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QTY code designed thermostable and water-soluble chimeric chemokine receptors with tunable ligand affinity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25668-25676. [PMID: 31776256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909026116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are of great interest as they play a critical role in many immunological and pathological processes. The ability to study chemokine receptors in aqueous solution without detergent would be significant because natural receptors require detergents to become soluble. We previously reported using the QTY code to design detergent-free chemokine receptors. We here report the design of 2 detergent-free chimeric chemokine receptors that were experimentally unattainable in detergent solution. We designed chimeric receptors by switching the N terminus and 3 extracellular (EC) loops between different receptors. Specifically, we replaced the N terminus and 3 EC loops of CCR5QTY with the N terminus and 3 EC loops of CXCR4. The ligand for CXCR4; namely CXCL12, binds to the chimeric receptor CCR5QTY (7TM)-CXCR4 (N terminus+3 EC loops), but with lower affinity compared to CXCR4; the CCL5 ligand of CCR5 binds the chimeric receptor with ∼20× lower affinity. The chimeric design helps to elucidate the mechanism of native receptor-ligand interaction. We also show that all detergent-free QTY-designed chemokine receptors, expressed in Escherichia coli, bind to their respective chemokines with affinities in the nanomolar (nM) range, similar to the affinities of native receptors and SF9-produced QTY variants. These QTY-designed receptors exhibit remarkable thermostability in the presence of arginine and retain ligand-binding activity after heat treatment at 60 °C for 4 h and 24 h, and at 100 °C for 10 min. Our design approach enables affordable scale-up production of detergent-free QTY variant chemokine receptors with tunable functionality for various uses.
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Distinguishing Between Monomeric scFv and Diabody in Solution Using Light and Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040048. [PMID: 31548495 PMCID: PMC6963988 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the linker length between the VH and the VL domain, single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments form monomers, dimers (diabodies) or higher oligomers. We aimed at generating a diabody of the anti-MET antibody 3H3 to use it as crystallization chaperone to promote crystallization of the MET ectodomain through the introduction of a pre-formed twofold axis of symmetry. Size exclusion chromatography, however, suggested the protein to be monomeric. Hence, we used scattering techniques applied to solutions to further investigate its oligomerization state. The small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curve measured for our protein nicely fits to the scattering curve calculated from the known crystal structure of a diabody. In addition, concentration-dependent photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements revealed a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm at infinite dilution and a negative interaction parameter kD, indicating attractive interactions that are beneficial for crystallization. Both SAXS and PCS measurements clearly suggest our antibody fragment to be a diabody in solution. Chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and cell motility assays confirmed this conclusion.
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies that engage immune cells to kill cancer cells have been actively studied in cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we present a novel bispecific format, S-Fab, fabricated by linking a single-domain anti-carcinoembryonic antigen VHH to a conventional anti-CD3 Fab. In contrast to most bispecific antibodies, the S-Fab bispecific antibody can be efficiently expressed and purified from bacteria. The purified S-Fab is stable in serum and is able to recruit T cells to drive potent cancer cell killing. In xenograft models, the S-Fab antibody suppresses tumor growth in the presence of human immune cells. Our study suggested that the bispecific S-Fab format can be applied to a wide range of immunotherapies.
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Dong B, Zhou C, He P, Li J, Chen S, Miao J, Li Q, Wang Z. A novel bispecific antibody, BiSS, with potent anti-cancer activities. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:364-70. [PMID: 26828900 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most active fields in cancer immunotherapy is the study of bispecific antibodies, which engage immune cells to kill cancer cells. However, a variety of issues are associated with most of current bispecific antibody formats. In this study, we present a novel bispecific antibody, BiSS (Bispecific antibody with Single domain, Single domain antibodies), which was constructed by linking 2 single domain antibodies, anti-CEA and anti-CD16, in tandem. Unlike most other bispecific antibodies, the BiSS antibody can be expressed and purified from E.coli in large quantities. By recruiting natural killer cells (NK cells) to CEA-positive cancer cells, BiSS led to cancer cell death in vitro. In xenograft models, the BiSS protein blocked cancer progression. The data suggested that the single domain-based bispecific antibody BiSS was functional and can be potentially applied to a broad range of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Changhua Zhou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ping He
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Siqi Chen
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ji Miao
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhong Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Centre for Cellular & Structural Biology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Hasenhindl C, Traxlmayr MW, Wozniak-Knopp G, Jones PC, Stadlmayr G, Rüker F, Obinger C. Stability assessment on a library scale: a rapid method for the evaluation of the commutability and insertion of residues in C-terminal loops of the CH3 domains of IgG1-Fc. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:675-82. [PMID: 24006374 PMCID: PMC3785252 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-binding Fc fragments (Fcab) are generated by engineering the C-terminal loop regions in the CH3 domain of human immunoglobulin G class 1-crystallizable fragment (IgG1-Fc). For an optimum library design with high percentage of well-folded clones for efficient binder selection, information about the correlation between primary structure and stability is needed. Here, we present a rapid method that allows determination of the overall stability of whole libraries of IgG1-Fc on the surface of yeast by flow cytometry. Libraries of IgG1-Fc mutants with distinct regions in AB-, CD- and EF-loops of the CH3 domains randomized or carrying therein insertions of five additional residues were constructed, incubated at increasing temperatures and probed for residual binding of generic Fc ligands. Calculated temperatures of half-maximal irreversible denaturation of the libraries gave a clear hierarchy of tolerance to randomization of distinct loop positions. Experimental data were evaluated by a computational approach and are discussed with respect to the structure of IgG1-Fc and variation in sequence and length of these loops in homologous Fc proteins. Generally, the described method allows for quick assessment of the effects of randomization of distinct regions on the foldability and stability of a yeast-displayed protein library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hasenhindl
- Department of Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Antibody Engineering , Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Stave JW, Lindpaintner K. Antibody and antigen contact residues define epitope and paratope size and structure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1428-35. [PMID: 23797669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 111 Ag-Ab x-ray crystal structures of large protein Ag epitopes and paratopes were analyzed to inform the process of eliciting or selecting functional and therapeutic Abs. These analyses illustrate that Ab contact residues (CR) are distributed in three prominent CR regions (CRR) on L and H chains that overlap but do not coincide with Ab CDR. The number of Ag and Ab CRs per structure are overlapping and centered around 18 and 19, respectively. The CR span (CRS), a novel measure introduced in this article, is defined as the minimum contiguous amino acid sequence containing all CRs of an Ag or Ab and represents the size of a complete structural epitope or paratope, inclusive of CR and the minimum set of supporting residues required for proper conformation. The most frequent size of epitope CRS is 50-79 aa, which is similar in size to L (60-69) and H chain (70-79) CRS. The size distribution of epitope CRS analyzed in this study ranges from ~20 to 400 aa, similar to the distribution of independent protein domain sizes reported in the literature. Together, the number of CRs and the size of the CRS demonstrate that, on average, complete structural epitopes and paratopes are equal in size to each other and similar in size to intact protein domains. Thus, independent protein domains inclusive of biologically relevant sites represent the fundamental structural unit bound by, and useful for eliciting or selecting, functional and therapeutic Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Stave
- Antibody Discovery Research and Development, SDIX, Inc, Newark, DE 19702, USA.
