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Tandem Reactions Based on the Cyclization of Carbon Dioxide and Propargylic Alcohols: Derivative Applications of α-Alkylidene Carbonates. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a well-known greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) has attracted increasing levels of attention in areas of energy, environment, climate, etc. Notably, CO2 is an abundant, nonflammable, and renewable C1 feedstock in view of chemistry. Therefore, the transformation of CO2 into organic compounds is an extremely attractive research topic in modern green and sustainable chemistry. Among the numerous CO2 utilization methods, carboxylative cycloaddition of CO2 into propargylic alcohols is an ideal route due to the corresponding products, α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates, which are a series of highly functionalized compounds that supply numerous potential methods for the construction of various synthetically and biologically valuable agents. This cyclization reaction has been intensively studied and systematically summarized, in the past years. Therefore, attention has been gradually transferred to produce more derivative compounds. Herein, the tandem reactions of this cyclization with hydration, amination, alcoholysis, and isomerization to synthesize α-hydroxyl ketones, oxazolidinones, carbamates, unsymmetrical carbonates, tetronic acids, ethylene carbonates, etc. were systematically reviewed.
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Chen M, Lu AM, Hu Y, Yang CL. QSAR studies of phenylhydrazine-substituted tetronic acid derivatives based on the 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR chemical shifts. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:285-293. [PMID: 30632625 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative structure-activity relationship models of 40 phenylhydrazine-substituted tetronic acid derivatives were established between the 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13 C NMR chemical shifts and the antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia cerealis, and Colletotrichum capsici. The models were validated by R, R2 , RA2 , variance inflation factor, F, and P values testing and residual analysis. It was concluded from the models that the 13 C NMR chemical shifts of C8, C10, C7, and the 1 H NMR chemical shifts of Ha contributed positively to the activity against Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum capsici, and Rhizoctonia cerealis, respectively. The models indicated that decreasing the election cloud density of specific nucleuses in compounds, for example, by the substituting of electron withdrawing groups, would improve the antifungal activity. These models demonstrated the practical application meaning of chemical shifts in the quantitative structure-activity relationship study. Furthermore, a practical guide was provided for further structural optimization of the antifungal phenylhydrazine-substituted tetronic acid derivatives based on the 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai-Min Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Project Department, Changzhou Yuangu Intellectual Property Agency Ltd, Changzhou, China
| | - Chun-Long Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Shen G, Zhou WJ, Zhang XB, Cao GM, Zhang Z, Ye JH, Liao LL, Li J, Yu DG. Synthesis of tetronic acids from propargylic alcohols and CO 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5610-5613. [PMID: 29770416 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A direct and practical synthesis of important tetronic acids from easily available propargylic alcohols and carbon dioxide is reported for the first time. This transition-metal-free transformation features high atom- and step-economy, mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance and high yield. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via cyclization to give alkylidene cyclic carbonate, ring-opening and re-cyclization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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Manchoju A, Pansare SV. Catalytic Undirected Intermolecular C–H Functionalization of Arenes with 3-Diazofuran-2,4-dione: Synthesis of 3-Aryl Tetronic Acids, Vulpinic Acid, Pinastric Acid, and Methyl Isoxerocomate. Org Lett 2016; 18:5952-5955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amarender Manchoju
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, A1B 3X7
| | - Sunil V. Pansare
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, A1B 3X7
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Hertzberg R, Moberg C. One-step preparation of O-(α-bromoacyl) cyanohydrins by minor enantiomer recycling: synthesis of 4-amino-2(5H)-furanones. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9174-80. [PMID: 23980631 DOI: 10.1021/jo401401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
