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Shoykhet M, Dervishi O, Menauer P, Hiermaier M, Moztarzadeh S, Osterloh C, Ludwig RJ, Williams T, Gerull B, Kääb S, Clauss S, Schüttler D, Waschke J, Yeruva S. EGFR inhibition leads to enhanced desmosome assembly and cardiomyocyte cohesion via ROCK activation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163763. [PMID: 36795511 PMCID: PMC10070108 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a familial heart disease partly caused by impaired desmosome turnover. Thus, stabilization of desmosome integrity may provide new treatment options. Desmosomes, apart from cellular cohesion, provide the structural framework of a signaling hub. Here, we investigated the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cardiomyocyte cohesion. We inhibited EGFR under physiological and pathophysiological conditions using the murine plakoglobin-KO AC model, in which EGFR was upregulated. EGFR inhibition enhanced cardiomyocyte cohesion. Immunoprecipitation showed an interaction of EGFR and desmoglein 2 (DSG2). Immunostaining and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed enhanced DSG2 localization and binding at cell borders upon EGFR inhibition. Enhanced area composita length and desmosome assembly were observed upon EGFR inhibition, confirmed by enhanced DSG2 and desmoplakin (DP) recruitment to cell borders. PamGene Kinase assay performed in HL-1 cardiomyocytes treated with erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor, revealed upregulation of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). Erlotinib-mediated desmosome assembly and cardiomyocyte cohesion were abolished upon ROCK inhibition. Thus, inhibiting EGFR and, thereby, stabilizing desmosome integrity via ROCK might provide treatment options for AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shoykhet
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Orsela Dervishi
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Menauer
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Hiermaier
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sina Moztarzadeh
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Colin Osterloh
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tatjana Williams
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Brenda Gerull
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, LMU Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Endocrine and Cardiovascular Disease Network Modeling and Clinical Transfer (ICONLMU), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Clauss
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, LMU Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Endocrine and Cardiovascular Disease Network Modeling and Clinical Transfer (ICONLMU), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, LMU Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Schüttler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, LMU Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Endocrine and Cardiovascular Disease Network Modeling and Clinical Transfer (ICONLMU), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, LMU Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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The alteration of RhoA geranylgeranylation and Ras farnesylation breaks the integrity of the blood-testis barrier and results in hypospermatogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:450. [PMID: 31171774 PMCID: PMC6554403 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) severely affects male infertility, however, the deep mechanisms of this disease are rarely interpreted. In this study, we find that undifferentiated spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) still exist in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules and the blood–testis barrier (BTB) formed by the interaction of neighbor Sertoli cells (SCs) is incomplete in NOA patients with spermatogenic maturation arrest. The adhesions between SCs and germ cells (GCs) are also broken in NOA patients. Meanwhile, the expression level of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (Ggpps), a key enzyme in mevalonate metabolic pathway, is lower in NOA patients than that in obstructive azoospermia (OA) patients. After Ggpps deletion specifically in SCs, the mice are infertile and the phenotype of the SC-Ggpps−/− mice is similar to the NOA patients, where the BTB and the SC–GC adhesions are severely destroyed. Although SSCs are still found in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, fewer mature spermatocyte and spermatid are found in SC-Ggpps−/− mice. Further examination suggests that the defect is mediated by the aberrant protein isoprenylation of RhoA and Ras family after Ggpps deletion. The exciting finding is that when the knockout mice are injected with berberine, the abnormal cell adhesions are ameliorated and spermatogenesis is partially restored. Our data suggest that the reconstruction of disrupted BTB is an effective treatment strategy for NOA patients with spermatogenic maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis.
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Zhang C, Qiao H, Guo W, Liu Y, Yang L, Liu Y, Jin B, Fu M, Wang G, Li W. CD100-plexin-B1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and promotes metastasis. Cancer Lett 2019; 455:1-13. [PMID: 30981760 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most lethal cancers mainly due to the high rate of metastasis. Here, we find that the expression level of CD100 in HNSCC is positively correlated with the T category, pathological grade and lymph node metastasis of the tumor. The level of soluble CD100 (sCD100) is highly increased in serum of HNSCC patients, and sCD100 markedly induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HNSCC through its receptor, Plexin-B1 (PlxnB1), and promotes the metastasis in a xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, sCD100 promotes the stabilization of Snail through the regulation of the Vav1-Rac1/RhoA-p21-activated kinase pathway for the induction of EMT. Anti-CD100 antibody abolishes the CD100-induced EMT and prevents the metastasis of HNSCC, and anti-CD100 antibody also increases the drug sensitivity of HNSCC. Taken together, our study shows for the first time that CD100 induces the EMT of HNSCC and promotes the metastasis, and CD100 would be a candidate as a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for HNSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Semaphorins/biosynthesis
- Semaphorins/blood
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/blood
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/metabolism
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongjiang Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Luting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Cancer as an Embryological Phenomenon and Its Developmental Pathways: A Hypothesis regarding the Contribution of the Noncanonical Wnt Pathway. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:4714781. [PMID: 30940992 PMCID: PMC6421044 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4714781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For gastrulation to occur in human embryos, a mechanism that simultaneously regulates many different processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion, is required to consistently and effectively create a human being during embryonic morphogenesis. The striking similarities in the processes of cancer and gastrulation have prompted speculation regarding the developmental pathways involved in their regulation. One of the fundamental requirements for the developmental pathways in gastrulation and cancer is the ability to respond to environmental stimuli, and it has been proposed that the Kaiso and noncanonical Wnt pathways participate in the mechanisms regulating these developmental pathways. In particular, these pathways might also explain the notable differences in invasive capacity between cancers of endodermal and mesodermal origins and cancers of ectodermal origin. Nevertheless, the available information indicates that cancer is an abnormal state of adult human cells in which developmental pathways are reactivated in inappropriate temporal and spatial contexts.
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5
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Kovacs-Kasa A, Kim KM, Cherian-Shaw M, Black SM, Fulton DJ, Verin AD. Extracellular adenosine-induced Rac1 activation in pulmonary endothelium: Molecular mechanisms and barrier-protective role. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5736-5746. [PMID: 29168172 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Gs-coupled adenosine receptors (A2a) are primarily involved in adenosine-induced human pulmonary artery endothelial cell (HPAEC) barrier enhancement. However, the downstream events that mediate the strengthening of the endothelial cell (EC) barrier via adenosine signaling are largely unknown. In the current study, we tested the overall hypothesis that adenosine-induced Rac1 activation and EC barrier enhancement is mediated by Gs-dependent stimulation of cAMP-dependent Epac1-mediated signaling cascades. Adenoviral transduction of HPAEC with constitutively-active (C/A) Rac1 (V12Rac1) significantly increases transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) reflecting an enhancement of the EC barrier. Conversely, expression of an inactive Rac1 mutant (N17Rac1) decreases TER reflecting a compromised EC barrier. The adenosine-induced increase in TER was accompanied by activation of Rac1, decrease in contractility (MLC dephosphorylation), but not Rho inhibition. Conversely, inhibition of Rac1 activity attenuates adenosine-induced increase in TER. We next examined the role of cAMP-activated Epac1 and its putative downstream targets Rac1, Vav2, Rap1, and Tiam1. Depletion of Epac1 attenuated the adenosine-induced Rac1 activation and the increase in TER. Furthermore, silencing of Rac1 specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), Vav2 and Rap1a expression significantly attenuated adenosine-induced increases in TER and activation of Rac1. Depletion of Rap1b only modestly impacted adenosine-induced increases in TER and Tiam1 depletion had no effect on adenosine-induced Rac1 activation and TER. Together these data strongly suggest that Rac1 activity is required for adenosine-induced EC barrier enhancement and that the activation of Rac1 and ability to strengthen the EC barrier depends, at least in part, on cAMP-dependent Epac1/Vav2/Rap1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mary Cherian-Shaw
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephen M Black
- Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David J Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Liu Y, Wang J, Li J, Wang R, Tharakan B, Zhang SL, Tong CW, Peng X. Deletion of Cdc42 in embryonic cardiomyocytes results in right ventricle hypoplasia. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:40. [PMID: 29101495 PMCID: PMC5670094 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and functions as a molecular switch in regulating cytoskeleton remodeling and cell polarity establishment. Inactivating Cdc42 in cardiomyocytes resulted in embryonic lethality with heart developmental defects, including ventricular septum defects and thin ventricle wall syndrome. FINDINGS In this study, we have generated a Cdc42 cardiomyocyte knockout mouse line by crossing Cdc42/flox mice with myosin light chain 2a (MLC2a)-Cre mice. We found that the deletion of Cdc42 in embryonic cardiomyocytes resulted in an underdeveloped right ventricle. Microarray analysis and real-time PCR data analysis displayed that the deletion of Cdc42 decreased dHand expression level. In addition, we found evaginations in the ventricle walls of Cdc42 knockout hearts. CONCLUSION We concluded that Cdc42 plays an essential role in right ventricle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, USA
| | - Jieli Li
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, USA.,Yangpu District Central Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binu Tharakan
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, USA
| | - Shenyuan L Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, USA
| | - Carl W Tong
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, USA.,Internal Medicine/Cardiology Division, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, USA
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, USA.