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Alirezapour B, Rajabibazl M, Rasaee MJ, Omidfar K. Production and Characterization of Recombinant scFv Against Digoxin by Phage Display Technology. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:172-9. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2012.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Behruz Alirezapour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohhamad Javad Rasaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sun Y, Ning B, Liu M, Gao X, Fan X, Liu J, Gao Z. Selection of diethylstilbestrol-specific single-chain antibodies from a non-immunized mouse ribosome display library. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33186. [PMID: 22427984 PMCID: PMC3302827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Single chain variable fragments (scFvs) against diethylstilbestrol (DES) were selected from the splenocytes of non-immunized mice by ribosome display technology. A naive library was constructed and engineered to allow in vitro transcription and translation using an E. coli lysate system. Alternating selection in solution and immobilization in microtiter wells was used to pan mRNA-ribosome-antibody (ARM) complexes. After seven rounds of ribosome display, the expression vector pTIG-TRX containing the selected specific scFv DNAs were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for expression. Twenty-six positive clones were screened and five clones had high antibody affinity and specificity to DES as evidenced by indirect competitive ELISA. Sequence analysis showed that these five DES-specific scFvs had different amino acid sequences, but the CDRs were highly similar. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis was used to determine binding kinetics of one clone (30-1). The measured KD was 3.79 µM. These results indicate that ribosome display technology can be used to efficiently isolate hapten-specific antibody (Ab) fragments from a naive library; this study provides a methodological framework for the development of novel immunoassays for multiple environmental pollutants with low molecular weight detection using recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoan Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjun Gao
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianqing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tian Jin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Aavula SM, Nimmagadda SV, Biradhar N, Sula S, Chandran D, Lingala R, Villuppanoor SA. Generation and Characterization of an scFv Directed against Site II of Rabies Glycoprotein. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:652147. [PMID: 22007309 PMCID: PMC3189463 DOI: 10.4061/2011/652147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody phage display technology is a vital tool that facilitates identification of specific binding molecules to a target enabling the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human, or mouse antibody product candidates essentially directed towards disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. In this study, a recombinant single-chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) A11 was isolated from immune spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus (Pasteur strain) using standard methodology and was characterized for its specificity towards the rabies virus glycoprotein. Epitope mapping using peptide libraries and truncated glycoprotein polypeptides suggested that A11 bound to the antigenic site II of rabies glycoprotein against which a majority of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies are directed. The use of the above technology could, therefore, allow development of scFvs with different specificities against the rabies glycoprotein as an alternative to the more cumbersome protocols used for the development of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukra M Aavula
- Research and Development Center, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
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Koti M, Nagy E, Kaushik AK. A single point mutation in framework region 3 of heavy chain affects viral neutralization dynamics of single-chain Fv against bovine herpes virus type 1. Vaccine 2011; 29:7905-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Giudicelli V, Lefranc MP. IMGT/junctionanalysis: IMGT standardized analysis of the V-J and V-D-J junctions of the rearranged immunoglobulins (IG) and T cell receptors (TR). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:716-725. [PMID: 21632777 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONIMGT/JunctionAnalysis is the online IMGT tool for the detailed and standardized analysis of the junctions between the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes (V-J and V-D-J junctions) of the rearranged immunoglobulin (IG) or antibody and T cell receptor (TR) variable domains. The V-(D)-J junctions comprise the rearranged CDR3-IMGT and its anchors 2nd-CYS 104 and J-PHE or J-TRP 118. The diversity of the junctions that determines the antigen receptor specificity results from complex molecular mechanisms that occur at the DNA level during the IG and TR synthesis and create combinatorial diversity, N-diversity and, for IG, somatic hypermutations. The annotation of V-J or V-D-J junctions in rearranged IG and TR sequences represents a huge challenge due to its uniqueness and complexity. IMGT/JunctionAnalysis has been a major breakthrough by providing, for the first time, a very detailed and accurate analysis of the junctions. The tool, whose use is described here, identifies the D genes in the IGH, TRB, and TRD junctions, the trimmed nucleotides (nt) at the end of the genes which recombine, and the palindromic P regions in the absence of gene trimming. It delimits the N regions that result from the N-diversity, calculates the ratio of G+C nucleotides in the N regions, and evaluates the number of somatic hypermutations for each gene within the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Giudicelli
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Lefranc MP. IMGT Collier de Perles for the variable (V), constant (C), and groove (G) domains of IG, TR, MH, IgSF, and MhSF. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:643-651. [PMID: 21632788 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.ip86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThe “IMGT Collier de Perles” (or “IMGT_Collier_de_Perles”) concept is a major concept of numerotation (generated from the NUMEROTATION axiom) of IMGT-ONTOLOGY, the global reference in immunogenetics and immunoinformatics, built by IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system. The “IMGT Collier de Perles” concept, described here, allows standardized two-dimensional (2D) graphical representations of the domains, based on the IMGT unique numbering. Three leafconcepts (a leafconcept is a concept that corresponds to the finest level of granularity) have been defined: for the variable (V) domain and constant (C) domain of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and for the groove (G) domain of the major histocompatibility (MH) superfamily (MhSF). IMGT Colliers de Perles are obtained, starting from V, C, or G domain amino acid sequences, using IMGT/DomainGapAlign and IMGT/Collier de Perles tools. In IMGT/3Dstructure-DB, IMGT Colliers de Perles of V and C domains are provided with hydrogen bonds and those of G domains with IMGT pMH contact analysis. IMGT Colliers de Perles allows one to bridge the gap between sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures, whatever the species, the IgSF or MhSF protein, or the chain type. They are particularly useful for antibody engineering, sequence-structure analysis, visualization and comparison of positions for mutations, polymorphisms and contact analysis of immunoglobulins (IG), T cell receptors (TR), MH, and related proteins of the immune system (RPI) belonging to the IgSF and MhSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Lefranc MP. IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:595-603. [PMID: 21632786 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Ehrenmann F, Lefranc MP. IMGT/DomainGapAlign: IMGT standardized analysis of amino acid sequences of variable, constant, and groove domains (IG, TR, MH, IgSF, MhSF). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:737-49. [PMID: 21632775 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Ehrenmann
