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Alsayyah A. Differentiating between early melanomas and melanocytic nevi: A state-of-the-art review. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154734. [PMID: 37573619 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians and dermatologists are challenged by accurate diagnosis of melanocytic lesions, due to melanoma's resemblance to benign skin conditions. Several methodologies have been proposed to diagnose melanoma, and to differentiate between a cancerous and a benign skin condition. First, the ABCD rule and Menzies method use skin lesion characteristics to interpret the condition. The 7-point checklist, 3-point checklist, and CASH algorithm are score-based methods. Each of these methods attributes a score point to the features found on the skin lesion. Furthermore, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), an integrated clinical and dermoscopic risk scoring system (iDscore), and a deep convoluted neural network (DCNN) also aids in diagnosis. RCM optically sections live tissues to reveal morphological and cellular structures. The skin lesion's clinical parameters determine iDscore's score point system. The DCNN model is based on a detailed learning algorithm. Therefore, we discuss the conventional and new methodologies for the identification of skin diseases. Moreover, our review attempts to provide clinicians with a comprehensible summary of the wide range of techniques that can help differentiate between early melanomas and melanocytic nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Abstract
Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer linked to ultraviolet radiation exposure. Heritable traits and sporadic mutations modify an individual's risk for melanoma that may be associated with phenotype. Familial/heritable melanomas are broadly used to describe families with an increased incidence of melanomas, although the underlying mutation may be unknown. Mutations associated with melanoma occur in cell cycle regulation, tumor suppression, chromosomal stability, DNA repair, pigmentation, and melanocyte differentiation genes. Genetic testing of individuals with a family history of melanoma may provide additional etiologic information and ensure patients with known markers for cancer development are closely monitored by physicians.
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3
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Roh MR, Eliades P, Gupta S, Tsao H. Genetics of melanocytic nevi. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 28:661-72. [PMID: 26300491 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi are a benign clonal proliferation of cells expressing the melanocytic phenotype, with heterogeneous clinical and molecular characteristics. In this review, we discuss the genetics of nevi by salient nevi subtypes: congenital melanocytic nevi, acquired melanocytic nevi, blue nevi, and Spitz nevi. While the molecular etiology of nevi has been less thoroughly studied than melanoma, it is clear that nevi and melanoma share common driver mutations. Acquired melanocytic nevi harbor oncogenic mutations in BRAF, which is the predominant oncogene associated with melanoma. Congenital melanocytic nevi and blue nevi frequently harbor NRAS mutations and GNAQ mutations, respectively, while Spitz and atypical Spitz tumors often exhibit HRAS and kinase rearrangements. These initial 'driver' mutations are thought to trigger the establishment of benign nevi. After this initial phase of the cell proliferation, a senescence program is executed, causing termination of nevi growth. Only upon the emergence of additional tumorigenic alterations, which may provide an escape from oncogene-induced senescence, can malignant progression occur. Here, we review the current literature on the pathobiology and genetics of nevi in the hope that additional studies of nevi promise to inform our understanding of the transition from benign neoplasm to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryung Roh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Philip Eliades
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rigon RB, Oyafuso MH, Fujimura AT, Gonçalez ML, do Prado AH, Gremião MPD, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Melanoma Antitumoral Therapy: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:841817. [PMID: 26078967 PMCID: PMC4442269 DOI: 10.1155/2015/841817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma (MEL) is a less common type of skin cancer, but it is more aggressive with a high mortality rate. The World Cancer Research Fund International (GLOBOCAN 2012) estimates that there were 230,000 new cases of MEL in the world in 2012. Conventional MEL treatment includes surgery and chemotherapy, but many of the chemotherapeutic agents used present undesirable properties. Drug delivery systems are an alternative strategy by which to carry antineoplastic agents. Encapsulated drugs are advantageous due to such properties as high stability, better bioavailability, controlled drug release, a long blood circulation time, selective organ or tissue distribution, a lower total required dose, and minimal toxic side effects. This review of scientific research supports applying a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system for MEL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Balansin Rigon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Helena Oyafuso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa Terumi Fujimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Lima Gonçalez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Alice Haddad do Prado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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5
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Mangino M, Christiansen L, Stone R, Hunt SC, Horvath K, Eisenberg DTA, Kimura M, Petersen I, Kark JD, Herbig U, Reiner AP, Benetos A, Codd V, Nyholt DR, Sinnreich R, Christensen K, Nassar H, Hwang SJ, Levy D, Bataille V, Fitzpatrick AL, Chen W, Berenson GS, Samani NJ, Martin NG, Tishkoff S, Schork NJ, Kyvik KO, Dalgård C, Spector TD, Aviv A. DCAF4, a novel gene associated with leucocyte telomere length. J Med Genet 2015; 52:157-62. [PMID: 25624462 PMCID: PMC4345921 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucocyte telomere length (LTL), which is fashioned by multiple genes, has been linked to a host of human diseases, including sporadic melanoma. A number of genes associated with LTL have already been identified through genome-wide association studies. The main aim of this study was to establish whether DCAF4 (DDB1 and CUL4-associated factor 4) is associated with LTL. In addition, using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), we examined whether LTL-associated genes in the general population might partially explain the inherently longer LTL in patients with sporadic melanoma, the risk for which is increased with ultraviolet radiation (UVR). RESULTS Genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis and de novo genotyping of 20 022 individuals revealed a novel association (p=6.4×10(-10)) between LTL and rs2535913, which lies within DCAF4. Notably, eQTL analysis showed that rs2535913 is associated with decline in DCAF4 expressions in both lymphoblastoid cells and sun-exposed skin (p=4.1×10(-3) and 2×10(-3), respectively). Moreover, IPA revealed that LTL-associated genes, derived from GWA meta-analysis (N=9190), are over-represented among genes engaged in melanoma pathways. Meeting increasingly stringent p value thresholds (p<0.05, <0.01, <0.005, <0.001) in the LTL-GWA meta-analysis, these genes were jointly over-represented for melanoma at p values ranging from 1.97×10(-169) to 3.42×10(-24). CONCLUSIONS We uncovered a new locus associated with LTL in the general population. We also provided preliminary findings that suggest a link of LTL through genetic mechanisms with UVR and melanoma in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lene Christiansen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rivka Stone
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kent Horvath
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Inge Petersen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeremy D Kark
- Epidemiology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Utz Herbig
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Athanase Benetos
- Department of Geriatrics, Universite de Lorraine INSERM U961, Nancy, France
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ronit Sinnreich
- Epidemiology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hisham Nassar
- Department of Cardiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Ohm Kyvik
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Dalgård
- Institute of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abraham Aviv
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Kumar R, Nagore E, Benfodda M, Guedj M, Gazal S, Hu HH, Guan J, Rachkonda PS, Descamps V, Basset-Seguin N, Bensussan A, Bagot M, Saiag P, Schadendorf D, Martin-Gonzalez M, Mayor M, Grandchamp B, Ribas G, Nadem S. Genes involved in the WNT and vesicular trafficking pathways are associated with melanoma predisposition. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2109-19. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology; Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA; Valencia 46010 Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology; Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia; Valencia 46009 Spain
| | - Meriem Benfodda
- Inserm U976; Centre de Recherche Sur la Peau, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris 7; Paris 75010 France
- Département de Génétique; Hôpital Bichat, APHP; Paris 75018 France
| | - Mickael Guedj
- Laboratoire Statistiques et Genomes; Evry 91000 France
| | - Steven Gazal
- UMR S738; Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat; Paris 75018 France
| | - Hui-Han Hu
- Inserm U976; Centre de Recherche Sur la Peau, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris 7; Paris 75010 France
