1
|
Takahashi M, Sakamoto K. Engineering of Escherichia coli β-lactamase TEM-1 variants showing higher activity under acidic conditions than at the neutral pH. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:333-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
2
|
Molecular Consortia-Various Structural and Synthetic Concepts for More Effective Therapeutics Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041104. [PMID: 29642417 PMCID: PMC5979569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and discovery of novel drug candidates are the initial and most probably the crucial steps in the drug development process. One of the tasks of medicinal chemistry is to produce new molecules that have a desired biological effect. However, even today the search for new pharmaceuticals is a very complicated process that is hard to rationalize. Literature provides many scientific reports on future prospects of design of potentially useful drugs. Many trends have been proposed for the design of new drugs containing different structures (dimers, heterodimers, heteromers, adducts, associates, complexes, biooligomers, dendrimers, dual-, bivalent-, multifunction drugs and codrugs, identical or non-identical twin drugs, mixed or combo drugs, supramolecular particles and various nanoindividuals. Recently much attention has been paid to different strategies of molecular hybridization. In this paper, various molecular combinations were described e.g., drug–drug or drug-non-drug combinations which are expressed in a schematic multi-factor form called a molecular matrix, consisting of four factors: association mode, connection method, and the number of elements and linkers. One of the most popular trends is to create small–small molecule combinations such as different hybrids, codrugs, drug–drug conjugates (DDCs) and small-large molecule combinations such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), polymer-drug conjugates (PDCs) or different prodrugs and macromolecular therapeutics. A review of the structural possibilities of active framework combinations indicates that a wide range of potentially effective novel-type compounds can be formed. What is particularly important is that new therapeutics can be obtained in fast, efficient, and selective methods using current trends in chemical synthesis and the design of drugs such as the “Lego” concept or rational green approach.
Collapse
|
3
|
Grossen P, Witzigmann D, Sieber S, Huwyler J. PEG-PCL-based nanomedicines: A biodegradable drug delivery system and its application. J Control Release 2017; 260:46-60. [PMID: 28536049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of efficient therapeutic options for many severe disorders including cancer spurs demand for improved drug delivery technologies. Nanoscale drug delivery systems based on poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers (PEG-PCL) represent a strategy to implement therapies with enhanced drug accumulation at the site of action and decreased off-target effects. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art nanomedicines based on PEG-PCL that have been investigated in a preclinical setting. We summarize the various synthesis routes and different preparation methods used for the production of PEG-PCL nanoparticles. Additionally, we review physico-chemical properties including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and drug loading. Finally, we highlight recent therapeutic applications investigated in vitro and in vivo using advanced systems such as triggered release, multi-component therapies, theranostics, or gene delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Grossen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sieber
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chakravarty R, Hong H, Cai W. Positron emission tomography image-guided drug delivery: current status and future perspectives. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3777-97. [PMID: 24865108 PMCID: PMC4218872 DOI: 10.1021/mp500173s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Positron
emission tomography (PET) is an important modality in
the field of molecular imaging, which is gradually impacting patient
care by providing safe, fast, and reliable techniques that help to
alter the course of patient care by revealing invasive, de facto procedures
to be unnecessary or rendering them obsolete. Also, PET provides a
key connection between the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology
of disease and the according targeted therapies. Recently, PET imaging
is also gaining ground in the field of drug delivery. Current drug
delivery research is focused on developing novel drug delivery systems
with emphasis on precise targeting, accurate dose delivery, and minimal
toxicity in order to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy. At the
intersection between PET imaging and controlled drug delivery, interest
has grown in combining both these paradigms into clinically effective
formulations. PET image-guided drug delivery has great potential to
revolutionize patient care by in vivo assessment
of drug biodistribution and accumulation at the target site and real-time
monitoring of the therapeutic outcome. The expected end point of this
approach is to provide fundamental support for the optimization of
innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that could contribute
to emerging concepts in the field of “personalized medicine”.
This review focuses on the recent developments in PET image-guided
drug delivery and discusses intriguing opportunities for future development.