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Lefranc MP. From IMGT-ONTOLOGY DESCRIPTION axiom to IMGT standardized labels: for immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) sequences and structures. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:614-26. [PMID: 21632791 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.ip83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Giudicelli V, Brochet X, Lefranc MP. IMGT/V-QUEST: IMGT standardized analysis of the immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) nucleotide sequences. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:695-715. [PMID: 21632778 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Giudicelli
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Ehrenmann F, Lefranc MP. IMGT/3Dstructure-DB: querying the IMGT database for 3D structures in immunology and immunoinformatics (IG or antibodies, TR, MH, RPI, and FPIA). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:750-61. [PMID: 21632774 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Ehrenmann
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Lefranc MP. From IMGT-ONTOLOGY IDENTIFICATION axiom to IMGT standardized keywords: for immunoglobulins (IG), T cell receptors (TR), and conventional genes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:604-13. [PMID: 21632792 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.ip82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Ehrenmann F, Giudicelli V, Duroux P, Lefranc MP. IMGT/Collier de Perles: IMGT standardized representation of domains (IG, TR, and IgSF variable and constant domains, MH and MhSF groove domains). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:726-36. [PMID: 21632776 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Ehrenmann
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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20
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Lefranc MP. IMGT unique numbering for the variable (V), constant (C), and groove (G) domains of IG, TR, MH, IgSF, and MhSF. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:633-42. [PMID: 21632789 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.ip85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics information system, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Université Montpellier 2, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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B3(Fab)-streptavidin Tetramer Has Higher Binding Avidity than B3(scFv)-streptavidin Tetramer. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.5.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Conroy PJ, Hearty S, Leonard P, O’Kennedy RJ. Antibody production, design and use for biosensor-based applications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kelly MP, Lee FT, Tahtis K, Power BE, Smyth FE, Brechbiel MW, Hudson PJ, Scott AM. Tumor targeting by a multivalent single-chain Fv (scFv) anti-Lewis Y antibody construct. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008; 23:411-23. [PMID: 18771345 PMCID: PMC2663784 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) constructs has been investigated in cancer radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and radioimmunodetection, as these molecules permit rapid tumor penetration and clearance from the serum relative to whole IgG. Multimerization of scFv constructs has demonstrated improvements in functional affinity (i.e., avidity) and maximal tumor uptake. In this paper, we report the first biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies of a noncovalent, direct-linked scFv (V(L)-0-V(H)) trimeric/tetrameric "multimer" of the anti-Lewis Y monoclonal antibody, hu3S193. The in vitro binding and in vivo biodistribution of the hu3S193 multimer was characterized alongside the hu3S193 F(ab')(2) following radiolabeling with the Indium-111 ((111)In) radioisotope. Immunoreactivities of the radiolabeled multimer and F(ab')(2) were 73% and 53.2%, and binding affinities (K(a)) were 1.58 x 10(7) M(1) and 4.31 x 10(6) M (1) for the multimer and F(ab')(2), respectively. Maximal tumor uptake in Le(y)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer xenografted BALB/c nude mice was 12.6 +/- 2.5 percent injected dose/per gram (%ID/g) at 6 hours postinjection for the multimer and 15.7 +/- 2.1 %ID/g at 24 hours postinjection for the F(ab')(2). However, limited in vitro stability and high renal localization of radiolabeled constructs were observed, which, despite the observed tumor targeting of the hu3S193 multimer, most likely preclude its use in RIT and imaging modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Area Under Curve
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Gel
- Drug Stability
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/blood
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Indium Radioisotopes
- Lewis Blood Group Antigens/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Recombinant Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Tissue Distribution
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P. Kelly
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - F.-T. Lee
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiki Tahtis
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara E. Power
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona E. Smyth
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Tumour Targeting Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Hirst ER, Yuan YJ, Xu WL, Bronlund JE. Bond-rupture immunosensors--a review. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23:1759-68. [PMID: 18343101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It has long been the goal of researchers to develop fast and reliable point-of-care alternatives to existing lab-based tests. A viable point-of-care biosensor is fast, reliable, simple, cost-effective, and detects low concentrations of the target analyte. The target of biosensors is biological such as bacteria or virus and as such, the antibody-antigen bond derived from the real immune response is used. Biosensor applications include lab-based tests for the purposes of diagnostics, drug discovery, and research. Additional applications include environmental, food, and agricultural monitoring. The main merits of the bond-rupture method are quick, simple, and capable of discriminating between specific and non-specific interactions. The separation of specific and non-specific bonds is important for working in real-life complex serums such as blood. The bond-rupture technique can provide both qualitative results, the detection of a target, and quantitative results, the concentration of target. Bond-rupture achieves this by a label-free method requiring no pre-processing of the analyte. A piezoelectric transducer such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) shakes the bound particles free from the surface. Other transducers such as Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) are also considered. The rupture of the bonds is detected as electronic noise. This review article links diverse research areas to build a picture of a field still in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Hirst
- Industrial Research Limited, Crown Research Institutes, 69 Gracefield Road, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
