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Klebanoff CA, Chandran SS, Baker BM, Quezada SA, Ribas A. T cell receptor therapeutics: immunological targeting of the intracellular cancer proteome. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:996-1017. [PMID: 37891435 PMCID: PMC10947610 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is a naturally occurring antigen sensor that detects, amplifies and coordinates cellular immune responses to epitopes derived from cell surface and intracellular proteins. Thus, TCRs enable the targeting of proteins selectively expressed by cancer cells, including neoantigens, cancer germline antigens and viral oncoproteins. As such, TCRs have provided the basis for an emerging class of oncology therapeutics. Herein, we review the current cancer treatment landscape using TCRs and TCR-like molecules. This includes adoptive cell transfer of T cells expressing endogenous or engineered TCRs, TCR bispecific engagers and antibodies specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-bound peptides (TCR mimics). We discuss the unique complexities associated with the clinical development of these therapeutics, such as HLA restriction, TCR retrieval, potency assessment and the potential for cross-reactivity. In addition, we highlight emerging clinical data that establish the antitumour potential of TCR-based therapies, including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, for the treatment of diverse human malignancies. Finally, we explore the future of TCR therapeutics, including emerging genome editing methods to safely enhance potency and strategies to streamline patient identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Smita S Chandran
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
- The Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, ID, USA
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Achilles Therapeutics, London, UK
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Gunasinghe SD, Peres NG, Goyette J, Gaus K. Biomechanics of T Cell Dysfunctions in Chronic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:600829. [PMID: 33717081 PMCID: PMC7948521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions during chronic diseases is critical in developing effective immunotherapies. As demonstrated by several animal models and human studies, T cell dysfunctions are induced during chronic diseases, spanning from infections to cancer. Although factors governing the onset and the extent of the functional impairment of T cells can differ during infections and cancer, most dysfunctional phenotypes share common phenotypic traits in their immune receptor and biophysical landscape. Through the latest developments in biophysical techniques applied to explore cell membrane and receptor-ligand dynamics, we are able to dissect and gain further insights into the driving mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions. These insights may prove useful in developing immunotherapies aimed at reinvigorating our immune system to fight off infections and malignancies more effectively. The recent success with checkpoint inhibitors in treating cancer opens new avenues to develop more effective, targeted immunotherapies. Here, we highlight the studies focused on the transformation of the biophysical landscape during infections and cancer, and how T cell biomechanics shaped the immunopathology associated with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith D Gunasinghe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Newton G Peres
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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4
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5
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van den Heuvel H, Heutinck KM, van der Meer-Prins EMW, Franke-van Dijk MEI, van Miert PPMC, Zhang X, Ten Berge IJM, Claas FHJ. The avidity of cross-reactive virus-specific T cells for their viral and allogeneic epitopes is variable and depends on epitope expression. Hum Immunol 2017; 79:39-50. [PMID: 29100943 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus-specific T cells can recognize allogeneic HLA (allo-HLA) through cross-reactivity of their T-cell receptor (TCR). In a transplantation setting, such allo-HLA cross-reactivity may contribute to harmful immune responses towards the allograft, provided that the cross-reactive T cells get sufficiently activated upon recognition of the allo-HLA. An important determinant of T-cell activation is TCR avidity, which to date, has remained largely unexplored for allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific T cells. For this purpose, cold target inhibition assays were performed using allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific memory CD8+ T-cell clones as responders, and syngeneic cells loaded with viral peptide and allogeneic cells as hot (radioactively-labeled) and cold (non-radioactively-labeled) targets. CD8 dependency of the T-cell responses was assessed using interferon γ (IFNγ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the presence and absence of CD8-blocking antibodies. At high viral-peptide loading concentrations, T-cell clones consistently demonstrated lower avidity for allogeneic versus viral epitopes, but at suboptimal concentrations the opposite was observed. In line, anti-viral reactivity was CD8 independent at high, but not at suboptimal viral-peptide-loading concentrations. The avidity of allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells is therefore highly dependent on epitope expression, and as a consequence, can be both higher and lower for allogeneic versus viral targets under different (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen van den Heuvel
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirstin M Heutinck
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M W van der Meer-Prins
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marry E I Franke-van Dijk
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paula P M C van Miert
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke J M Ten Berge