The preclinical data reported to date are quite promising, and it
is evident that such strategies in cancer management hold promise
for clinically translatable advances that can positively impact the
overall diagnostic and therapeutic processes and result in enhanced
quality of life for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tong X, Chen X, Li C. Imaging beyond the diagnosis: image-guided enzyme/prodrug cancer therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:4-12. [PMID: 21134886 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal therapy would target cancer cells while sparing normal tissue. However, in most conventional chemotherapies normal cells are damaged together with cancer cells resulting in the unfortunate side effects. The principle underlying enzyme/prodrug therapy is that a prodrug-activating enzyme is delivered or expressed in tumor tissue following which a non-toxic prodrug is administered systemically. Non-invasive imaging modalities can fill an important niche in guiding prodrug administration when the enzyme concentration is detected to be high in the tumor tissue but low in the normal tissue. Therefore, high therapeutic efficacy with minimized toxic effect can be anticipated. This review introduces the latest developments of molecular imaging in enzyme/prodrug cancer therapies. We focus on the application of imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography and optical imaging in monitoring the enzyme delivery/expression, guiding the prodrug administration and evaluating the real-time therapeutic response in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang L, Sun D. Predictive physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1153-65. [PMID: 18356268 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) using anti-TAG-72 antibody and geldanamycin (GA) prodrug were validated in vitro. To understand the complexity and to explore optimal therapeutic regimens for ADEPT in vivo, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) is applied to analyze each anatomical component/organ. The baseline model predicts that active drug tumor/plasma exposure (AUC) ratio is 2-fold, although antibody-enzyme conjugates (AbE) are distributed into tumors up to 9-fold higher than in plasma. However, the active drug tumor/plasma AUC ratio can be increased up to 100-fold when AbE are depleted from plasma. Similarly, the active drug tumor/plasma AUC ratio can be increased from 2- to 6-fold when the intrinsic clearance of AbE is accelerated by 10-fold. Several sensitive parameters are identified: 1) increasing flow inside tumor (J(iso,tumor)) significantly increases active drug tumor/plasma AUC ratio; 2) increasing permeability of prodrug (from range 1.4 x 10(-6) to 1.4 x 10(-4) cm/s) increases active drug tumor/plasma AUC ratio significantly, whereas active drug permeability enhancement (from range 5 x 10(-4) to 5 x 10(-2) cm/s) has minimal effect; 3) decreasing E(max) and increasing EC(50) for converting prodrug to active drug increase tumor/plasma AUC ratio for active drug. The PBPK model predicts that the optimal dosing interval between AbE and prodrug administration is 5 days, the optimal AbE dose is 0.1 B(max), and the optimal dose for GA prodrug is 60 mg/kg. The current PBPK model successfully identifies sensitive parameters and predicts an optimal dosing regimen for ADEPT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanyan Fang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kratz F, Müller I, Ryppa C, Warnecke A. Prodrug Strategies in Anticancer Chemotherapy. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:20-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Sinha SC, Li LS, Watanabe SI, Kaltgrad E, Tanaka F, Rader C, Lerner RA, Barbas CF. Aldolase antibody activation of prodrugs of potent aldehyde-containing cytotoxics for selective chemotherapy. Chemistry 2006; 10:5467-72. [PMID: 15378729 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs of potent aldehyde analogues of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) were synthesized. These prodrugs were efficiently activated by antibody 93F3 and no drug formation was observed in the absence of 93F3 in either phosphate buffered saline or cell culture media. In the presence of antibody 93F3, these prodrugs were activated and decreased the proliferation of human cancer cells in in vitro proliferation assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Sinha
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Asai T, Wims LA, Morrison SL. An interaction between S*tag and S*protein derived from human ribonuclease 1 allows site-specific conjugation of an enzyme to an antibody for targeted drug delivery. J Immunol Methods 2005; 299:63-76. [PMID: 15914191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that an antibody-avidin fusion protein could be used to deliver biotinylated enzymes to tumor cells for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. However, the presence of the chicken protein avidin suggests that immunogenicity may be a problem. To address this concern, we developed a new delivery system consisting of human proteins. The amino-terminal 15-amino-acid peptide derived from human ribonuclease 1 (human S*tag) can bind with high affinity to human S*protein (residues 21-124 of the same ribonuclease). We constructed an antibody-S*protein fusion protein in which S*protein was genetically linked to an anti-rat transferrin receptor IgG3 at the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain. We also