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25
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26
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Abstract
The number of therapeutic monoclonal antibody in development has increased tremendously over the last several years and this trend continues. At present there are more than 23 approved antibodies on the US market and an estimated 200 or more are in development. Although antibodies share certain structural similarities, development of commercially viable antibody pharmaceuticals has not been straightforward because of their unique and somewhat unpredictable solution behavior. This article reviews the structure and function of antibodies and the mechanisms of physical and chemical instabilities. Various aspects of formulation development have been examined to identify the critical attributes for the stabilization of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Pfizer, Inc., Global Biologics, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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27
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions with synthetic agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4130-63. [PMID: 15954154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions is a formidable goal, albeit one that possesses significant potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Despite the daunting challenges, a variety of examples exists for the inhibition of two large protein partners with low-molecular-weight ligands. This review discusses the strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions and the state of the art in the rational design of molecules that mimic the structures and functions of their natural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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28
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Bardelli C, Sala M, Cavallazzi U, Prat M. Agonist Met antibodies define the signalling threshold required for a full mitogenic and invasive program of Kaposi's Sarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:1172-9. [PMID: 16039997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that the Kaposi Sarcoma line KS-IMM express a functional Met tyrosine kinase receptor, which, upon HGF stimulation, activates motogenic, proliferative, and invasive responses. In this study, we investigated the signalling pathways activated by HGF, as well as by Met monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), acting as full or partial agonists. The full agonist Mab mimics HGF in all biological and biochemical aspects. It elicits the whole spectrum of responses, while the partial agonist Mab induces only wound healing. These differences correlated with a more prolonged and sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor and MAPK evoked by HGF and by the full agonist Mab, relative to the partial agonist Mab. Since Gab1, JNK and PI 3-kinase are activated with same intensity and kinetics by HGF and by the two agonist antibodies, it is concluded that level and duration of MAPK activation by Met receptor are crucial for the induction of a full HGF-dependent mitogenic and invasive program in KS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bardelli
- Dipt. Scienze Mediche, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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29
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Parker MH, Chen Y, Danehy F, Dufu K, Ekstrom J, Getmanova E, Gokemeijer J, Xu L, Lipovsek D. Antibody mimics based on human fibronectin type three domain engineered for thermostability and high-affinity binding to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor two. Protein Eng Des Sel 2005; 18:435-44. [PMID: 16087651 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzi050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tenth human fibronectin type three domain ((10)Fn3) is a small (10 kDa), extremely stable and soluble protein with an immunoglobulin-like fold, but without cysteine residues. Selections from (10)Fn3-based libraries of proteins with randomized loops have yielded high-affinity, target-specific antibody mimics. However, little is known about the biophysical properties of such antibody mimics, which will determine their suitability for in vitro and medical applications. We characterized target binding and biophysical properties of two related (10)Fn3-based antibody mimics that bind vascular endothelial growth factor receptor two (VEGF-R2). The first antibody mimic, which has a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 13 nM, is highly stable [melting temperature (T(m))=62 degrees C] and soluble, whereas the second, which binds VEGF-R2 with 40 x higher affinity, is less stable (T(m) < 40 degrees C) and relatively insoluble. We used our understanding of these two (10)Fn3 derivatives and of wild-type (10)Fn3 structure to engineer the next generation of antibody mimics, which have an improved combination of high affinity (K(d)=0.59 nM), stability (T(m)=53 degrees C) and solubility. Our findings illustrate that (10)Fn3-based antibody mimics can be engineered for favorable biophysical properties even when 20% of the wild-type (10)Fn3 sequence is mutated in order to satisfy target-binding requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Parker
- Phylos, Inc., succeeded by Compound Therapeutics, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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30
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategien zur Modulation von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen mit synthetischen Substanzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Hagihara Y, Matsuda T, Yumoto N. Cellular Quality Control Screening to Identify Amino Acid Pairs for Substituting the Disulfide Bonds in Immunoglobulin Fold Domains. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:24752-8. [PMID: 15870065 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We are interested in determining which amino acid pairs can be substituted for the disulfide (S-S) bonds in proteins without disrupting their native structures under physiological conditions. In this study, we focused on the intradomain S-S bonds in Ig fold domains and aimed to determine a simple rule for replacement of their S-S bonds. The cysteines of four different Ig fold domains were mutated randomly, and the amino acid pairs substituted for the S-S bonds were screened by the method utilizing a cellular quality control system. Among the 36 selected mutants, 31 were natively folded without S-S bonds, as judged from the cooperativity of thermal unfolding. In addition, the selected mutant llama heavy chain antibodies retained antigen-binding affinity. At least two of the pairs Ala:Ala, Ala:Val, Val: Ala, and Val:Val were found in the selected mutants for all four different Ig fold domains, and they were stably folded at 30 degrees C. This suggests that examination of these four pairs could be enough to obtain natively folded Ig fold domains without S-S bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hagihara
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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32
