1
|
Bagheripour F, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of L-citrulline are sex-dependent. Life Sci 2024; 339:122432. [PMID: 38237764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of L-citrulline (Cit) have been reported in male rats. This study determined sex differences in response to Cit in Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced using a high-fat diet followed by low-dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) injection. Male and female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): Control, control+Cit, T2D, and T2D + Cit. Cit (4 g/L in drinking water) was administered for 8 weeks. Obesity indices were recorded, serum fasting glucose and lipid profile were measured, and glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests were performed during the Cit intervention. White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues were weighted, and the adiposity index was calculated at the end of the study. KEY FINDINGS Cit was more effective in decreasing fasting glucose (18 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0100), triglyceride (20 % vs. 14 %, P = 0.0173), and total cholesterol (16 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0200) as well as decreasing gluconeogenesis and improving glucose tolerance, in females compared to male rats with T2D. Following Cit administration, decreases in WAT weight (16 % vs. 14 % for gonadal, 21 % vs. 16 % for inguinal, and 18 % vs. 13 % for retroperitoneal weight, all P < 0.0001) and increases in BAT weight (58 % vs. 19 %, for interscapular and 10 % vs. 7 % for axillary, all P < 0.0001) were higher in females than male rats with T2D. The decrease in adiposity index was also higher (11 % vs. 9 %, P = 0.0007) in females. SIGNIFICANCE The anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Cit in rats are sex-dependent, with Cit being more effective in female than male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripour
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bagheripour F, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Metabolic effects of L-citrulline in type 2 diabetes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13937. [PMID: 36645144 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and its complications. L-citrulline (Cit), a precursor of NO production, has been suggested as a novel therapeutic agent for T2D. Available data from human and animal studies indicate that Cit supplementation in T2D increases circulating levels of Cit and L-arginine while decreasing circulating glucose and free fatty acids and improving dyslipidemia. The underlying mechanisms for these beneficial effects of Cit include increased insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells, increased glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle, as well as increased lipolysis and β-oxidation, and decreased glyceroneogenesis in the adipose tissue. Thus, Cit has antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, and antioxidant effects and has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic agent in the management of T2D. This review summarizes available literature from human and animal studies to explore the effects of Cit on metabolic parameters in T2D. It also discusses the possible mechanisms underlying Cit-induced improved metabolic parameters in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripour
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of sex and estrous cycle on the brain and plasma arginine metabolic profile in rats. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1441-1454. [PMID: 34245369 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
L-arginine is a versatile amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites. Increasing evidence implicates altered arginine metabolism in the aging and neurodegenerative processes. The present study, for the first time, determined the effects of sex and estrous cycle on the brain and blood (plasma) arginine metabolic profile in naïve rats. Female rats displayed significantly lower levels of L-arginine in the frontal cortex and three sub-regions of the hippocampus when compared to male rats. Moreover, female rats had significantly higher levels of L-arginine and γ-aminobutyric acid, but lower levels of L-ornithine, agmatine and putrescine, in plasma relative to male rats. The observed sex difference in brain L-arginine appeared to be independent of the enzymes involved in its metabolism, de novo synthesis and blood-to-brain transport (cationic acid transporter 1 protein expression at least), as well as circulating L-arginine. While the estrous cycle did not affect L-arginine and its metabolites in the brain, there were estrous cycle phase-dependent changes in plasma L-arginine. These findings demonstrate the sex difference in brain L-arginine in the estrous cycle-independent manner. Since peripheral blood has been increasingly used to identify biomarkers of brain pathology, the influences of sex and estrous cycle on blood arginine metabolic profile need attention when experimental research involves female rodents.