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Regulation of stem cell fate by HSPGs: implication in hair follicle cycling. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:77. [PMID: 36577752 PMCID: PMC9797564 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are part of proteoglycan family. They are composed of heparan sulfate (HS)-type glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently linked to a core protein. By interacting with growth factors and/or receptors, they regulate numerous pathways including Wnt, hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways. They act as inhibitor or activator of these pathways to modulate embryonic and adult stem cell fate during organ morphogenesis, regeneration and homeostasis. This review summarizes the knowledge on HSPG structure and classification and explores several signaling pathways regulated by HSPGs in stem cell fate. A specific focus on hair follicle stem cell fate and the possibility to target HSPGs in order to tackle hair loss are discussed in more dermatological and cosmeceutical perspectives.
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He Z, Lin J, Chen C, Chen Y, Yang S, Cai X, He Y, Liu S. Identification of BGN and THBS2 as metastasis-specific biomarkers and poor survival key regulators in human colon cancer by integrated analysis. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e973. [PMID: 36377223 PMCID: PMC9663999 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Exploring key regulators in colon cancer metastatic progression could lead to better outcomes for patients. METHODS Initially, the transcriptional profiles of 681 colonrectal cancer (CRC) cases were used to discover signature genes that were significantly correlated with colon cancer metastasis. These signature genes were then validated using another independent 210 CRC cases' transcriptomics and proteomics profiles, and Kaplan-Meier regression analyses were used to screen the key regulators with patients' survival. Immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm the biomarkers, and transit knockdown was used to explore their implications on colon cancer cells migration and invasion abilities. The impact on the key signalling molecules in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process that drive tumour metastasis was tested using Western blot. The response to clinical standard therapeutic drugs was compared to clinical prognosis of key regulators using an ROC plotter. RESULTS Five genes (BGN, THBS2, SPARC, CDH11 and SPP1) were initially identified as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of colon cancer metastasis. The most significant signatures associated with colon cancer metastasis were determined to be BGN and THBS2. Furthermore, highly expression of BGN and THBS2 in tumours was linked to a worse survival rate. BGN and THBS2 knockdown significantly reduced colon cancer cells migration and invasion, as well as down-regulating three EMT-related proteins (Snail, Vimentin and N-cadherin), and increasing the proliferation inhibitory effect of 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS CRC metastatic progression, EMT phenotypic transition and poor survival time have been linked to BGN and THBS2. They could be utilized as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for colon cancer metastatic patients with a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianghai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - YingYing He
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shubai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Yabuuchi S, Oiki S, Minami S, Takase R, Watanabe D, Hashimoto W. Enhanced propagation of Granulicatella adiacens from human oral microbiota by hyaluronan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10948. [PMID: 35768476 PMCID: PMC9243090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Host determinants for formation/composition of human oral microbiota remain to be clarified, although microorganisms entering the mouth cannot necessarily colonize the oral environment. Here we show that human oral-abundant bacteria degraded host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in saliva and gingiva, and certain bacteria significantly grew on hyaluronan (HA), a kind of GAGs. Microbial communities from teeth or gingiva of healthy donors assimilated HA. Metagenomic analysis of human oral microbiota under different carbon sources revealed HA-driven Granulicatella growth. HA-degrading bacterial strains independently isolated from teeth and gingiva were identified as Granulicatella adiacens producing extracellular 130 kDa polysaccharide lyase as a HA-degrading enzyme encoded in a peculiar GAG genetic cluster containing genes for isomerase KduI and dehydrogenase DhuD. These findings demonstrated that GAGs are one of the host determinants for formation/composition of oral microbiota not only for colonization but also for the adaptation to the host niche. Especially, HA enhanced the G. adiacens propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yabuuchi
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sayoko Oiki
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shuma Minami
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Takase
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wataru Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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Kumar A, Biswas A, Bojja SL, Kolathur KK, Volety SM. Emerging therapeutic role of chondroitinase (ChABC) in neurological disorders and cancer. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885517666220331151619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Proteoglycans are essential biomacromolecules that participate in matrix structure and organization, cell proliferation and migration, and cell surface signal transduction. However, their roles in physiology, particularly in CNS remain incompletely deciphered. Numerous studies highlight the elevated levels of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in various diseases like cancers and neurological disorders like spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases, and are mainly implicated to hinder tissue repair. In such a context, chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), a therapeutic enzyme has shown immense hope to treat these diseases in several preclinical studies, primarily attributed to the digestion of the side chains of the proteoglycan chondroitin sulphate (CS) molecule. Despite extensive research, the progress in evolving the concept of therapeutic targeting of proteoglycans is still in its infancy. This review thus provides fresh insights into the emerging therapeutic applications of ChABC in various diseases apart from SCI and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshara Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Aishi Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Kolathur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Subrahmanyam M Volety
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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Zhang S, Yang H, Xiang X, Liu L, Huang H, Tang G. BGN May be a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Associated With Immune Cell Enrichment of Gastric Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:765569. [PMID: 35154268 PMCID: PMC8826557 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.765569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biglycan (BGN) plays a role in the occurrence and progression of several malignant tumors, though its role in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate BGN expression, its role in GC prognosis, and immune infiltration. Material and Methods: Gene expression data and corresponding clinical information were downloaded from TCGA and GTEx, respectively. We compared the expression of BGN in GC and normal tissues and verified the differential expression via Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. BGN-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Additionally, the relationships between BGN gene expression and clinicopathological variables and survival in patients with GC were also investigated through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Finally, we established a predictive model that could well predict the probability of 1-, 3-, and 5-years survival in GC. Results: We found a significantly higher expression of BGN in GC than that in normal tissues (p < 0.001), which was verified by Real-Time PCR (p < 0.01) and immunohistochemistry (p < 0.001). The 492 identified DEGs were primarily enriched in pathways related to tumor genesis and metastasis, including extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion pathway, Wnt signaling, and signaling by VEGF. BGN expression was positively correlated with the enrichment of the NK cells (r = 0.620, p < 0.001) and macrophages (r = 0.550, p < 0.001), but negatively correlated with the enrichment of Th17 cells (r = 0.250, p < 0.001). BGN expression was also significantly correlated with histologic grade (GI&G2 vs. G3, p < 0.001), histologic type (Diffuse type vs. Tubular type, p < 0.001), histologic stage (stage I vs. stage II and stage I vs. stage III, p < 0.001), T stage (T1 vs. T2, T1 vs. T3, and T1 vs. T4, p < 0.001) and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection (yes vs. no, p < 0.05) in GC. High BGN expression showed significant association with poor overall survival (OS) in GC patients (HR = 1.53 (1.09-2.14), p = 0.013). The constructed nomogram can well predict the 1-, 3-, and 5-years overall survival probability of GC patients (C-index = 0.728). Conclusion: BGN plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of GC and is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuelian Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huali Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guodu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Chen D, Qin Y, Dai M, Li L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Qiu C, Chen Y, Jiang Y. BGN and COL11A1 Regulatory Network Analysis in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Reveals That BGN Influences CRC Cell Biological Functions and Interacts with miR-6828-5p. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:13051-13069. [PMID: 33376399 PMCID: PMC7764722 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s277261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored specific expression profiles of BGN and COL11A1 genes and studied their biological functions in CRC using bioinformatics tools. Patients and Methods A total of 68 pairs of cancer and non-cancerous tissues from CRC patients were enrolled in this study. Methods we used in this articles including: qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA, GO and KEGG regulatory network analysis, tumor infiltration, luciferase reporter-based protein and etc. Results According to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, BGN and COL11A1 expression levels were significantly higher in CRC patient samples than in samples from healthy controls. Moreover, levels were much higher in late-stage CRC than in early-stage disease, warranting evaluation of these genes as CRC prognostic biomarkers. Subsequently, qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA results obtained from analyses of CRC cells, tissues, and patient sera aligned with TCGA results. GO and KEGG regulatory network analysis revealed BGN- and COL11A1-associated genes that were functionally related to extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor pathway activation, with transcription factor genes RELA and NFKB1 positively associated with BGN expression and CEBPZ and SIRT1 with COL11A1 expression. Meanwhile, BGN and COL11A1 expression were separately and significantly correlated to tumor infiltration by six immune cell types. Additionally, kinase genes PLK1 and LYN appeared to be downstream targets of differentially expressed BGN and COL11A1, respectively. In addition, the expression of PLK1 mRNA was down-regulated while BGN was down-regulated. Finally, BGN effects on CRC cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were studied using molecular biological methods, including luciferase reporter-based protein analysis, qRT-PCR, and Western blot results, which revealed that miR-6828-5p may regulate BGN expression. Conclusion We speculate that the use of BGN and COL11A1 as CRC biomarkers would improve CRC staging, while also providing several novel targets for use in the development of more effective CRC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpeng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Zhou
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Personalized Anti-Tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Personalized Anti-Tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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7
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Abstract
♦ Background By virtue of their high net negative charge, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans play pivotal roles in biologic processes such as cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, sequestration of growth factors, activation of chemokines and cytokines, and permselectivity of basement membranes. ♦ Methods The present article reviews the putative roles of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the peritoneal cavity during normal peritoneal homeostasis and chronic inflammation, the latter induced by constant exposure of the peritoneum to non-physiologic peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions. ♦ Results Glycosaminoglycans have been identified in the mesothelial glycocalyx, a slippery, non-adhesive layer that protects the peritoneal membrane from abrasion and infection. Dermatan sulfate proteoglycans can neutralize the activity of transforming growth factor β1 and can thus play an essential role in modulating peritoneal fibrosis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans play a crucial role in the sequestration of growth factors; they also modulate selective permeability of proteins across the peritoneal cavity. Reduced expression of perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan of the basement membrane, is observed in peritoneal biopsies obtained from established PD patients, consequent to prolonged exposure to the elevated glucose concentrations in conventional PD solutions. Supplementation of PD fluids with glycosaminoglycans has been shown to be beneficial to both the structural and functional integrity of the peritoneum. ♦ Conclusions Recent advances in the field of glycobiology have revealed a multitude of biologic processes that are controlled or influenced by glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Altered synthesis of these macromolecules during PD has serious implications for the peritoneal transport of proteins, host defense, wound healing, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chan Tak Mao
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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8
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Chandrasekhar G, Rajasekaran R. Investigating the pernicious effects of heparan sulfate in serum amyloid A1 protein aggregation: a structural bioinformatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1776-1790. [PMID: 33050843 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1833756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-A mediated (AA) amyloidosis is the pathogenic byproduct of body's prolonged exposure to inflammatory conditions. It is described by the aggregation of mutated/misfolded serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) protein in various tissues and organs. Genetic polymorphism G90D is suspected to cause AA amyloidosis, although the causal mechanism remains cryptic. Recent experimental findings insinuate that heparan sulphate (HS), a glycosaminoglycans, exhibits binding with SAA1 to promote its aggregation. To foster the enhanced binding of HS, we computationally determined the pernicious modifications in G90D mutant SAA1 protein. Also, we examined the influence of HS on the dynamic conformation of mutant SAA1 that could potentially succor amyloidosis. Accordingly, the protein-ligand binding studies indicate that upon SNP G90D, SAA1 protein exhibited an augmented association with HS. Further, the simulation of HS bound mutant SAA1 complex delineates an increase in RMSD, Rg, and RMSF. Also, both RMSD and Rg evinced a fluctuating trajectory. Further, the complex showed increase of beta turn in its secondary structural composition. Additionally, the free energy landscape of mutant SAA1-HS complex posits the occurrence of multiple global minima conformers as opposed to the presence of a single global energy minima conformation in native SAA1 protein. In conclusion, the aforementioned conformational ramifications induced by HS on SAA1 could potentially be the proteopathic incendiary behind AA amyloidosis; this incendiary will need to be considered in future studies for developing effective therapeutics against AA amyloidosis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chandrasekhar
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Rajasekaran
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Houlton J, Abumaria N, Hinkley SFR, Clarkson AN. Therapeutic Potential of Neurotrophins for Repair After Brain Injury: A Helping Hand From Biomaterials. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:790. [PMID: 31427916 PMCID: PMC6688532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the leading cause of long-term disability with limited options available to aid in recovery. Significant effort has been made to try and minimize neuronal damage following stroke with use of neuroprotective agents, however, these treatments have yet to show clinical efficacy. Regenerative interventions have since become of huge interest as they provide the potential to restore damaged neural tissue without being limited by a narrow therapeutic window. Neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and their high affinity receptors are actively produced throughout the brain and are involved in regulating neuronal activity and normal day-to-day function. Furthermore, neurotrophins are known to play a significant role in both protection and recovery of function following neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Unfortunately, exogenous administration of these neurotrophins is limited by a lack of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, poor half-life, and rapid degradation. Therefore, we have focused this review on approaches that provide a direct and sustained neurotrophic support using pharmacological therapies and mimetics, physical activity, and potential drug delivery systems, including discussion around advantages and limitations for use of each of these systems. Finally, we discuss future directions of biomaterial drug-delivery systems, including the incorporation of heparan sulfate (HS) in conjunction with neurotrophin-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Houlton
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nashat Abumaria
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon F. R. Hinkley
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Petone, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Glycosaminoglycan and Proteoglycan Biotherapeutics in Articular Cartilage Protection and Repair Strategies: Novel Approaches to Visco‐supplementation in Orthobiologics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research HubCardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AX Wales UK
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research LaboratoriesKolling Institute of Medical ResearchRoyal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of Sydney St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- Sydney Medical SchoolNorthernRoyal North Shore HospitalSydney University St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
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Molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of Toxocara canis. J Helminthol 2017; 92:154-160. [PMID: 28434412 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara canis is an important but neglected zoonotic parasite, and is the causative agent of human toxocariasis. Chondroitin proteoglycans are biological macromolecules, widely distributed in extracellular matrices, with a great diversity of functions in mammals. However, there is limited information regarding chondroitin proteoglycans in nematode parasites. In the present study, a female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 gene of T. canis (Tc-cpg-2) was cloned and characterized. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to measure the transcription levels of Tc-cpg-2 among tissues of male and female adult worms. A 485-amino-acid (aa) polypeptide was predicted from a continuous 1458-nuleotide open reading frame and designated as TcCPG2, which contains a 21-aa signal peptide. Conserved domain searching indicated three chitin-binding peritrophin-A (CBM_14) domains in the amino acid sequence of TcCPG2. Multiple alignment with the inferred amino acid sequences of Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum showed that CBM_14 domains were well conserved among these species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TcCPG2 was closely related to the sequence of chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of A. suum. Interestingly, a high level of Tc-cpg-2 was detected in female germline tissues, particularly in the oviduct, suggesting potential roles of this gene in reproduction (e.g. oogenesis and embryogenesis) of adult T. canis. The functional roles of Tc-cpg-2 in reproduction and development in this parasite and related parasitic nematodes warrant further functional studies.