constructed an enzyme-S*tag fusion protein in which S*tag was genetically linked to the carboxyl terminus of Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). When these two fusion proteins were mixed, S*tag and S*protein interacted specifically and produced homogeneous antibody/PNP complexes that retained the ability to bind antigen. Furthermore, in the presence of the prodrug 2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine in vitro, the complex efficiently killed rat myeloma cells overexpressing the transferrin receptor. These results suggest that human ribonuclease-based site-specific conjugation can be used in vivo for targeted chemotherapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneaki Asai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Asai T, Trinh R, Ng PP, Penichet ML, Wims LA, Morrison SL. A human biotin acceptor domain allows site-specific conjugation of an enzyme to an antibody-avidin fusion protein for targeted drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:145-55. [PMID: 15748688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously constructed an antibody-avidin (Av) fusion protein, anti-transferrin receptor (TfR) IgG3-Av, which can deliver biotinylated molecules to cells expressing the TfR. We now describe the use of the fusion protein for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). The 67 amino acid carboxyl-terminal domain (P67) of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha subunit can be metabolically biotinylated at a fixed lysine residue. We genetically fused P67 to the carboxyl terminus of the yeast enzyme FCU1, a derivative of cytosine deaminase that can convert the non-toxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine to the cytotoxic agent 5-fluorouracil. When produced in Escherichia coli cells overexpressing a biotin protein ligase, the FCU1-P67 fusion protein was efficiently mono-biotinylated. In the presence of 5-fluorocytosine, the biotinylated fusion protein conjugated to anti-rat TfR IgG3-Av efficiently killed rat Y3-Ag1.2.3 myeloma cells in vitro, while the same protein conjugated to an irrelevant (anti-dansyl) antibody fused to Av showed no cytotoxic effect. Efficient tumor cell killing was also observed when E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase was similarly targeted to the tumor cells in the presence of the prodrug 2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine. These results suggest that when combined with P67-based biotinylation, anti-TfR IgG3-Av could serve as a universal delivery vector for targeted chemotherapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneaki Asai
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paranjpe PV, Chen Y, Kholodovych V, Welsh W, Stein S, Sinko PJ. Tumor-targeted bioconjugate based delivery of camptothecin: design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation. J Control Release 2004; 100:275-92. [PMID: 15544875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) presents numerous challenges associated with optimal transport and delivery including variability in clinically observed effects, low target tissue concentrations and severe and unpredictable toxicity. The objective of the present study was to optimize the delivery of CPT by targeting it to cancer cells using an endogenous receptor system. A novel CPT bioconjugate was synthesized using carbodiimide chemistry with a linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and amino acid glycine as the spacer and linker respectively. Folic acid was used as the targeting ligand to take advantage of folate receptor mediated endocytosis. The bioconjugate was extensively characterized using MALDI, proton NMR, FT-IR and amino acid analysis. Furthermore, the bioconjugate was evaluated in vitro for specific targeting to folate receptor-expressing KB cells, a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Finally, the delivery system was evaluated for cytotoxicity using a MTT based assay. The results indicate significantly higher efficacy of the bioconjugate in comparison to CPT. A control conjugate without PEG demonstrated no improvement in efficacy over untargeted CPT emphasizing the importance of spacer between the anticancer compounds and targeting moiety. This bioconjugate represents the 'first-in-series' of targeted bioconjugates and serves as prototype for improving tumor cell concentration and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj V Paranjpe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sinha SC, Li LS, Miller GP, Dutta S, Rader C, Lerner RA. Prodrugs of dynemicin analogs for selective chemotherapy mediated by an aldolase catalytic Ab. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3095-9. [PMID: 14981258 PMCID: PMC365749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307319101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs of dynemicin analogs were synthesized, and their activation by aldolase antibody (Ab) 38C2 was evaluated by DNA-cleaving activity, as well as tumor cell growth inhibition. Further, we provide evidence that the activated enediynes underwent covalent crosscoupling with the aldolase Ab, which appears to be a limiting factor of their tumor cell growth-inhibiting activity and should be of general interest in the field of enediyne chemotherapy. These findings might open new avenues for defined conjugations of small molecule drugs to mAbs in general and aldolase Abs in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Sinha