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Filpula D, McGuire J. Single-chain Fv designs for protein, cell and gene therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Brennan FR, Shaw L, Wing MG, Robinson C. Preclinical safety testing of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals: understanding the issues and addressing the challenges. Mol Biotechnol 2004; 27:59-74. [PMID: 15122047 DOI: 10.1385/mb:27:1:59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique and complex nature of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals has meant that it is often not possible to follow the conventional safety testing programs used for chemicals, and hence they are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Nonclinical safety testing programs must be rationally designed with a strong scientific understanding of the product, including its method of manufacture, purity, sequence, structure, species specificity, pharmacological and immunological effects, and intended clinical use. This knowledge, coupled with a firm understanding of the regulatory requirements for particular product types, will ensure that the most sensitive and regulatory-compliant test systems are used to optimize the chances of gaining regulatory approval for clinical testing or marketing authorization in the shortest possible time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Brennan
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Woolley Rd, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 4HS, UK.
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34
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Petrov K, Dion M, Hoffmann L, Dintinger T, Defontaine A, Tellier C. Bivalent Fv antibody fragments obtained by substituting the constant domains of a fab fragment with heterotetrameric molybdopterin synthase. J Mol Biol 2004; 341:1039-48. [PMID: 15328616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antibody Fv fragment is the smallest functional unit of an antibody but for practical use, the VH/VL interface requires stabilization, which is usually accomplished by a peptide linker that joins the two variable domains to form a single chain Fv fragment (scFv). An alternative format to scFv is proposed that (i) allows stabilization of the Fv fragment, and (ii) restores the bivalency of the antibody as a pseudo-F(ab')2 format. This new antibody fragment was constructed by replacing the CHI and CL domains of the Fab fragment with heterotetrameric molybdopterin synthase (MPTS). We found that this format, named MoaFv, improved significantly the cytoplasmic expression of the Fv as a soluble protein in BL21 or Origami Escherichia coli strains. This MoaFv format is expressed as a homogeneous heterotetrameric protein with a Mr value of 110 kDa containing two functional binding sites as revealed by active site titration. In its native condition at 37 degrees C or in the presence of urea, this format was nearly as stable as the corresponding scFv, indicating that non-covalent interactions between the MPTS subunits can replace the covalent peptide linker in scFv. Finally, this MoaFv construct could be a useful format when bivalency is desirable to improve the functional avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kliment Petrov
- UMR-CNRS n degrees 6204, Biotechnoligie, Biocatalyse et Bioréegulation, Nates cedex, France
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35
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Réfega S, Cluzeaud M, Péry P, Labbé M, Girard-Misguich F. Production of a functional chicken single-chain variable fragment antibody derived from caecal tonsils B lymphocytes against macrogamonts of Eimeria tenella. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 97:219-30. [PMID: 14741140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is due to a protozoan intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Eimeria which multiplies in the intestine of the host. In order to identify Eimeria antigens which reflect the natural avian humoral immune response, chicken hybridomas were produced by fusion of myeloma MuH1 with B lymphocytes from Eimeria tenella infected chicken. B lymphocytes used for fusions were isolated from tonsils at the basis of caeca where the parasite develops. One of the clones (G1F5) recognised oocyst antigens and the macrogamont stage of the parasite in ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody was cloned from the light chain variant region (VL) and heavy chain variant region (VH) genes of the hybridoma. This recombinant antibody (scFv G1F5) exhibited antigen binding specificity to oocysts and macrogamonts of E. tenella equivalent to the mAb produced by the clone G1F5. Nucleotide sequence analysis of VL genes from scFv G1F5 compared to the germ-line revealed vestiges of gene conversion. scFv derived from chicken B lymphocytes isolated from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue following experimental infection can reveal specific antigens recognised by the avian immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Réfega
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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36
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Lee MS, Kwon MH, Kim KH, Shin HJ, Park S, Kim HI. Selection of scFvs specific for HBV DNA polymerase using ribosome display. J Immunol Methods 2004; 284:147-57. [PMID: 14736425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We applied a ribosome display technique to a mouse scFv library to select single chain variable fragments (scFvs) specific for the terminal protein (TP) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase. Synthetic TP-peptide was used as an antigen to obtain scFvs that recognize specific epitopes within the TP domain, the priming site of HBV DNA polymerase. The scFv DNA library was transcribed in vitro to mRNA for ribosome display. scFv-ribosome-mRNA complexes were produced using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, and were panned against TP-peptide under appropriate conditions. After each panning, putative scFv-encoding genes were recovered by RT-PCR, and the analysis showed that scFv-ribosome-mRNA complexes were specifically selected by the TP-peptide. We used a radioimmunoassay to show that the TP-peptide-specific scFv pools were enriched through the selection process. Selected scFvs showed binding activity for both the TP-peptide and the HBV DNA polymerase protein in an ELISA. Sequence analysis showed that each TP-specific scFv had a different sequence, and that random mutagenesis was mediated by ribosome display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woncheon-dong 5, 442-749, Suwon, South Korea
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37
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Bond CJ, Marsters JC, Sidhu SS. Contributions of CDR3 to V H H domain stability and the design of monobody scaffolds for naive antibody libraries. J Mol Biol 2003; 332:643-55. [PMID: 12963373 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains. Autonomous heavy chain variable (V(H)H) domains in these molecules have adapted to the absence of the light chain in the following ways: bulky hydrophobic residues replace small aliphatic residues in the former light chain interface, and residues from the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) pack against the framework and stabilize the global V(H)H domain fold. To determine the specific roles of CDR3 residues in framework stabilization, we used nai;ve phage-displayed libraries, combinatorial alanine-scanning mutagenesis and biophysical characterization of purified proteins. Our results indicate that in the most stable scaffolds, the structural residues in CDR3 reside near the boundaries of the loop and pack against the framework to form a small hydrophobic core. These results allow us to differentiate between structural CDR3 residues that should remain fixed, and CDR3 residues that are tolerant to substitution and can therefore be varied to generate functional diversity within phage-displayed libraries. These methods and insights can be applied to the rapid design of heavy chain scaffolds for the identification of novel ligands using synthetic, antibody-phage libraries. In addition, they shed light on the relationships between CDR3 sequence diversity and the structural stability of the V(H)H domain fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bond
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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38