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Salaffi F, Carotti M, Cervini C. Modificazioni morfo-funzionali della cartilagine nella senescenza e nell'osteoartrosi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/19714009940070s305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
La cartilagine articolare è un tessuto connettivo avascolare, aneurale che ricopre le superfici articolari. La funzione di assorbimento delle sollecitazioni meccaniche, a protezione dell'osso subcondrale, rende la supeficie articolare idonea a sostenere il carico. Le funzioni inerenti le modalità di assorbimento della sollecitazione meccanica, che fanno sì che la deformazione sia reversibile, dipendono in larga parte dalle caratteristiche della cartilagine, intesa come struttura altamente organizzata. Nell'osteoartrosi umana e nei suoi modelli animali l'alterazione strutturale dei proteoglicani cartilaginei rappresenta l'evento centrale. Vengono discusse, alla luce delle acquisizioni più recenti, le implicazioni sulle proprieta fisico-chimiche e morfo-strutturali della cartilagine articolare riguardanti le caratteristiche di base dei proteoglicani, la struttura dei collageni, l'organizzazione della matrice extracellulare e le sue modificazioni nella senescenza ed in corso di osteoartrosi con le relative conseguenze sulle proprietà biomeccaniche del disco intervertebrale. Le conoscenze relative alle alterazioni della struttura proteoglicanica e lo sviluppo di nuovi metodi di determinazione dei markers biochimici del danno cartilagineo potrebbero migliorare la comprensione delle relazioni fra senescenza ed osteoartrosi, nonchè il riconoscimento delle modificazioni più precoci e la valutazione della risposta terapeutica.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Salaffi
- Istituto Policattedra di Patologia e Clinica dell'Apparato Locomotore, Università degli Studi di Ancona
| | - M. Carotti
- Istituto Policattedra di Patologia e Clinica dell'Apparato Locomotore, Università degli Studi di Ancona
| | - C. Cervini
- Istituto Policattedra di Patologia e Clinica dell'Apparato Locomotore, Università degli Studi di Ancona
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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14
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Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Borén J, Chakravarti S. The small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in tissue repair and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2015; 278:447-61. [PMID: 26477596 PMCID: PMC4616156 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a protein core with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains and have multiple roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the potential and known functions of a group of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) in atherosclerosis. We focus on five SLRPs, decorin, biglycan, lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP, because these have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques or demonstrated to have a role in animal models of atherosclerosis. Decorin and biglycan are modified post-translationally by substitution with chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAGs, whereas lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP have keratan sulphate side chains, and the core proteins have leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs that are characteristic of the LRR superfamily. The chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAG side chains have been implicated in lipid retention in atherosclerosis. The core proteins are discussed here in the context of (i) interactions with collagens and their implications in tissue integrity, fibrosis and wound repair and (ii) interactions with growth factors, cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell surface receptors that impact normal physiology and disease processes such as inflammation, innate immune responses and wound healing (i.e. processes that are all important in plaque development and progression). Thus, studies of these SLRPs in the context of wound healing are providing clues about their functions in early stages of atherosclerosis to plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular disease at later stages. Understanding of signal transduction pathways regulated by the core protein interactions is leading to novel roles and therapeutic potential for these proteins in wound repair and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Chakravarti
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Abstract
Even after 20 years of granting orphan status for chondroitinase by US FDA, there is no visible outcome in terms of clinical use. The reasons are many. One of them could be lack of awareness regarding the biological application of the enzyme. The biological activity of chondroitinase is due to its ability to act on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). CSPGs are needed for normal functioning of the body. An increase or decrease in the level of CSPGs results in various pathological conditions. Chondroitinase is useful in conditions where there is an increase in the level of CSPGs, namely spinal cord injury, vitreous attachment and cancer. Over the last decade, various animal studies showed that chondroitinase could be a good drug candidate. Research focusing on developing a suitable carrier system for delivering chondroitinase needs to be carried out so that pharmacological activity observed in vitro and preclinical studies could be translated to clinical use. Further studies on distribution of chondroitinase as well need to be focused so that chondroitinase with desired attributes could be discovered. The present review article discusses about various biological applications of chondroitinase, drug delivery systems to deliver the enzyme and distribution of chondroitinase among microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Kasinathan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Subrahmanyam M Volety
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Venkata Rao Josyula
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , Karnataka , India
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16
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Künze G, Gehrcke JP, Pisabarro MT, Huster D. NMR characterization of the binding properties and conformation of glycosaminoglycans interacting with interleukin-10. Glycobiology 2014; 24:1036-49. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Cress BF, Englaender JA, He W, Kasper D, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Masquerading microbial pathogens: capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:660-97. [PMID: 24372337 PMCID: PMC4120193 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria portends an impending postantibiotic age, characterized by diminishing efficacy of common antibiotics and routine application of multifaceted, complementary therapeutic approaches to treat bacterial infections, particularly multidrug-resistant organisms. The first line of defense for most bacterial pathogens consists of a physical and immunologic barrier known as the capsule, commonly composed of a viscous layer of carbohydrates that are covalently bound to the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria or often to lipids of the outer membrane in many Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are a diverse class of high molecular weight polysaccharides contributing to virulence of many human pathogens in the gut, respiratory tree, urinary tract, and other host tissues, by hiding cell surface components that might otherwise elicit host immune response. This review highlights capsular polysaccharides that are structurally identical or similar to polysaccharides found in mammalian tissues, including polysialic acid and glycosaminoglycan capsules hyaluronan, heparosan, and chondroitin. Such nonimmunogenic coatings render pathogens insensitive to certain immune responses, effectively increasing residence time in host tissues and enabling pathologically relevant population densities to be reached. Biosynthetic pathways and capsular involvement in immune system evasion are described, providing a basis for potential therapies aimed at supplementing or replacing antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady F Cress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Vivès RR, Seffouh A, Lortat-Jacob H. Post-Synthetic Regulation of HS Structure: The Yin and Yang of the Sulfs in Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 3:331. [PMID: 24459635 PMCID: PMC3890690 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex polysaccharide that takes part in most major cellular processes, through its ability to bind and modulate a very large array of proteins. These interactions involve saccharide domains of specific sulfation pattern (S-domains), the assembly of which is tightly orchestrated by a highly regulated biosynthesis machinery. Another level of structural control does also take place at the cell surface, where degrading enzymes further modify HS post-synthetically. Amongst them are the Sulfs, a family of extracellular sulfatases (two isoforms in human) that catalyze the specific 6-O-desulfation of HS. By targeting HS functional sulfated domains, Sulfs dramatically alter its ligand binding properties, thereby modulating a broad range of signaling pathways. Consequently, Sulfs play major roles during development, as well as in tissue homeostasis and repair. Sulfs have also been associated with many pathologies including cancer, but despite increasing interest, the role of Sulfs in tumor development still remains unclear. Studies have been hindered by a poor understanding of the Sulf enzymatic activities and conflicting data have shown either anti-oncogenic or tumor-promoting effects of these enzymes, depending on the tumor models analyzed. These opposite effects clearly illustrate the fine tuning of HS functions by the Sulfs, and the need to clarify the mechanisms involved. In this review, we will detail the present knowledge on the structural and functional properties of the Sulfs, with a special focus on their implication during tumor progression. Finally, we will discuss attempts and perspectives of using the Sulfs as a biomarker of cancer prognosis and diagnostic and as a target for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain R Vivès
