01 Is predicted by their structural motifs and correlates with disease risk. J Immunol 2013; 190:4516-24. [PMID: 23543758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DRB1*08:01 (DR0801) and DRB1*11:01 (DR1101) are highly homologous alleles that have opposing effects on susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). DR0801 confers risk and shares a key feature with other HLA class II alleles that predispose to autoimmunity: a nonaspartic acid at beta57. DR1101 is associated with protection from PBC, and its sequence includes an aspartic acid at beta57. To elucidate a mechanism for the opposing effects of these HLA alleles on PBC susceptibility, we compared the features of epitopes presented by DR0801 and DR1101. First, we identified DR0801- and DR1101-restricted epitopes within multiple viral Ags, observing both shared and distinct epitopes. Because DR0801 is not well characterized, we deduced its motif by measuring binding affinities for a library of peptides, confirming its key features through structural modeling. DR0801 was distinct from DR1101 in its ability to accommodate charged residues within all but one of its binding pockets. In particular, DR0801 strongly preferred acidic residues in pocket 9. These findings were used to identify potentially antigenic sequences within PDC-E2 (an important hepatic autoantigen) that contain a DR0801 motif. Four peptides bound to DR0801 with reasonable affinity, but only one of these bound to DR1101. Three peptides, PDC-E2145-159, PDC-E2(249-263), and PDC-E2(629-643), elicited high-affinity T cell responses in DR0801 subjects, implicating these as likely autoreactive specificities. Therefore, the unique molecular features of DR0801 may lead to the selection of a distinct T cell repertoire that contributes to breakdown of self-tolerance in primary biliary cirrhosis, whereas those of DR1101 promote tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Kanatsuna N, Papadopoulos GK, Moustakas AK, Lenmark Å. Etiopathogenesis of insulin autoimmunity. Anat Res Int 2012; 2012:457546. [PMID: 22567309 PMCID: PMC3335545 DOI: 10.1155/2012/457546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity against pancreatic islet beta cells is strongly associated with proinsulin, insulin, or both. The insulin autoreactivity is particularly pronounced in children with young age at onset of type 1 diabetes. Possible mechanisms for (pro)insulin autoimmunity may involve beta-cell destruction resulting in proinsulin peptide presentation on HLA-DR-DQ Class II molecules in pancreatic draining lymphnodes. Recent data on proinsulin peptide binding to type 1 diabetes-associated HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 is reviewed and illustrated by molecular modeling. The importance of the cellular immune reaction involving cytotoxic CD8-positive T cells to kill beta cells through Class I MHC is discussed along with speculations of the possible role of B lymphocytes in presenting the proinsulin autoantigen over and over again through insulin-carrying insulin autoantibodies. In contrast to autoantibodies against other islet autoantigens such as GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8 transporters, it has not been possible yet to standardize the insulin autoantibody test. As islet autoantibodies predict type 1 diabetes, it is imperative to clarify the mechanisms of insulin autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kanatsuna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Lund University, CRC Ing 72 Building 91:10, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - George K. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K. Moustakas
- Department of Organic Farming, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, 27100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Åke Lenmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Lund University, CRC Ing 72 Building 91:10, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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18
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Chow IT, James EA, Tan V, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW. DRB1*12:01 presents a unique subset of epitopes by preferring aromatics in pocket 9. Mol Immunol 2011; 50:26-34. [PMID: 22196942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the unique peptide-binding characteristics of HLA-DRB1*12:01 (DR1201), an allele studied in the context of various autoimmune diseases, using a peptide competition assay and structural modeling. After defining Influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 Matrix Protein M1 (H1MP) 40-54 as a DR1201 restricted epitope, the critical anchor residues within this sequence were confirmed by measuring the relative binding of peptides with non-conservative substitutions in competition with biotin labeled H1MP(40-54) peptide. Based on this information, a set of peptides was designed with single amino acid substitutions at these anchor positions. The overall peptide binding preferences for the DR1201 allele were deduced by incubating these peptides in competition with the reference H1MP(40-54) to determine the relative binding affinities of each to recombinant DR1201 protein. As expected, pocket 1 preferred methionine and aliphatic residues, and tolerated phenylalanine. Pocket 4 was mostly composed of hydrophobic residues, thereby preferentially accommodating aliphatic residues, but could also weakly accommodate lysine due to its slightly acidic environment. Pocket 6 accepted a wide range of amino acids because of the diverse residues that comprise this pocket. Pocket 9 accepted aliphatic and negatively charged amino acids, but showed a remarkable preference for aromatic residues due to the conformation of the pocket, which lacks the typical salt bridge between β57Asp and α76Arg. These binding characteristics contrast with the closely related DR1104 allele, distinguishing DR1201 among the alleles of the HLA-DR5 group. These empirical results were used to develop an algorithm to predict peptide binding to DR1201. This algorithm was used to verify T cell epitopes within novel antigenic peptides identified by tetramer staining and within peptides from published reports that contain putative DR1201 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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van Lummel M, van Veelen PA, Zaldumbide A, de Ru A, Janssen GMC, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, Drijfhout JW, Roep BO, Koning F. Type 1 diabetes-associated HLA-DQ8 transdimer accommodates a unique peptide repertoire. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:9514-24. [PMID: 22184118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 are strongly predisposing haplotypes for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Yet HLA-DQ2/8 heterozygous individuals have a synergistically increased risk compared with HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 homozygote subjects that may result from the presence of a transdimer formed between the α-chain of HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*05:01) and the β-chain of HLA-DQ8 (DQB1*03:02). We generated cells exclusively expressing this transdimer (HLA-DQ8trans), characterized its peptide binding repertoire, and defined a unique transdimer-specific peptide binding motif that was found to be distinct from those of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. This motif predicts an array of peptides of islet autoantigens as candidate T cell epitopes, many of which selectively bind to the HLA transdimer, whereas others bind to both HLA-DQ8 and transdimer with similar affinity. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the association between HLA-DQ transdimers and T1D and set the stage for rational testing of potential diabetogenic peptide epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno van Lummel
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kooy-Winkelaar Y, van Lummel M, Moustakas AK, Schweizer J, Mearin ML, Mulder CJ, Roep BO, Drijfhout JW, Papadopoulos GK, van Bergen J, Koning F. Gluten-specific T cells cross-react between HLA-DQ8 and the HLA-DQ2α/DQ8β transdimer. J Immunol 2011; 187:5123-9. [PMID: 22013116 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because susceptibility to celiac disease is associated strongly with HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*05/DQB1*02) and weakly with HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*03/DQB1*03), a subset of patients carries both HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. As a result, these patients may express two types of mixed HLA-DQ2/8 transdimers (encoded by DQA1*05/DQB1*03 and DQA1*03/DQB1*02) in addition to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. Using T cells from a celiac disease patient expressing HLA-DQ8trans (encoded by DQA*0501/DQB*0302), but neither HLA-DQ2 nor HLA-DQ8, we demonstrate that this transdimer is expressed on the cell surface and can present multiple gluten peptides to T cell clones isolated from the duodenum of this patient. Furthermore, T cell clones derived from this patient and HLA-DQ2/8 heterozygous celiac disease patients respond to gluten peptides presented by HLA-DQ8trans, as well as HLA-DQ8, in a similar fashion. Finally, one gluten peptide is recognized better when presented by HLA-DQ8trans, which correlates with preferential binding of this peptide to HLA-DQ8trans. These results implicate HLA-DQ8trans in celiac disease pathogenesis and demonstrate extensive T cell cross-reactivity between HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DQ8trans. Because type 1 diabetes is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-DQ8trans, our findings may bear relevance to this disease as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kooy-Winkelaar
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Eerligh P, van Lummel M, Zaldumbide A, Moustakas AK, Duinkerken G, Bondinas G, Koeleman BPC, Papadopoulos GK, Roep BO. Functional consequences of HLA-DQ8 homozygosity versus heterozygosity for islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. Genes Immun 2011; 12:415-27. [PMID: 21562577 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II haplotypes are established risk factors in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The heterozygous DQ2/8 genotype confers the highest risk, whereas the DQ6/8 genotype is protective. We hypothesized that DQ2/8 trans-molecules composed of α and β chains from DQ2 and DQ8 express unique β-cell epitopes, whereas DQ6 may interfere with peptide binding to DQ8. Here we show that a single insulin epitope (InsB13-21) within the T1D prototype antigenic InsB6-22 peptide can bind to both cis- and trans-dimers, although these molecules display different peptide binding patterns. DQ6 binds a distinct insulin epitope (InsB6-14). The phenotype of DQ8-restricted T cells from a T1D patient changed from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory in the presence of DQ6. Our data provide new insights into both susceptible and protective mechanism of DQ, where protecting HLA molecules bind autoantigens in a different (competing) binding register leading to 'epitope stealing', thereby inducing a regulatory, rather than a pathogenic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eerligh