O-(α-Bromoacyl) cyanohydrins were prepared in a single step from a range of different aldehydes in combination with α-bromoacyl cyanides. By the use of a cyclic procedure where the two minor diastereoisomers from a chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed reaction undergo Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)-catalyzed hydrolysis followed by dehydrocyanation to regenerate the starting material, the products were obtained in good to high yields and in most cases with excellent diastereoselectivites. The synthetic importance of these compounds was demonstrated by the synthesis of 4-amino-2(5H)-furanones, a class of compounds that have shown both biological activity and utility as synthetic intermediates. This transformation was achieved by an intramolecular Blaise reaction, which gave the products in high to excellent yields and enantiomeric ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Hertzberg
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Yan YY, Lu RJ, Wang JJ, Xuan YN, Yan M. Synthesis of chiral tetronic acid derivatives via organocatalytic conjugate addition of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to nitroalkenes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhao J, Zhang J, Xu B, Wang Z, Cheng J, Zhu G. Design, synthesis, and analysis of the quantitative structure-activity relationships of 4-phenyl-acyl-substituted 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-ene-2,8-dione derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4779-87. [PMID: 22531003 DOI: 10.1021/jf3002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of 4-phenyl-acyl-substituted 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-ene-2,8-dione derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized using (1)H NMR (or (13)C NMR), mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The bioactivities of the new compounds were evaluated. These compounds exhibited good inhibition activities against bean aphids (Aphis fabae) and carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus), and 4-phenyl acyl esters showed stronger bioactivity than 4-arylesterases and alkyl esters. The results showed that compound 8-I-e, which contains a para-methoxy group on the phenyl acyl, and compound 8-I-m, which contains a para-trifluoromethyl group on the phenyl acyl, displayed potent insecticidal activity against A. fabae and T. cinnabarinus respectively. The insecticidal activity showed a clear structure-activity relationship, confirming the importance of the flexible bridge. The DFT/B3LYP/6-31(d) level method was used to calculate molecular geometries and electronic descriptors. These factors included total energy, charge distribution, and the linear orbital level of the title compounds. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds using quantum-chemical and physicochemical parameters as independent variables and insecticidal activity as a dependent variable. Insecticidal activity was most closely correlated (r > 0.8) with quantum chemical and physicochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environment Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Ke S, Zhang Z, Zhang YN, Shi L, Zhou R, Jiang A, Liang Y, Yang Z. Novel ether-functional spiro-tetronic acid derivatives: molecule design, convenient synthesis and biological evaluation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bansal V, Delgado Y, Legault MD, Barletta G. Low operational stability of enzymes in dry organic solvents: changes in the active site might affect catalysis. Molecules 2012; 17:1870-82. [PMID: 22334065 PMCID: PMC3601034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of enzyme catalysis in organic solvents for synthetic applications has been overshadowed by the fact that their catalytic properties are affected by organic solvents. In addition, it has recently been shown that an enzyme’s initial activity diminishes considerably after prolonged exposure to organic media. Studies geared towards understanding this last drawback have yielded unclear results. In the present work we decided to use electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) to study the motion of an active site spin label (a nitroxide free radical) during 96 h of exposure of the serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg to four different organic solvents. Our EPR data shows a typical two component spectra that was quantified by the ratio of the anisotropic and isotropic signals. The isotropic component, associated with a mobile nitroxide free radical, increases during prolonged exposure to all solvents used in the study. The maximum increase (of 43%) was observed in 1,4-dioxane. Based on these and previous studies we suggest that prolonged exposure of the enzyme to these solvents provokes a cascade of events that could induce substrates to adopt different binding conformations. This is the first EPR study of the motion of an active-site spin label during prolonged exposure of an enzyme to organic solvents ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Bansal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey, 00736, Puerto Rico;
| | - Yamixa Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Humacao, 00791, Puerto Rico; (Y.D.)