- Département de Génétique; Hôpital Bichat, APHP; Paris 75018 France
| | - Jian Guan
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | | | - Vincent Descamps
- Inserm U976; Centre de Recherche Sur la Peau, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris 7; Paris 75010 France
- Department of Dermatology; Hopital Bichat, APHP; Paris 75018 France
| | - Nicole Basset-Seguin
- Inserm U976; Centre de Recherche Sur la Peau, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris 7; Paris 75010 France
- Department of Dermatology; Hopital Bichat, APHP; Paris 75018 France
| | - Armand Bensussan
- Inserm U976; Centre de Recherche Sur la Peau, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris 7; Paris 75010 France
| | - Martine Bagot
- Inserm U976; Centre de Recherche Sur la Peau, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris 7; Paris 75010 France
- Department of Dermatology; Hopital Saint Louis, APHP; Paris 75010 France
| | - Philippe Saiag
- Department of Dermatology; Hopital Ambroise Paré, APHP; Paris 92100 France
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Essen; Esse 45147 Germany
| | | | - Matias Mayor
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital La Paz; Madrid 28046 Spain
| | | | - Gloria Ribas
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology; Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA; Valencia 46010 Spain
| | - Soufir Nadem
- Inserm U976; Centre de Recherche Sur la Peau, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris 7; Paris 75010 France
- Département de Génétique; Hôpital Bichat, APHP; Paris 75018 France
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7
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Kraft S, Granter SR. Molecular pathology of skin neoplasms of the head and neck. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:759-87. [PMID: 24878016 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0157-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Skin neoplasms include the most common malignancies affecting humans. Many show an ultraviolet (UV)-induced pathogenesis and often affect the head and neck region. OBJECTIVE To review literature on cutaneous neoplasms that show a predilection for the head and neck region and that are associated with molecular alterations. DATA SOURCES Literature review. CONCLUSIONS Common nonmelanoma skin cancers, such as basal and squamous cell carcinomas, show a UV-induced pathogenesis. Basal cell carcinomas are characterized by molecular alterations of the Hedgehog pathway, affecting patched and smoothened genes. While squamous cell carcinomas show UV-induced mutations in several genes, driver mutations are only beginning to be identified. In addition, certain adnexal neoplasms also predominantly affect the head and neck region and show interesting, recently discovered molecular abnormalities, or are associated with hereditary conditions whose molecular genetic pathogenesis is well understood. Furthermore, recent advances have led to an increased understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma. Certain melanoma subtypes, such as lentigo maligna melanoma and desmoplastic melanoma, which are more often seen on the chronically sun-damaged skin of the head and neck, show differences in their molecular signature when compared to the other more common subtypes, such as superficial spreading melanoma, which are more prone to occur at sites with acute intermittent sun damage. In summary, molecular alterations in cutaneous neoplasms of the head and neck are often related to UV exposure. Their molecular footprint often reflects the histologic tumor type, and familiarity with these changes will be increasingly necessary for diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kraft
- From the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Kraft); and the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Granter)
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Bandarchi B, Jabbari CA, Vedadi A, Navab R. Molecular biology of normal melanocytes and melanoma cells. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:644-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ozola A, Azarjana K, Doniņa S, Proboka G, Mandrika I, Petrovska R, Cēma I, Heisele O, Eņģele L, Streinerte B, Pjanova D. Melanoma risk associated with MC1R gene variants in Latvia and the functional analysis of rare variants. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:81-91. [PMID: 23522749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the association of melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) variants with melanoma risk in a Latvian population, the MC1R gene was sequenced in 200 melanoma patients and 200 control persons. A functional study of previously uncharacterized, rare MC1R variants was also performed. In total, 26 different MC1R variants, including two novel variants Val165Ile and Val188Ile, were detected. The highest risk of melanoma was associated with the Arg151Cys variant (odds ratio (OR) 4.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.19-9.14, P<0.001). A gene dosage effect was observed, with melanoma risk for carriers of two variants being twice (OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.15-7.38, P<0.001) that of carriers of one variant (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.26-3.11, P=0.003). After stratification according to the pigmentation phenotype, the risk of melanoma remained in groups with otherwise protective phenotypes. Functional analyses of eight previously uncharacterized MC1R variants revealed that a subset of them is functionally relevant. Our results support the contribution of MC1R variants to a genetic predisposition to melanoma in Latvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Ozola
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
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10
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Stefanaki I, Panagiotou OA, Kodela E, Gogas H, Kypreou KP, Chatzinasiou F, Nikolaou V, Plaka M, Kalfa I, Antoniou C, Ioannidis JPA, Evangelou E, Stratigos AJ. Replication and predictive value of SNPs associated with melanoma and pigmentation traits in a Southern European case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55712. [PMID: 23393597 PMCID: PMC3564929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic association studies have revealed numerous polymorphisms conferring susceptibility to melanoma. We aimed to replicate previously discovered melanoma-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Greek case-control population, and examine their predictive value. Methods Based on a field synopsis of genetic variants of melanoma (MelGene), we genotyped 284 patients and 284 controls at 34 melanoma-associated SNPs of which 19 derived from GWAS. We tested each one of the 33 SNPs passing quality control for association with melanoma both with and without accounting for the presence of well-established phenotypic risk factors. We compared the risk allele frequencies between the Greek population and the HapMap CEU sample. Finally, we evaluated the predictive ability of the replicated SNPs. Results Risk allele frequencies were significantly lower compared to the HapMap CEU for eight SNPs (rs16891982 – SLC45A2, rs12203592 – IRF4, rs258322 – CDK10, rs1805007 – MC1R, rs1805008 - MC1R, rs910873 - PIGU, rs17305573- PIGU, and rs1885120 - MTAP) and higher for one SNP (rs6001027 – PLA2G6) indicating a different profile of genetic susceptibility in the studied population. Previously identified effect estimates modestly correlated with those found in our population (r = 0.72, P<0.0001). The strongest associations were observed for rs401681-T in CLPTM1L (odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% CI 1.22–2.10; P = 0.001), rs16891982-C in SCL45A2 (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34–0.76; P = 0.001), and rs1805007-T in MC1R (OR 4.38, 95% CI 2.03–9.43; P = 2×10−5). Nominally statistically significant associations were seen also for another 5 variants (rs258322-T in CDK10, rs1805005-T in MC1R, rs1885120-C in MYH7B, rs2218220-T in MTAP and rs4911442-G in the ASIP region). The addition of all SNPs with nominal significance to a clinical non-genetic model did not substantially improve melanoma risk prediction (AUC for clinical model 83.3% versus 83.9%, p = 0.66). Conclusion Overall, our study has validated genetic variants that are likely to contribute to melanoma susceptibility in the Greek population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Orestis A. Panagiotou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina P. Kypreou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Chatzinasiou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Michaela Plaka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Iro Kalfa
- Blood Donation Unit, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Antoniou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John P. A. Ioannidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ch'ng JWM, Glendon AI. Predicting sun protection behaviors using protection motivation variables. J Behav Med 2013. [PMID: 23292546 DOI: 10.1007/s10865‐012‐9482‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protection motivation theory components were used to predict sun protection behaviors (SPBs) using four outcome measures: typical reported behaviors, previous reported behaviors, current sunscreen use as determined by interview, and current observed behaviors (clothing worn) to control for common method bias. Sampled from two SE Queensland public beaches during summer, 199 participants aged 18-29 years completed a questionnaire measuring perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, response costs, and protection motivation (PM). Personal perceived risk (similar to threat appraisal) and response likelihood (similar to coping appraisal) were derived from their respective PM components. Protection motivation predicted all four SPB criterion variables. Personal perceived risk and response likelihood predicted protection motivation. Protection motivation completely mediated the effect of response likelihood on all four criterion variables. Alternative models are considered. Strengths and limitations of the study are outlined and suggestions made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne W M Ch'ng