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Amal Seffouh
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
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Sterner E, Li L, Paul P, Beaudet JM, Liu J, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS. Assays for determining heparan sulfate and heparin O-sulfotransferase activity and specificity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:525-36. [PMID: 24271188 PMCID: PMC3901155 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
O-sulfotransferases (OSTs) are critical enzymes in the cellular biosynthesis of the biologically and pharmacologically important heparan sulfate and heparin. Recently, these enzymes have been cloned and expressed in bacteria for application in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycan-based drugs. OST activity assays have largely relied on the use of radioisotopic methods using [(35)S] 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and scintillation counting. Herein, we examine alternative assays that are more compatible with a biomanufacturing environment. A high throughput microtiter-based approach is reported that relies on a coupled bienzymic colorimetric assay for heparan sulfate and heparin OSTs acting on polysaccharide substrates using arylsulfotransferase-IV and p-nitrophenylsulfate as a sacrificial sulfogroup donor. A second liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric assay, for heparan sulfate and heparin OSTs acting on structurally defined oligosaccharide substrates, is also reported that provides additional information on the number and positions of the transferred sulfo groups within the product. Together, these assays allow quantitative and mechanistic information to be obtained on OSTs that act on heparan sulfate and heparin precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sterner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Priscilla Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Julie M. Beaudet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Material Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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20
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Sterner E, Meli L, Kwon SJ, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. FGF-FGFR signaling mediated through glycosaminoglycans in microtiter plate and cell-based microarray platforms. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9009-19. [PMID: 24289246 DOI: 10.1021/bi401284r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals cell growth through its interaction with a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and a glycosaminoglycn (GAG) coreceptor. Here, we examine the signaling of five different FGFs (1, 2, 6, 8, and 8b) through FGFR3c. A small library of GAG and GAG-derivative coreceptors are screened to understand better the structure-activity relationship of these coreceptors on signaling. Initially, data were collected in a microtiter plate well-based cell proliferation assay. In an effort to reduce reagent requirements and improve assay throughput, a cell-based microarray platform was developed. In this cell-based microarray, FGFR3c-expressing cells were printed in alginate hydrogel droplets of ∼30 nL and incubated with FGF and GAG. Heparin was the most effective GAG coreceptor for all FGFs studied. Other GAGs, such as 2-O-desulfated heparin and chondroitin sulfate B, were also effective coreceptors. Signaling by FGF 8 and FGF 8b showed the widest tolerance for coreceptor structure. Finally, this on-chip cell-based microarray provides comparable data to a microtiter plate well-based assay, demonstrating that the coreceptor assay can be converted into a high-throughput assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sterner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biology, llDepartment of Material Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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21
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Kopper L, Sebestyén A, Gallai M, Kovalszky I. Syndecan-1 - A new piece in B-cell puzzle. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 3:183-91. [PMID: 18470728 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1997] [Accepted: 09/10/1997] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans, with core proteins mainly decorated with heparan sulfate chains. Syndecan-1 is expressed in a tissue-, cell-and differentiation-specific manner. Its extra-cellular domain can bind via HS chains to matrix elements, to growth factors (especially "heparin-binding" proteins) and to certain biological agents. The ectodomain released by proteolysis can also be functionally active. The cytoplasmic domain can take part in signaling processes as well as in modifying cell shape. In hematopoietic cells syndecan-1 is expressed in normal pre-B-cells and plasma cells, as well as in plasmocytoid and lymphoplasmocytoid malignancies. According to our study syndecan-1 is expressed in B-CLL cells both in tissue environment and in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kopper
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Uo;i út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary,
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Duchesne L, Octeau V, Bearon RN, Beckett A, Prior IA, Lounis B, Fernig DG. Transport of fibroblast growth factor 2 in the pericellular matrix is controlled by the spatial distribution of its binding sites in heparan sulfate. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001361. [PMID: 22815649 PMCID: PMC3398970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HS) chains of proteoglycans are a key regulatory component of the extracellular matrices of animal cells, including the pericellular matrix around the plasma membrane. In these matrices they regulate transport, gradient formation, and effector functions of over 400 proteins central to cell communication. HS from different matrices differs in its selectivity for its protein partners. However, there has been no direct test of how HS in the matrix regulates the transport of its partner proteins. We address this issue by single molecule imaging and tracking in fibroblast pericellular matrix of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), stoichiometrically labelled with small gold nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy and photothermal heterodyne imaging (PHI) show that the spatial distribution of the HS-binding sites for FGF2 in the pericellular matrix is heterogeneous over length scales ranging from 22 nm to several µm. Tracking of individual FGF2 by PHI in the pericellular matrix of living cells demonstrates that they undergo five distinct types of motion. They spend much of their time in confined motion (∼110 nm diameter), but they are not trapped and can escape by simple diffusion, which may be slow, fast, or directed. These substantial translocations (µm) cover distances far greater than the length of a single HS chain. Similar molecular motion persists in fixed cells, where the movement of membrane PGs is impeded. We conclude that FGF2 moves within the pericellular matrix by translocating from one HS-binding site to another. The binding sites on HS chains form non-random, heterogeneous networks. These promote FGF2 confinement or substantial translocation depending on their spatial organisation. We propose that this spatial organisation, coupled to the relative selectivity and the availability of HS-binding sites, determines the transport of FGF2 in matrices. Similar mechanisms are likely to underpin the movement of many other HS-binding effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Duchesne
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839 INSERM, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
- UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- * E-mail: (LD); (DGF)
| | - Vivien Octeau
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298 CNRS and Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Talence, France
| | - Rachel N. Bearon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Beckett
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Prior
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brahim Lounis
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298 CNRS and Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Talence, France
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LD); (DGF)