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohammad MA, Didelija IC, Marini JC. Arginase II Plays a Central Role in the Sexual Dimorphism of Arginine Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:3133-3140. [PMID: 33188387 PMCID: PMC7726119 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in plasma concentration of arginine and arginase activity of different tissues have been reported in mice. In addition, male but not female C57BL/6 mice have a dietary arginine requirement for growth. OBJECTIVE The goal of this research was to test the hypothesis that arginase II is a key factor in the sexual dimorphism of arginine metabolism. METHODS Young adult male and female wild type (WT), and heterozygous and arginase II knockout mice on a C57BL/6 background mice were infused with labeled citrulline, arginine, ornithine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine to determine the rates of appearance and interconversion of these amino acids. Tissue arginase activity was measured in the liver, heart, jejunum, kidney, pancreas, and spleen with an arginine radioisotope. The effect of genotype, sex, and their interaction was tested. RESULTS Female mice produced ∼36% more citrulline than their male littermates, which translated into a greater arginine endogenous synthesis, flux, and plasma concentration (42, 6, and 27%, respectively; P < 0.001). Female mice also had a greater phenylalanine flux (10%) indicating a greater rate of whole protein breakdown; however, they had a lower protein synthesis rate than males (18%; P < 0.001). The ablation of arginase II reduced the production of citrulline and the de novo synthesis of arginine in females and increased the rate of appearance of arginine and plasma arginine concentration in male mice (16 and 22%, respectively; P < 0.001). No effect of arginase II deletion, however, was observed for whole-body protein kinetics. Arginase II activity was present in the pancreas, kidney, jejunum, and spleen; WT females had a ∼2-fold greater renal arginase activity than their WT counterparts. CONCLUSIONS A clear sexual dimorphism exists in the endogenous synthesis of arginine and its disposal. Female mice have a greater arginine availability than their male littermates. The ablation of arginase II increases arginine availability in male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Mohammad
- USDA/ARS (Agricultural Research Service) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Food Science and Nutrition Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inka C Didelija
- USDA/ARS (Agricultural Research Service) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Didelija IC, Mohammad MA, Marini JC. Ablation of Arginase II Spares Arginine and Abolishes the Arginine Requirement for Growth in Male Mice. J Nutr 2017; 147:1510-1516. [PMID: 28679627 PMCID: PMC5525112 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.251249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arginine is considered a semiessential amino acid in many species, including humans, because under certain conditions its demand exceeds endogenous production. Arginine availability, however, is determined not only by its production but also by its disposal. Manipulation of disposal pathways has the potential to increase availability and thus abolish the requirement for arginine.Objective: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that arginase II ablation increases arginine availability for growth.Methods: In a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments, postweaning growth was determined for 3 wk in male and female wild-type (WT) mice and arginase II knockout mice (ARGII) on a C57BL/6J background fed arginine-sufficient [Arg(+); 8 g arginine/kg] or arginine-free [Arg(-)] diets. Tracers were used to determine citrulline and arginine kinetics.Results: A sex dimorphism in arginine metabolism was detected; female mice had a greater citrulline flux (∼30%, P < 0.001), which translated to greater de novo synthesis of arginine (∼31%, P < 0.001). Female mice also had greater arginine fluxes (P < 0.015) and plasma arginine concentrations (P < 0.01), but a reduced arginine clearance rate (P < 0.001). Ablation of arginase II increased plasma arginine concentrations in both sexes (∼27%, P < 0.01) but increased arginine flux only in males (P < 0.01). The absence of arginine in the diet limited the growth of male WT mice (P < 0.01), but had no effect on male ARGII mice (P = 0.12). In contrast, WT females on the Arg(-) diet grew at the same rate and achieved final weight similar to that of female WT mice fed the Arg(+) diet (P = 0.47).Conclusion: The ablation of arginase II in male mice spares arginine that can then be used for growth and to meet other metabolic functions, thus abolishing arginine requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inka C Didelija
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center and
| | - Mahmoud A Mohammad
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center and
| | - Juan C Marini