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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James EA, Moustakas AK, Bui J, Papadopoulos GK, Bondinas G, Buckner JH, Kwok WW. HLA-DR1001 presents "altered-self" peptides derived from joint-associated proteins by accepting citrulline in three of its binding pockets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2909-18. [PMID: 20533291 DOI: 10.1002/art.27594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HLA-DRB1*1001 (DR1001) is a shared epitope allele associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study was undertaken to assess the capacity of DR1001 to accommodate citrulline in its binding pockets and to identify citrullinated T cell epitopes derived from joint-associated proteins. METHODS The binding of peptide derivatives containing citrulline, arginine, and other amino acid substitutions was measured. A prediction algorithm was developed to identify arginine-containing sequences from joint-associated proteins that preferentially bind to DR1001 upon citrullination. Unmodified and citrullinated versions of these sequences were synthesized and were utilized to stimulate CD4+ T cells from healthy subjects and RA patients. Responses were measured by class II major histocompatibility complex tetramer staining and confirmed by isolating CD4+ T cell clones. RESULTS DR1001 accepted citrulline, but not arginine, in 3 of its anchoring pockets. The prediction algorithm identified sequences that preferentially bound to DR1001 with arginine replaced by citrulline. Three of these sequences elicited CD4+ T cell responses. T cell clones specific for these sequences proliferated only in response to citrullinated peptides. CONCLUSION Conversion of arginine to citrulline generates "altered-self" peptides that can be bound and presented by DR1001. Responses to these peptides implicate the corresponding proteins (fibrinogen α, fibrinogen β, and cartilage intermediate-layer protein) as relevant antigens. The finding of preferential responses to citrullinated sequences suggests that altered peptide binding affinity due to this posttranslational modification may be an important factor in the initiation or progression of RA. As such, measuring responsiveness to these peptides may be useful for immunologic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II locus is the primary genetic linkage to autoimmune diseases. Susceptibility to each such disease is linked to different alleles, with a few alleles showing also dominant protection. The design of vaccines for autoimmune diseases is a long sought-after goal. As knowledge about the pathogenesis of these diseases has increased, the tools for such an approach have of necessity been refined. We review below the structural essence of MHC II-linked autoimmune diseases which centers on the binding of antigenic peptides to the disease-linked MHC II proteins, and the consequent activation of cognate TCRs from pathogenic CD4+ T cells. The state of affairs in two organ-specific autoimmune diseases, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease are covered, including attempts to treat these via antigen-specific MHC II-guided measures. We offer a couple of testable suggestions as to how this approach could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Organic Farming, Educational Technological Institute of Ionian Islands, GR27100 Argostoli, Cephallonia, Greece
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James EA, Moustakas AK, Bui J, Nouv R, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW. The binding of antigenic peptides to HLA-DR is influenced by interactions between pocket 6 and pocket 9. J Immunol 2009; 183:3249-58. [PMID: 19648278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide binding to class II MHC protein is commonly viewed as a combination of discrete anchor residue preferences for pockets 1, 4, 6/7, and 9. However, previous studies have suggested cooperative effects during the peptide binding process. Investigation of the DRB1*0901 binding motif demonstrated a clear interaction between peptide binding pockets 6 and 9. In agreement with prior studies, pockets 1 and 4 exhibited clear binding preferences. Previously uncharacterized pockets 6 and 7 accommodated a wide variety of residues. However, although it was previously reported that pocket 9 is completely permissive, several substitutions at this position were unable to bind. Structural modeling revealed a probable interaction between pockets 6 and 9 through beta9Lys. Additional binding studies with doubly substituted peptides confirmed that the amino acid bound within pocket 6 profoundly influences the binding preferences for pocket 9 of DRB1*0901, causing complete permissiveness of pocket 9 when a small polar residue is anchored in pocket 6 but accepting relatively few residues when a basic residue is anchored in pocket 6. The beta9Lys residue is unique to DR9 alleles. However, similar studies with doubly substituted peptides confirmed an analogous interaction effect for DRA1/B1*0301, a beta9Glu allele. Accounting for this interaction resulted in improved epitope prediction. These findings provide a structural explanation for observations that an amino acid in one pocket can influence binding elsewhere in the MHC class II peptide binding groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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25
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James EA, Moustakas AK, Bui J, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW. DR1001 presents ‘altered-self’ peptides by accepting citrulline in its binding pockets (49.20). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.49.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
HLA-DRB1*1001 (DR1001) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, containing the shared epitope (residues 70-74) within its third hypervariable region. It has been suggested that shared epitope alleles bias T cell selection and amplification, perhaps favoring the recognition of common self-peptides. However, the binding motif of DR1001 and its epitopes remain relatively uncharacterized. One recent paper inferred a binding motif for DR1001 by aligning the sequences of eluted peptides, but only two epitopes were available to validate these findings. The objective of this study was to assess the capacity of DR1001 to present RA associated self-peptides. This was accomplished by defining high affinity non-self epitopes, characterizing amino acids (including citrulline) that can bind at DR1001 anchor positions and using this information to predict putative citrullinated epitopes within RA associated proteins. We identified 15 novel DR1001 restricted epitopes using class II tetramers. Using two of these as a template, we defined the amino acid preferences for each peptide binding pocket. Citrulline was accepted at positions 4, 7 and 9. Based on the observed binding preferences we identified several arginine containing sequences from within RA associated proteins that would be expected to bind after citrullination. For 12 of these, we synthesized unmodified and citrullinated versions and measured their binding to DR1001. Five sequences bound to DR1001, implicating these as potential 'altered-self' epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- 2Department of Organic Farming, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Cephallonia, Greece