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Morel PA, Faeder JR, Hawse WF, Miskov-Zivanov N. Modeling the T cell immune response: a fascinating challenge. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:401-13. [PMID: 25155903 PMCID: PMC4210366 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is designed to protect the organism from infection and to repair damaged tissue. An effective response requires recognition of the threat, the appropriate effector mechanism to clear the pathogen and a return to homeostasis with minimal damage to self-tissues. T cells play a central role in orchestrating the immune response at all stages of the response and have been the subject of intense study by both experimental immunologists and modelers. This review examines some of the more critical questions in T cell biology and describes the latest attempts to address those questions using approaches that combine mathematical modeling and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1055, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,
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7
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Meyer SA, Auguié B, Le Ru EC, Etchegoin PG. Combined SPR and SERS microscopy in the Kretschmann configuration. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1000-7. [PMID: 22175443 DOI: 10.1021/jp2107507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel hybrid spectroscopic technique is proposed, combining surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) microscopy. A standard Raman microscope is modified to accommodate the excitation of surface plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) on flat metallic surfaces in the Kretschmann configuration, while retaining the capabilities of Raman microscopy. The excitation of SPPs is performed as in standard SPR-microscopy; namely, a beam with TM-polarization traverses off-axis a high numerical aperture oil immersion objective, illuminating at an angle the metallic film from the (glass) substrate side. The same objective is used to collect the full Kretschmann cone containing the SERS emission on the substrate side. The angular dispersion of the plasmon resonance is measured in reflectivity for different coupling conditions and, simultaneously, SERS spectra are recorded from Nile Blue (NB) molecules adsorbed onto the surface. A trade-off is identified between the conditions of optimum coupling to SPPs and the spot size (which is related to the spatial resolution). This technique opens new horizons for SERS microscopy with uniform enhancement on flat surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Meyer
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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8
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Meyer SA, Le Ru EC, Etchegoin PG. Combining Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Anal Chem 2011; 83:2337-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103273r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A. Meyer
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Eric C. Le Ru
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Pablo G. Etchegoin
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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9
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Wan S, Coveney PV, Flower DR. Peptide recognition by the T cell receptor: comparison of binding free energies from thermodynamic integration, Poisson-Boltzmann and linear interaction energy approximations. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2005; 363:2037-53. [PMID: 16099765 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The binding to the T cell receptor of wild-type and variant HTLV-1 Tax peptide complexed to the major histocompatibility complex has been investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energy difference is calculated using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area and linear interaction energy methods. These methods extract useful information on the binding energetics from simulations of the physical states of the ligands, which are more computationally expedient than the commonly used thermodynamic integration method. The successful reproduction of the relative binding free energies shows that these methods can be useful for free energy calculations and the rational design of drugs and vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Computer Simulation
- Energy Transfer
- Gene Products, tax/chemistry
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Humans
- Linear Models
- Mathematical Computing
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Immunological
- Models, Molecular
- Models, Statistical
- Poisson Distribution
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Systems Integration
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunzhou Wan
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, UK
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10
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Schuck P, Boyd LF, Andersen PS. Measuring Protein Interactions by Optical Biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; Chapter 17:Unit 17.6. [DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1706s22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Clay TM, Morse M, Lyerly HK. Redirecting cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses with T-cell receptor transgenes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:353-60. [PMID: 11955274 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In cancer and viral diseases, a great deal of research has focused on generating T-cell responses that might prove therapeutic. These efforts stem from our understanding of the immune system. It is known that the natural immune response can protect or suppress some viral infections and it is hoped that a potent T-cell mediated immune response might also be harnessed to fight cancer. Immunotherapy is a particularly attractive candidate therapy for the treatment of metastatic cancer because of the immune systems capacity for body wide surveillance. Since the generation of T cell clones is a laborious task and it is often impossible to derive T cell clones of the desired specificity and function from many individuals, especially in a timely fashion required for therapeutic interventions, T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer has a lot of appeal. TCR gene transfer seeks to transfer the antigen specificity of a T cell clone to other T cells. This article will review the last 15 years of research in TCR gene transfer since the first successful TCR gene transfer experiment, and seeks to give an insight into the areas of investigation currently being pursued to improve on current results and move TCR gene transfer into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Clay
- Duke University Medical Center, Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, Durham NC 27710, USA.