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Goldenberg DM, Chang CH, Sharkey RM, Rossi EA, Karacay H, McBride W, Hansen HJ, Chatal JF, Barbet J. Radioimmunotherapy: is avidin-biotin pretargeting the preferred choice among pretargeting methods? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30:777-80. [PMID: 12574971 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-002-1089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Goldenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, 520 Belleville Avenue, NJ 07109-0023, Belleville, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies have drawn considerable attention from the research community due to their unique structure against two different antigens. The two-arm structure of bsMAb allows researchers to place a therapeutic agent on one arm while allowing the other to specifically target the disease site. The therapeutic agent can be a drug, toxin, enzyme, DNA, radionuclide, etc. Furthermore, bsMAb may redirect the cytotoxicity of immune effector cells towards the diseased cells or induce a systemic immune response against the target. BsMAb holds great promise for numerous therapeutic needs in the light of: (1) recent breakthroughs in recombinant DNA technology, (2) the increased number of identified disease targets as the result of the completion of human genomic map project, and (3) a better understanding of the mechanism of human immune system. This review focuses on therapeutic applications and production of bsMAb while providing the up-to-date clinical trial information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Abbott Laboratories, Dept. 04A6, Bldg. AP8B, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kakinuma H, Fujii I, Nishi Y. Selective chemotherapeutic strategies using catalytic antibodies: a common pro-moiety for antibody-directed abzyme prodrug therapy. J Immunol Methods 2002; 269:269-81. [PMID: 12379367 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug activation by catalytic antibodies (abzymes) conjugated with anti-tumor antibodies, called antibody-directed abzyme prodrug therapy (ADAPT), has been proposed as a strategy for site-specific drug delivery systems for anti-tumor drugs. The delivery of abzymes is achieved by making a bi-specific antibody with a monovalent catalytic antibody and a monovalent binding antibody. To achieve ADAPT, we focused on specific requirements for prodrugs and catalytic antibodies, the stability of the prodrugs against natural enzymes, and the applicability of abzymes for a wide range of prodrugs. Attention was paid to the design of a pro-moiety rather than a parent drug. As a common pro-moiety, we chose vitamin B(6), because the bulky vitamin B(6) esters are relatively stable against hydrolytic enzymes in serum. We have generated catalytic antibodies by immunization of a vitamin B(6) phosphonate transition state analog. The elicited antibodies were found to hydrolyze several anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory prodrugs with the vitamin B(6) pro-moiety. Finally, we evaluated antibody-catalyzed prodrug activation by examining the growth inhibition of human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells with the vitamin B(6) ester of butyric acid. These results suggest that the pro-moiety of vitamin B(6) ester is stable enough to resist natural enzymes in serum and is removed by the tailored catalytic antibodies. The combination of catalytic antibodies and prodrugs masked with vitamin B(6) would allow hydrophobic and highly toxic drugs to be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kakinuma
- Laboratory of Life Science and Bimolecular Engineering, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8512, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Satchi-Fainaro R, Wrasidlo W, Lode HN, Shabat D. Synthesis and characterization of a catalytic antibody-HPMA copolymer-Conjugate as a tool for tumor selective prodrug activation. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3023-9. [PMID: 12110325 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective chemotherapy remains a key issue for successful treatment in cancer therapy. The use of targeting approaches like the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of macromolecules, is consequently needed. Here, we report the preparation of a novel catalytic antibody-polymer conjugate for selective prodrug activation. HPMA copolymer was conjugated to catalytic antibody 38C2 through an amide bond formation between epsilon-amino group of lysine residue from the antibody molecule and a p-nitrophenyl ester of the polymer. The conjugate was purified over a size exclusion column using FPLC. In the isolated fraction, one or two molecules of polymer were conjugated to one molecule of antibody based on gel analysis. The resulting conjugate retained most of its catalytic activity (75-81%) in comparison to the free antibody. The activity was monitored with a fluorogenic substrate and a prodrug activation assay using HPLC. Furthermore, the conjugate was evaluated in vitro for its ability to activate an etoposide prodrug using two different cancer cell lines. Cells growth inhibition using the prodrug and the conjugate was almost identical to inhibition by the free antibody and the prodrug. For the first time, a catalytic antibody was conjugated to a passive targeting moiety while retaining its catalytic ability to activate a prodrug. The conjugate described in this work can be used for selective activation of prodrug in the PDEPT (polymer directed enzyme prodrug