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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12
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Predicting sun protection behaviors using protection motivation variables. J Behav Med 2013; 37:245-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-012-9482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Aguilera P, Carrera C, Puig-Butille JA, Badenas C, Lecha M, González S, Malvehy J, Puig S. Benefits of oral Polypodium Leucotomos extract in MM high-risk patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:1095-100. [PMID: 22849563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UV radiation and the presence of melanocytic nevi are the main risk factors of sporadic melanoma (MM). Protection of skin by an oral photoprotective agent would have substantial benefits. OBJECTIVE We investigated the possible role of an oral Polypodium leucotomos (PL) extract to improve systemic photoprotection in patients at risk of skin cancer analyzing the ability to decrease UV-induced erythema. We also studied the interaction among MC1R polymorphisms and CDKN2A status with the minimal erythematous dose (MED) and their influence in the response after oral PL. METHODS A total of 61 patients (25 with familial and/or multiple MM, 20 with sporadic MM and 16 with atypical mole syndrome without history of MM) were exposed to varying doses of artificial UVB radiation without and after oral administration of a total dose of 1080 mg of PL. RESULTS Oral PL treatment significantly increased the MED mean in all group patients (0.123 to 0.161 J/cm(2) , p<0.05). Although not significant, we noticed a stronger effect of PL on the MED of patients with familial MM compared to those with MM (U=273, p=0.06). Among the patients with familial MM, those exhibiting a mutated CDKN2A and/or polymorphisms in MC1R had the bigger differences in response to treatment with PL. LIMITATIONS Reduced number of patients. No control population. CONCLUSIONS Administration of PL leads to a significant reduction of sensitivity to UVR (p<0.05) in all patients. Dark-eye patients and patients with higher UVR sensibility (lower basal MED) would be the most benefited from oral PL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aguilera
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain.
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lazaro P, Pizarro A, Lluch A, Ribas G. Role of glutathione S-transferases in melanoma susceptibility: association with GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:1176-83. [PMID: 22251241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 are multifunctional enzymes involved in the detoxification of a wide range of reactive oxygen species produced during melanin synthesis and oxidative stress processes. OBJECTIVES Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GSTP1 and copy number variants in GSTM1 and GSTT1 may be candidate low-penetrance variants with a role in susceptibility to malignant melanoma (MM). METHODS In this case-control study, 562 Spanish patients with sporadic MM and 338 cancer-free control subjects were included, and the role of polymorphisms in these GST genes was investigated. Genotypes were established by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for GSTM1 and GSTT1 while TaqMan probes were used to genotype GSTP1 SNPs. RESULTS The GSTP1 polymorphism rs1695, which encodes the amino acid change p.Ile105Val, was individually associated with MM [odds ratio (OR): 1·32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1·06-1·63]. Furthermore, individuals carrying one or two MC1R nonsynonymous changes and GSTP1 rs1695 rare allele had an increased risk of developing MM (OR: 3·34, 95% CI: 1·42-8·09 and OR: 20·42, 95% CI: 2·80-417·42, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism is reported to be associated with MM. In addition, this study is one of the largest GST polymorphism studies undertaken in the Spanish population and the first time that copy number variants have been scrutinized in relation to MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibarrola-Villava
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Pedace L, De Simone P, Castori M, Sperduti I, Silipo V, Eibenschutz L, De Bernardo C, Buccini P, Moscarella E, Panetta C, Ferrari A, Grammatico P, Catricalà C. Clinical features predicting identification of CDKN2A mutations in Italian patients with familial cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35:e116-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the initiation and progression of melanoma has created new opportunities for developing novel therapeutic modalities to manage this potentially lethal disease. Although at first glance, melanoma carcinogenesis appears to be a chaotic system, it is indeed, arguably, a deterministic multistep process involving sequential alterations of proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressors and miRNA genes. The scope of this article is to discuss the most recent and significant advances in melanoma molecular therapeutics. It is apparent that using single agents targeting solely individual melanoma pathways might be insufficient for long-term survival. However, the outstanding results on melanoma survival observed with novel selective inhibitors of B-RAF, such as PLX4032 give hope that melanoma can be cured. The fact that melanoma develops acquired resistance to PLX4032 emphasises the importance of simultaneously targeting several pathways. Because the most striking feature of melanoma is its unsurpassed ability to metastasise, it is important to implement newer systems for drug delivery adapted from research on stem cells and nanotechnology.
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Reginster MA, Pierard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE, Quatresooz P. Molecular dermatopathology in malignant melanoma. Dermatol Res Pract 2011; 2012:684032. [PMID: 22028703 PMCID: PMC3199041 DOI: 10.1155/2012/684032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, immunohistochemistry is taken for granted in the establishment of malignant melanoma (MM) diagnosis. In recent years, molecular diagnosis in dermatopathology has benefited from a vast array of advances in the fields of genomics and proteomics. Sensitive techniques are available for detecting specific DNA and RNA sequences by molecular hybridization. This paper intends to update methods of molecular cytogenetics available as diagnostic adjuncts in the field of MM. Cytogenetics has highlighted the pathogenesis of atypical melanocytic neoplasms with emphasis on the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway during the initiation step of the neoplasms. 20 to 40% of MM families have mutations in the tumour suppressor gene p16 or CDKN2A. In addition, somatic mutations in p16, p53, BRAF, and cKIT are present in MM. Genome-wide scan analyses on MM indicate positive associations for genes involved in melanocytic naevi, but MM is likely caused by a variety of common low-penetrance genes. Molecular dermatopathology is expanding, and its use in the assessment of melanocytic neoplasms appears to be promising in the fields of research and diagnosis. Molecular dermatopathology will probably make its way to an increased number of diagnostic laboratories. The expected benefit should improve the patient management. This evolution points to a need for evolution in the training requirements and role of dermatopathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gérald E. Piérard
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascale Quatresooz
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
The increase in skin cancer prevalence globally has prompted a range of health promotion sun safety initiatives. An area where evidence has been lacking is on the long-term impact of some of these initiatives on the attitudes and sun protection behaviour of young adults and of the sun protection measures used by people using city parks. This article disseminates a study that examined the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of 18- to 28-year-old Caucasian park users. An interview questionnaire was used with behaviour validation incorporated to corroborate the results and reduce recall bias. A cross comparison of answers and placement into pre-coded responses were made at regular intervals to ensure consistency of data collection. Knowledge of risks associated with sun exposure and knowledge of sun protection methods was high. The most common sources of knowledge on skin cancer prevention were parents and family, followed by television, then magazines and newspapers. Surprisingly, the citing of school sun safety health promotion initiatives as a source of knowledge was low. The vast majority of females and males felt that a suntan had aesthetic qualities and made them look more attractive and healthy. Only a small number of the participants' sun protection behaviour in the park corresponded with their reported normal sun protection behaviour. Males in this study use sunscreen less than females. Females also used sunscreen with a higher sun protection factor. Seeking a tan is intentional behaviour undertaken by the majority of the participants, although females were more likely to seek a tan in comparison to males. The majority of participants had experienced sunburn in the summer period with some reporting severe sunburn. Recommendations are made for a gender specific health promotion approach, which targets familial education with a supportive environment in the school or public domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Hedges
- HCML Health & Case Management Limited, Melrose House, 42 Dingwall Road, Croydon, Surrey, CR0 2NE, United Kingdom.