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12
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Abrantes M, Magone MT, Boyd LF, Schuck P. Adaptation of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor with microfluidics for use with small sample volumes and long contact times. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2828-35. [PMID: 11467523 DOI: 10.1021/ac0100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient delivery of sample to surface-immobilized sites is a key element in biosensing. For a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor, this has been addressed by constant flow through a microfluidic system with a sample injection loop (Sjölander, S.; Urbaniczky, C. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 2338-2345). The present study describes an alternative mode of sample delivery without constant unidirectional flow. It was implemented on a commercial Biacore X SPR biosensor equipped with a microfluidic cartridge, but with the fluidic handling performed by an externally computer-controlled syringe pump. We demonstrate that sample volumes as low as 2 microL can be reproducibly positioned to cover the sensor surfaces, manipulated in a serial fashion, efficiently mixed by applying an oscillatory flow pattern, and fully recovered. Compared to the traditional continuous unidirectional flow configuration, we found very similar kinetic responses at high analyte concentrations and slightly slower responses at low concentrations, most likely due to depletion of analyte from the small sample volumes due to surface binding. With the antibody-antigen systems tested, binding parameters were obtained that are generally within 10% of those from conventional experiments. In the new configuration, biosensor experiments can be conducted without the usual constraints in the surface contact time that are correlated with sample volume and mass transport rate. This can translate to improved detection limits for slow reactions and can facilitate kinetic and thermodynamic binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abrantes
- Molecular Interactions Resource, Division of Bioengineering and Physical Science, ORS, OD, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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13
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Drake DR, Braciale TJ. Cutting edge: lipid raft integrity affects the efficiency of MHC class I tetramer binding and cell surface TCR arrangement on CD8+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7009-13. [PMID: 11390443 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physically distinct cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich plasma membrane microdomains, so-called lipid rafts, have been recognized to play an important regulatory role in various cellular processes, from membrane trafficking to signal transduction, in a number of cell types. We report here that the ability of TCR on activated, functional CD8+ T lymphocytes to efficiently bind MHC class I tetramer complexes is dependent on the integrity of lipid rafts on the T lymphocyte membrane. We further provide evidence that TCR interact (associate) with lipid raft elements on the T cell surface before receptor engagement and that the topological arrangement of TCR on the cell surface is likewise influenced by lipid raft integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Drake
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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14
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Bercovici N, Duffour MT, Agrawal S, Salcedo M, Abastado JP. New methods for assessing T-cell responses. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:859-64. [PMID: 11063487 PMCID: PMC95974 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.6.859-864.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Bercovici
- IDM (Immuno-Designed Molecules), Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.
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15
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Slansky JE, Rattis FM, Boyd LF, Fahmy T, Jaffee EM, Schneck JP, Margulies DH, Pardoll DM. Enhanced antigen-specific antitumor immunity with altered peptide ligands that stabilize the MHC-peptide-TCR complex. Immunity 2000; 13:529-38. [PMID: 11070171 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell responsiveness to an epitope is affected both by its affinity for the presenting MHC molecule and the affinity of the MHC-peptide complex for TCR. One limitation of cancer immunotherapy is that natural tumor antigens elicit relatively weak T cell responses, in part because high-affinity T cells are rendered tolerant to these antigens. We report here that amino acid substitutions in a natural MHC class I-restricted tumor antigen that increase the stability of the MHC-peptide-TCR complex are significantly more potent as tumor vaccines. The improved immunity results from enhanced in vivo expansion of T cells specific for the natural tumor epitope. These results indicate peptides that stabilize the MHC-peptide-TCR complex may provide superior antitumor immunity through enhanced stimulation of specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Slansky
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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16
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Satpaev DK, Slepak VZ. Analysis of protein-protein interactions in phototransduction cascade using surface plasmon resonance. Methods Enzymol 2000; 316:20-40. [PMID: 10800666 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)16714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D K Satpaev
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33136, USA
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17