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Kumagai I, Nishimiya Y, Kondo H, Tsumoto K. Structural consequences of target epitope-directed functional alteration of an antibody. The case of anti-hen lysozyme antibody, HyHEL-10. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24929-36. [PMID: 12709438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased affinity of an antibody for a mutated epitope in an antigen can be enhanced and reversed by mutations in certain antibody residues. Here we describe the crystal structures of (a) the complex between a naturally mutated proteinaceous antigen and an antibody that was mutated and selected in vitro, and (b) the complex between the normal antigen and the mutated antibody. The mutated and selected antibody recognizes essentially the same epitope as in the wild-type antibody, indicating successful target site-directed functional alteration of the antibody. In comparing the structure of the mutated antigen-mutant antibody complex with the previously established structure of the wild-type antigen-wild-type antibody complex, we found that the enhanced affinity of the mutated antibody for the mutant antigen originated not from improvements in local complementarity around the mutated sites but from subtle and critical structural changes in nonmutated sites, including an increase in variable domain interactions. Our findings indicate that only a few mutations in the antigen-binding region of an antibody can lead to some structural changes in its paratopes, emphasizing the critical roles of the plasticity of loops in the complementarity-determining region and also the importance of the plasticity of the interaction between the variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains in determining the specificity of an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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39
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Gao C, Mao S, Ditzel HJ, Farnaes L, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD. A cell-penetrating peptide from a novel pVII-pIX phage-displayed random peptide library. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:4057-65. [PMID: 12413859 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel random peptide library was constructed using a phage-display format on the coat proteins pVII and pIX of filamentous bacteriophage. Panning against B-lymphocyte WI-L2 cells yielded one unique peptide-phage, denoted CHL8, that specifically bound to and penetrated the cells. Studies of each peptide derived from CHL8, denoted pep7 and pep9, established that only pep7 mediated the observed activity and only as a homodimer. Peptide libraries displayed on pVII-pIX should serve as a novel source of bioactive ligands for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshou Gao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Gao C, Mao S, Kaufmann G, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD. A method for the generation of combinatorial antibody libraries using pIX phage display. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12612-6. [PMID: 12239343 PMCID: PMC130508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192467999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2002] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, phage displayed combinatorial antibody libraries have been used to generate and select a wide variety of antibodies. We previously reported that the phage coat proteins pVII and pIX could be used to display the heterodimeric structure of the antibody Fv region. Herein, aspects of this technology were invoked and extended to construct a large, human single-chain Fv (scFv) library of 4.5 x 10(9) members displayed on pIX of filamentous bacteriophage. Furthermore, the diversity, quality, and utility of the library were demonstrated by the selection of scFv clones against six different protein antigens. Notably, more than 90% of the selected clones showed positive binding for their respective antigens after as few as three rounds of panning. Analyzed scFvs were also found to be of high affinity. For example, kinetic analysis (BIAcore) revealed that scFvs against staphylococcal enterotoxin B and cholera toxin B subunit had a nanomolar and subnanomolar dissociation constant, respectively, affording affinities comparable to, or exceeding that, of mAbs obtained from immunization. High specificity was also attained, not only between very distinct proteins, but also in the case of the Ricinus communis ("ricin") agglutinins (RCA(60) and RCA(120)), despite >80% sequence homology between the two. The results suggested that the performance of pIX-display libraries can potentially exceed that of the pIII-display format and make it ideally suited for panning a wide variety of target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshou Gao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Abstract
Phage display is a molecular diversity technology that allows the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of filamentous phage. Phage display libraries permit the selection of peptides and proteins, including antibodies, with high affinity and specificity for almost any target. A crucial advantage of this technology is the direct link that exists between the experimental phenotype and its encapsulated genotype, which allows the evolution of the selected binders into optimized molecules. Phage display facilitates engineering of antibodies with regard to their size, valency, affinity, and effector functions. The selection of antibodies and peptides from libraries displayed on the surface of filamentous phage has proven significant for routine isolation of peptides and antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review serves as an introduction to phage display, antibody engineering, the development of phage-displayed peptides and antibody fragments into viable diagnostic reagents, and recent trends in display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
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42
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De Genst E, Areskoug D, Decanniere K, Muyldermans S, Andersson K. Kinetic and affinity predictions of a protein-protein interaction using multivariate experimental design. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:29897-907. [PMID: 12048184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202359200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the influence of 14 mutations and 5 environmental variables (buffer perturbation) on the association and dissociation rate of a camel single domain antibody (cAb-Lys3) interacting with hen egg white lysozyme using a surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor. Based on this data set, we constructed quantitative predictive models for both kinetic (k(a) and k(d)) constants as for the affinity constant (K(d)). Mutations, after parameterization by quantitative descriptors, and buffers were selected using multivariate experimental design. These models were able to predict the corresponding parameters of four new variants of cAb-Lys3. Moreover, the models provide insights to the important chemical aspects of the interacting residues, which are difficult to deduce from the crystal structure. Our approach provides useful physicochemical information of protein-protein interactions in general. The information obtained from this kind of analysis complements and goes beyond that of conventional methods like alanine scanning and substitution by closely related amino acids. The mathematical modeling may contribute to a rational approach in the optimization of bio-molecules of biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin De Genst
- Dienst Ultrastructuur, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Paardenstraat 65, B-1640 Sint-Genesius Rode, Belgium.