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Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair and oxidative stress pathways associated with malignant melanoma susceptibility. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2618-25. [PMID: 21641795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways eliminate a wide variety of DNA damage, including UV photoproducts. The ability of each individual to repair DNA damage following different causes might explain at least in part the variability in cancer susceptibility. Moreover, inflammatory response to UV exposure may further contribute to skin carcinogenesis by oxidative stress mechanisms. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding various DNA-repair enzymes and oxidative stress factors may be candidate low-penetrance variants with a role in susceptibility to different cancers, particularly in those with aetiologies linked to environmental exposure, such as malignant melanoma (MM). METHODS In this case-control study, 684 Spanish sporadic MM patients and 406 cancer-free control subjects were included and the role of 46 polymorphisms belonging to 16 BER and NER genes as well as 11 genes involved in oxidative stress processes were investigated. RESULTS One polymorphism was identified to be individually associated with MM in the Spanish population. The variant was found in the NOS1 oxidative stress gene (rs2682826; p-value=0.01). These results suggest a putative role of oxidative stress processes in the genetic predisposition to melanoma. CONCLUSION To the authors' knowledge, this is the largest DNA repair-related SNP study in melanoma risk conducted in the Spanish population up to now. Furthermore, it also represents a comprehensive genetic study of several oxidative stress polymorphisms tested in relation to MM susceptibility.
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Fernandez LP, Alonso S, Boyano MD, Peña-Chilet M, Pita G, Aviles JA, Mayor M, Gomez-Fernandez C, Casado B, Martin-Gonzalez M, Izagirre N, De la Rua C, Asumendi A, Perez-Yarza G, Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Boldo E, Lozoya R, Torrijos-Aguilar A, Pitarch A, Pitarch G, Sanchez-Motilla JM, Valcuende-Cavero F, Tomas-Cabedo G, Perez-Pastor G, Diaz-Perez JL, Gardeazabal J, de Lizarduy IM, Sanchez-Diez A, Valdes C, Pizarro A, Casado M, Carretero G, Botella-Estrada R, Nagore E, Lazaro P, Lluch A, Benitez J, Martinez-Cadenas C, Ribas G. A customized pigmentation SNP array identifies a novel SNP associated with melanoma predisposition in the SLC45A2 gene. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19271. [PMID: 21559390 PMCID: PMC3084811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of Malignant Melanoma (MM) reflects an interaction between skin colour and UV exposure, variations in genes implicated in pigmentation and tanning response to UV may be associated with susceptibility to MM. In this study, 363 SNPs in 65 gene regions belonging to the pigmentation pathway have been successfully genotyped using a SNP array. Five hundred and ninety MM cases and 507 controls were analyzed in a discovery phase I. Ten candidate SNPs based on a p-value threshold of 0.01 were identified. Two of them, rs35414 (SLC45A2) and rs2069398 (SILV/CKD2), were statistically significant after conservative Bonferroni correction. The best six SNPs were further tested in an independent Spanish series (624 MM cases and 789 controls). A novel SNP located on the SLC45A2 gene (rs35414) was found to be significantly associated with melanoma in both phase I and phase II (P<0.0001). None of the other five SNPs were replicated in this second phase of the study. However, three SNPs in TYR, SILV/CDK2 and ADAMTS20 genes (rs17793678, rs2069398 and rs1510521 respectively) had an overall p-value<0.05 when considering the whole DNA collection (1214 MM cases and 1296 controls). Both the SLC45A2 and the SILV/CDK2 variants behave as protective alleles, while the TYR and ADAMTS20 variants seem to function as risk alleles. Cumulative effects were detected when these four variants were considered together. Furthermore, individuals carrying two or more mutations in MC1R, a well-known low penetrance melanoma-predisposing gene, had a decreased MM risk if concurrently bearing the SLC45A2 protective variant. To our knowledge, this is the largest study on Spanish sporadic MM cases to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Programa Genetica Humana, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetica, Antropologia Fisica y Fisiologia Animal, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Boyano
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maria Peña-Chilet
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jose A. Aviles
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matias Mayor
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Casado
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Neskuts Izagirre
- Department of Genetica, Antropologia Fisica y Fisiologia Animal, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Concepcion De la Rua
- Department of Genetica, Antropologia Fisica y Fisiologia Animal, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Gorka Perez-Yarza
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yoana Arroyo-Berdugo
- Department of Biologia Celular e Histologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Enrique Boldo
- Unidad de Cirugia Oncologica, Hospital Provincial Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozoya
- Unidad de Cirugia Oncologica, Hospital Provincial Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Ana Pitarch
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital General Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | - Gerard Pitarch
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital General Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Gemma Perez-Pastor
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital La Plana, Vila-real, Castellon, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Valdes
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Angel Pizarro
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Casado
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Carretero
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital Dr Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Lazaro
- Department of Dermatologia, Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Gloria Ribas
- Servicio de Oncologia Medica y Hematologia, Fundacion Hospital Clinico Universitario-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Programa Genetica Humana, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
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The Western Australian Melanoma Health Study: study design and participant characteristics. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35:423-31. [PMID: 21474410 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a major public health issue in Australia and other nations. A greater understanding of the genetic determinants and their interactions with environmental factors may lead to better interventions and control of the disease. The Western Australian Melanoma Health Study (WAMHS) is a population-based case-collection and biospecimen resource established to investigate the genetic epidemiology of melanoma. This manuscript discusses the design of the WAMHS and the characteristics of the participants. METHODS Participants were recruited through the Western Australian Cancer Registry, which is notified of all incident cancers in the state of Western Australia by law. Once the diagnosing doctor's consent was obtained, all eligible, resident Western Australian, adult cases of melanoma diagnosed between January 2006 and September 2009, were contacted by mail and invited to participate. Clinical, questionnaire-based phenotypic and blood samples for extraction of DNA, RNA and serum were collected from consenting cases. Clinical data consisted of all pathological data recorded by the cancer registry and the questionnaire, administered by telephone interview, covered major risk factors for melanoma, such as sun exposure history and skin type. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 1643 consenting cases out of 3420 cancer notifications (48.04%), of which 1455 cases completed one or more components of the study and 1157 completed all components. The WAMHS sample differed to all melanoma notifications only in age, with a bias towards older individuals (P<0.0001). No significant differences were observed in sex, melanoma site, Breslow thickness or Clark's level. CONCLUSIONS The WAMHS study is novel in its non-family based approach and focus on common (low penetrance) genetic determinants. This comprehensive resource will enable further steps to be taken towards understanding the complex pathways involved in melanoma.