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Go K, Ishino T, Nakashimo Y, Miyahara N, Ookubo T, Takeno S, Hirakawa K. Analysis of syndecan-1 and TGF-beta expression in the nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. Auris Nasus Larynx 2010; 37:427-35. [PMID: 20047808 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased understanding of cytokines and their associated proteoglycans will contribute to the investigation of the formation of nasal polyps. Recently, some studies have suggested that syndecan-1 ectodomains are shed in response to low respiratory infection, but no studies regarding nasal and paranasal diseases have been reported. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is involved in the regulation of nasal polyps, especially in processes crucial to the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of inflammatory responses. In the nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, we analyzed the expression of syndecan-1, which readily promotes infection, and TGF-beta, which plays a role in syndecan-1 activity. METHODS Fifteen patients who underwent turbinectomy for the treatment of nasal obstruction and seventeen patients with nasal polyps who underwent nasal endoscopic sinus surgery were included in this study. The localization of syndecan-1 and TGF-beta in the nasal mucosa and nasal polyps was investigated by immunohistochemistry, and mRNA transcript levels of syndecan-1 and TGF-beta were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the expression of syndecan-1 in the nasal mucosa and nasal polyps was co-localized with TGF-beta. The mean mRNA expression values for syndecan-1 and TGF-beta were higher in nasal polyps compared to the nasal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing expression of syndecan-1 in the nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. In nasal polyps, syndecan-1 expression may be increased by an unknown mechanism, permitting infection and inducing larger nasal polyps. We hypothesize that the accumulation of TGF-beta, which is involved in the pathophysiological development of nasal polyps, may result in a change in the binding properties of syndecan-1 at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishin Go
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Song S, Song D, Liang H, Wang W, Ji A. Proliferative effects on neural stem/progenitor cells of a sulfated polysaccharide purified from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 109:67-72. [PMID: 20129085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To test the effects of a sulfated polysaccharide, Haishen (HS) on the viability and proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), we isolated the polysaccharide from the body wall of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus by enzymolysis extraction, anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. HS is a highly sulfated fucoidan with a molecular weight of 4.23x10(5) Da. Due to its safety being of invertebrate origin they are less likely to contain infectious agents, the effects of HS on the viability and proliferation of NSPCs in vitro were examined by MTT assay, BrdU labeling and neurosphere formation assay, respectively. Our results showed that HS alone increased NSPC viability in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, HS acted synergistically with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) but not epidermal growth factor (EGF) to enhance the proliferation of NSPCs. Finally, HS did not induce apoptosis of NSPCs. Our findings suggest that HS can serve as an adjuvant for promoting the proliferation of NSPCs.
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Laparra JM, Barberá R, Alegría A, Glahn RP, Miller DD. Purified Glycosaminoglycans from Cooked Haddock May Enhance Fe Uptake Via Endocytosis in a Caco-2 Cell Culture Model. J Food Sci 2009; 74:H168-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yamazoe S, Shimogawa H, Sato SI, Esko JD, Uesugi M. A Dumbbell-Shaped Small Molecule that Promotes Cell Adhesion and Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:773-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Basappa, Murugan S, Sugahara KN, Lee CM, ten Dam GB, van Kuppevelt TH, Miyasaka M, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Involvement of chondroitin sulfate E in the liver tumor focal formation of murine osteosarcoma cells. Glycobiology 2009; 19:735-42. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Del Carmen Velazquez Pereda M, de Campos Dieamant G, Eberlin S, Nogueira C, Colombi DÃ, Di Stasi LC, de Souza Queiroz ML. Effect of greenCoffea arabicaL. seed oil on extracellular matrix components and water-channel expression inin vitroandex vivohuman skin models. J Cosmet Dermatol 2009; 8:56-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Li F, Ten Dam GB, Murugan S, Yamada S, Hashiguchi T, Mizumoto S, Oguri K, Okayama M, van Kuppevelt TH, Sugahara K. Involvement of highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate in the metastasis of the Lewis lung carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34294-304. [PMID: 18930920 PMCID: PMC2662238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The altered expression of cell surface chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) in cancer cells has been demonstrated to play a key role in malignant transformation and tumor metastasis. However, the functional highly sulfated structures in CS/DS chains and their involvement in the process have not been well documented. In the present study, a structural analysis of CS/DS from two mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL)-derived cell lines with different metastatic potentials revealed a higher proportion of Delta(4,5)HexUA-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) generated from E-units (GlcUA-GalNAc(4, 6-O-disulfate)) in highly metastatic LM66-H11 cells than in low metastatic P29 cells, although much less CS/DS is expressed by LM66-H11 than P29 cells. This key finding prompted us to study the role of CS-E-like structures in experimental lung metastasis. The metastasis of LM66-H11 cells to lungs was effectively inhibited by enzymatic removal of tumor cell surface CS or by preadministration of CS-E rich in E-units in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, immunocytochemical analysis showed that LM66-H11 rather than P29 cells expressed more strongly the CS-E epitope, which was specifically recognized by the phage display antibody GD3G7. More importantly, this antibody and a CS-E decasaccharide fraction, the minimal structure recognized by GD3G7, strongly inhibited the metastasis of LM66-H11 cells probably by modifying the proliferative and invading behavior of the metastatic tumor cells. These results suggest that the E-unit-containing epitopes are involved in the metastatic process and a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Li
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Laparra JM, Tako E, Glahn RP, Miller DD. Isolated glycosaminoglycans from cooked haddock enhance nonheme iron uptake by Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10346-10351. [PMID: 18850715 DOI: 10.1021/jf8015927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study continues previous research to confirm that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) exert a positive effect on promoting iron uptake by Caco-2 cells. Cooked haddock was digested with papain, and GAGs were further purified on the basis of their sulfur content. Reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) and digestion with chondroitinase ABC (Chase) (50 mU/mg) were used to approach the identification of the GAGs. FeCl 3 was mixed with the purified GAGs, and Fe uptake was measured by ferritin formation using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The identificative analyses suggest that chondroitin/dermatan sulfate-related structures promote Fe uptake by Caco-2 cells; however, this effect was lower (40%) than that observed with whole fish muscle. Chase eliminated the positive effect on Fe uptake. These results indicate that specific GAGs may contribute to the enhancing effect of meat on Fe absorption. Further in vivo studies addressing these aspects of the meat factor are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Moisés Laparra
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Nayeri F, Nayeri T, Aili D, Brudin L, Liedberg B. Clinical impact of real-time evaluation of the biological activity and degradation of hepatocyte growth factor. Growth Factors 2008; 26:163-71. [PMID: 18569024 PMCID: PMC2562019 DOI: 10.1080/08977190802128083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is essential for injury repair. Despite high HGF levels in chronic ulcers, up-regulation of HGF receptor in ulcer tissue and decreased biological activity of HGF in ulcer secretions have been observed. With a surface plasmon resonance-based method, we assessed the binding of HGF to antibodies, receptors, and the basement membrane and identified binding interactions that are indispensable for the biological activity of HGF. Recombinant HGF (rHGF) lots were tested for activity, structural integrity, and degradation, and the results were verified in an in vitro model of cell injury. Biologically active rHGF, as well as plasma from healthy volunteers, bound to heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) and to anti-HGF antibodies. Decreased binding to HSPG was the first event in rHGF degradation. This study established the feasibility of identifying patients with chronic inflammation who need exogenous HGF and of using ligand-binding assessment to evaluate rHGF lots for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Nayeri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Science, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden.