| | - John Bui
- 1Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - William W Kwok
- 1Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- 4Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Petrich de Marquesini LG, Moustakas AK, Thomas IJ, Wen L, Papadopoulos GK, Wong FS. Functional inhibition related to structure of a highly potent insulin-specific CD8 T cell clone using altered peptide ligands. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:240-9. [PMID: 18157812 PMCID: PMC2901522 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-reactive CD8 T cells are amongst the earliest islet-infiltrating CD8 T cells in NOD mice. Cloned insulin B15–23-reactive cells (designated G9C8), restricted by H-2Kd, are highly diabetogenic. We used altered peptide ligands (APL) substituted at TCR contact sites, positions (p)6 and 8, to investigate G9C8 T cell function and correlated this with structure. Cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production assays revealed that p6G and p8R could not be replaced by any naturally occurring amino acid without abrogating recognition and functional response by the G9C8 clone. When tested for antagonist activity with APL differing from the native peptide at either of these positions, the peptide variants, G6H and R8L showed the capacity to reduce the agonist response to the native peptide. The antagonist activity in cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production assays can be correlated with conformational changes induced by different structures of the MHC-peptide complexes, shown by molecular modeling. We conclude that p6 and p8 of the insulin B15–23 peptide are very important for TCR stimulation of this clone and no substitutions are tolerated at these positions in the peptide. This is important in considering the therapeutic use of peptides as APL that encompass both CD4 and CD8 epitopes of insulin.
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James EA, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, Nouv RS, Kwok WW. Definition of the DRB1*0901 peptide binding motif within novel DRB1*0901 restricted T cell epitopes by peptide binding and structural modeling. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1067.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Organic FarmingTechnological Educational Institute of Ionian IslandsArgostoliCephalloniaGreece
| | | | | | - William W Kwok
- ImmunologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
- Benaroya Research InstituteSeattleWA
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Stepniak D, Wiesner M, de Ru AH, Moustakas AK, Drijfhout JW, Papadopoulos GK, van Veelen PA, Koning F. Large-Scale Characterization of Natural Ligands Explains the Unique Gluten-Binding Properties of HLA-DQ2. J Immunol 2008; 180:3268-78. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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James EA, Moustakas AK, Berger D, Huston L, Papadopoulos GK, Kwok WW. Definition of the peptide binding motif within DRB1*1401 restricted epitopes by peptide competition and structural modeling. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2651-9. [PMID: 18276010 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study identified the peptide-binding motif of HLA-DRA/DRB1*1401 (DR1401). First, peptides containing DR1401 restricted epitopes were identified using tetramer-guided epitope mapping. Among these, an influenza B peptide was selected for the motif study. After confirming the binding register for this peptide using a set of arginine substitutions, binding affinities were determined for 33 peptides derived from this influenza B sequence with single amino acid substitutions. The DR1401 peptide-binding motif was deduced from the relative binding affinities of these peptides and confirmed by structural modeling. Pocket 1 demonstrated a preference for aliphatic anchor residues and methionine. Pocket 4 accommodated methionine and aliphatic residues, but also allowed some polar and charged amino acids. Pocket 6 preferred basic residues but also allowed some polar and aliphatic amino acids. Pocket 9 preferred aliphatic and aromatic amino acids and tolerated some polar residues but excluded all charged residues. Together these preferences define a distinct set of peptides that can be presented by DR1401. The resulting motif was used to verify T cell epitopes within the novel antigenic peptides identified by tetramer-guided epitope mapping and within peptides from published reports that contain putative DR1401 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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30