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Clinical and pharmacologic evaluation of two dose levels of intetumumab (CNTO 95) in patients with melanoma or angiosarcoma. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1074-81. [PMID: 21331745 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this Phase 1, multicenter, open-label study, intetumumab (CNTO 95), a fully human anti-αv integrin monoclonal antibody was evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic activity in patients with melanoma or angiosarcoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with histologically-confirmed inoperable melanoma or angiosarcoma refractory to standard treatment were allocated to treatment with 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg intetumumab, administered once every 3 weeks for up to four cycles unless unacceptable toxicity or disease progression occurred. Extended dosing was available for patients who responded with stable disease or better. RESULTS Eight patients received 10 mg/kg and 11 received 20 mg/kg intetumumab. Baseline patient characteristics were comparable between treatment groups; 18 patients had metastatic malignant melanoma and one had angiosarcoma. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Headache was the most common adverse event across both dose groups. Vomiting, nausea and chills were more common, and uveitic reactions lasted longer, in patients treated with 20 mg/kg compared with 10 mg/kg intetumumab. No patient developed antibodies to intetumumab. Intetumumab drug exposure as assessed by area under the curve and maximum serum concentration appeared to increase approximately dose-proportionally from 10 to 20 mg/kg, while volume of distribution remained constant for both doses. Stable disease was observed in two patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (one in each dose group) for at least 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS In patients with metastatic malignant melanoma and angiosarcoma in this study, intetumumab demonstrated manageable toxicity, was well tolerated, and presented approximately dose-proportional pharmacokinetics for the 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses.
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Fernandez LP, Pita G, Bravo J, Floristan U, Sendagorta E, Feito M, Avilés JA, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lázaro P, Benítez J, Ribas G. Genetic analysis of three important genes in pigmentation and melanoma susceptibility: CDKN2A, MC1R and HERC2/OCA2. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:836-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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From melanocyte to metastatic malignant melanoma. Dermatol Res Pract 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936153 PMCID: PMC2948895 DOI: 10.1155/2010/583748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies in human and is responsible for almost 60% of lethal skin tumors. Its incidence has been increasing in white population in the past two decades. There is a complex interaction of environmental (exogenous) and endogenous, including genetic, risk factors in developing malignant melanoma. 8–12% of familial melanomas occur in a familial setting related to mutation of the CDKN2A gene that encodes p16. The aim of this is to briefly review the microanatomy and physiology of the melanocytes, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, historical classification and histopathology and, more in details, the most recent discoveries in biology and genetics of malignant melanoma. At the end, the final version of 2009 AJCC malignant melanoma staging and classification is presented.
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Scherer D, Nagore E, Bermejo JL, Figl A, Botella-Estrada R, Thirumaran RK, Angelini S, Hemminki K, Schadendorf D, Kumar R. Melanocortin receptor 1 variants and melanoma risk: A study of 2 European populations. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1868-75. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Casula M, Muggiano A, Cossu A, Budroni M, Caracò C, Ascierto PA, Pagani E, Stanganelli I, Canzanella S, Sini M, Palomba G, Palmieri G. Role of key-regulator genes in melanoma susceptibility and pathogenesis among patients from South Italy. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:352. [PMID: 19799798 PMCID: PMC2763007 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several genetic alterations have been demonstrated to contribute to the development and progression of melanoma. In this study, we further investigated the impact of key-regulator genes in susceptibility and pathogenesis of such a disease. Methods A large series (N = 846) of sporadic and familial cases originating from South Italy was screened for germline mutations in p16CDKN2A, BRCA2, and MC1R genes by DHPLC analysis and automated DNA sequencing. Paired primary melanomas and lymph node metastases from same patients (N = 35) as well as melanoma cell lines (N = 18) were analyzed for somatic mutations in NRAS, BRAF, and p16CDKN2A genes. Results For melanoma susceptibility, investigations at germline level indicated that p16CDKN2A was exclusively mutated in 16/545 (2.9%) non-Sardinian patients, whereas BRCA2 germline mutations were observed in 4/91 (4.4%) patients from North Sardinia only. Two MC1R germline variants, Arg151Cys and Asp294His, were significantly associated with melanoma in Sardinia. Regarding genetic events involved in melanoma pathogenesis at somatic level, mutually-exclusive mutations of NRAS and BRAF genes were observed at quite same rate (about two thirds) in cultured and in vivo melanomas (either primary or metastatic lesions). Conversely, p16CDKN2A gene alterations were observed at increased rates moving from primary to metastatic melanomas and melanoma cell lines. Activation of the ERK gene product was demonstrated to be consistently induced by a combination of molecular alterations (NRAS/BRAF mutations and p16CDKN2A silencing). Conclusion Our findings further clarified that: a) mutation prevalence in melanoma susceptibility genes may vary within each specific geographical area; b) multiple molecular events are accumulating during melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Casula
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari, Italy
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Pérez Oliva AB, Fernéndez LP, Detorre C, Herráiz C, Martínez-Escribano JA, Benítez J, Lozano Teruel JA, García-Borrón JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Ribas G. Identification and functional analysis of novel variants of the human melanocortin 1 receptor found in melanoma patients. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:811-22. [PMID: 19338054 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor, a Gs protein-coupled receptor expressed in epidermal melanocytes, is a major determinant of skin pigmentation and phototype and an important contributor to melanoma risk. MC1R activation stimulates synthesis of black, strongly photoprotective eumelanin pigments. Several MC1R alleles are associated with red hair, fair skin, increased sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, and increased skin cancer risk. The MC1R gene is highly polymorphic, but only a few naturally occurring alleles have been functionally characterized, which complicates the establishment of accurate correlations between the signaling properties of mutant alleles and defined cutaneous phenotypes. We report the functional characterization of six MC1R alleles found in Spanish melanoma patients. Two variants (c.152T>C, p.Val51Ala and c.865T>C, p.Cys289Arg) have never been described, and the others (c.112G>A, p.Val38Met; c.122C>T, p.Ser41Phe; c.383T>C, p.Met128Thr; and c.842A>G, p.Asn281Ser) have not been analyzed for function. p.Asn281Ser corresponds to a functionally silent polymorphism. The other mutations are associated with varying degrees of loss of function (LOF), from moderate decreases in coupling to the cAMP pathway (p.Val38Met and p.Val51Ala) to nearly complete absence of functional coupling (p.Ser41Phe, p.Met128Thr, and p.Cys289Arg). The LOF p.Met128Thr and p.Cys289Arg mutants are trafficked to the cell surface, but are unable to bind agonists efficiently. Conversely, LOF of p.Val38Met, p.Ser41Phe, and p.Val51Ala is due to reduced cell surface expression as a consequence of retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Therefore, LOF of MC1R alleles is frequently associated with aberrant forward trafficking and accumulation within the ER or with inability to bind properly the activatory ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Pérez Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Fernandez LP, Milne RL, Pita G, Floristan U, Sendagorta E, Feito M, Avilés JA, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lázaro P, Benítez J, Ribas G. Pigmentation-related genes and their implication in malignant melanoma susceptibility. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:634-42. [PMID: 19320733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human pigmentation appears to be one of the main modulators of individual risk of developing malignant melanoma (MM). A large number of genes are known to be involved in rare pigmentary disorders and explain most of the variation in pigmentation phenotypes seen in human populations. This Spanish case-control study included 205 patients with melanoma and 245 control subjects. Thirty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that had been mainly associated with congenital pigmentation syndromes (ADTB3A, ATRN, CHS1, EDNRB, HPS, KIT, MGRN1, MITF, MLANA, MYO5A, MYO7A, OA1, OCA2, PAX3 and SOX10) were selected. We found that the variant allele of OCA2 R419Q (rs1800407) was associated with increased risk of MM (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.31, P = 0.03). This effect on melanoma risk appeared to be stronger among individuals with solar lentigines, or at least 50 nevi. We also describe, for the first time, an association with the variant S1666C (rs2276288) in the MYO7A gene (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.04-1.76; P = 0.03). Again, this association appeared to be stronger in several phenotypic groups such as individuals with fair skin and those with childhood sunburns. We also found that several variants in the pigmentation genes considered were associated with intermediate phenotypic characteristics. Our findings highlight the potential importance of pigmentation genes in sporadic MM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Fernandez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid E-28029, Spain