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7
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Thümecke S, Beermann A, Klingler M, Schröder R. The flipflop orphan genes are required for limb bud eversion in the Tribolium embryo. Front Zool 2017; 14:48. [PMID: 29075305 PMCID: PMC5649079 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike Drosophila but similar to other arthropod and vertebrate embryos, the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum develops everted limb buds during embryogenesis. However, the molecular processes directing the evagination of epithelia are only poorly understood. Results Here we show that the newly discovered genes Tc-flipflop1 and Tc-flipflop2 are involved in regulating the directional budding of appendages. RNAi-knockdown of Tc-flipflop results in a variety of phenotypic traits. Most prominently, embryonic limb buds frequently grow inwards rather than out, leading to the development of inverted appendages inside the larval body. Moreover, affected embryos display dorsal closure defects. The Tc-flipflop genes are evolutionarily non-conserved, and their molecular function is not evident. We further found that Tc-RhoGEF2, a highly-conserved gene known to be involved in actomyosin-dependent cell movement and cell shape changes, shows a Tc-flipflop-like RNAi-phenotype. Conclusions The similarity of the inverted appendage phenotype in both the flipflop- and the RhoGEF2 RNAi gene knockdown led us to conclude that the Tc-flipflop orphan genes act in a Rho-dependent pathway that is essential for the early morphogenesis of polarised epithelial movements. Our work describes one of the few examples of an orphan gene playing a crucial role in an important developmental process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-017-0234-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Thümecke
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einsteinstr 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Beermann
- Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Klingler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie Abt. Entwicklungsbiologie, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schröder
- Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tian Y, Tian X, Gawlak G, Sarich N, Sacks DB, Birukova AA, Birukov KG. Role of IQGAP1 in endothelial barrier enhancement caused by OxPAPC. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L800-L809. [PMID: 27566003 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00095.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) attenuates agonist-induced endothelial cell (EC) permeability and increases pulmonary endothelial barrier function via enhancement of both the peripheral actin cytoskeleton and cell junctions mediated by Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases. This study evaluated the role for the multifunctional Rac1/Cdc42 effector and regulator, IQGAP1, as a molecular transducer of the OxPAPC-mediated EC barrier enhancing signal. IQGAP1 knockdown in endothelial cells by gene-specific siRNA abolished OxPAPC-induced enlargement of VE-cadherin-positive adherens junctions, suppressed peripheral accumulation of actin polymerization regulators, namely cortactin, N-WASP and Arp3, and attenuated remodeling of the peripheral actin cytoskeleton. Inhibition of OxPAPC-induced barrier enhancement by IQGAP1 knockdown was due to suppressed Rac1 and Cdc42 activation. Expression of an IQGAP1 truncated mutant showed that the GTPase regulatory domain (GRD) of IQGAP1 was essential for the OxPAPC-induced membrane localization of cortactin, adherens junction proteins VE-cadherin and p120-catenin as well as for EC permeability response. IQGAP1knockdown attenuated the protective effect of OxPAPC against thrombin-induced cell contraction, cell junction disruption and EC permeability. These results demonstrate for the first time the role of IQGAP1 as a critical transducer of OxPAPC-induced Rac1/Cdc42 signaling to the actin cytoskeleton and adherens junctions which promotes cortical cytoskeletal remodeling and EC barrier protective effects of oxidized phospholipids.
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Zhu L, Chen T, Chang X, Zhou R, Luo F, Liu J, Zhang K, Wang Y, Yang Y, Long H, Liu Y, Yan T, Ma C. Salidroside ameliorates arthritis-induced brain cognition deficits by regulating Rho/ROCK/NF-κB pathway. Neuropharmacology 2015; 103:134-42. [PMID: 26690894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cognitive impairment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was increasingly serious nowadays. The purpose of the current study was to explore whether salidroside (Sal) could alleviate arthritis-induced cognition deficits and examine the relationship between the impairment and Rho/ROCK/NF-κB pathway. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established by the injection of chicken type II collagen (CII), complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Arthritic lesions of CIA rats were assessed by arthritis index score, swelling of paws and histological analysis. Cognitive deficits symptoms of CIA rats were monitored through Morris water maze test. The contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in hippocampus and serum were significantly reduced with salidroside (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) treatment compared with those in the CIA group. In parallel, we demonstrated that the expressions of RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, p-NF-κBp65, p-IκBα, p-IKKα and p-IKKβ were enhanced accompanying the investigation arthritis-induced cognition deficits, which were remarkably down-regulated by salidroside and confirmed by the results obtained from western blot and immunohistochemistry. LC-MS/MS results ascertained that Sal could enter into the blood and brain tissues to exhibit the protective effect on arthritis-induced cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, it was assumed that Sal might be a potential therapeutic candidate to treat arthritis-induced brain cognition deficits through the regulation of Rho/ROCK/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingpeng Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiayun Chang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fen Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongyan Long
- Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Tianhua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chunhua Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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The Efficient Derivation of Trophoblast Cells from Porcine In Vitro Fertilized and Parthenogenetic Blastocysts and Culture with ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142442. [PMID: 26555939 PMCID: PMC4640852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblasts (TR) are specialized cells of the placenta and play an important role in embryo implantation. The in vitro culture of trophoblasts provided an important tool to investigate the mechanisms of implantation. In the present study, porcine trophoblast cells were derived from pig in vitro fertilized (IVF) and parthenogenetically activated (PA) blastocysts via culturing in medium supplemented with KnockOut serum replacement (KOSR) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on STO feeder layers, and the effect of ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinases) inhibiter Y-27632 on the cell lines culture was tested. 5 PA blastocyst derived cell lines and 2 IVF blastocyst derived cell lines have been cultured more than 20 passages; one PA cell lines reached 110 passages without obvious morphological alteration. The derived trophoblast cells exhibited epithelium-like morphology, rich in lipid droplets, and had obvious defined boundaries with the feeder cells. The cells were histochemically stained positive for alkaline phosphatase. The expression of TR lineage markers, such as CDX2, KRT7, KRT18, TEAD4, ELF5 and HAND1, imprinted genes such as IGF2, PEG1 and PEG10, and telomerase activity related genes TERC and TERF2 were detected by immunofluorescence staining, reverse transcription PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Both PA and IVF blastocysts derived trophoblast cells possessed the ability to differentiate into mature trophoblast cells in vitro. The addition of Y-27632 improved the growth of both PA and IVF blastocyst derived cell lines and increased the expression of trophoblast genes. This study has provided an alternative highly efficient method to establish trophoblast for research focused on peri-implantation and placenta development in IVF and PA embryos.