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center and .,Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comitato R, Saba A, Turrini A, Arganini C, Virgili F. Sex hormones and macronutrient metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:227-41. [PMID: 24915409 PMCID: PMC4151815 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.651177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The biological differences between males and females are determined by a different set of genes and by a different reactivity to environmental stimuli, including the diet, in general. These differences are further emphasized and driven by the exposure to a different hormone flux throughout the life. These differences have not been taken into appropriate consideration by the scientific community. Nutritional sciences are not immune from this “bias” and when nutritional needs are concerned, females are considered only when pregnant, lactating or when their hormonal profile is returning back to “normal,” i.e., to the male-like profile. The authors highlight some of the most evident differences in aspects of biology that are associated with nutrition. This review presents and describes available data addressing differences and similarities of the “reference man” vs. the “reference woman” in term of metabolic activity and nutritional needs. According to this assumption, available evidences of sex-associated differences of specific biochemical pathways involved in substrate metabolism are reported and discussed. The modulation by sexual hormones affecting glucose, amino acid and protein metabolism and the metabolization of nutritional fats and the distribution of fat depots, is considered targeting a tentative starting up background for a gender concerned nutritional science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Comitato
- a National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN) , Rome , Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Domange C, Canlet C, Traoré A, Biélicki G, Keller C, Paris A, Priymenko N. Orthologous Metabonomic Qualification of a Rodent Model Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging for an Integrated Evaluation of the Toxicity of Hypochœris radicata. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2082-96. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Domange
- UMR 1089 INRA/ENVT, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix QuaPA STIM, F-63122 St. Genès Champanelle, and Department of Nutrition and Botanic and Vegetal Toxicology, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- UMR 1089 INRA/ENVT, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix QuaPA STIM, F-63122 St. Genès Champanelle, and Department of Nutrition and Botanic and Vegetal Toxicology, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Amidou Traoré
- UMR 1089 INRA/ENVT, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix QuaPA STIM, F-63122 St. Genès Champanelle, and Department of Nutrition and Botanic and Vegetal Toxicology, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Biélicki
- UMR 1089 INRA/ENVT, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix QuaPA STIM, F-63122 St. Genès Champanelle, and Department of Nutrition and Botanic and Vegetal Toxicology, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Keller
- UMR 1089 INRA/ENVT, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix QuaPA STIM, F-63122 St. Genès Champanelle, and Department of Nutrition and Botanic and Vegetal Toxicology, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Paris
- UMR 1089 INRA/ENVT, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix QuaPA STIM, F-63122 St. Genès Champanelle, and Department of Nutrition and Botanic and Vegetal Toxicology, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Priymenko
- UMR 1089 INRA/ENVT, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, F-31931 Toulouse, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix QuaPA STIM, F-63122 St. Genès Champanelle, and Department of Nutrition and Botanic and Vegetal Toxicology, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Levillain O, Ventura G, Déchaud H, Hobeika M, Meseguer A, Moinard C, Cynober L. Sex-differential expression of ornithine aminotransferase in the mouse kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F1016-27. [PMID: 17341717 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00408.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse kidney expresses the gene of ornithine aminotransferase (Oat). Previous works suggest that Oat is differentially expressed in female and male mouse kidney (Alonso E, Rubio V. Biochem J 259: 131-138, 1989; Levillain O, Diaz JJ, Blanchard O, Dechaud H. Endocrinology 146: 950-959, 2005; Manteuffel-Cymborowska M, Chmurzynska W, Peska M, Grzelakowska-Sztabert B. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 27: 287-295, 1995; Natesan S, Reddy SR. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 130: 585-595, 2001; Yu H, Yoo PK, Aguirre CC, Tsoa RW, Kern RM, Grody WW, Cederbaum SD, Iyer RK. J Histochem Cytochem 51: 1151-1160, 2003). This study was designed to provide a detailed description of the sexual dimorphism of Oat expression in the mouse kidney and to test the influence of sex hormones on its regulation. Experiments were performed on male and female Swiss OF1 mice during their postnatal development, at adulthood, and in orchidectomized and ovariectomized mice. Kidneys, dissected renal zones, and mitochondria were used to analyze OAT mRNA and protein levels and measure OAT activity. The results revealed that before puberty, Oat expression was similar between female and male kidneys whereas from puberty until adulthood Oat expression increased in the female kidney, becoming approximately 2.5-fold higher than in the male kidney. This sex-differential expression of Oat was associated with a sex-specific distribution of Oat along the corticopapillary axis and within the nephron. OAT was three- to fourfold more expressed in the female than the male cortex. In males, Oat was highly expressed in the medulla, mainly in the thick ascending limbs. Renal Oat distribution in orchidectomized mice resembled that in the females. Ovariectomy did not influence Oat expression. Sex differences are explained by the physiological increase in plasma testosterone in males. Expression of medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase protein confirmed this finding. We report sexual dimorphism of Oat expression in the mouse kidney and show that Oat is naturally downregulated in the presence of testosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Levillain
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Lyon RTH Laennec, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 499, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
López-Contreras AJ, López-Garcia C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Mouse ornithine decarboxylase-like gene encodes an antizyme inhibitor devoid of ornithine and arginine decarboxylating activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30896-906. [PMID: 16916800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602840200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, is a labile protein that is regulated by interacting with antizymes (AZs), a family of polyamine-induced proteins. Recently, a novel human gene highly homologous to ODC, termed ODC-like or ODC-paralogue (ODCp), was cloned, but the studies aimed to determine its function rendered contradictory results. We have cloned the mouse orthologue of human ODCp and studied its expression and possible function. mRNA of mouse Odcp was found in the brain and testes, showing a conserved expression pattern with regard to the human gene. Transfection of mouse Odcp in HEK 293T cells elicited an increase in ODC activity, but no signs of arginine decarboxylase activity were evident. On the other hand, whereas the ODCp protein was mainly localized in the mitochondrial/membrane fraction, ODC activity was found in the cytosolic fraction and was markedly decreased by small interfering RNA against human ODC. Co-transfection experiments with combinations of Odc, Az1, Az2, Az3, antizyme inhibitor (Azi), and Odcp genes showed that ODCp mimics the action of AZI, rescuing ODC from the effects of AZs and prevented ODC degradation by the proteasome. A direct interaction between ODCp and AZs was detected by immunoprecipitation experiments. We conclude that mouse ODCp has no intrinsic decarboxylase activity, but it acts as a novel antizyme inhibitory protein (AZI2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés J López-Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Levillain O, Balvay S, Peyrol S. Localization and differential expression of arginase II in the kidney of male and female mice. Pflugers Arch 2004; 449:491-503. [PMID: 15616821 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-004-1336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arginase II (AII) has been almost exclusively studied in male mammalian kidneys. Our investigations were conducted to localize AII gene expression in the female mouse kidney, and to analyze the differential expression of AII gene at the transcriptional and translational levels in the kidneys of female and male mice. Total RNAs and soluble proteins extracted from renal zones and whole kidneys were analyzed by Northern and Western blots, respectively. Mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins were analyzed by Western blot. L-[guanidino-14C]arginine hydrolysis by AII was detected in microdissected tubules and the 14CO2 released from [14C]urea hydrolysis was quantified. The results of these experiments showed that: (1) both AII mRNA and protein were highly expressed in the deep cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla, (2) urea was produced mainly in the proximal straight tubules (PST), (3) the 38-kDa AII protein was more abundant in the mitochondria than the cytosol, and (4) the renal content of AII mRNA and protein was about three-fold higher in female than in male mice. In conclusion, in both genders, AII gene expression is restricted to the PST and localized into mitochondria. AII gene is differentially expressed in the kidney of female and male mice since higher levels of AII mRNA, protein and activity were observed in the kidneys of the former than those of the latter. Renal AII gene expression was gender-dependent in mice but not in rats. Finally, in the PST of females, L-arginine-derived ornithine may be a precursor for the renal production of L -glutamate and L-glutamine because high levels of AII, ornithine aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase are expressed in this nephron segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Levillain
- Université Claude Bernard, Faculté de Médecine Lyon R.T.H. Laennec, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 499, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|