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Natarajan K, Boyd LF, Schuck P, Yokoyama WM, Eliat D, Margulies DH. Interaction of the NK cell inhibitory receptor Ly49A with H-2Dd: identification of a site distinct from the TCR site. Immunity 1999; 11:591-601. [PMID: 10591184 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cell function is controlled by interaction of NK receptors with MHC I molecules expressed on target cells. We describe the binding of bacterially expressed Ly49A, the prototype murine NK inhibitory receptor, to similarly engineered H-2Dd. Despite its homology to C-type lectins, Ly49A binds independently of carbohydrate and Ca2+ and shows specificity for MHC I but not bound peptide. The affinity of the Ly49A/H-2Dd interaction as determined by surface plasmon resonance is from 6 to 26 microM at 25 degrees C and is greater by ultracentrifugation at 4 degrees C. Biotinylated Ly49A stains H-2Dd-expressing cells. Competition experiments indicate that the Ly49A and T cell receptor (TCR) binding sites on MHC I are distinct, suggesting complex regulation of cells that bear both TCR and NK cell receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- Biotinylation
- Calcium/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Folding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Ultracentrifugation
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Affiliation(s)
- K Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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18
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Abstract
Superantigens (SAGs) are a class of immunostimulatory and disease-causing proteins of bacterial or viral origin with the ability to activate large fractions (5-20%) of the T cell population. Activation requires simultaneous interaction of the SAG with the V beta domain of the T cell receptor (TCR) and with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. Recent advances in knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of bacterial SAGs, and of their complexes with MHC class II molecules and the TCR beta chain, provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of T cell activation by these potent mitogens. These structures along with those of TCR-peptide/MHC complexes reveal how SAGs circumvent the normal mechanism for T cell activation by peptide/MHC and how they stimulate T cells expressing TCR beta chains from a number of different families, resulting in polyclonal T cell activation. The crystal structures also provide insights into the basis for the specificity of different SAGs for particular TCR beta chains, and for the observed influence of the TCR alpha chain on SAG reactivity. These studies open the way to the design of SAG variants with altered binding properties for TCR and MHC for use as tools in dissecting structure-activity relationships in this system.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Foodborne Diseases/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Macromolecular Substances
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Superantigens/administration & dosage
- Superantigens/chemistry
- Superantigens/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville 20850, USA
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19
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Schuck P, Boyd LF, Andersen PS. Measuring Protein Interactions by Optical Biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999; Chapter 20:Unit20.2. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2002s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Andersen PS, Lavoie PM, Sékaly RP, Churchill H, Kranz DM, Schlievert PM, Karjalainen K, Mariuzza RA. Role of the T cell receptor alpha chain in stabilizing TCR-superantigen-MHC class II complexes. Immunity 1999; 10:473-83. [PMID: 10229190 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens (SAGs) activate T cells by simultaneously binding the Vbeta domain of the TCR and MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. The preferential expression of certain Valpha regions among SAG-reactive T cells has suggested that the TCR alpha chain may modulate the level of activation through an interaction with MHC. We demonstrate that the TCR alpha chain is required for maximum stabilization of the TCR-SAG-MHC complex and that the alpha chain increases the half-life of the complex to match those of TCR-peptide/MHC complexes. The site on the TCR alpha chain responsible for these effects is CDR2. Thus, the overall stability of the TCR-SAG-MHC complex is determined by the combination of three distinct interactions: TCR-SAG, SAG-MHC, and MHC-TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Animals
- Enterotoxins/chemistry
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/chemistry
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Superantigens/chemistry
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Andersen
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville 20850, USA
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21
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White J, Crawford F, Fremont D, Marrack P, Kappler J. Soluble Class I MHC with β2-Microglobulin Covalently Linked Peptides: Specific Binding to a T Cell Hybridoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Soluble forms of the mouse MHC class I molecule, Dd, were produced in which the peptide binding groove was uniformly occupied by peptides attached via a covalent flexible peptide linker to the N terminus of the associated β2-microglobulin. The MHC heavy chain and β2-microglobulin were firmly associated, and the molecules displayed an Ab epitope requiring proper occupancy of the peptide binding groove. Soluble Dd containing a covalent version of a well-characterized Dd-binding peptide from HIV stimulated a T cell hybridoma specific for this combination. Furthermore, a tetravalent version of this molecule bound specifically with apparent high avidity to this hybridoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice White
- *Division of Basic Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Frances Crawford
- *Division of Basic Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Daved Fremont
- †Department of Pathology, Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Philippa Marrack
- *Division of Basic Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- ‡Departments of Immunology and of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Genetics, and
| | - John Kappler
- *Division of Basic Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- §Departments of Immunology, Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO 80262
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22