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M. Maintenance of an undifferentiated state of human induced pluripotent stem cells through migration-dependent regulation of the balance between cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:617-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Abel AM, Schuldt KM, Rajasekaran K, Hwang D, Riese MJ, Rao S, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. IQGAP1: insights into the function of a molecular puppeteer. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:336-49. [PMID: 25733387 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular spatiotemporal organization of signaling events is critical for normal cellular function. In response to environmental stimuli, cells utilize highly organized signaling pathways that are subject to multiple layers of regulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate these complex processes remain an enigma. Scaffolding proteins (scaffolins) have emerged as critical regulators of signaling pathways, many of which have well-described functions in immune cells. IQGAP1, a highly conserved cytoplasmic scaffold protein, is able to curb, compartmentalize, and coordinate multiple signaling pathways in a variety of cell types. IQGAP1 plays a central role in cell-cell interaction, cell adherence, and movement via actin/tubulin-based cytoskeletal reorganization. Evidence also implicates IQGAP1 as an essential regulator of the MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the recent advances on the cellular and molecular biology of IQGAP1. We also describe how this pleiotropic scaffolin acts as a true molecular puppeteer, and highlight the significance of future research regarding the role of IQGAP1 in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Abel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kristina M Schuldt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - David Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Tian Y, Gawlak G, Shah AS, Higginbotham K, Tian X, Kawasaki Y, Akiyama T, Sacks DB, Birukova AA. Hepatocyte growth factor-induced Asef-IQGAP1 complex controls cytoskeletal remodeling and endothelial barrier. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4097-109. [PMID: 25492863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) attenuates agonist-induced endothelial cell (EC) permeability and increases pulmonary endothelial barrier function via Rac-dependent enhancement of the peripheral actin cytoskeleton. However, the precise mechanisms of HGF effects on the peripheral cytoskeleton are not well understood. This study evaluated a role for Rac/Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Asef and the multifunctional Rac effector, IQGAP1, in the mechanism of HGF-induced EC barrier enhancement. HGF induced Asef and IQGAP1 co-localization at the cell cortical area and stimulated formation of an Asef-IQGAP1 functional protein complex. siRNA-induced knockdown of Asef or IQGAP1 attenuated HGF-induced EC barrier enhancement. Asef knockdown attenuated HGF-induced Rac activation and Rac association with IQGAP1, and it abolished both IQGAP1 accumulation at the cell cortical layer and IQGAP1 interaction with actin cytoskeletal regulators cortactin and Arp3. Asef activation state was essential for Asef interaction with IQGAP1 and protein complex accumulation at the cell periphery. In addition to the previously reported role of the IQGAP1 RasGAP-related domain in the Rac-dependent IQGAP1 activation and interaction with its targets, we show that the IQGAP1 C-terminal domain is essential for HGF-induced IQGAP1/Asef interaction and Asef-Rac-dependent activation leading to IQGAP1 interaction with Arp3 and cortactin as a positive feedback mechanism of IQGAP1 activation. These results demonstrate a novel feedback mechanism of HGF-induced endothelial barrier enhancement via Asef/IQGAP1 interactions, which regulate the level of HGF-induced Rac activation and promote cortical cytoskeletal remodeling via IQGAP1-Arp3/cortactin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Tian
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Grzegorz Gawlak
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Alok S Shah
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Katherine Higginbotham
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Xinyong Tian
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Yoshihiro Kawasaki
- the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - David B Sacks
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Anna A Birukova
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
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Abstract
Cross talk between the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules (MT) has been implicated in the amplification of agonist-induced Rho signaling, leading to increased vascular endothelial permeability. This study tested the involvement of actin-MT cross talk in the mechanisms of barrier enhancement induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and evaluated the role of the adaptor protein IQGAP1 in integrating the MT- and actin-dependent pathways of barrier enhancement. IQGAP1 knockdown by small interfering RNA attenuated the HGF-induced increase in endothelial barrier properties and abolished HGF-activated cortical actin dynamics. IQGAP1 reduction abolished HGF-induced peripheral accumulation of Rac cytoskeletal effector cortactin and cortical actin remodeling. In addition, HGF stimulated peripheral MT growth in an IQGAP1-dependent fashion. HGF also induced Rac1-dependent IQGAP1 association with the MT fraction and the formation of a protein complex containing end-binding protein 1 (EB1), IQGAP1, and cortactin. Decreasing endogenous IQGAP1 abolished HGF-induced EB1-cortactin colocalization at the cell periphery. In turn, expression of IQGAP1ΔC (IQGAP1 lacking the C-terminal domain) attenuated the cortactin association with EB1 and suppressed HGF-induced endothelial cell peripheral actin cytoskeleton enhancement. These results demonstrate for the first time the MT-actin cross talk mechanism of HGF-induced endothelial barrier enhancement and suggest that IQGAP1 functions as a hub linking HGF-induced signaling to MT and actin remodeling via EB1-IQGAP1-cortactin interactions.
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15
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Switching between self-renewal and lineage commitment of human induced pluripotent stem cells via cell–substrate and cell–cell interactions on a dendrimer-immobilized surface. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5670-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Kim MH, Sawada Y, Taya M, Kino-Oka M. Influence of surface topography on the human epithelial cell response to micropatterned substrates with convex and concave architectures. J Biol Eng 2014; 8:13. [PMID: 25045401 PMCID: PMC4084502 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying the cellular response to topographical surface features will extend our knowledge regarding the regulation of cell functions. Analyzing the cellular response to different topographical features, over multiple temporal and spatial scales, is central to understanding and guiding several biological functions. We used micropatterned substrates with convex and concave architectures to evaluate the behaviors of human epithelial cells on these substrates. Results Pillar and pit substrates caused heterogeneous spatial growth and distribution, with differences in cell density, over 48 h. Regional densities and distribution were significantly increased at pillar sidewalls, and at pit sidewalls and bottoms compared with those on flat unpatterned areas. Time-lapse observations revealed that different mechanisms of cell migration were dependent upon pillar and pit features. Cells on pillar substrate migrated towards the sidewall, whereas cells on pit substrate tended to move towards the sidewalls and bottom. Cytoskeletal staining of F-actin and vinculin showed that this migration can be attributed to difference in spatial reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, and the formation of focal adhesions at various points on the at the convex and concave corners of pillar and pit substrates. Cells cultured on the pillar substrate had stress fibers with extended filopodia and immature focal contacts at the sidewalls and convex corners, similar to those on the flat unpatterned substrate. Cells at the sidewalls and concave corners of pit substrate had more contractile stress fibers and stable focal contacts compared with cells on the pillar substrate. We also found that the substrate structures affect cell-cell contact formation via E-cadherin, and that this was associated with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton at the sidewall, and at the convex and concave corners of the substrate. Conclusion Migration is an important factor affecting spatial growth and distribution. Heterogeneity at various locations was caused by different migratory behaviors at the convex and concave corners of pillar and pit substrates. We propose that this investigation is a valuable method for understanding cell phenotypes and the heterogeneity during spatial growth and distribution of epithelial cells during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sawada
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahito Taya
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kher SS, Struckhoff AP, Alberts AS, Worthylake RA. A novel role for p115RhoGEF in regulation of epithelial plasticity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85409. [PMID: 24465552 PMCID: PMC3900421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial plasticity plays a critical role during physiological processes, such as wound healing and tissue regeneration, and dysregulation of epithelial plasticity can lead to pathological conditions, such as cancer. Cell-cell junctions are a critical feature of epithelial cells and loss of junctions is associated with acquisition of mesenchymal features, such as enhanced protrusion and migration. Although Rho has been implicated in regulation of junctions in epithelial cells, the role of Rho signaling in the regulation of epithelial plasticity has not been understood. We show that members of the RGS RhoGEFs family play a critical role in regulation of epithelial cell-cell junctions in breast epithelial cells. We identify a novel role for p115RhoGEF in regulation of epithelial plasticity. Loss of p115RhoGEF leads to decreased junctional E-cadherin and enhanced protrusiveness and migration. Conversely, overexpression of p115RhoGEF enhanced junctional E-cadherin and inhibited cell protrusion and migration. siRNA screen of 23 Rho effectors showed that members of the Diaphanous-Related Formin (DRF) family are required for p115RhoGEF-mediated changes in epithelial plasticity. Thus, our data indicates a novel role for p115RhoGEF in regulation of epithelial plasticity, which is dependent on Rho-DRF signaling module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil S. Kher