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Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a human carcinogen. The UK and the worldwide incidence of cutaneous (skin) melanoma are rising. It is now the second most common cancer in 15-34 year-olds in the UK, increasing by 49% in 1991—2000. The UK government prioritized skin cancer in 1992 in their public health strategy The Health of the Nation, and set the target for reducing the yearly rise in skin cancer incidence by 2005. In 1998 in the Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation strategy, targets were set to reduce the death rate from cancer, including skin cancer, by 20% by 2010. As a consequence of these targets, since the mid-1990s public health campaigns to reduce sun exposure and skin cancer incidence in the UK have used specific interventions for at-risk groups and the mass media to reach the general population. Evidence indicates a shift in knowledge, with further work required to increase change in behaviour and attitudes. An associate health problem is vitamin D deficiency, which is prevalent across certain UK population groups. The main childhood health problem associated with vitamin D deficiency is the development of rickets, with evidence indicating those at high risk are exclusively breastfed dark-skinned infants, the elderly, those with dark skin pigmentation, and certain cultural groups that cover their bodies in clothing. Adolescents are the group with the highest incidence of low vitamin D status in the UK, with children of Asian descent at higher risk than Caucasian children. Increasing the outdoor activity levels of children in winter and during the cooler hours in summer is one way of increasing safe sun exposure. It is imperative to educate the general public on the risk of vitamin D deficiency, and offer advice on safe sun exposure, dietary sources of vitamin D, and dietary supplements. More research is required on recommendations for daily vitamin D supplements to determine optimal vitamin D levels in different population groups. There also needs to be reliable and accessible evidence on the links between vitamin D deficiency and lack of sun exposure, with sun safe messages adjusted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Hedges
- HCML Health & Case Management Limited, Melrose House, 42 Dingwall Road, Croydon, Surrey CR0 2NE,
| | - Angela Scriven
- School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Mary Seacole Building, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH,
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Palmieri G, Casula M, Sini MC, Ascierto PA, Cossu A. Issues affecting molecular staging in the management of patients with melanoma. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 11:1052-68. [PMID: 17979882 PMCID: PMC4401272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of metastatic potential remains one of the main goals to be pursued in order to better assess the risk subgroups of patients with melanoma. Detection of occult melanoma cells in peripheral blood (circulating metastatic cells [CMC]) or in sentinel lymph nodes (sentinel node metastatic cells [SNMC]), could significantly contribute to better predict survival in melanoma patients. An overview of the numerous published studies indicate the existence of several drawbacks about either the reliability of the approaches for identification of occult melanoma cells or the clinical value of CMC and SNMC as prognostic factors among melanoma patients. In this sense, characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in development and progression of melanoma (referred to as melanomagenesis) could contribute to better classify the different subsets of melanoma patients. Increasing evidence suggest that melanoma develops as a result of accumulated abnormalities in genetic pathways within the melanocytic lineage. The different molecular mechanisms may have separate roles or cooperate during all evolutionary phases of melanocytic tumourigenesis, generating different subsets of melanoma patients with distinct aggressiveness, clinical behaviour, and response to therapy. All these features associated with either the dissemination of occult metastatic cells or the melanomagenesis might be useful to adequately manage the melanoma patients with different prognosis as well as to better address the different melanoma subsets toward more appropriate therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palmieri
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Li Punti-Sassari, Italy.
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Fernandez L, Milne R, Bravo J, Lopez J, Avilés J, Longo M, Benítez J, Lázaro P, Ribas G. MC1R: three novel variants identified in a malignant melanoma association study in the Spanish population. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:1659-64. [PMID: 17434924 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene, which plays a crucial role in pigmentation, also appears to be important in malignant melanoma (MM). This case-control study in the Spanish population included 116 consecutive MM patients and 188 controls frequency matched for sex and age. Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of MC1R was performed, identifying 21 variants, all of them previously reported except for three novel non-synonymous changes: Ser41Phe, Met128Thr and Asn281Ser. Simulated structural analyses suggested disruption of the local structure around Phenylalanine 41, possible destabilization of the hydrophobic interior of the molecule in Threonine 128 and that Asparagine 281 could be in a region of functional importance. The fact that these three novel variants were not present in 1,000 healthy individuals tested adds further weight to them having putative adverse effects on the functional protein. Six variants, all non-synonymous changes, were individually associated with MM risk (Arg160Trp, Asp294His, Val60Leu, Val92Met, Ile155Thr and Arg163Gln). Carrying two non-synonymous variants was associated with much higher risk of MM (odds ratio: 10.44, 95% confidence interval = 4.48-24.33, P = 5 x 10(-8)) and haplotype analysis, verified by cloning, confirmed that this is predominantly due to carrying each on a different chromosome. Our results suggest that both red hair colour (RHC) and non-red hair colour variants, and possibly other rare non-synonymous variants, in MC1R are implicated in the development of MM. In addition to carrying MC1R variant alleles, having blond/red hair and childhood sunburns were independent risk factors for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lp Fernandez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, C/Melchor Fdz Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Pisano M, Pagnan G, Loi M, Mura ME, Tilocca MG, Palmieri G, Fabbri D, Dettori MA, Delogu G, Ponzoni M, Rozzo C. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of eugenol-related biphenyls on malignant melanoma cells. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:8. [PMID: 17233906 PMCID: PMC1785384 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancer and chemotherapeutic agents currently in use are still unsatisfactory. Prevention and early diagnosis are the only effective tools against this tumour whose incidence and mortality rates are highly increased during the last decades in fair skin populations. Therefore the search for novel therapeutic approaches is warranted. Aim of this work was to identify and test new compounds with antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity on melanoma cells. We tested eugenol together with six natural and synthetic eugenol-related compounds for their capability to inhibit cell growth on primary melanoma cell lines established from patients' tissue samples. Results Eugenol and isoeugenol monomers and their respective O-methylated forms did not show to inhibit melanoma cells proliferation. Conversely, the dimeric forms (biphenyls) showed some antiproliferative activity which was mild for dehydrodieugenol, higher for its O,O'-methylated form (O,O'-dimethyl-dehydrodieugenol), and markedly pronounced for the racemic mixture of the brominated biphenyl (6,6'-dibromo-dehydrodieugenol) (S7), being its enantiomeric form (S) the most effective compared to the other compounds. Such activity resulted to be selective against tumour cells, without affecting cultured normal human skin fibroblasts. Dose and time dependence curves have been obtained for the enantiomeric form S7-(S). Then IC50 and minimal effective doses and times have been established for the melanoma cell lines tested. TUNEL and phosphatidylserine exposure assays demonstrated the occurrence of apoptotic events associated with the antiproliferative activity of S7-(S). Cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induced by treating melanoma cells with eugenol-related biphenyls was partially dependent by caspase activation. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the eugenol related biphenyl (S)-6,6'-dibromo-dehydrodieugenol elicits specific antiproliferative activity on neuroectodermal tumour cells partially triggering apoptosis and its activity should be further investigated on in vivo melanoma models in order to evaluate the real anticancer effectiveness on such tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pisano