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Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK. The spectrum of HLA-DQ and HLA-DR alleles, 2006: a listing correlating sequence and structure with function. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:539-53. [PMID: 17497145 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The list of alleles in the HLA-DRB, HLA-DQA, and HLA-DQB gene loci has grown enormously since the last listing in this journal 8 years ago. Crystal structure determination of several human and mouse HLA class II alleles, representative of two gene loci in each species, enables a direct comparison of ortholog and paralog loci. A new numbering system is suggested, extending earlier suggestions by [Fremont et al. in Immunity 8:305-317, (1998)], which will bring in line all the structural features of various gene loci, regardless of animal species. This system allows for structural equivalence of residues from different gene loci. The listing also highlights all amino acid residues participating in the various functions of these molecules, from antigenic peptide binding to homodimer formation, CD4 binding, membrane anchoring, and cytoplasmic signal transduction, indicative of the variety of functions of these molecules. It is remarkable that despite the enormous number of unique alleles listed thus far (DQA = 22, DQB = 54, DRA = 2, and DRB = 409), there is invariance at many specific positions in man, but slightly less so in mouse or rat, despite their much lower number of alleles at each gene locus in the latter two species. Certain key polymorphisms (from substitutions to an eight-residue insertion in the cytoplasmic tail of certain DQB alleles) that have thus far gone unnoticed are highly suggestive of differences or diversities in function and thus call for further investigation into the properties of these specific alleles. This listing is amenable to supplementation by future additions of new alleles and the highlighting of new functions to be discovered, providing thus a unifying platform of reference in all animal species for the MHC class II allelic counterparts, aiding research in the field and furthering our understanding of the functions of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Epirus Institute of Technology, GR47100 Arta, Greece
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31
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Ettinger RA, Papadopoulos GK, Moustakas AK, Nepom GT, Kwok WW. Allelic variation in key peptide-binding pockets discriminates between closely related diabetes-protective and diabetes-susceptible HLA-DQB1*06 alleles. J Immunol 2006; 176:1988-98. [PMID: 16424231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 is associated with protection against type 1 diabetes (T1D). A similar allele, HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0604, contributes to T1D susceptibility in certain populations but differs only at seven amino acids from HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602. Five of these polymorphisms are found within the peptide-binding groove, suggesting that differences in peptide binding contribute to the mechanism of their association with T1D. In this study, we determine the peptide-binding motif for HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0604 allelic protein (DQ0604) in comparison to the established HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 (DQ0602) motif using binding assays with model peptides from T1D autoantigens and homology modeling using the coordinates of the DQ0602-hypocretin 1-13 crystal structure. The peptide binding preferences were deduced with a peptide from insulin that bound both with a 2- to 3-fold difference in avidity using the same amino acids in the peptide as anchors. Peptide binding differences directly influenced by the polymorphisms in or nearby pockets 1, 6, and 9 were observed. In pocket 1, DQ0604 was better able to accommodate aromatic residues due to the beta86 and beta87 polymorphisms. A negatively charged amino acid was preferred by DQ0604 in pocket 6 due to the positively charged beta30His. In pocket 9, DQ0604 preferred aromatic amino acids due to the beta9 and beta30 polymorphisms and had low tolerance of acidic residues. beta57Val in DQ0604 functions differently than beta57Ala, in that it pushes alpha76Arg outside of the pocket, preventing the formation of a salt bridge with an acidic amino acid in the peptide. This study furthers our understanding of the structure-function relationships of MHC class II polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Ettinger
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Ettinger RA, Moustakas AK, Lobaton SD. Open reading frame sequencing and structure-based alignment of polypeptides encoded by RT1-Bb, RT1-Ba, RT1-Db, and RT1-Da alleles. Immunogenetics 2004; 56:585-96. [PMID: 15517241 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II genes are major genetic components in rats developing autoimmunity. The majority of rat MHC class II sequencing has focused on exon 2, which forms the first external domain. Sequence of the complete open reading frame for rat MHC class II haplotypes and structure-based alignment is lacking. Herein, the complete open reading frame for RT1-Bbeta, RT1-Balpha, RT1-Dbeta, and RT1-Dalpha was sequenced from ten different rat strains, covering eight serological haplotypes, namely a, b, c, d, k, l, n, and u. Each serological haplotype was unique at the nucleotide level of the sequenced RT1-B/D region. Within individual genes, the number of alleles identified was seven, seven, six, and three and the degree of amino-acid polymorphism between allotypes for each gene was 22%, 16%, 19%, and 0.4% for RT1-Bbeta, RT1-Balpha, RT1-Dbeta, and RT1-Dalpha, respectively. The extent and distribution of amino-acid polymorphism was comparable with mouse and human MHC class II. Structure-based alignment identified the beta65-66 deletion, the beta84a insertion, the alpha9a insertion, and the alpha1a-1c insertion in RT1-B previously described for H2-A. Rat allele-specific deletions were found at RT1-Balpha76 and RT1-Dbeta90-92. The mature RT1-Dbeta polypeptide was one amino acid longer than HLA-DRB1 due to the position of the predicted signal peptide cleavage site. These data are important to a comprehensive understanding of MHC class II structure-function and for mechanistic studies of rat models of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Ettinger
- Robert H. Williams Lab, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357710, 1959 NE Pacific St, HSB K-165, Seattle, WA 98195-7710, USA.