therapy) approach by replacing the enzyme component with catalytic antibody 38C2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rawale S, Hrihorczuk LM, Wei WZ, Zemlicka J. Synthesis and biological activity of the prodrug of class I major histocompatibility peptide GILGFVFTL activated by beta-glucuronidase. J Med Chem 2002; 45:937-43. [PMID: 11831906 DOI: 10.1021/jm010352w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of a prodrug of HLA-A2.1 associated antigenic influenza peptide 2a was accomplished. Two methods for synthesis of prodrugs of antigenic peptides activated by beta-glucuronidase and comprising a self-immolative 3-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl moiety were investigated. Reaction of beta-glucuronic acid glycoside of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol (3) with N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) followed by conjugation with AlaOMe, Gly, Thr, Phe-Leu, and Leu-Arg gave carbamates 4a-4f. Deacetylation of 4b and 4e with MeONa/MeOH gave beta-glucuronides 5b and 5e. Compound 5e was converted to beta-glucuronic acid conjugate 6e by the action of pig liver esterase (PLE). Compound 6e is a substrate for beta-glucuronidase. Method of a direct introduction of the prodrug residue into antigenic nonapeptide GILGFVFTL (2b) failed. Alternately, glycine conjugate 5b was activated to pentafluorophenyl ester 10. Model coupling of 10 with Phe-Leu gave tripeptide conjugate ester 11a which was hydrolyzed by PLE to uronic acid 12. Condensation of 10 with octapeptide ILGFVFTL (9) gave prodrug precursor 11b. Octapeptide 9 was prepared by de novo synthesis using a racemization-free fragment coupling method. Ester hydrolysis with Ba(OH)(2)/MeOH gave the target prodrug 2a which is a substrate for beta-glucuronidase. Prodrug 2a does not bind to HLA-A2.1 of T2 human cells defective in major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I)-associated peptide processing. Addition of beta-glucuronidase restored the binding to the level observed with parent nonapeptide 2b although higher concentrations of prodrug 2a and enzyme were necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Rawale
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harvey ML, Illidge T, Johnson P. Antibodies in the treatment of lymphoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 13:251-61. [PMID: 11554621 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2001.9264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Harvey
- Cancer Research Campaign, University Medical Oncology, Southampton University Hospitals, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy in general and immunotherapy in particular combines rational drug design with the progress in understanding cancer biology. This approach takes advantage of our recent knowledge of the mechanisms by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells, thus using the special properties of cancer cells to device novel therapeutic strategies. Recombinant immunotoxins are excellent examples of such processes, combining the knowledge of antigen expression by cancer cells with the enormous developments in recombinant DNA technology and antibody engineering. Recombinant immunotoxins are composed of a very potent protein toxin fused to a targeting moiety such as a recombinant antibody fragment or growth factor. These molecules bind to surface antigens specific for cancer cells and kill the target cells by catalytic inhibition of protein synthesis. Recombinant immunotoxins are developed for solid tumors and hematological malignancies and have been characterized intensively for their biological activity in vitro on cultured tumor cell lines as well as in vivo in animal models of human tumor xenografts. The excellent in vitro and in vivo activities of recombinant immunotoxins have lead to their preclinical development and to the initiation of clinical trail protocols. Recent trail results have demonstrated potent clinical efficacy in patients with malignant diseases that are refractory to traditional modalities of cancer treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The results demonstrate that such strategies can be developed into a separate modality of cancer treatment with the basic rationale of specifically targeting cancer cells on the basis of their unique surface markers. Efforts are now being made to improve the current molecules and to develop new agents with better clinical efficacy. This can be achieved by development of novel targeting moieties with improved specificity that will reduce toxicity to normal tissues. In this review, the design, construction, characterization, and applications of recombinant immunotoxins are described. Results of recent clinical trails are presented, and future directions for development of recombinant immunotoxins as a new modality for cancer treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Reiter