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Struckhoff
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Arthur S. Alberts
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A Worthylake
- Department of Oral Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Increased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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19
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Liu Y, Song N, Ren K, Meng S, Xie Y, Long Q, Chen X, Zhao X. Expression loss and revivification of RhoB gene in ovary carcinoma carcinogenesis and development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78417. [PMID: 24223801 PMCID: PMC3815309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoB, a member of small GTPases belonging to the Ras protein superfamily, might have a suppressive activity in cancer progression. Here, expression of RhoB gene was evaluated in human benign, borderline and malignant ovary tumors by immunostaining, with normal ovary tissue as control. Malignant tumors were assessed according to Federation Internationale de Gynecologie Obstetrique (FIGO) guidelines and classified in stage I-IV. Revivification of RhoB gene was investigated by analyzing the effect of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin (TSA) and methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) on ovarian cancer cells via RT-PCR and western blot. Apoptosis of ovary cancer cells was detected using flowcytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Subsequently, RhoB expression is detected in normal ovary epithelium, borderline tumors, and decreases significantly or lost in the majority of ovarian cancer specimen (P<0.05). RhoB expression decreases significantly from stage II (71.4%) to stage III (43.5%) to stage IV (18.2%, P<0.05). TSA can both significantly revive the RhoB gene and mediate apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells, but 5-Aza couldn't. Interference into Revivification of RhoB gene results in reduction of ovary carcinoma cell apoptosis. It is proposed that loss of RhoB expression occurs frequently in ovary carcinogenesis and progression and its expression could be regulated by histone deacetylation but not by promoter hypermethylation, which may serve as a prospective gene treatment target for the patients with ovarian malignancy not responding to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Liu
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Song
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kexing Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qida Long
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiancheng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XZ); chenwcrs @126.com (XC)
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XZ); chenwcrs @126.com (XC)
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20
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Li Y, Guo Z, Chen H, Dong Z, Pan ZK, Ding H, Su SB, Huang S. HOXC8-Dependent Cadherin 11 Expression Facilitates Breast Cancer Cell Migration through Trio and Rac. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:880-8. [PMID: 22593800 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911433129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HOXC8 expression is upregulated in diverse cancer types, and a high level of HOXC8 is often associated with the aggressive/metastatic phenotypes. We previously reported that the presence of HOXC8 is essential for breast cancer cell migration and metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of HOXC8 regulation of cell migration is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of HOXC8 is required for cadherin 11 (CDH11) expression in breast cancer cells and that HOXC8 regulation of cell migration is mediated by CDH11. To understand the role of HOXC8-CDH11 axis in cell migration, we show that depleting either HOXC8 or CDH11 diminishes the formation of actin-based membrane ruffles, an event essential for cell migration. The loss of membrane ruffles in HOXC8- or CDH11-knockdown cells is apparently caused by reduced Rac activity because ectopically expressing active Rac1 restores cytoskeleton reorganization. CDH11 physically interacts with Trio, a Rac GEF. We show that Trio is responsible for the majority of endogenous Rac activity in migratory breast cancer cells. Because knockdown of CDH11 prevents the plasma membrane localization of Trio, our study indicates that CDH11 may play a role in recruiting Trio to the plasma membrane where Trio activates Rac, leading to cell migration. This study reveals a novel HOXC8-CDH11-Trio-Rac signaling axis that contributes significantly to breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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21
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Shiratsuchi H, Shimizu O, Saito T, Mashimo T, Yonehara Y. Immunohistological study of small Rho GTPases and β-catenin during regeneration of the rat submandibular gland. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:751-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Ramis-Conde I, Drasdo D. From genotypes to phenotypes: classification of the tumour profiles for different variants of the cadherin adhesion pathway. Phys Biol 2012; 9:036008. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/3/036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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GODEK ML, SAMPSON JA, DUCHSHERER NL, McELWEE Q, GRAINGER DW. Rho GTPase protein expression and activation in murine monocytes/macrophages is not modulated by model biomaterial surfaces in serum-containing in vitro cultures. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 17:1141-1158. [PMID: 17235380 PMCID: PMC1776857 DOI: 10.1163/156856206778530731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Rho GTPase cellular signaling cascade was investigated in pro-monocyte and (monocyte-)macrophage cells by examining GTPase expression and activation in serum-containing cultures on model biomaterials. Abundance of Rho GDI and the Rho GTPase proteins RhoA, Cdc42 and Rac1 was determined in cells grown on tissue culture polystyrene, polystyrene, poly-l-lactide and Teflon(®) AF surfaces. Protein expression was compared based on cell maturity (pro-monocyte to monocyte to macrophage lineages) and by model surface chemistry: Rho proteins were present in the majority of macrophage cells tested on model surfaces suggesting that a pool of Rho proteins is readily available for signaling events in response to numerous activating cues, including biomaterials surface encounter. Rho GTPase activation profiles in these cell lines indicate active Cdc42 and Rho proteins in RAW 264.7, Rac1 and Rho in J774A.1, and Cdc42 and Rac1 in IC-21 cell lines, respectively. Collectively, these proteins are known to play critical roles in all actin-based cytoskeletal rearrangement necessary for cell adhesion, spreading and motility, and remain important to establishing cellular responses required for foreign body reactions in vivo. Differences in Rho GTPase protein expression levels based on cell sourcing (primary versus secondary-derived cell source), or as a function of surface chemistry were insignificant. Rho GTPase expression profiles varied between pro-monocytic non-adherent precursor cells and mature adherent monocyte/macrophage cells. The active GTP-bound forms of the Rho GTPase proteins were detected from monocyte-macrophage cell lines RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 on all polymer surfaces, suggesting that while these proteins are central to cell adhesive behavior, differences in surface chemistry are insufficient to differentially regulate GTPase activation in these cell types. Active Cdc42 was detected from cells cultured on the more-polar tissue culture polystyrene and poly-l-lactide surfaces after several days, but absent from those grown on apolar polystyrene and Teflon(®) AF, indicating some surface influence on this GTPase in serum-containing cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. GODEK
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - J. A. SAMPSON
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - N. L. DUCHSHERER
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Q. McELWEE
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - D. W. GRAINGER
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Márquez MG, Favale NO, Leocata Nieto F, Pescio LG, Sterin-Speziale N. Changes in membrane lipid composition cause alterations in epithelial cell-cell adhesion structures in renal papillary collecting duct cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:491-501. [PMID: 22155258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In epithelial tissues, adherens junctions (AJ) mediate cell-cell adhesion by using proteins called E-cadherins, which span the plasma membrane, contact E-cadherin on other cells and connect with the actin cytoskeleton inside the cell. Although AJ protein complexes are inserted in detergent-resistant membrane microdomains, the influence of membrane lipid composition in the preservation of AJ structures has not been extensively addressed. In the present work, we studied the contribution of membrane lipids to the preservation of renal epithelial cell-cell adhesion structures. We biochemically characterized the lipid composition of membranes containing AJ complexes. By using lipid membrane-affecting agents, we found that such agents induced the formation of new AJ protein-containing domains of different lipid composition. By using both biochemical approaches and fluorescence microscopy we demonstrated that the membrane phospholipid composition plays an essential role in the in vivo maintenance of AJ structures involved in cell-cell adhesion structures in renal papillary collecting duct cells.