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Martinez NR, Augstein P, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, Gregori S, Adorini L, Jackson DC, Harrison LC. Disabling an integral CTL epitope allows suppression of autoimmune diabetes by intranasal proinsulin peptide. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200317166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Martinez NR, Augstein P, Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK, Gregori S, Adorini L, Jackson DC, Harrison LC. Disabling an integral CTL epitope allows suppression of autoimmune diabetes by intranasal proinsulin peptide. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1365-71. [PMID: 12727928 PMCID: PMC154446 DOI: 10.1172/jci17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a major target of the autoimmune response associated with destruction of pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes. A peptide that spans the junction of the insulin B chain and the connecting (C) peptide in proinsulin has been reported to stimulate T cells from humans at risk for type 1 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice. Here we show that proinsulin B24-C36 peptide binds to I-A(g7), the MHC class II molecule of the NOD mouse, and, after intranasal administration, induces regulatory CD4(+) T cells that, in the absence of CD8(+) T cells, block the adoptive transfer of diabetes. Curiously, however, intranasal B24-C36 did not inhibit development of spontaneous diabetes in treated mice. We then determined that B24-C36, and its core sequence B25-C34, bind to K(d), the NOD mouse MHC class I molecule, and elicit CD8(+) CTLs. When the CD8(+) T lymphocyte epitope was truncated at the C34 valine anchor residue for binding to K(d), the residual CD4(+) T cell epitope, B24-C32/33, significantly inhibited diabetes development after a single intranasal dose. This study identifies a novel CTL epitope in proinsulin and demonstrates that the therapeutic potential of a "tolerogenic" autoantigen peptide can be compromised by the presence of an integral CTL epitope.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Epitopes
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Models, Molecular
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Proinsulin/chemistry
- Proinsulin/genetics
- Proinsulin/metabolism
- Proinsulin/therapeutic use
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Martinez
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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Münz C, Hofmann M, Yoshida K, Moustakas AK, Kikutani H, Stevanoviç S, Papadopoulos GK, Rammensee HG. Peptide analysis, stability studies, and structural modeling explain contradictory peptide motifs and unique properties of the NOD mouse MHC class II molecule H2-A(g7). Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:2105-16. [PMID: 12209622 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200208)32:8<2105::aid-immu2105>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class II molecule H2-A(g7) is the chief genetic determinant in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Poor peptide binding ability, as well as presentation of a unique subset of peptides by this molecule was suggested to promote autoimmunity in this strain. However, several laboratories have presented results in favor of an H2-A(g7) molecule that can avidly bind many different peptides. The crystal structures of H2-A(g7) in complex with two different peptides did not completely resolve this issue. To analyze the peptide binding capacity and the motif requirements of H2-A(g7), we eluted natural ligands from purified H2-A(g7) molecules isolated from the H2-A(g7)-transfected M12-C3 cells. A low peptide yield dominated by a few peptide ligands was found. Pool sequencing and alignment of individual ligands on the basis of molecular modeling revealed a peptide-binding motif with basic/aliphatic/small hydrophilic amino acids at relative position 1 (p1), aliphatic amino acids at p4, Ala at p6, and acidic amino acids and Ser/Gly at p9, as well as acidic residues at p10/11. Though weak, the binding of individual ligands, as well as the importance of an acidic C-terminal residue was confirmed by peptide binding studies to isolated H2-A(g7) molecules. Furthermore, the H2-A(g7) molecule incompletely dissociated into its constituent chains in SDS-electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. This provides additional evidence of its weak affinity for peptides, which probably arises from the combination of beta56His/beta57Ser/beta78Ala and other unique H2-A(g7) residues in contact with the antigenic peptide. These results allow a better understanding of the role of this molecule in the development of autoimmunity and the identification of epitopes relevant to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Moustakas AK, Papadopoulos GK. Molecular properties of HLA-DQ alleles conferring susceptibility to or protection from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: keys to the fate of islet