- Bio-molecular Chemistry Institute, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pagnan
- Differentiation Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, "G.Gaslini" Children's Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Loi
- Bio-molecular Chemistry Institute, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Mura
- Bio-molecular Chemistry Institute, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Bio-molecular Chemistry Institute, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Bio-molecular Chemistry Institute, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Delogu
- Bio-molecular Chemistry Institute, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Differentiation Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, "G.Gaslini" Children's Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Carla Rozzo
- Bio-molecular Chemistry Institute, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
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Mössner R, Anders N, König IR, Krüger U, Schmidt D, Berking C, Ziegler A, Brockmöller J, Kaiser R, Volkenandt M, Westphal GA, Reich K. Variations of the melanocortin-1 receptor and the glutathione-S transferase T1 and M1 genes in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:371-9. [PMID: 17072629 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and in the glutathione-S transferase genes mu1 (GSTM1) and theta 1 (GSTT1) have been reported to influence UV sensitivity and melanoma risk. MC1R is one of the major genes that determine skin pigmentation because the melanocortin-1 receptor regulates eumelanin synthesis. GSTT1 and GSTM1 are enzymes expressed in the skin that detoxify products of oxidative stress reactions caused by UV irradiation. In this study variations in the MC1R, GSTM1 and T1 genes were analyzed in 347 healthy subjects and 322 patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma by direct cycle sequencing, RFLP and multiplex PCR. Important phenotypic characteristics of the study participants were obtained to assess whether genetic associations occurred independently of phenotypic risk factors for melanoma. We found an association of the MC1R D84E and R151C polymorphisms with melanoma (odds ratios for carriage of the rare allele 4.96, 95% CI [1.06-23.13], P = 0.032, and 1.69, 95% CI [1.12-2.55], P = 0.013, respectively). Melanoma risk increased with the number of variant MC1R alleles carried by an individual (P = 0.003). In a multivariate model, however, only the D84E polymorphism influenced melanoma risk independently of the risk factors fair skin type, high nevus count and high age (P = 0.047). There was no effect of homozygous GST M1 or T1 deletions on melanoma risk. In contrast to previous data, there was no evidence that GSTM1 deficiency influences melanoma risk in the subgroup of individuals with red or blond hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotraut Mössner
- Department of Dermatology, Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Strasse 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Casula M, Colombino M, Satta MP, Cossu A, Lissia A, Budroni M, Simeone E, Calemma R, Loddo C, Caracò C, Mozzillo N, Daponte A, Comella G, Canzanella S, Guida M, Castello G, Ascierto PA, Palmieri G. Factors predicting the occurrence of germline mutations in candidate genes among patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma from South Italy. Eur J Cancer 2006; 43:137-43. [PMID: 17055252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical predictors for germline mutations of candidate genes in large clinic based population of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) are widely awaited. Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) analysis and DNA sequencing, 557 consecutively-collected CMM patients originating from South Italy were screened for CDKN2A germline mutations; subsets of them were screened for mutations in the BRAF and BRCA2 genes. Seven CDKN2A mutations were detected in 14 (2.5%) CMM patients. Relative risk of carrying a CDKN2A mutation for CMM patients was demonstrated to significantly increase with the presence of familial recurrence of melanoma (risk ratio (RR)=6.31; p=0.0009), multiple primary melanomas (RR=3.43; p=0.0014), and early onset age (RR=4.56; p=0.0026). All CDKN2A mutations were observed in non-Sardinian patients (14/441; 3.2%), whereas BRAF and BRCA2 genes were found mutated in Sardinian patients (3/116; 2.6%). Such indicators of the presence of CDKN2A mutations will be useful in counselling patients about undergoing genetic testing. Our findings strongly suggest that mutation rates of candidate cancer genes may deeply vary among CMM patients from different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Casula
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Traversa La Crucca, 3 - Reg. Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti-Sassari (SS), Italy
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Ichii-Nakato N, Takata M, Takayanagi S, Takashima S, Lin J, Murata H, Fujimoto A, Hatta N, Saida T. High Frequency of BRAFV600E Mutation in Acquired Nevi and Small Congenital Nevi, but Low Frequency of Mutation in Medium-Sized Congenital Nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:2111-8. [PMID: 16691193 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether the frequency of the BRAF(V600E) (V-raf murine sarcoma virus oncogene homolog B1) mutation in melanocytic nevi is associated with sun exposure patterns, we examined 120 acquired melanocytic nevi excised from various anatomic sites, including glabrous skin, as well as 62 congenital nevi. We used a new mutation detection system based on the shifted termination assay, called Mutector, which was able to detect only 5% of heterozygous mutant cells within the samples. We detected the mutation in 105/120 (87.5%) acquired nevi and 43/62 (69.4%) congenital nevi. Notably, we found the mutation in 35/43 (81.4%) acquired nevi excised from glabrous skin and genitalia. These results strongly suggest that UV light is not necessarily required for the acquisition of the BRAF(V600E) mutation, and suggest that non-mutagenic effects of UV light to melanocytes may be more important in the nevogenesis. Additionally, we showed heterogeneous distribution of BRAF-mutated cells within the lesions of small congenital nevi by a combination of laser microdissection and direct sequencing. Finally, we found low frequency of BRAF(V600E) mutation (6/20, 30.0%) in medium-sized congenital nevi. Most of these nevi with wild-type BRAF had neroblastoma ras viral oncogene homolog mutations (9/14, 64.3%), suggesting different pathogenesis of medium-sized congenital nevi from acquired nevi and small congenital nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Ichii-Nakato
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Mössner R, Meyer P, Jankowski F, König IR, Krüger U, Kammerer S, Westphal G, Boettger MB, Berking C, Schmitt C, Brockmöller J, Ziegler A, Stapelmann H, Kaiser R, Volkenandt M, Reich K. Variations in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene and melanoma risk. Cancer Lett 2006; 246:218-23. [PMID: 16713673 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence to suggest that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcriptional regulators, mediates tumor suppressive activities in a variety of human cancers. Recently, PPARgamma agonists were found to inhibit growth of melanoma cell lines. Here, we tested the possibility that variations in the gene encoding PPARgamma (PPARG) influence melanoma risk. Two variations of PPARG (P12A[rs1801282] and C161T [rs3856806]) were investigated in two independent case-control studies with a total of 832 melanoma patients and 790 control individuals. In the first study, homozygous carriers of the rare *T allele of the C161T polymorphism in exon 6 of PPARG were significantly more common among patients with melanoma than among healthy subjects (6.0 vs. 2.0%; P=0.0096) and this association was independent of clinical risk factors such as skin type and nevus count (odds ratio 5.18; 95% confidence interval 1.68-15.96; P=0.0041). This finding, however, could not be replicated in the second case-control study. We therefore conclude that the investigated PPARG polymorphisms are not likely to constitute a significant risk factor for the development of melanoma among German Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotraut Mössner
- Department of Dermatology, Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Strasse 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Cassarino DS, Miller WJ, Auerbach A, Yang A, Sherry R, Duray PH. The effects of gp100 and tyrosinase peptide vaccinations on nevi in melanoma patients. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33:335-42. [PMID: 16640539 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new approach to prevent disease recurrence in high-risk melanoma patients involves immunization with gp100 and tyrosinase peptides. This is the first study to examine the effects of such treatments on nevi. DESIGN We studied biopsies of 'clinically atypical' nevi from 10 patients before and after peptide vaccination. All had a cutaneous melanoma measuring at least 1.5 mm in depth, satellite metastases, or at least one positive lymph node. We performed immunohistochemical stains for CD3, CD4, CD8, MHC-I, MHC-II, CD1a, HMB-45, MART-1, tyrosinase, bcl-2, p53, and Ki-67 (mib-1). RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed no differences in staining due to vaccination in either the immunologic or melanocytic markers. However, there was a significant increase in both p53 and bcl-2 staining, and a trend toward decreased Ki-67 staining, in the nevi post-treatment. DISCUSSION The primary goal of peptide vaccinations with gp100 and tyrosinase is to activate melanoma-specific T cells in order to prevent melanoma recurrence. Nevi were studied in order to assess the effects on benign melanocytes. No significant changes in lymphocytes, langerhans cells, expression of MHC antigens, or melanocytic markers were found. The increase in p53 and bcl-2 raises the possibility that vaccination with melanocytic antigens stimulates a response in benign melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Cassarino