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Badgwell DB, Lu Z, Le K, Gao F, Yang M, Suh GK, Bao JJ, Das P, Andreeff M, Chen W, Yu Y, Ahmed AA, S-L Liao W, Bast RC. The tumor-suppressor gene ARHI (DIRAS3) suppresses ovarian cancer cell migration through inhibition of the Stat3 and FAK/Rho signaling pathways. Oncogene 2011; 31:68-79. [PMID: 21643014 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancers migrate and metastasize over the surface of the peritoneal cavity. Consequently, dysregulation of mechanisms that limit cell migration may be particularly important in the pathogenesis of the disease. ARHI is an imprinted tumor-suppressor gene that is downregulated in >60% of ovarian cancers, and its loss is associated with decreased progression-free survival. ARHI encodes a 26-kDa GTPase with homology to Ras. In contrast to Ras, ARHI inhibits cell growth, but whether it also regulates cell motility has not been studied previously. Here we report that re-expression of ARHI decreases the motility of IL-6- and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated SKOv3 and Hey ovarian cancer cells, inhibiting both chemotaxis and haptotaxis. ARHI binds to and sequesters Stat3 in the cytoplasm, preventing its translocation to the nucleus and localization in focal adhesion complexes. Stat3 siRNA or the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 produced similar inhibition of motility. However, the combination of ARHI expression with Stat3 knockdown or inhibition produced greatest inhibition in ovarian cancer cell migration, consistent with Stat3-dependent and Stat3-independent mechanisms. Consistent with two distinct signaling pathways, knockdown of Stat3 selectively inhibited IL-6-stimulated migration, whereas knockdown of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) preferentially inhibited EGF-stimulated migration. In EGF-stimulated ovarian cancer cells, re-expression of ARHI inhibited FAK(Y397) and Src(Y416) phosphorylation, disrupted focal adhesions, and blocked FAK-mediated RhoA signaling, resulting in decreased levels of GTP-RhoA. Re-expression of ARHI also disrupted the formation of actin stress fibers in a FAK- and RhoA-dependent manner. Thus, ARHI has a critical and previously uncharacterized role in the regulation of ovarian cancer cell migration, exerting inhibitory effects on two distinct signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Badgwell
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Popoff MR, Geny B. Rho/Ras-GTPase-dependent and -independent activity of clostridial glucosylating toxins. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1057-1069. [PMID: 21349986 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.029314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridial glucosylating toxins are the main virulence factors of clostridia responsible for gangrene and/or colitis. These toxins have been well characterized to inactivate Rho/Ras-GTPases through glucosylation. However, the signalling pathways downstream of Rho/Ras-GTPases leading to the intracellular effects of these toxins are only partially known. Rac-dependent modification of focal adhesion complexes and phosphoinositide metabolism seem to be key processes involved in actin filament depolymerization and disorganization of intercellular junctions. In addition, clostridial glucosylating toxins induce Rho/Ras-independent intracellular effects such as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, which are used by some of these toxins to trigger an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Bladine Geny
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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Yang W, Lv S, Liu X, Liu H, Yang W, Hu F. Up-regulation of Tiam1 and Rac1 correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40:1053-9. [PMID: 20522449 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1) specifically activates Rho-like GTPases (e.g. Rac1) and Tiam1-Rac1 pathway affects the migration and invasion of many tumors, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, breast cancer and retinoblastoma. However, no studies have yet comprehensively examined the involvement of Tiam1-Rac1 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we examined the relationship of the up-regulation of Tiam1 and Rac1 with clinicopathological features in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Expression of Tiam1 and Rac1 was assessed in 242 hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and their adjacent normal hepatic tissues by performing immunohistochemistry and was gauged regarding stage, grade and survival. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that patients with a high clinical stage hepatocellular carcinoma (III-IV) and α-fetoprotein levels had a higher tendency to express Tiam1 and Rac1 on tumor cells than the patients with low pathologic grade hepatocellular carcinoma (I-II) (P = 0.008 and 0.01, respectively) and low α-fetoprotein levels (P = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively). In addition, Tiam1 and Rac1 up-regulation was also significantly associated with vascular invasion status (both P = 0.02), intrahepatic metastasis status (P = 0.009 and 0.01, respectively) and histological differentiation (P = 0.008 and 0.009, respectively) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, post-operative survival analysis indicated that hepatocellular carcinoma patients with strong Tiam1 (P = 0.01) and Rac1 (P = 0.02) expression had shorter disease-specific survival than those with weak expression. Multivariate analysis also showed that Tiam1 and Rac1 overexpression could be two predictors of poor prognosis (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated for the first time that the Tiam1-Rac1 pathway may play a critical role in tumor progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. The expression of Tiam1 and Rac1 can be considered as the two useful indicators for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyong Yang
- Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi Province, China
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28
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Liu Z, Tan JL, Cohen DM, Yang MT, Sniadecki NJ, Ruiz SA, Nelson CM, Chen CS. Mechanical tugging force regulates the size of cell-cell junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9944-9. [PMID: 20463286 PMCID: PMC2890446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914547107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility affects cellular organization within tissues in part through the generation of mechanical forces at sites of cell-matrix and cell-cell contact. While increased mechanical loading at cell-matrix adhesions results in focal adhesion growth, whether forces drive changes in the size of cell-cell adhesions remains an open question. To investigate the responsiveness of adherens junctions (AJ) to force, we adapted a system of microfabricated force sensors to quantitatively report cell-cell tugging force and AJ size. We observed that AJ size was modulated by endothelial cell-cell tugging forces: AJs and tugging force grew or decayed with myosin activation or inhibition, respectively. Myosin-dependent regulation of AJs operated in concert with a Rac1, and this coordinated regulation was illustrated by showing that the effects of vascular permeability agents (S1P, thrombin) on junctional stability were reversed by changing the extent to which these agents coupled to the Rac and myosin-dependent pathways. Furthermore, direct application of mechanical tugging force, rather than myosin activity per se, was sufficient to trigger AJ growth. These findings demonstrate that the dynamic coordination of mechanical forces and cell-cell adhesive interactions likely is critical to the maintenance of multicellular integrity and highlight the need for new approaches to study tugging forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - John L. Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Daniel M. Cohen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Michael T. Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Nathan J. Sniadecki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Sami Alom Ruiz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Celeste M. Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Christopher S. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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29
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Geny B, Grassart A, Manich M, Chicanne G, Payrastre B, Sauvonnet N, Popoff MR. Rac1 inactivation by lethal toxin from Clostridium sordellii modifies focal adhesions upstream of actin depolymerization. Cell Microbiol 2009; 12:217-32. [PMID: 19840028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of different small GTPases upon their glucosylation by lethal toxin from Clostridium sordellii strain IP82 (LT-82) is already known to lead to cell rounding, adherens junction (AJ) disorganization and actin depolymerization. In the present work, we observed that LT-82 induces a rapid dephosphorylation of paxillin, a protein regulating focal adhesion (FA), independently of inactivation of paxillin kinases such as Src, Fak and Pyk2. Among the small GTPases inactivated by this toxin, including Rac, Ras, Rap and Ral, we identified Rac1, as responsible for paxillin dephosphorylation using cells overexpressing Rac1(V12). Rac1 inactivation by LT-82 modifies interactions between proteins from AJ and FA complexes as shown by pull-down assays. We showed that in Triton X-100-insoluble membrane proteins from these complexes, namely E-cadherin, beta-catenin, p120-catenin and talin, are decreased upon LT-82 intoxication, a treatment that also induces a rapid decrease in cell phosphoinositide content. Therefore, we proposed that Rac inactivation by LT-82 alters phosphoinositide metabolism leading to FA and AJ complex disorganization and actin depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Geny
- Unité des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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30
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Sivasubramaiyan K, Totey S, Bhat V, Totey SM, Deb K. Y-27632 enhances differentiation of blastocyst like cystic human embryoid bodies to endocrinologically active trophoblast cells on a biomimetic platform. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:88. [PMID: 19772618 PMCID: PMC2754421 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast differentiation and formation of the placenta are important events linked to post-implantation embryonic development. Models mimicking the biology of trophoblast differentiation in a post-implantation maternal microenvironment are needed for understanding disorders like placental-ischemia or for applications in drug-screening, and would help in overcoming the ethical impasse on using human embryos for such research. Here we attempt to create such a model by using embryoid bodies (EBs) and a biomimetic platform composed of a bilayer of fibronectin and gelatin on top of low-melting agarose. Using this model we test the hypothesis that cystic-EBs (day 30) that resemble blastocysts morphologically, are better sources as compared to noncytic EBs (day 10), for functional trophoblast differentiation; and that the Rho kinases inhibitor Y27632 can enhance this differentiation. Non/cytic EBs with/out Y27632 were grown on this platform for 28 days, and screened from secretion and expression of trophoblast and other lineage markers using ECLIA, RT-PCR, and Immunofluorescence. All EBs attached on this surface and rapidly proliferated into hCG and progesterone (P2) secreting functional trophoblast cells. However, the cells derived from cytic-EBs and cytic-EBs+ Y27632 showed the maximum secretion of these hormones and expressed IGF2, supporting our hypothesis. Also Y27632 reduced extraembryonic endoderm and trophoblast lineage differentiation from early noncystic-EBs, whereas, it specifically enhanced the induction of trophoblast and multinucleated syncitiotrophoblast differentiation from late cystic-EBs. In vivo trophoblast differentiation can be replicated in fibronectin based biomaterials, using cytic-EBs and by maneuvering the Rho-ROCK pathways. Response of EBs to a compound may vary temporally, and determination of their right stage is crucial for applications in directed-differentiation or drug-screening.