| | - Marc D. Legault
- Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón, Bayamón, 00959, Puerto Rico;
| | - Gabriel Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Humacao, 00791, Puerto Rico; (Y.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-787-850-0000 ext. 9055; Fax: +1-787-850-9422
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Sobenina LN, Stepanova ZV, Ushakov IA, Mikhaleva AI, Tomilin DN, Kazheva ON, Alexandrov GG, Dyachenko OA, Trofimov BA. From 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole to functionalized furan-2-one–4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole–cyclobutene sequence in two steps. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Luo NH, Sun X, Yan YY, Nie SZ, Yan M. Asymmetric synthesis of O-alkylated tetronic acid derivatives via an organocatalytic Mannich reaction and subsequent intramolecular cyclization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Burghart-Stoll H, Brückner R. A Serendipitous Synthesis of (+)-Gregatin B, Second Structure Revisions of the Aspertetronins, Gregatins, and Graminin A, Structure Revision of the Penicilliols. Org Lett 2011; 13:2730-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Burghart-Stoll
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Reinhard Brückner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Badoei-Dalfard A, Khajeh K, Asghari SM, Ranjbar B, Karbalaei-Heidari HR. Enhanced activity and stability in the presence of organic solvents by increased active site polarity and stabilization of a surface loop in a metalloprotease. J Biochem 2010; 148:231-8. [PMID: 20519323 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinivibrio zinc-metalloprotease (SVP) is an enzyme which was isolated from Salinivibrio proteolyticus, a moderately halophilic species from a hypersaline lake in Iran. A195E and G203D mutants were constructed to increase polarity near the active site in order to preserve the hydration layer against organic solvents [dimethylformamide (DMF), methanol, isopropanol and n-propanol]. A268P was constructed to stabilize a surface loop far from the active site and A195E/A268P was constructed to investigate the combined effects of these two mutations. Results showed that relative C(50) values of A195E increased to approximately 26 and 11% in DMF and methanol whereas an increase of approximately 32 and 41% was observed in the presence of isopropanol and n-propanol. The irreversible thermoinactivation rate (k(i)) for A195E was estimated to be 60 and 130 (x10(-3) min(-1)) in the presence of DMF and n-propanol, respectively, while k(i) for SVP was 90 and 190 (x10(-3) min(-1)). G203D exhibited similar k(i) as A195E in the presence of methanol and isopropanol, but the calculated k(i) in the presence of DMF and n-propanol was 70 and 160 (x10(-3) min(-1)), respectively. A268P and A268P/A195E variants marginally increased the thermoresistance of the enzyme in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arastoo Badoei-Dalfard
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Tetramic and tetronic acids as scaffolds in bioinorganic and bioorganic chemistry. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2010:315056. [PMID: 20508811 PMCID: PMC2875697 DOI: 10.1155/2010/315056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetramic and tetronic acids are naturally occurring molecules with a variety of biological activities. In this review article, we present the general strategies for the synthesis of these compounds and we reveal the functionalized groups that are responsible for their properties. We also set out their coordinating modes with up-to-date bibliographical references.
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Li YJ, Ho GM, Chen PZ. Asymmetric [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of the dienolates of chiral secondary alcohol-substituted β-pyrrolidinyl-γ-allyloxyl-α,β-unsaturated esters: total synthesis of (+)-eldanolide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shaabani A, Rezayan AH, Sarvary A, Heidary M, Ng SW. Synthesis of highly stable unusual charge-separated pyridinium-, isoquinolinium-, quinolinium-, and N-methylimidazolium-tetronic acid zwitterions. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pashkovskii FS, Shchukina EM, Lakhvich FA. Chemoselective reduction of 3-arylmethylidenetetrahydrofuran-2,4-diones with triethylsilane and sodium cyanotrihydridoborate in acid media. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428009060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kadutskii AP, Kozlov NG, Pashkovskii FS. Synthesis of benzo[f]quinoline derivatives by three-component condensation of tetronic acid with naphthalen-2-amine and formaldehyde. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428009030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Reactions of aminobenzoic acids with α,β-acetylenic γ-hydroxy nitriles: synthesis of functionalized amino acids and unusually facile esterification and acetylene hydration. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Takao KI, Tadano KI, Kojima Y, Miyashita T, Yashiro K, Yamada T. Enantioselective Synthesis of a 3,5,5-Trialkylated Tetronic Acid Derivative. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(f)11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schobert R, Stehle R, Walter H. Tipranavir analogous 3-sulfonylanilidotetronic acids: new synthesis and structure-dependent anti-HIV activity. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pashkovskii FS, Shchukina EM, Gribovskii MG, Lakhvich FA. Heterocyclic analogs of prostaglandines: IV. Synthesis of 3,7-interphenylene 3,10(11)-dioxa-13-azaprostanoids and 9-oxa-7-azaprostanoids based on tetronic acid and aromatic aldehydes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428008050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Krivdin LB, Khutsishvili SS, Shemyakina OA, Mal'kina AG, Trofimov BA, Contreras RH. Stereochemical study of iminodihydrofurans based on experimental measurements and SOPPA calculations of (13)C-(13)C spin-spin coupling constants. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2007; 45:758-65. [PMID: 17661430 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Configurational assignment and conformational analysis of a series of iminodihydrofurans obtained from cyanoacetylenic alcohols were performed on the basis of experimental measurements and high-level ab initio calculations of their (13)C-(13)C spin-spin coupling constants. The title compounds were shown to form and exist in solution as the individual Z isomers, adopting the orthogonal orientation of the amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino groups and the s-trans orientation of the CONH(2) group at the C(4) position of the 2,5-dihydro-2-iminofuran moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid B Krivdin
- A. E. Favorsky Institute of Chemistry, Irkutsk, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky St. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia.