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32
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Humphries MJ, Doyle PM, Harris CJ. Overview Biologicals and Immunologicals: Integrin antagonists as modulators of adhesion. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.4.3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yost HJ. Development of the left-right axis in amphibians. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 162:165-76; discussion 176-81. [PMID: 1802642 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514160.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The heart and viscera of vertebrates are formed from primordia that are apparently bilaterally symmetrical. This symmetry is broken during development, yielding organs that develop characteristic asymmetries along the left-right axis. Results from three lines of experimentation on embryos of the amphibian Xenopus laevis indicate that left-right asymmetries are established early in development and that cellular interactions transmit left-right information from one primordium to another. First, a cytoplasmic rearrangement that occurs during the first cell cycle after fertilization may establish left-right asymmetry in some regions of the embryo. Second, a variety of experimental results indicate that embryonic ectoderm or its basal extracellular matrix may transmit left-right axial information to cardiac mesoderm and visceral endoderm. Third, inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis during a narrow period of development, concurrent with the migration of the cardiac primordia to the ventral midline, prevents asymmetrical development of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Yost
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Abstract
Heparin and its low molecular weight heparin derivatives, widely used as clinical anticoagulants, are acidic polysaccharide members of a family of biomacromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Heparin and the related heparan sulfate are biosynthesized in the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotic cells. Heparin is a polycomponent drug that currently is prepared for clinical use by extraction from animal tissues. A heparin pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, has also been prepared through chemical synthesis for use as a homogenous anticoagulant drug. Recent enabling technologies suggest that it may now be possible to synthesize heparin and its derivatives enzymatically. Moreover, new technologies including advances in synthetic carbohydrate synthesis, enzyme-based GAG synthesis, micro- and nano-display of GAGs, rapid on-line structural analysis, and microarray/microfluidic technologies might be applied to the enzymatic synthesis of heparins with defined structures and exhibiting selected activities. The advent of these new technologies also makes it possible to consider the construction of an artificial Golgi to increase our understanding of the cellular control of GAG biosyntheses in this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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. S, . PV. Histological and Analytical Evaluation of Glycosaminoglycan from the Clam Katelysia opima. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2007.167.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Rumyantseva NI. Arabinogalactan proteins: involvement in plant growth and morphogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 70:1073-85. [PMID: 16271022 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated hydroxyproline-containing variously located proteoglycans dynamically regulated in the course of plant ontogenesis. Special functions of AGPs are still unclear, but their involvement in vegetative growth and reproduction of plants is well established. This review considers data on the structure, biosynthesis, and metabolism of AGPs. Special attention is given to involvement of AGPs in growth and morphogenesis, and possible mechanisms of their regulatory action are considered. AGPs are also compared with animal proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Rumyantseva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
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37
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Mori H, Kanemura Y, Onaya J, Hara M, Miyake J, Yamasaki M, Kariya Y. Effects of heparin and its 6-O-and 2-O-desulfated derivatives with low anticoagulant activity on proliferation of human neural stem/progenitor cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:54-61. [PMID: 16233851 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparin binds various growth factors and activates them to interact with high-affinity cell surface receptors; a specific array of sulfate groups in the heparin backbone structure is very important for this interaction. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of two novel heparin derivatives, 6-O-desulfated heparin (6-DSH) and 2-O-desulfated heparin (2-DSH), on blood coagulation and the proliferation of human neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). 6-DSH showed lower anticoagulant activity than intact heparin or 2-DSH, as measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. In the presence of FGF-2, 6-DSH and 2-DSH promoted approximately the same rate of proliferation of human NSPCs, without noticeably changing the expression of nestin. The mitotic effects of 6-DSH and 2-DSH on human NSPCs were different from their effects on mouse hematopoietic stem cells and fibroblasts. These findings indicate that 6-DSH and 2-DSH have the same ability to promote the growth of human NSPCs as intact heparin. Our results suggest that these two novel heparin derivates, especially 6-DSH, could be used in clinical applications for ex vivo human NSPC culture, as a lower-risk growth co-adjuvant than intact heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan
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Bortoff KD, Wagner WD. Reduced syndecan-4 expression in arterial smooth muscle cells with enhanced proliferation. Exp Mol Pathol 2005; 78:10-6. [PMID: 15596055 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Syndecans, a family of cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) containing proteoglycans (PGs), are known regulators of many biological processes including inhibition of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Cultured arterial SMCs from atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau (WC) pigeons have increased proliferation rates and significant reductions in total cell-surface HS relative to atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer (SR) SMC. Using a specific syndecan-4 cDNA, 1.5- to 2.0-fold reductions in gene expression were observed in WC SMC compared to SR SMC. Immunolocalization studies demonstrated reduced cell surface syndecan-4 protein in WC cells. Gene induction demonstrated that the reduction in syndecan-4 expression in WC cells was not due to reduced mRNA stability. Studies using cycloheximide to superinduce gene expression indicated transcriptional suppression of syndecan-4 in WC cells. The results suggest that reduced cell surface HS PG in WC arterial SMC can be explained, in part, by reductions in syndecan-4 gene expression. Differential transcriptional regulation of syndecan-4 in WC and SR cells provides a system to explore regulation of the syndecan-4 gene as well as the potential mechanisms by which syndecan-4 can exert a specific antiproliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Bortoff
- Department of Pathology, The Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Kolset SO, Prydz K, Pejler G. Intracellular proteoglycans. Biochem J 2004; 379:217-27. [PMID: 14759226 PMCID: PMC1224092 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are proteins with glycosaminoglycan chains, are ubiquitously expressed and have a wide range of functions. PGs in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface have been the subject of extensive structural and functional studies. Less attention has so far been given to PGs located in intracellular compartments, although several reports suggest that these have biological functions in storage granules, the nucleus and other intracellular organelles. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to present some of these studies and to discuss possible functions linked to PGs located in different intracellular compartments. Reference will be made to publications relevant for the topics we present. It is beyond the scope of this review to cover all publications on PGs in intracellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Olav Kolset
- Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Box 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Costa-Filho A, Souza MLS, Martins RCL, dos Santos AVF, Silva GV, Comaru MW, Moreira MF, Atella GC, Allodi S, Nasciutti LE, Masuda H, Silva LCF. Identification and tissue-specific distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus (Linnaeus). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:251-260. [PMID: 14871621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have previously characterized heparan sulfate (HS) as the major ovarian sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in females of Rhodnius prolixus, while chondroitin sulfate (CS) was the minor component. Using histochemical procedures we found that GAGs were concentrated in the ovarian tissue but not found inside the oocytes. Here, we extend our initial observations of GAG expression in R. prolixus by characterizing these molecules in other organs: the fat body, intestinal tract, and the reproductive tracts. Only HS and CS were found in the three organs analyzed, however CS was the major GAG species in these tissues. We also determined the compartmental distribution of GAGs in these organs by histochemical analysis using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, and evaluated the specific distribution of CS within both male and female reproductive tracts by immunohistochemistry using an anti-CS antibody. We also determined the GAG composition in eggs at days 0 and 6 of embryonic development. Only HS and CS were found in eggs at day 6, while no sulfated GAGs were detected at day 0. Our results demonstrate that HS and CS are the only sulfated GAG species expressed in the fat body and in the intestinal and reproductive tracts of Rhodnius male and female adults. Both sulfated GAGs were also identified in Rhodnius embryos. Altogether, these results show no qualitative differences in the sulfated GAG composition regarding tissue-specific or development-specific distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Regulated secretion and exocytosis require the selective packaging of regulated secretory proteins in secretory storage organelles and the controlled docking and fusion of these organelles with the plasma membrane. Secretory granule biogenesis involves sorting of secretory proteins and membrane components both at the level of the trans-Golgi network and the immature secretory granule. Sorting is thought to be mediated by selective protein aggregation and the interaction of these proteins with specific membrane domains. There is now considerable interest in the understanding of the complex lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions at the trans-Golgi network and the granule membrane. A role for lipid microdomains and associated sorting receptors in membrane targeting and granule formation is vividly discussed for (neuro)endocrine cells. In exocrine cells, however, little has been known of granule membrane composition and membrane protein function. With the cloning and characterization of granule membrane proteins and their interactions at the inner leaflet of zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells, it is now possible to elucidate their function in membrane targeting and sorting of zymogens at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, University of Marburg, Robert Koch Str 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Grillo LAM, Pontes EG, Gondim KC. Lipophorin interaction with the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus: characterization and changes in binding capacity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:429-438. [PMID: 12650691 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(03)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of lipids are transported in insect hemolymph by lipophorin, a major hemolymphatic lipoprotein. The binding of lipophorin to the midgut of the hematophagous insect Rhodnius prolixus was characterized in a midgut membrane preparation, using purified lipophorin radiolabelled in protein moiety ((125)I-HDLp). Lipophorin specific binding to membranes achieved equilibrium after 30-40 min, was sensitive to pH, and was maximal at pH 7.0. In the presence of increasing concentrations of membrane protein, corresponding increases in lipophorin binding were observed. The specific binding of lipophorin to the membrane preparation was a saturable process, with K(d)=0.9+/-0.06 x 10(-7) M and a maximal binding capacity of 70+/-11 ng lipophorin/microg of membrane protein. Lipophorin binding did not depend on calcium, but it was affected by ionic strength and was inhibited in the presence of increasing salt concentrations. Suramin interfered with lipophorin binding to the midgut receptor, and it was abolished in the presence of 2 mM suramin, but at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.2 mM it was slightly increased. Condroitin 4-sulfate also affected lipophorin binding, which was reduced to 56% of control. Pre-incubation of the midgut membrane preparation with trypsin or at high temperature inhibited binding. Midgut capacity to bind lipophorin varied at different days after blood meal. It was highest at second day after feeding, and then gradually decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A M Grillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
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Staquicini FI, Moreira CR, Nascimento FD, Tersariol IL, Nader HB, Dietrich CP, Lopes JD. Enzyme and integrin expression by high and low metastatic melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 2003; 13:11-8. [PMID: 12569279 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200302000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dissemination of a malignant tumour is the result of a cascade of events beginning with detachment of cells from primary tumour followed by extravasation and growth at secondary sites. The differences in metastatic ability could be attributed to properties intrinsic to the various tumour types. Thus the clonal selection of tumour cells from successive metastases apparently results in cells better equipped for survival and formation of colonies in secondary sites, indicating that survival is not a random phenomenon. Many studies of malignant cells have correlated the overexpression of adhesion receptors such as integrins and the production of cysteine proteases and glycosidases with the progression of malignancy. The interaction of cysteine proteases with basement membrane components has been implicated in tumour invasion, activation of hormones and growth factors. On the other hand, the expression of the heparanase gene and its protein has been associated with the metastatic potential of several human and mouse tumour cell lines. This study aimed to investigate the correlations between the metastatic properties of clones with high and low metastatic potential and their ability to adhere to the extracellular matrix and to degrade proteins and sulphated glycosaminoglycans present there. Clonal selection of the B16F10 cell line was performed, and the clones were examined for the expression of an integrin-type laminin receptor. A significantly higher level was detected in a high metastatic clone. Enzymatic assays showed higher activity for alpha-d-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-d-N-acetylgalactosaminidase and beta-d-glucuronidase in conditioned medium from low metastatic clones compared with that from high metastatic clones. However, higher endopeptidase activity was observed in conditioned medium from high metastatic clones. In summary, these results showed a positive correlation between high metastatic potential and endopeptidase secretion. Similarly, a positive correlation was observed between low metastatic cells and the secretion of glycosaminoglycan-degrading glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Staquicini
- Department of Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bulik DA, Robbins PW. The Caenorhabditis elegans sqv genes and functions of proteoglycans in development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1573:247-57. [PMID: 12417407 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the vulva is a simple tubular structure linking the gonads with the external cuticle. In this review we summarize knowledge of inter- and intracellular signaling during vulval development and of the genes required for vulval invagination. Mutants of one set of these genes, the sqv genes, have a normal number of vulval precursor cells (VPCs) with an unperturbed cell lineage but the invagination space, normally a tube, is either collapsed or absent. We review evidence that the sqv genes are involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and speculate on ways in which defective glycosaminoglycan formation might lead to collapse of the vulval structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota A Bulik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
Due to their diversity and external location on cell membranes, glycans, as glycocalyx components, are key elements in eukaryotic cell, tissue, and organ homeostasis. Although information on the lung glycocalyx is scarce, this article aims to review, discuss, and summarize what is known about bronchoalveolar glycocalyx composition, mainly the sialic acids. It was deemed relevant, however, to make a brief introductory overview of the cell glycocalyx and its particular development in epithelial cells. After that, follows a summary of the evolution of the knowledge regarding the bronchoalveolar glycocalyx composition throughout the years, particularly its morphological features. Since sialic acids are located terminally on the bronchoalveolar lining cells' glycocalyx and play crucial roles, we focused mainly on the existing lung histochemical and biochemical data of these sugar residues, as well as their evolution throughout lung development. The functions of the lung glycocalyx sialic acids are discussed and interpretations of their roles analyzed, including those related to the negative overall superficial shield provided by these molecules. The increasing presence of these sugar residues throughout postnatal lung development should be regarded as pivotal in the development and maintenance of a dynamic bronchoalveolar architecture, supporting the normal histophysiology of the respiratory system. The case for a profound knowledge of lung glycocalyx--given its potential to provide answers to serious clinical problems--is made with particular reference to cystic fibrosis. Finally, concluding remarks and perspectives for future research in this field are put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fátima Martins
- Institute of Histology and Embryology and Center for Histophysiology, Experimental Pathology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Vincent T, Hermansson M, Bolton M, Wait R, Saklatvala J. Basic FGF mediates an immediate response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:8259-64. [PMID: 12034879 PMCID: PMC123055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122033199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK), one of the three types of mitogen-activated kinases, was rapidly activated after cutting porcine articular cartilage either when maintained as explants or in situ. Cutting released a soluble ERK-activating factor from the cartilage, which was purified and identified by MS as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Experiments with neutralizing Abs to bFGF and an FGFR1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor showed that this growth factor was the major ERK-activating factor released after injury. Treating cartilage with the heparin-degrading enzyme heparitinase also caused release of bFGF, suggesting the presence of an extracellular store that is sequestered in the matrix and released upon damage. Basic FGF induced the synthesis of a number of chondrocyte proteins including matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, and glycoprotein 38, which were identified by MS. The strong induction of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 suggests that bFGF could have a role in remodeling damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Vincent
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College School of Science, Technology, and Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK.