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31
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Sarai K, Shikata K, Shikata Y, Omori K, Watanabe N, Sasaki M, Nishishita S, Wada J, Goda N, Kataoka N, Makino H. Endothelial barrier protection by FTY720 under hyperglycemic condition: involvement of focal adhesion kinase, small GTPases, and adherens junction proteins. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C945-54. [PMID: 19657053 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00606.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been highlighted as an endothelial barrier-stabilizing mediator. FTY720 is a S1P analog originally developed as a novel immunosuppressant. The phosphorylated form of FTY720 binds to S1P receptors to exert S1P-like biological effects, suggesting endothelial barrier promotion by FTY720. To elucidate whether FTY720 induces signaling events related to endothelial barrier enhancement under hyperglycemic conditions, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) preincubated with hyperglycemic (30 mM) medium were treated with 100 nM FTY720 for 3 h. Immunofluorescent microscopy and coprecipitation study revealed FTY720-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-associated adherens junction (AJ) assembly at cell-cell contacts coincident with formation of a prominent cortical actin ring. FTY720 also induced transmonolayer electrical resistance (TER) augmentation in HMVEC monolayers in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, implying endothelial barrier enhancement. Similar to S1P, site-specific FAK tyrosine phosphorylation analysis revealed FTY720-induced FAK [Y576] phosphorylation without phosphorylation of FAK [Y397/Y925]. Furthermore, FTY720 conditioned the phosphorylation profile of FAK [Y397/Y576/Y925] in hyperglycemic medium to the same pattern observed in normoglycemic medium. FTY720 challenge resulted in small GTPase Rac activation under hyperglycemic conditions, whereas increased Rho activity in hyperglycemic medium was restored to the basal level. Rac protein depletion by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique completely abolished FTY720-induced FAK [Y576] phosphorylation. These findings strongly suggest the barrier protective effect of FTY720 on HMVEC monolayers in hyperglycemic medium via S1P signaling, further implying the possibility of FTY720 as a therapeutic agent of diabetic vascular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sarai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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32
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Popoff MR, Geny B. Multifaceted role of Rho, Rac, Cdc42 and Ras in intercellular junctions, lessons from toxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:797-812. [PMID: 19366594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) are dynamic structures linked to the actin cytoskeleton, which control the paracellular permeability of epithelial and endothelial barriers. TJs and AJs are strictly regulated in a spatio-temporal manner by a complex signaling network, including Rho/Ras-GTPases, which have a pivotal role. Rho preferentially regulates TJs by controlling the contraction of apical acto-myosin filaments, whereas Rac/Cdc42 mainly coordinate the assembly-disassembly of AJ components. However, a subtle balance of Rho/Ras-GTPase activity and interplay between these molecules is required to maintain an optimal organization and function of TJs and AJs. Conversely, integrity of intercellular junctions generates signals through Rho-GTPases, which are involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. Rho/Ras-GTPases and the control of intercellular junctions are the target of various bacterial toxins responsible for severe diseases in man and animals, and are part of their mechanism of action. This review focuses on the regulation of TJs and AJs by Rho/Ras-GTPases through molecular approaches and bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, 75724 Paris cedex151, France.
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33
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Peterson H, Laivuori H, Kerkela E, Jiao H, Hiltunen L, Heino S, Tiala I, Knuutila S, Rasi V, Kere J, Kivinen K. ROCK2 allelic variants are not associated with pre-eclampsia susceptibility in the Finnish population. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:443-9. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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34
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Liu Y, Li QC, Miao Y, Xu HT, Dai SD, Wei Q, Dong QZ, Dong XJ, Zhao Y, Zhao C, Wang EH. Ablation of p120-catenin enhances invasion and metastasis of human lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:441-8. [PMID: 19154401 PMCID: PMC11158803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
p120-catenin, a member of the Armadillo gene family, has emerged as both a master regulator of cadherin stability and an important modulator of small GTPase activities. Therefore, it plays novel roles in tumor malignant phenotype, such as invasion and metastasis. We have reported previously that abnormal expression of p120-catenin is associated with lymph node metastasis in lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and adenocarcinomas. To investigate the role and possible mechanism of p120-catenin in lung cancer, we knocked down p120-catenin using small interfering RNA (siRNA). We found that ablation of p120-catenin reduced the levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin proteins, as well as the mRNA of beta-catenin. Furthermore, p120-catenin depletion inactivated RhoA, but increased the activity of Cdc42 and Rac1, and promoted proliferation and the invasive ability of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that p120-catenin gene knockdown enhances the metastasis of lung cancer cells, probably by either depressing cell-cell adhesion due to lower levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin, or altering the activity of small GTPase, such as inactivation of RhoA and activation of Cdc42/Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
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35
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Fernandes LB, Henry PJ, Goldie RG. Rho kinase as a therapeutic target in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009; 1:25-33. [PMID: 19124345 DOI: 10.1177/1753465807080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease of the airways involving reversible bronchoconstriction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is typified by inflammation and airflow limitation that has an irreversible component. There is now substantial evidence that Rho kinase is involved in many of the pathways that contribute to the pathologies associated with these respiratory diseases including bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, airway remodelling, neuromodulation and exacerbations due to respiratory tract viral infection. Indeed the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 causes bronchodilatation and reduces pulmonary eosinophilia trafficking and airways hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of Rho kinase could have a major beneficial impact on symptoms and disease progression in asthma and COPD by modulating several other systems and processes. Thus, the Rho kinase pathway may indeed be a worthwhile therapeutic target in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette B Fernandes
- Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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36
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Asuri S, Yan J, Paranavitana NC, Quilliam LA. E-cadherin dis-engagement activates the Rap1 GTPase. J Cell Biochem 2009; 105:1027-37. [PMID: 18767072 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin based adherens junctions are finely regulated by multiple cellular signaling events. Here we show that the Ras-related Rap1 GTPase is enriched in regions of nascent cell-cell contacts and strengthens E-cadherin junctions: constitutively active Rap1 expressing MDCK cells exhibit increased junctional contact and resisted calcium depletion-induced cell-cell junction disruption. E-cadherin disengagement activated Rap1 and this correlated with E-cadherin association with the Rap GEFs, C3G and PDZ-GEF I. PDZ-GEF I associated with E-cadherin and beta-catenin whereas C3G interaction with E-cadherin did not involve beta-catenin. Knockdown of PDZ-GEF I in MDCK cells decreased Rap1 activity following E-cadherin junction disruption. We hereby show that Rap1 plays a role in the maintenance and repair of E-cadherin junctions and is activated via an "outside-in" signaling pathway initiated by E-cadherin and mediated at least in part by PDZ-GEF I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Asuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Walther Oncology Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafic M Elmasri
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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39
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Vandenbroucke E, Mehta D, Minshall R, Malik AB. Regulation of endothelial junctional permeability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1123:134-45. [PMID: 18375586 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1420.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium is a semi-permeable barrier that regulates the flux of liquid and solutes, including plasma proteins, between the blood and surrounding tissue. The permeability of the vascular barrier can be modified in response to specific stimuli acting on endothelial cells. Transport across the endothelium can occur via two different pathways: through the endothelial cell (transcellular) or between adjacent cells, through interendothelial junctions (paracellular). This review focuses on the regulation of the paracellular pathway. The paracellular pathway is composed of adhesive junctions between endothelial cells, both tight junctions and adherens junctions. The actin cytoskeleton is bound to each junction and controls the integrity of each through actin remodeling. These interendothelial junctions can be disassembled or assembled to either increase or decrease paracellular permeability. Mediators, such as thrombin, TNF-alpha, and LPS, stimulate their respective receptor on endothelial cells to initiate signaling that increases cytosolic Ca2+ and activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), as well as monomeric GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Ca2+ activation of MLCK and RhoA disrupts junctions, whereas Rac1 and Cdc42 promote junctional assembly. Increased endothelial permeability can be reversed with "barrier stabilizing agents," such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This review provides an overview of the mechanisms that regulate paracellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Vandenbroucke