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Niedergang F, Dautry-Varsat A, Alcover A. Cooperative Activation of TCRs by Enterotoxin Superantigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus enterotoxin superantigens are potent T cell activators. To gain new insights into the mechanism of T cell activation induced by these superantigens, we investigated the recruitment of signaling molecules in this process. Here, we show that enterotoxin superantigen activation can be transmitted to TCR-CD3 complexes that did not interact with their ligand. Indeed, by studying cells expressing two distinct TCRs, we found that enterotoxin superantigens induced tyrosine phosphorylation of TCRζ subunits, the recruitment and tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, and an increase in protein tyrosine kinase activity of both directly stimulated and unstimulated TCR-CD3 complexes. As the involvement of unstimulated TCR-CD3 complexes in signal transduction would increase the number of signaling molecules and, therefore, the efficiency of T cell activation, these data provide a novel explanation for the ability of enterotoxin superantigens to potently activate T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Niedergang
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alice Dautry-Varsat
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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23
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Zarling AL, Lee DR. Conversion of a human immunodeficiency virus cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope into a high affinity HLA-Cw3 ligand. Hum Immunol 1998; 59:472-82. [PMID: 9712350 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the residues important for the binding of peptides to HLA-Cw3, a substitutional analysis of two HLA-Cw*0304-binding peptides was performed. The optimal registry and length for a Cw3-restricted epitope from HIV-1 p24gag was determined to be a nonamer, p24gag 144-152. Substituted analogs of this nonamer peptide revealed that substitutions at position 3 (P3) and the carboxyl-terminal P9 were inhibitory to binding, while certain substitutions at the amino-terminal P1 or P2 increased binding significantly. Substituted analogs of another Cw3-restricted peptide, the Cw3 consensus peptide, which binds to HLA-Cw*0304 with a 1,000-fold higher affinity and with a greater stability than the HIV p24gag nonamer revealed that the P1, P2, P6, and P9 residues play important roles in the ligand's binding to Cw*0304. The incorporation of the amino-terminal P1 and P2 residues from the Cw3 consensus peptide into the HIV p24gag 144-152 peptide created a hybrid peptide with profoundly enhanced affinity for and stability with Cw*0304. Collectively, these findings provide a clear insight into how peptides interact with HLA-Cw3 and how high affinity Cw3 ligands can be constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Zarling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212, USA
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24
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Zhong G, Reis e Sousa C, Germain RN. Production, specificity, and functionality of monoclonal antibodies to specific peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II complexes formed by processing of exogenous protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:13856-61. [PMID: 9391117 PMCID: PMC28397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/1997] [Accepted: 09/17/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several unanswered questions in T cell immunobiology relating to intracellular processing or in vivo antigen presentation could be approached if convenient, specific, and sensitive reagents were available for detecting the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II ligands recognized by alphabeta T cell receptors. For this reason, we have developed a method using homogeneously loaded peptide-MHC class II complexes to generate and select specific mAb reactive with these structures using hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and I-Ak as a model system. mAbs specific for either HEL-(46-61)-Ak or HEL-(116-129)-Ak have been isolated. They cross-react with a small subset of I-Ak molecules loaded with self peptides but can nonetheless be used for flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and intracellular immunofluorescence to detect specific HEL peptide-MHC class II complexes formed by either peptide exposure or natural processing of native HEL. An example of the utility of these reagents is provided herein by using one of the anti-HEL-(46-61)-Ak specific mAbs to visualize intracellular compartments where I-Ak is loaded with HEL-derived peptides early after antigen administration. Other uses, especially for in vivo tracking of specific ligand-bearing antigen-presenting cells, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhong
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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25
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Malmqvist M, Karlsson R. Biomolecular interaction analysis: affinity biosensor technologies for functional analysis of proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1997; 1:378-83. [PMID: 9667873 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(97)80077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of affinity-based biosensors has permitted label-free functional analysis of biomolecular interactions in real time. A variety of methods are now based on BIACORE and IAsys technology and have mainly been used to determine kinetics and affinity constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malmqvist
- Biacore AB Rapsgatan 7, S-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Schuck P. Reliable determination of binding affinity and kinetics using surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997; 8:498-502. [PMID: 9265731 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress has been made in the identification of experimental and analytical procedures that allow for a more reliable determination of equilibrium and kinetic constants. Possible origins of the frequently observed deviations of the measured binding progress from that expected for chemical binding of pseudo-first order, and appropriate experimental controls have been proposed. Improved analytical approaches include the application of global analysis and analytical corrections for the influence of mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schuck
- Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5766, USA.