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43
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Vajdos FF, Adams CW, Breece TN, Presta LG, de Vos AM, Sidhu SS. Comprehensive functional maps of the antigen-binding site of an anti-ErbB2 antibody obtained with shotgun scanning mutagenesis. J Mol Biol 2002; 320:415-28. [PMID: 12079396 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shotgun scanning combinatorial mutagenesis was used to study the antigen-binding site of Fab2C4, a humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds to the extracellular domain of the human oncogene product ErbB2. Essentially all the residues in the Fab2C4 complementarity determining regions (CDRs) were alanine-scanned using phage-displayed libraries that preferentially allowed side-chains to vary as the wild-type or alanine. A separate homolog-scan was performed using libraries that allowed side-chains to vary only as the wild-type or a similar amino acid residue. Following binding selections to isolate functional clones, DNA sequencing was used to determine the wild-type/mutant ratios at each varied position, and these ratios were used to assess the contributions of each side-chain to antigen binding. The alanine-scan revealed that most of the side-chains that contribute to antigen binding are located in the heavy chain, and the Fab2C4 three-dimensional structure revealed that these residues fall into two groups. The first group consists of solvent-exposed residues which likely make energetically favorable contacts with the antigen and thus comprise the functional-binding epitope. The second group consists of buried residues with side-chains that pack against other CDR residues and apparently act as scaffolding to maintain the functional epitope in a binding-competent conformation. The homolog-scan involved subtle mutations, and as a result, only a subset of the side-chains that were intolerant to alanine substitutions were also intolerant to homologous substitutions. In particular, the 610 A2 functional epitope surface revealed by alanine-scanning shrunk to only 369 A2 when mapped with homologous substitutions, suggesting that this smaller subset of side-chains may be involved in more precise contacts with the antigen. The results validate shotgun scanning as a rapid and accurate method for determining the functional contributions of individual side-chains involved in protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Vajdos
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Dower WJ, Mattheakis LC. In vitro selection as a powerful tool for the applied evolution of proteins and peptides. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2002; 6:390-8. [PMID: 12023121 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
New in vitro methods for the applied evolution of protein structure and function complement conventional cellular and phage-based methods. Strategies employing the direct physical linkage of genotype and phenotype, and the compartmental association of gene and product to select desired properties are discussed, and recent useful applications are described. Engineering of antibodies and other proteins, selection from cDNA libraries, and the creation of functional protein domains from completely random starting sequences illustrate the value of the in vitro approaches. Also discussed is an emerging new direction for in vitro display technology: the self-assembly of protein arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Dower
- XenoPort, Inc., 3410 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA.
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Abstract
Proteomics can be defined as "the systematic analysis of proteins for their identity, quantity, and function." The central concept is "multiplexing," i.e., simultaneous analysis of all proteins in a defined protein population, rather than investigation of one protein at a time, as in traditional biochemistry. Two major approaches have been described: (1) mass spectrometry-based approaches and (2) protein micro-array approaches. The purpose of this Science Watch article is to describe the fundamental features of these two approaches and to speculate on how proteomics will be useful in nephrology and nephrology research in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Knepper
- Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1603, USA.