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illonois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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40
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41
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Zegers M. Roles of P21-activated kinases and associated proteins in epithelial wound healing. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 267:253-98. [PMID: 18544501 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)00606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of epithelia is to provide a barrier between the extracellular environment and the interior of the body. Efficient epithelial repair mechanisms are therefore crucial for homeostasis. The epithelial wound-healing process involves highly regulated morphogenetic changes of epithelial cells that are driven by dynamic changes of the cytoskeleton. P21-activated kinases are serine/threonine kinases that have emerged as important regulators of the cytoskeleton. These kinases, which are activated downsteam of the Rho GTPases Rac and cd42, were initially mostly implicated in the regulation of cell migration. More recently, however, these kinases were shown to have many additional functions that are relevant to the regulation of epithelial wound healing. Here, we provide an overview of the morphogenetic changes of epithelial cells during wound healing and the many functions of p21-activated kinases in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Zegers
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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42
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Chien YH, Jiang N, Li F, Zhang F, Zhu C, Leckband D. Two stage cadherin kinetics require multiple extracellular domains but not the cytoplasmic region. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1848-56. [PMID: 17999960 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Micropipette manipulation measurements quantified the pre-steady state binding kinetics between cell pairs mediated by Xenopus cleavage stage cadherin. The time-dependence of the intercellular binding probability exhibits a fast forming, low probability binding state, which transitions to a slower forming, high probability state. The biphasic kinetics are independent of the cytoplasmic region, but the transition to the high probability state requires the third extracellular domain EC3. Deleting either EC3 or EC3-5, or substituting Trp(2) for Ala reduces the binding curves to a simple, monophasic rise in binding probability to a limiting plateau, as predicted for a single site binding mechanism. The two stage cadherin binding process reported here directly parallels previous biophysical studies, and confirms that the cadherin ectodomain governs the initial intercellular adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Chien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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43
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Backer S, Hidalgo-Sánchez M, Offner N, Portales-Casamar E, Debant A, Fort P, Gauthier-Rouvière C, Bloch-Gallego E. Trio controls the mature organization of neuronal clusters in the hindbrain. J Neurosci 2007; 27:10323-32. [PMID: 17898204 PMCID: PMC6673147 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1102-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the embryonic development of the hindbrain, movements of neuronal clusters allow the formation of mature "pools", in particular for inferior olivary (ION) and facial motor (fMN) nuclei. The cellular mechanisms of neuron clustering remain uncharacterized. We report that the absence of the Rho-guanine exchange factor Trio, which can activate both RhoG and Rac1 in vivo, prevents the proper formation of ION and fMN subnuclei. Rac1, but not RhoG, appears to be a downstream actor in Trio-induced lamellation. In addition, we report that Cadherin-11 is expressed by a subset of neurons through the overall period of ION and fMN parcellations, and defects observed in trio mutant mice are located specifically in Cadherin-11-expressing regions. Moreover, endogenous Cadherin-11 is found in a complex with Trio when lamellation occurs. Altogether, those results establish a link between Trio activity, the subsequent Rac1 activation, and neuronal clusters organization, as well as a possible recruitment of the Cadherin-11 adhesive receptor to form a complex with Trio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Backer
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Inserm, Unité 567, 75014 Paris, France, and
| | - Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Inserm, Unité 567, 75014 Paris, France, and
| | - Nicolas Offner
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Inserm, Unité 567, 75014 Paris, France, and
| | - Elodie Portales-Casamar
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire/CNRS, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2593, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire/CNRS, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2593, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Fort
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire/CNRS, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2593, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Gauthier-Rouvière
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire/CNRS, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2593, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Evelyne Bloch-Gallego
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Inserm, Unité 567, 75014 Paris, France, and
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Schrick C, Fischer A, Srivastava DP, Tronson NC, Penzes P, Radulovic J. N-cadherin regulates cytoskeletally associated IQGAP1/ERK signaling and memory formation. Neuron 2007; 55:786-98. [PMID: 17785185 PMCID: PMC2064867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-mediated interactions are integral to synapse formation and potentiation. Here we show that N-cadherin is required for memory formation and regulation of a subset of underlying biochemical processes. N-cadherin antagonistic peptide containing the His-Ala-Val motif (HAV-N) transiently disrupted hippocampal N-cadherin dimerization and impaired the formation of long-term contextual fear memory while sparing short-term memory, retrieval, and extinction. HAV-N impaired the learning-induced phosphorylation of a distinctive, cytoskeletally associated fraction of hippocampal Erk-1/2 and altered the distribution of IQGAP1, a scaffold protein linking cadherin-mediated cell adhesion to the cytoskeleton. This effect was accompanied by reduction of N-cadherin/IQGAP1/Erk-2 interactions. Similarly, in primary neuronal cultures, HAV-N prevented NMDA-induced dendritic Erk-1/2 phosphorylation and caused relocation of IQGAP1 from dendritic spines into the shafts. The data suggest that the newly identified role of hippocampal N-cadherin in memory consolidation may be mediated, at least in part, by cytoskeletal IQGAP1/Erk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center for Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Andre Fischer
- Neuropathology Group, European Neuroscience Institute, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Natalie C. Tronson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center for Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center for Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- *Corresponding author: Jelena Radulovic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center for Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 9-188, Chicago, IL 60611, , Phone: 312 503 4627, Fax: 312 503 0466
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45
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Broman MT, Mehta D, Malik AB. Cdc42 regulates the restoration of endothelial adherens junctions and permeability. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:151-6. [PMID: 17574122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial adherens junction (AJ) complex consisting of VE-cadherin and its associated catenins is a major determinant of fluid, solute, and plasma protein permeability of the vessel wall endothelial barrier. Impairment of endothelial barrier function contributes to cardiovascular diseases such as vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Adherens junctions disassemble in response to proinflammatory mediators, producing an increase in endothelial permeability; however, AJs also have the capacity to reassemble, leading to restoration of endothelial barrier function. Activation of Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of monomeric GTPases, is an essential signal regulating reannealing of AJs and reversal of the increase in endothelial permeability. The possibility of activating Cdc42 therapeutically represents a novel approach to prevent inflammatory diseases resulting from breakdown of the endothelial barrier. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of Cdc42 in restoring endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Broman