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Antibodies are unique in their high affinity and specificity for a binding partner, a quality that has made them one of the most useful molecules for biotechnology and biomedical applications. The field of antibody engineering has changed rapidly in the past 10 years, fueled by novel technologies for the in vitro isolation of antibodies from combinatorial libraries and their functional expression in bacteria. This review presents an overview of the methods available for the de novo generation of human antibodies, for engineering antibodies with increased antigen affinity, and for the production of antibody fragments. Select applications of recombinant antibodies are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Screening of monoclonal-antibody libraries generated against the tert-butyl phosphonate hapten 2 and the chloromethyl phosphonate hapten 3 with pivaloyloxymethyl-umbelliferone 1 as a fluorogenic substrate led to the isolation of eleven catalytic antibodies with rate accelerations around kcat/ kuncat = 10(3). The antibodies are not inhibited by the product and accept different acyloxymethyl derivatives of acidic phenols as substrates. The highest activity was found for the bulky, chemically less-reactive pivaloyloxymethyl group: there is no activity with acetoxymethyl or acetyl esters. This difference might reflect the preference of the immune system for hydrophobic interactions in binding and catalysis. Pivalase catalytic antibodies might be useful for activating orally available pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bensel
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The administration of anti-cancer agents is currently associated with significant toxicity and lack of tumour specificity. Prodrugs are being designed to favourably alter the therapeutic index of these agents by improving their efficacy and reducing toxicity. Progress in the development of prodrugs including the cytotoxic agents most commonly used in cancer treatments namely 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the anthracyclines, paclitaxel and platinum will be described. Many of these agents are at an early stage of development: however, this article will also describe those which have already made an impact in the clinic. It is likely that future improvements in care will come from refinement of the drugs already well established in clinical practice. In addition, this technology could be applied to novel agents with alternative cellular targets such as those involved in angiogenesis or in conferring metastatic potential. Thus, lessons learned with standard drugs may be applicable across a wider spectrum of therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Ferguson
- ANCHOR Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shabat D, Lode HN, Pertl U, Reisfeld RA, Rader C, Lerner RA, Barbas CF. In vivo activity in a catalytic antibody-prodrug system: Antibody catalyzed etoposide prodrug activation for selective chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7528-33. [PMID: 11404472 PMCID: PMC34702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131187998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective chemotherapy remains a key issue for successful cancer treatment in general and neuroblastoma in particular. Here we report a chemotherapeutic strategy based on catalytic antibody-mediated prodrug activation. To study this approach in an animal model of neuroblastoma, we have synthesized prodrugs of etoposide, a drug widely used to treat this cancer in humans. The prodrug incorporates a trigger portion designed to be released by sequential retro-aldol/retro-Michael reactions catalyzed by aldolase antibody 38C2. This unique prodrug was greater than 10(2)-fold less toxic than etoposide itself in in vitro assays against the NXS2 neuroblastoma cell line. Drug activity was restored after activation by antibody 38C2. Proof of principle for local antibody-catalyzed prodrug activation in vivo was established in a syngeneic model of murine neuroblastoma. Mice with established 100-mm3 s.c. tumors who received one intratumoral injection of antibody 38C2 followed by systemic i.p. injections with the etoposide prodrug showed a 75% reduction in s.c. tumor growth. In contrast, injection of either antibody or prodrug alone had no antitumor effect. Systemic injections of etoposide at the maximum tolerated dose were significantly less effective than the intratumoral antibody 38C2 and systemic etoposide prodrug combination. Significantly, mice treated with the prodrug at 30-fold the maximum tolerated dose of etoposide showed no signs of prodrug toxicity, indicating that the prodrug is not activated by endogenous enzymes. These results suggest that this strategy may provide a new and potentially nonimmunogenic approach for targeted cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Shabat
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaur H, Richardson E, Murty L. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against human telomerase. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2001; 20:183-8. [PMID: 11461667 DOI: 10.1089/027245701750293510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that extends telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes, consists of the catalytic protein submit telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and a telomerase RNA subunit. Nearly 85% of human tumors have tested positive for high telomerase activity. Telomerase activity is very low or not present in normal cells, whereas it is up-regulated in immortalized cells. Telomerase, partially purified from the breast tumor cell line MCF-7, was used to immunize Balb/C mice. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared by conventional hybridoma technology and screened by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA), followed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based telomeric amplification repeat protocol (TRAP) assay to detect binding to or inhibition of telomerase activity. Reactive MAbs were found to be of IgM type by mu specific ELISA. Two MAbs were characterized, one that neutralizes telomerase activity in TRAP assay and the other non-neutralizing. In Western blotting, crude telomerase extract and HIV-1 virus lysate (control) were blotted on nitrocellulose membranes and the strips were treated with both MAbs and a nonrelated HIV polymerase-specific MAb, also IgM type. A band of approx. 