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Rajaram AR, Pu L. Regiospecific hydration of gamma-hydroxy-alpha,beta-acetylenic esters: a novel asymmetric synthesis of tetronic acids. Org Lett 2007; 8:2019-21. [PMID: 16671771 PMCID: PMC2597458 DOI: 10.1021/ol060377v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The optically active gamma-hydroxy-alpha,beta-acetylenic esters are obtained from the enantioselective reaction of methyl propiolate with both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. These compounds can undergo regiospecific hydration in the presence of Zeise's dimer, [PtCl(2)(C(2)H(4))](2), to generate the optically active tetronic acids.
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On the activity loss of hydrolases in organic solvents: II. a mechanistic study of subtilisin Carlsberg. BMC Biotechnol 2006; 6:51. [PMID: 17187678 PMCID: PMC1764882 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-6-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzymes have been extensively used in organic solvents to catalyze a variety of transformations of biological and industrial significance. It has been generally accepted that in dry aprotic organic solvents, enzymes are kinetically trapped in their conformation due to the high-energy barrier needed for them to unfold, suggesting that in such media they should remain catalytically active for long periods. However, recent studies on a variety of enzymes demonstrate that their initial high activity is severely reduced after exposure to organic solvents for several hours. It was speculated that this could be due to structural perturbations, changes of the enzyme's pH memory, enzyme aggregation, or dehydration due to water removal by the solvents. Herein, we systematically study the possible causes for this undesirable activity loss in 1,4-dioxane. Results As model enzyme, we employed the protease subtilisin Carlsberg, prepared by lyophilization and colyophilization with the additive methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). Our results exclude a mechanism involving a change in ionization state of the enzyme, since the enzyme activity shows a similar pH dependence before and after incubation for 5 days in 1,4-dioxane. No apparent secondary or tertiary structural perturbations resulting from prolonged exposure in this solvent were detected. Furthermore, active site titration revealed that the number of active sites remained constant during incubation. Additionally, the hydration level of the enzyme does not seem to affect its stability. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy studies revealed no substantial increase in the rotational freedom of a paramagnetic nitroxide inhibitor bound to the active site (a spin-label) during incubation in neat 1,4-dioxane, when the water activity was kept constant using BaBr2 hydrated salts. Incubation was also accompanied by a substantial decrease in Vmax/KM. Conclusion These results exclude some of the most obvious causes for the observed low enzyme storage stability in 1,4-dioxane, mainly structural, dynamics and ionization state changes. The most likely explanation is possible rearrangement of water molecules within the enzyme that could affect its dielectric environment. However, other mechanisms, such as small distortions around the active site or rearrangement of counter ions, cannot be excluded at this time.