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Omori K, Shikata Y, Sarai K, Watanabe N, Wada J, Goda N, Kataoka N, Shikata K, Makino H. Edaravone mimics sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced endothelial barrier enhancement in human microvascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1523-31. [PMID: 17686998 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00524.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Edaravone is a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and is quite successful in patients with acute cerebral ischemia, and several organ-protective effects have been reported. Treatment of human microvascular endothelial cells with edaravone (1.5 microM) resulted in the enhancement of transmonolayer electrical resistance coincident with cortical actin enhancement and redistribution of focal adhesion proteins and adherens junction proteins to the cell periphery. Edaravone also induced small GTPase Rac activation and focal adhesion kinase (FAK; Tyr(576)) phosphorylation associated with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 1 (S1P(1)) transactivation. S1P(1) protein depletion by the short interfering RNA technique completely abolished edaravone-induced FAK (Tyr(576)) phosphorylation and Rac activation. This is the first report of edaravone-induced endothelial barrier enhancement coincident with focal adhesion remodeling and cytoskeletal rearrangement associated with Rac activation via S1P(1) transactivation. Considering the well-established endothelial barrier-protective effect of S1P, endothelial barrier enhancement as a consequence of S1P(1) transactivation may at least partly be the potent mechanisms for the organ-protective effect of edaravone and is suggestive of edaravone as a therapeutic agent against systemic vascular barrier disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Omori
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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47
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Li G, Satyamoorthy K, Herlyn M. Dynamics of cell interactions and communications during melanoma development. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2007; 13:62-70. [PMID: 12097238 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma development not only involves genetic and epigenetic changes that take place within the cell, but also involves processes determined collectively by micro-environmental factors, including cell-cell interactions and communications. During the transition from normal cells to benign and malignant lesions, and subsequently to metastatic cancer, stepwise changes in intercellular communications provide tumor cells with the ability to overcome cell-cell adhesion and micro-environmental controls from the host and to invade surrounding tissues and disperse to distant locations. Cadherins are major cell-cell adhesion molecules involved in the development and maintenance of skin. E-cadherin expressed in normal melanocytes mediates growth and invasion control by keratinocytes. Progressive loss of E-cadherin and gain of N-cadherin during melanoma development not only free melanoma cells from control by keratinocytes, but also provide new adhesion properties, resulting in switched partnerships with fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. The cadherin subtype switching also dictates gap junctional specificity in melanocytic cells during tumor development. This selective intercellular communication may contribute to the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration of melanocytic cells in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Abnormal up-regulation of the immunoglobin repeat-containing cell adhesion molecules Mel-CAM and L1-CAM potentiates invasion and migration of melanoma. Thus, abnormal expression of intercellular adhesion receptors and dysregulated intercellular communication underlies melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Haydont V, Vozenin-Brotons MC. Maintenance of radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis: cellular and molecular features. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2675-83. [PMID: 17569135 PMCID: PMC4147115 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i19.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cell and molecular radiobiology clearly showed that tissue response to radiation injury cannot be restricted to a simple cell-killing process, but depends upon continuous and integrated pathogenic processes, involving cell differentiation and crosstalk between the various cellular components of the tissue within the extracellular matrix. Thus, the prior concept of primary cell target in which a single-cell type (whatever it's epithelial or endothelial cells) dictates the whole tissue response to radiation injury has to be replaced by the occurrence of coordinated multicellular response that may either lead to tissue recovery or to sequel development. In this context, the present review will focus on the maintenance of the radiation-induced wound healing and fibrogenic signals triggered by and through the microenvironment toward the mesenchymal cell compartment, and will highlight how sequential and sustained modifications in cell phenotypes will in cascade modify cell-to-cell interactions and tissue composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Haydont
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10, Radiosensibilite des tumeurs et tissus sains, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire/Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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49
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Yue PYK, Mak NK, Cheng YK, Leung KW, Ng TB, Fan DTP, Yeung HW, Wong RNS. Pharmacogenomics and the Yin/Yang actions of ginseng: anti-tumor, angiomodulating and steroid-like activities of ginsenosides. Chin Med 2007; 2:6. [PMID: 17502003 PMCID: PMC1876803 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Chinese medicine, ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has long been used as a general tonic or an adaptogen to promote longevity and enhance bodily functions. It has also been claimed to be effective in combating stress, fatigue, oxidants, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Most of the pharmacological actions of ginseng are attributed to one type of its constituents, namely the ginsenosides. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the study of ginsenosides on angiogenesis which is related to many pathological conditions including tumor progression and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Angiogenesis in the human body is regulated by two sets of counteracting factors, angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors. The 'Yin and Yang' action of ginseng on angiomodulation was paralleled by the experimental data showing angiogenesis was indeed related to the compositional ratio between ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1. Rg1 was later found to stimulate angiogenesis through augmenting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Mechanistic studies revealed that such responses were mediated through the PI3K-->Akt pathway. By means of DNA microarray, a group of genes related to cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeleton were found to be up-regulated in endothelial cells. These gene products may interact in a hierarchical cascade pattern to modulate cell architectural dynamics which is concomitant to the observed phenomena in angiogenesis. By contrast, the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of ginsenosides (e.g. Rg3 and Rh2) have been demonstrated in various models of tumor and endothelial cells, indicating that ginsenosides with opposing activities are present in ginseng. Ginsenosides and Panax ginseng extracts have been shown to exert protective effects on vascular dysfunctions, such as hypertension, atherosclerotic disorders and ischemic injury. Recent work has demonstrates the target molecules of ginsenosides to be a group of nuclear steroid hormone receptors. These lines of evidence support that the interaction between ginsenosides and various nuclear steroid hormone receptors may explain the diverse pharmacological activities of ginseng. These findings may also lead to development of more efficacious ginseng-derived therapeutics for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ying Kit Yue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuen Kit Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kar Wah Leung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David Tai Ping Fan
- Angiogenesis & TCM Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Hin Wing Yeung
- International Society for Chinese Medicine, A & C, 1floor, Block 2, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ricky Ngok Shun Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Geny B, Khun H, Fitting C, Zarantonelli L, Mazuet C, Cayet N, Szatanik M, Prevost MC, Cavaillon JM, Huerre M, Popoff MR. Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin kills mice by inducing a major increase in lung vascular permeability. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1003-17. [PMID: 17322384 PMCID: PMC1864880 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When intraperitoneally injected into Swiss mice, Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin reproduces the fatal toxic shock syndrome observed in humans and animals after natural infection. This animal model was used to study the mechanism of lethal toxin-induced death. Histopathological and biochemical analyses identified lung and heart as preferential organs targeted by lethal toxin. Massive extravasation of blood fluid in the thoracic cage, resulting from an increase in lung vascular permeability, generated profound modifications such as animal dehydration, increase in hematocrit, hypoxia, and finally, cardiorespiratory failure. Vascular permeability increase induced by lethal toxin resulted from modifications of lung endothelial cells as evidenced by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that VE-cadherin, a protein participating in intercellular adherens junctions, was redistributed from membrane to cytosol in lung endothelial cells. No major sign of lethal toxin-induced inflammation was observed that could participate in the toxic shock syndrome. The main effect of the lethal toxin is the glucosylation-dependent inactivation of small GTPases, in particular Rac, which is involved in actin polymerization occurring in vivo in lungs leading to E-cadherin junction destabilization. We conclude that the cells most susceptible to lethal toxin are lung vascular endothelial cells, the adherens junctions of which were altered after intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Geny
- Unités des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France.
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