beta-cells. Am J Med Genet 2002; 115:37-47. [PMID: 12116175 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex Class II alleles, HLA-DQ, and the related HLA-DR, are the chief genetic elements of human type 1 diabetes. These genes code for polymorphic heterodimeric proteins, whose chief function is to trap peptide antigens in the endosome and present them on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages) to CD4(+) T helper cells. A systematic investigation of the molecular properties of HLA-DQ alleles linked to susceptibility or resistance to type 1 diabetes has shown that these properties segregate along lines of susceptibility or resistance. A correlation of these features with the function of each particular segment of the HLA-DQ molecule yields interesting insights into the possible pathways leading to type 1 diabetes. There remain, however, areas to be clarified, including mechanisms by which dominant protection is conferred by certain alleles, the interplay between HLA-DQ and the related locus HLA-DR, that also shows autoantigen-specific reactivity, and the cross-Class help delivered to CD8(+) T cells, the final effectors in pancreatic beta-cell destruction. Clarification of these issues may lead to ways to prevent diabetes in predisposed individuals already exhibiting the genetic and immunological characteristics, and perhaps a cure in those with the disease, by means of transplantation, and measures for prevention of disease recurrence.
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Wong FS, Moustakas AK, Wen L, Papadopoulos GK, Janeway CA. Analysis of structure and function relationships of an autoantigenic peptide of insulin bound to H-2K(d) that stimulates CD8 T cells in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5551-6. [PMID: 11943852 PMCID: PMC122807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.072037299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of MHC-peptide complexes by T cells is governed by structural considerations that are determined by the sequences of the individual components and their interaction with each other. We have studied the function of a highly diabetogenic CD8 T cell clone that is specific for insulin B15-23:H-2K(d). We have then related this to modeled MHC-peptide structures. The native peptide binds poorly to H-2K(d), because of the small glycine residue at peptide position p9 that is incapable of productive interactions with the hydrophobic residues of pocket F. In addition, electrostatic repulsions between the peptide glutamate residue at position 7 and 152D of the MHC molecule heavy chain contribute to the poor binding. However, B chain peptide 15-23 bound to K(d) shows excellent T cell stimulation and the induction of CD8 cytotoxic T cells. Peptide substitution has also shown that p6G is likely to be a T cell antigen receptor interaction site. Our studies have shown that the predictions seen in the models correlate closely with the observed effects in functional assays and provide insight into how this peptide, which would not be predicted to stimulate these cells on H-2K(d) binding studies alone, could activate such highly pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Susan Wong
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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Reichstetter S, Papadopoulos GK, Moustakas AK, Swanson E, Liu AW, Beheray S, Ettinger RA, Nepom GT, Kwok WW. Mutational analysis of critical residues determining antigen presentation and activation of HLA-DQ0602 restricted T-cell clones. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:185-93. [PMID: 11872236 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three different HLA-DQ0602 restricted T-lymphocyte clones (clones 5, 44, and 48) specific for two different Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) VP16 peptides were used in a series of proliferation assays with BLS-1 cell lines expressing mutated HLA-DQ0604 molecules as APC. Up to four residues in the peptide-binding region of DQ0604 were replaced by the respective DQ0602 residue. For all three clones, residue beta70 played a crucial role in TCR recognition; beta30 and beta57 were important, although beta86 was less significant. Clone 5 and 48, specific to the HSV-2 VP16 369--379 peptide, responded to the same mutated DQ0604 molecules. Both clones could be stimulated only when the antigen presenting DQ molecule contained the DQ0602-like Gly at position beta70. Stimulation of clone 44, which recognized a different HSV-2 VP16 epitope (VP16 40-50), was less restricted. Molecular homology modeling showed that the beta70Arg of DQ0604 partially covered the peptide around P5/P6. Interactions of beta70 with residues from the antigen-peptide and polymorphic residues at positions beta30 and beta57 can modulate this effect. Supported by molecular modeling data, we conclude that the distinct molecular topography of DQ0602 is not contributed by a single residue, but rather the interactions of various polymorphic DQ residues with particular antigenic peptides.