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Weidenhaupt M, Khalifa MB, Hugo N, Choulier L, Altschuh D, Vernet T. Functional mapping of conserved, surface-exposed charges of antibody variable domains. J Mol Recognit 2002; 15:94-103. [PMID: 11954054 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface-exposed charges can affect protein structure, stability and solubility as well as the kinetics of both the folding process and interaction with binding partners. We have investigated the influence on kinetic interaction parameters of 14 conserved, surface-exposed charges located away from the paratope in the variable domains of two antibodies of different specificity. We found that conserved, surface-exposed, charged framework residues are asymmetrically distributed on opposite faces of both VH and VL domains. Some of the charges play a critical role in protein folding and stability. While electrostatic forces within or close to the binding interface can be used to optimize the association rate, we confirmed the predicted minor effects of charge modifications remote from the binding site. They had no effect on the dissociation rate parameter. Our study demonstrates the role of residues remote from the interaction site in the recognition function as well as the limited effect of surface charge modifications in antibody fragments on kinetic interaction parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Weidenhaupt
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Macromolécules, CEA/CNRS/UJF, 41 rue Jules Horowitz,-F-38027 Grenoble cedex 1, France
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Vaquero C, Sack M, Schuster F, Finnern R, Drossard J, Schumann D, Reimann A, Fischer R. A carcinoembryonic antigen-specific diabody produced in tobacco. FASEB J 2002; 16:408-10. [PMID: 11790722 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0363fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using tobacco for production of a recombinant antibody (T84.66/GS8 diabody) directed against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and used for tumor imaging was investigated. Two constructs were generated for targeting the protein either to the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression of the diabody in tobacco leaves after vacuum-assisted infiltration of engineered Agrobacteria (agro-infiltration) and in regenerated transgenic tobacco plants was analyzed and compared. Results in terms of protein expression and accumulation between both systems showed a good correlation. His6-tagged T84.66 diabody was readily purified from agro-infiltrated tobacco leaves and from transgenic plants by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The purified protein was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, gel filtration, electrospray mass spectrometry, direct and competition ELISA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and staining of CEA-positive colon adenocarcinoma cell line LS174T. Our results demonstrate that tobacco is a competent production system for this clinically relevant diabody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vaquero
- Institut für Biologie VII (Molekulare Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kortt AA, Dolezal O, Power BE, Hudson PJ. Dimeric and trimeric antibodies: high avidity scFvs for cancer targeting. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 18:95-108. [PMID: 11566601 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments can be engineered to assemble into stable multimeric oligomers of high binding avidity and specificity to a wide range of target antigens and haptens. This review describes the design and expression of diabodies (dimers), triabodies (trimers) and tetrabodies (tetramers). In particular we discuss the role of linker length between V-domains and the orientation of the V-domains to direct the formation of either diabodies (60 kDa), triabodies (90 kDa) or tetrabodies (120 kDa), and how the size, flexibility and valency of each molecules is suited to different applications for in vivo imaging and therapy. Single chain Fv antibody fragments joined by polypeptide linkers of at least 12 residues irrespective of V-domains orientation predominantly form monomers with varying amounts of dimer and higher molecular mass oligomers in equilibrium. A scFv molecule with a linker of 3-12 residues cannot fold into a functional Fv domain and instead associates with a second scFv molecule to form a bivalent dimer (diabody, approximately 60 kDa). Reducing the linker length below three residues can force scFv association into trimers (triabodies, approximately 90 kDa) or tetramers ( approximately 120 kDa) depending on linker length, composition and V-domain orientation. A particular advantage for tumour targeting is that molecules of 60-100 kDa have increased tumour penetration and fast clearance rates compared with the parent Ig (150 kDa). We highlight a number of cancer-targeting scFv diabodies that have undergone successful pre-clinical trials for in vivo stability and efficacy. We also briefly review the design of multi-specific Fv modules suited to cross-link two or more different target antigens. Bi-specific diabodies formed by association of different scFv molecules have been designed as cross-linking reagents for T-cell recruitment into tumours (immunotherapy), viral retargeting (gene therapy) and as red blood cell agglutination reagents (immunodiagnostics). The more challenging trispecific multimers (triabodies) remain to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kortt
- CSIRO Health Science and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Vic. 3052, Parkville, Australia.
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Rezacova P, Lescar J, Brynda J, Fabry M, Horejsi M, Sedlacek J, Bentley GA. Structural basis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease inhibition by a monoclonal antibody. Structure 2001; 9:887-95. [PMID: 11591344 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the demonstration that the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV Pr) is essential in the viral life cycle, this enzyme has become one of the primary targets for antiviral drug design. The murine monoclonal antibody 1696 (mAb1696), produced by immunization with the HIV-1 protease, inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme of both the HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates with inhibition constants in the low nanomolar range. The antibody cross-reacts with peptides that include the N terminus of the enzyme, a region that is highly conserved in sequence among different viral strains and that, furthermore, is crucial for homodimerization to the active enzymatic form. RESULTS We report here the crystal structure at 2.7 A resolution of a recombinant single-chain Fv fragment of mAb1696 as a complex with a cross-reactive peptide of the HIV-1 protease. The antibody-antigen interactions observed in this complex provide a structural basis for understanding the origin of the broad reactivity of mAb-1696 for the HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases and their respective N-terminal peptides. CONCLUSION A possible mechanism of HIV-protease inhibition by mAb1696 is proposed that could help the design of inhibitors aimed at binding inactive monomeric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rezacova
- Department of Gene Manipulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 37 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Krebs B, Rauchenberger R, Reiffert S, Rothe C, Tesar M, Thomassen E, Cao M, Dreier T, Fischer D, Höss A, Inge L, Knappik A, Marget M, Pack P, Meng XQ, Schier R, Söhlemann P, Winter J, Wölle J, Kretzschmar T. High-throughput generation and engineering of recombinant human antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2001; 254:67-84. [PMID: 11406154 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first version of the Human Combinatorial Antibody Library (HuCAL) is a single-chain Fv-based phage display library (HuCAL-scFv) with 2x10(9) members optimised for high-throughput generation and targeted engineering of human antibodies. 61% of the library genes code for functional scFv as judged by sequencing. We show here that since HuCAL-scFv antibodies are expressed in high levels in Escherichia coli, automated panning and screening in miniaturised settings (96- and 384-well format) have now become feasible. Additionally, the unique modular design of HuCAL-genes and -vectors allows the distinctly facilitated conversion of scFv into Fab, miniantibody and immunoglobulin formats, and the fusion with a variety of effector functions and tags not only convenient for therapeutic applications but also for high-throughput purification and detection. Thus, the HuCAL principle enables the rapid and high-throughput development of human antibodies by optimisation strategies proven useful in classical low molecular weight drug development. We demonstrate in this report that HuCAL is a very convenient source of human antibodies for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Krebs
- MorphoSys AG, Lena-Christ-Strasse 48, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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