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27
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Margulies DH. Interactions of TCRs with MHC-peptide complexes: a quantitative basis for mechanistic models. Curr Opin Immunol 1997; 9:390-5. [PMID: 9203420 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(97)80086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes is initiated by the binding of MHC-peptide complexes on antigen-presenting cells to MHC-restricted, peptide specific TCRs. Significant progress has recently been made in understanding the structure of the TCR and in the direct quantitative examination of the primary binding interactions between MHC-peptide complexes and the TCR. Attempts to develop quantitative models for the differential activation of T cells by MHC-peptide ligands that differ subtly in their structure have largely been based on either the affinity of the MHC-peptide complexes for the TCR in question or on the dissociation kinetics of the MHC-peptide complex from the T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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28
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van der Merwe PA, Bodian DL, Daenke S, Linsley P, Davis SJ. CD80 (B7-1) binds both CD28 and CTLA-4 with a low affinity and very fast kinetics. J Exp Med 1997; 185:393-403. [PMID: 9053440 PMCID: PMC2196039 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.3.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/1996] [Revised: 11/07/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The structurally related T cell surface molecules CD28 and CTLA-4 interact with cell surface ligands CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and modulate T cell antigen recognition. Preliminary reports have suggested that CD80 binds CTLA-4 and CD28 with affinities (Kd values approximately 12 and approximately 200 nM, respectively) that are high when compared with other molecular interactions that contribute to T cell-APC recognition. In the present study, we use surface plasmon resonance to measure the affinity and kinetics of CD80 binding to CD28 and CTLA-4. At 37 degrees C, soluble recombinant CD80 bound to CTLA-4 and CD28 with Kd values of 0.42 and 4 microM, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated that these low affinities were the result of very fast dissociation rate constants (k(off)); sCD80 dissociated from CD28 and CTLA-4 with k(off) values of > or = 1.6 and > or = 0.43 s-1, respectively. Such rapid binding kinetics have also been reported for the T cell adhesion molecule CD2 and may be necessary to accommodate-dynamic T cell-APC contacts and to facilitate scanning of APC for antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A van der Merwe
- Medical Research Council Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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29
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Kinetic analysis of macromolecular interactions using surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997; 8:50-7. [PMID: 9013659 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance based biosensors are being used to define the kinetics of a wide variety of macromolecular interactions. As the popularity of this approach grows, experimental design and data analysis methods continue to evolve. These advances are making it possible to accurately define the assembly mechanisms and rate constants associated with macromolecular interactions.
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30
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Schuck P. Use of surface plasmon resonance to probe the equilibrium and dynamic aspects of interactions between biological macromolecules. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1997; 26:541-66. [PMID: 9241429 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance biosensors have become increasingly popular for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the specific binding of a mobile reactant to a binding partner immobilized on the sensor surface. This article reviews the use of this new technique to measure the binding affinities and the kinetic constants of reversible interactions between biological macromolecules. Immobilization techniques, the most commonly employed experimental strategies, and various analytical approaches are summarized. In recent years, several sources of potential artifacts have been identified: immobilization of the binding partner, steric hindrance of binding to adjacent binding sites at the sensor surface, and finite rate of mass transport of the mobile reactant to the sensor surface. Described here is the influence of these artifacts on the measured binding kinetics and equilibria, together with suggested control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schuck
- Section of Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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