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Abstract
Human CD4 T cell responses to an epitope of hGAD65 (GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase), residues 555-567, are modulated by interaction with an altered peptide ligand containing modifications at TCR contact residues. Using different HLA-DR4 molecules with polymorphisms at sites corresponding to peptide binding pockets p1 and p9, we tested the effect of additional modifications in the altered peptide ligand (APL) designed to increase the avidity of the MHC-peptide interaction and therefore the efficiency of TCR signaling. Modification of the peptide or the MHC molecule which enhanced the p1 interaction also enhanced the antagonist activity of the modified APL. In contrast, modifications at p9 led to a reversal in APL function, resulting in agonist activity. Molecular homology modeling of these MHC-peptide interactions suggests a structural basis for this functional dichotomy in which topographically remote variations lead to unique interaction effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Masewicz
- Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Research Center, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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Moustakas AK, van de Wal Y, Routsias J, Kooy YM, van Veelen P, Drijfhout JW, Koning F, Papadopoulos GK. Structure of celiac disease-associated HLA-DQ8 and non-associated HLA-DQ9 alleles in complex with two disease-specific epitopes. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1157-66. [PMID: 10917890 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.8.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of celiac disease (CD) with HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 is indicative of preferential mucosal T cell recognition of gluten fragments bound to either DQ allele. We have recently identified two gluten-derived, HLA-DQ8-restricted T cell stimulatory peptides, one each from gliadin and glutenin, recognized by specific T cell clones derived from the small intestine of CD patients. We have now performed molecular modeling and examined the fine specificity of these peptides in complex with HLA-DQ8. There is only one binding register for both peptides, with glutamine residues at the p1 and p9 anchor positions. Both T cell clones recognize substituted peptides at p1 and p9, but poorly so at p2-p8, especially the gliadin-specific clone. Contrasting patterns of recognition of p9Gln --> Glu peptide variants (both predicted as better DQ8 binders by modeling) were observed: enhancement of recognition for the gliadin peptide, yet complete absence thereof for the glutenin peptide. The double-substituted gliadin peptide variant p1/9Gln --> Glu, which can also arise by pepsin/acid/transglutaminase treatment, shows a considerable increase in sensitivity of recognition, consistent with better binding of this peptide to DQ8, as predicted by energy minimization. Surprisingly, the two native peptides are also recognized by their respective T cell clones in the context of the related molecule HLA-DQ9 (beta57Asp(+)). The p1/9Gln --> Glu gliadin peptide variant is likewise recognized, albeit with a 10-fold lower sensitivity, the first reported p9Glu binding in a beta57Asp(+) MHC II allele. Our results have important implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and the possible manipulation of aberrant responses thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Moustakas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, 47100 Arta, Greece
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Moustakas AK, Routsias J, Papadopoulos GK. Modelling of the MHC II allele I-A(g7) of NOD mouse: pH-dependent changes in specificity at pockets 9 and 6 explain several of the unique properties of this molecule. Diabetologia 2000; 43:609-24. [PMID: 10855536 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We modelled the three-dimensional structure of I-A(g7), the chief genetic component of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice, to understand the unusual properties of this molecule. METHODS Modelling was done, in complex with established antigenic peptides, based on the structure of I-A(k). RESULTS The selectivity of the I-A(g7) molecule changes greatly at pockets 9 and 6 but hardly at all at pockets 1, 4 and 7, between endosomal pH (5.0) and extracellular pH (7.0), in agreement with previous results. This selectivity is attributed to the unique combination of beta9His, beta56His and beta57Ser. The positive charges in and around pocket 9 at pH 5, favour binding by negatively charged residues. At pH 7 however, the uncharged alpha68, beta9 and beta56 histidines favour the accommodation of the bulky residues lysine, arginine, phenylalanine and tyrosine at pocket 9. The combination of beta9His and alpha66Glu is responsible for the pH-dependent selectivity at pocket 6. Furthermore, the lack of repulsion between beta56His and alpha76Arg at pH 7 leads to a more stable ternary complex. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION These results reconcile previous conflicts over the peptide binding ability of I-A(g7) and its motif. They furthermore provide possible explanations for the short lifetime of cell-surface I-A(g7) complexes in vivo, the higher threshold of thymic negative selection and inherent self-reactivity shown by immunocytes in these mice and the protection from diabetes afforded to them by several transgenically expressed mouse class II alleles. This contributes to an understanding of the pathogenesis of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Moustakas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
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