65-kDa was detected in extracts of 293 cells with both the MAbs, but no reaction occurred with the HIV polymerase-specific MAb used as control. Similarly, when HIV-1 virus lysate strips were treated with HIV polymerase-specific MAb, a 65-kDa band was detected and no band was observed with either of the hybridoma supernatants. These antibodies may be useful for studying regulatory mechanism of telomerase and inhibition of its activity in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kaur
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zola H. Human leukocyte differentiation antigens as therapeutic targets: the CD molecules and CD antibodies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1:375-83. [PMID: 11727512 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.1.3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane presents an attractive target in a number of different disease situations. Most obviously, malignant cells may be killed by damaging their cell membranes. There are also more subtle, though effective, ways of rendering cells harmless by engaging proteins at the cell surface. The cells of the immune system may be targeted, for example to stop a damaging immune reaction, such as acute inflammation or rejection of a transplanted organ. If we are to make the best use of the opportunities to modulate disease by targeting the cell membrane, we need a detailed understanding of the many proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids that are attached to or inserted in the cell membrane. The CD (cluster of differentiation) Workshops, more properly known as the HLDA (Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens) Workshops have, since 1982, focussed on the study of the membrane molecules of leukocytes, including the major cells of the immune system and malignant cells derived from them. The scope has extended to molecules on endothelium which are important in interaction with leukocytes. Many of the molecules characterised as leukocyte antigens are also expressed on other tissue. The approaches developed by the HLDA Workshops are useful in the study of the molecular composition and function of cells of other organ systems. Some of the antibodies produced in order to study the CD molecules have proved useful as therapeutic agents. This review describes the CD system, how it has developed and what it means and introduces the field of therapy based on antibodies against CD or similar molecules. The author is responsible for organising the next (8th) HLDA Workshop and invites readers to suggest ways in which the therapeutic relevance of the Workshop may be enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zola
- Child Health Research Institute, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide 5006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapy for solid tumors has many theoretical attractions and a long history. Until recently, with the approval and widespread use of rituximab (Rituxan) and trastuzumab (Herceptin), monoclonal antibody therapy for tumors had not had significant success. This article reviews basic theories behind antibody development and their clinical implementation as treatment for solid tumors. Medline was searched for articles over the past 15 years dealing with laboratory and clinical applications of antibody therapy for solid tumors. In addition, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) abstracts from the past 3 years were reviewed to complement the Medline search. This article focuses on treatment for common solid tumors, including breast, colon and lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Green
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Funaro A, Horenstein AL, Santoro P, Cinti C, Gregorini A, Malavasi F. Monoclonal antibodies and therapy of human cancers. Biotechnol Adv 2000; 18:385-401. [PMID: 14538101 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This survey is an overview of the applications of murine, humanized and recombinant monoclonal antibodies for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been applied to the diagnosis and therapy of an array of human diseases. The initial failures of early clinical trials have been overcome through the production of a new generation of mAb which features reduced immunogenicity and improved targeting abilities. The early models of mAb therapy were focused on enhancing the cytolytic mechanisms against the tumor cells. More recently, successful mAb-based therapies were targeted to molecules involved in the regulation of growth of cancer cells. This has highlighted the relevance of understanding receptor-mediated signaling events, and may provide new opportunities for anti-tumor antibody targeting. Despite all the difficulties, clinical data is outlining an increasingly significant role for antibody-mediated cancer therapy as a versatile and powerful instrument in cancer treatment. One reasonable expectation is that treatment at an earlier stage in the disease process or in minimal residual disease may be more advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Funaro
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|