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Fasoli E, Castillo B, Santos A, Silva E, Ferrer A, Rosario E, Griebenow K, Secundo F, Barletta GL. Activation of subtilisin Carlsberg in organic solvents by methyl-β-cyclodextrin: Lyoprotection versus substrate and product-complex effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schobert R. Domino syntheses of bioactive tetronic and tetramic acids. Naturwissenschaften 2006; 94:1-11. [PMID: 16944091 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-006-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural products containing tetronic acid or tetramic acid moieties continue to attract the interest of chemists, biologists, and physicians due to their challenging structures and to the wide range of biological activities they display. This review portrays the structural varieties of tetronic and tetramic acids and the spectrum of possible therapeutically relevant effects in man for exemplary derivatives. Their biosynthetic origin from alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids is briefly discussed as is the relationship between their structures and their modes of interaction with biochemical effectors such as metal cations or enzymes. A short overview of laboratory syntheses of the heterocyclic core structures of tetramic and tetronic acids is provided with an emphasis on those emulating the biosynthesis. A synthesis from the alpha-amino or alpha-hydroxy esters and the cumulated phosphorus ylide Ph(3)PCCO based upon a domino addition-intra-Wittig alkenation sequence is presented with applications to the preparation of the antibiotics reutericyclin and tenuazonic acid, the cytotoxic melophlin B, and the enzyme inhibitor RK-682. Procedural advantages of immobilizing either starting component by attaching it to a resin and its exploitation in the parallel synthesis of libraries of potential drug candidates are described. The basic domino reaction can even be extended by further C-C bond forming steps when starting from suitable alpha-hydroxy or alpha-amino allyl esters. Depending on the chosen reaction conditions, bioactive intermediates of formally three to seven step long cascades can be obtained. Among them, herbicidal 3-alkyltetronic acids and lactone endoperoxides with antiplasmodial activity exceeding that of the natural antimalarial lead artemisinin. Hence, this domino reaction gives access to diversely functionalized derivatives of tetronic and tetramic acids. As it can also be ported to solid phase, it is ideally suited for parallel and combinatorial processing. Future developments might include running such domino sequences in continuous mode in arrays of "labs on microchips".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Li YJ, Lee PT, Yang CM, Chang YK, Weng YC, Liu YH. [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of methyl β-pyrrolidinyl-γ-allyloxy-(E)-2-butenoate. Expeditious synthesis of 5-alkenyl-4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-5H-furan-2-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shenoy G, Kim P, Goodwin M, Nguyen QA, Barry CE, Dowd CS. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Differentiation of 2- and 4-Alkoxythio-tetronic Acids. HETEROCYCLES 2004; 63:519-527. [PMID: 16733529 PMCID: PMC1471896 DOI: 10.3987/com-03-9947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
O-Alkylation of thiotetronic acids gives a mixture of 2- and 4-position enol ether products. Comparison of the physical data revealed that UV spectroscopy was the most reliable method of distinguishing between these related ethers. We have determined that 4-position ethers have a distinct absorption between 235-240 nm, while 2-position ethers have two absorbance peaks, one between 205-220 nm and the other between 305-310 nm. This report describes the synthesis and unambiguous characterization of 2- and 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylthiotetronic acids. The UV absorption properties of several other pairs of thiotetronic acid ethers confirm that these differences are general features that provide a simple method for distinguishing between 2- and 4-substituted isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Shenoy
- Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852 USA;
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Amari M, Fodili M, Nedjar-Kolli B, Hoffmann AP, PÉriÉ J. Reactivity studies on 4-aminopyrones: Access to benzimidazole and benzimidazolone derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570390429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Montañez-Clemente I, Alvira E, Macias M, Ferrer A, Fonceca M, Rodriguez J, Gonzalez A, Barletta G. Enzyme activation in organic solvents: co-lyophilization of subtilisin Carlsberg with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin renders an enzyme catalyst more active than the cross-linked enzyme crystals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:53-9. [PMID: 11857281 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study we explored the efficiency of the additive methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M beta CD) to enhance the activity and enantioselectivity of the serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg in organic solvents. These two parameters, measured for different transesterification reactions and in several solvents, are compared with results obtained by using two additional preparations of the same enzyme: lyophilized powder and cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLEC). The results suggest that co-lyophilization of subtilisin with M beta CD preserves the enzyme's active site tertiary structure rendering a highly active and enantioselective catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Montañez-Clemente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, College at Humacao, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791
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Pashkovsky FS, Katok YM, Khlebnicova TS, Lakhvich FA. A new efficient synthesis of alkyl substituted Δ 2 -butenolides. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
(R)- as well as (S)-cyanohydrins are now easily available as a result of the excellent accessibility, the relatively high stability and the easy handling of hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs). The optimization of reaction conditions (solvent, temperature, and using site-directed mutagenesis, etc.) has enabled HNL-catalyzed preparations of optically active cyanohydrins on a technical scale. The enantioselectivity of chiral metal-complex-catalyzed additions of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes has been improved, but is, by far, not yet competitive with the HNL-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Effenberger
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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