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47
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Béchard D, Gentina T, Delehedde M, Scherpereel A, Lyon M, Aumercier M, Vazeux R, Richet C, Degand P, Jude B, Janin A, Fernig DG, Tonnel AB, Lassalle P. Endocan is a novel chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan that promotes hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor mitogenic activity. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48341-9. [PMID: 11590178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108395200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans that modulate the activities of growth factors, chemokines, and coagulation factors regulate in turn the vascular endothelium with respect to processes such as inflammation, hemostasis, and angiogenesis. Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 is mainly expressed by endothelial cells and regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (Lassalle, P., Molet, S., Janin, A., Heyden, J. V., Tavernier, J., Fiers, W., Devos, R., and Tonnel, A. B. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20458-20464). We demonstrate that this molecule is secreted as a soluble dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycan. This proteoglycan represents the major form either secreted by cell lines or circulating in the human bloodstream. Because this proteoglycan is specifically secreted by endothelial cells, we propose to name it endocan. The glycosaminoglycan component of endocan consists of a single DS chain covalently attached to serine 137. Endocan dose-dependently increased the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF)-mediated proliferation of human embryonic kidney cells, whereas the nonglycanated form of endocan did not. Moreover, DS chains purified from endocan mimicked the endocan-mediated increase of cell proliferation in the presence of HGF/SF. Overall, our results demonstrate that endocan is a novel soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan produced by endothelial cells. Endocan regulates HGF/SF-mediated mitogenic activity and may support the function of HGF/SF not only in embryogenesis and tissue repair after injury but also in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Béchard
- INSERM U416, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Dr. A Calmette, 59019 Lille, France
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Demoor-Fossard M, Galéra P, Santra M, Iozzo RV, Pujol JP, Rédini F. A composite element binding the vitamin D receptor and the retinoic X receptor alpha mediates the transforming growth factor-beta inhibition of decorin gene expression in articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:36983-92. [PMID: 11406617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011442200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan may play an important role in the attempt of cartilage repair initiated by chondrocytes in early stages of osteoarthritis, through its ability to bind collagen fibrils and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). We previously demonstrated that TGF-beta decreased decorin mRNA steady state levels in articular chondrocytes (Demoor, M., Rédini, F., Boittin, M., and Pujol, J.-P. (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1398, 179-191). Here, we investigated the effect of TGF-beta on decorin gene expression in both primary cultures of articular chondrocytes and chondrocytes dedifferentiated by serial passages. Transient transfection of cells with plasmid constructs of the decorin promoter linked to the luciferase reporter gene revealed transcriptional repression by TGF-beta, in fully differentiated as well as dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Experiments with 5'-deleted constructs allowed characterization of a TGF-beta-responsive element in the shortest construct (base pairs (bp) -155/+269). DNase I footprinting analysis delineated a negative TGF-beta-responsive region between -140 and -111 bp in the decorin proximal promoter. Gel retardation assays demonstrated that TGF-beta modulates decorin gene expression through transcription factors, the nature and mode of action of which depend on the differentiation state of the chondrocytes; two DNA-protein complexes were formed in the region -144/-127 bp with nuclear extracts from primary chondrocytes, whereas a higher mobility complex was observed in the -127/-111 bp region for dedifferentiated cells. Antibodies against vitamin D and retinoic acid receptors used in supershift experiments showed that these nuclear receptors are involved in the regulation of decorin gene expression in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Demoor-Fossard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie du Tissu Conjonctif, Faculté de Médecine, niv. 3, 14032 Caen cedex, France
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Bock HC, Michaeli P, Bode C, Schultz W, Kresse H, Herken R, Miosge N. The small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in human articular cartilage of late-stage osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9:654-63. [PMID: 11597178 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2001.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disturbances in proteoglycan metabolism of hyaline cartilage play an essential role in the pathology of degenerative joint disease. We investigated the relation between transcript expression, protein synthesis and the ultrastructural localization of the matrix-organizing proteoglycans decorin and biglycan within intra- and extracellular compartments of late-stage osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. METHODS Human cartilage samples of a macroscopically intact area, the adjoining area and an area of the main defect from knee joints of 10 patients with late stage osteoarthritis were investigated. In situ hybridization and immunogold histochemistry were carried out separately and in combination at the light and electron microscopic level. RESULTS Ultrastructurally, three main chondrocyte types were identified. The highest levels of mRNA of decorin and biglycan were produced by elongated secretory type 2 cells, already known to synthesize type I collagen. Cells with high levels of mRNA also translated the corresponding proteins to be found in the extracellular compartment. The highest production rate of decorin and biglycan was seen in the tissue area adjoining the main defect. CONCLUSION The results indicate that at late stages of osteoarthritis the levels of transcription and translation for decorin and biglycan are up-regulated, probably in an effort to compensate for the general proteoglycan loss, characteristic of this disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Bock
- Zentrum Anatomie, Abt. Histologie, Georg-August-Universitaet, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Ghiselli G, Eichstetter I, Iozzo RV. A role for the perlecan protein core in the activation of the keratinocyte growth factor receptor. Biochem J 2001; 359:153-63. [PMID: 11563979 PMCID: PMC1222131 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3590153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan, a widespread heparan sulphate (HS) proteoglycan, is directly involved in the storing of angiogenic growth factors, mostly members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gene family. We have previously shown that antisense targeting of the perlecan gene causes a reduced growth and responsiveness to FGF7 [also known as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)] in human cancer cells, and that the perlecan protein core interacts specifically with FGF7. In the present paper, we have investigated human colon carcinoma cells in which the perlecan gene was disrupted by targeted homologous recombination. After screening over 1000 clones, we obtained two clones heterozygous for the null mutation with no detectable perlecan, indicating that the other allele was non-functioning. The perlecan-deficient cells grew more slowly, did not respond to FGF7 with or without the addition of heparin, and were less tumorigenic than control cells. Paradoxically, the perlecan-deficient cells displayed increased FGF7 surface binding. However, the perlecan protein core was required for functional activation of the KGF receptor and downstream signalling. Because heparin could not substitute for perlecan, the HS chains are not critical for FGF7-mediated signalling in this cell system. These results provide the first genetic evidence that the perlecan protein core is a molecular entity implicated in FGF7 binding and activation of its receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- DNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- Fibrinolytic Agents/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Targeting
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/physiology
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ghiselli
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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