- Department of Pathology Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has increased worldwide in the last 20 years. Research on potential risk factors, both environmental and genetic, has led us to some new and interesting conclusions. Ultraviolet radiation is clearly the main environmental risk factor for melanoma, but its relationship is complex and controversial. With regard to genetic factors, the discovery of two types of genes was a great advance in further understanding the biology of the melanocyte. CDKN2A (p16) is the prototype of the high-penetrance, low-prevalence gene related to melanoma. This gene has been studied in some families in which several members have been diagnosed with melanoma. In the general population with non-familial melanoma, low-penetrance, high-prevalence genes such as MC1R seem to be more interesting. Studies on the MC1R gene have not only shown its importance in skin and hair pigmentation, but also in the development of melanoma. Functional studies on CDKN2A and MC1R have led us to new and important conclusions. The analysis of data from studies on families, twins and control cases, with the collaboration of several countries, will lead us to new discoveries. For the primary and secondary prevention of this tumor, we must promote public health campaigns on the dangers of sun exposure and the identification of individuals at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Avilés
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
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Vinceti M, Pellacani G, Casali B, Malagoli C, Nicoli D, Farnetti E, Bassissi S, Bergomi M, Seidenari S. High risk of cutaneous melanoma amongst carriers of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 R241 allele. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:93-6. [PMID: 16432463 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000198450.19204.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relation between cutaneous melanoma risk and the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms G241R and K469E, as well as the circulating soluble form of ICAM-1 determined in plasma, in the population of Modena Province, northern Italy. Individuals carrying at least one R241 allele, versus those carrying the wild-type GG genotype, had a relative risk of melanoma of 4.3 (P = 0.022), whereas the K469E polymorphism was unrelated to disease risk. Soluble ICAM-1 levels above 10 ng/ml directly and strongly correlated with melanoma risk. In this population, individuals carrying the R241 allele of the ICAM-1 gene appeared to show an enhanced susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma, possibly because of increased ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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40
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Role of Sun Exposure in Melanoma. Dermatol Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200604000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma is the third most common skin cancer in the United States. It is commonly thought that sun exposure is causative in these tumors. Recently, however, the significance of the role of sun exposure in melanoma has come into question. Some have suggested that other factors, such as genetics, play a larger role, and that sun protection may even be harmful. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To investigate the role of sun exposure in melanoma etiology. An extensive review of basic science and clinical literature on this subject was conducted. RESULTS Although exceptions exist, sun exposure likely plays a large role in most melanomas. The pattern of this exposure, however, is not fully known, and controversy exists, especially in the use of sunscreens. Sun exposure may interact with genetic factors to cause melanomas, and sun protective measures appear to be prudent. CONCLUSIONS The cause of melanoma is probably variable and multifactorial. Sun exposure may play a primary or supporting role in most melanoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil B Ivry
- Department of Dermatology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
A hallmark feature of cancer is resistance to anoikis, apoptosis induced when cells either lose contact with or encounter an inappropriate extracellular matrix. Melanoma is inherently associated with a high degree of resistance to apoptosis. Mutations in B-RAF are prevalent in melanoma and promote constitutive MEK-ERK1/2 signaling and cell transformation. Acquisition of B-RAF mutations correlates with vertical phase growth when melanoma cells invade into the dermis, a collagen-rich environment that also contains fibronectin matrix. In addition, alterations in phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) signaling that lead to activation of AKT are detected in advanced melanomas. Here we show that knockdown of B-RAF expression by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of MEK rendered melanoma cells susceptible to anoikis. Furthermore, adhesion to fibronectin but not collagen protected melanoma cells from anoikis through a PI-3 kinase-dependent pathway. Therefore, melanoma cells require either B-RAF or PI-3 kinase activation for protection from anoikis. Notably, AKT signaling in melanoma cells is substrate specific. These findings demonstrate that melanoma cells utilize multiple signaling pathways to provide resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boisvert-Adamo
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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García-Borrón JC, Sánchez-Laorden BL, Jiménez-Cervantes C. Melanocortin-1 receptor structure and functional regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 18:393-410. [PMID: 16280005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The melanogenic actions of the melanocortins are mediated by the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). MC1R is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) superfamily expressed in cutaneous and hair follicle melanocytes. Activation of MC1R by adrenocorticotrophin or alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone is positively coupled to the cAMP signaling pathway and leads to a stimulation of melanogenesis and a switch from the synthesis of pheomelanins to the production of eumelanic pigments. The functional behavior of the MC1R agrees with emerging concepts in GPCR signaling including dimerization, coupling to more than one signaling pathway and a high agonist-independent constitutive activity accounting for inverse agonism phenomena. In addition, MC1R displays unique properties such as an unusually high number of natural variants often associated with clearly visible phenotypes and the occurrence of endogenous peptide antagonists. Therefore MC1R is an ideal model to study GPCR function. Here we review our current knowledge of MC1R structure and function, with emphasis on information gathered from the analysis of natural variants. We also discuss recent data on the regulation of MC1R function by paracrine and endocrine factors and by external stimuli such as ultraviolet light.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Verma RP, Mekapati SB, Kurup A, Hansch C. A QSAR review on melanoma toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5508-26. [PMID: 16081291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and is currently attracting our attention particularly in the area of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). In the present review, an attempt has been made to collect the data for different sets of compounds and to discuss their toxicities toward melanoma cells by the formulation of a total number of 36 QSAR.
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White PA, Claxton LD. Mutagens in contaminated soil: a review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2004; 567:227-345. [PMID: 15572286 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intentional and accidental discharges of toxic pollutants into the lithosphere results in soil contamination. In some cases (e.g., wood preserving wastes, coal-tar, airborne combustion by-products), the contaminated soil constitutes a genotoxic hazard. This work is a comprehensive review of published information on soil mutagenicity. In total, 1312 assessments of genotoxic activity from 118 works were examined. The majority of the assessments (37.6%) employed the Salmonella mutagenicity test with strains TA98 and/or TA100. An additional 37.6% of the assessments employed a variety of plant species (e.g., Tradescantia clone 4430, Vicia faba, Zea mays, Allium cepa) to assess mutagenic activity. The compiled data on Salmonella mutagenicity indicates significant differences (p<0.0001) in mean potency (revertents per gram dry weight) between industrial, urban, and rural/agricultural sites. Additional analyses showed significant empirical relationships between S9-activated TA98 mutagenicity and soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration (r2=0.19 to 0.25, p<0.0001), and between direct-acting TA98 mutagenicity and soil dinitropyrene (DNP) concentration (r2=0.87, p<0.0001). The plant assay data revealed excellent response ranges and significant differences between heavily contaminated, industrial, rural/agricultural, and reference sites, for the anaphase aberration in Allium cepa (direct soil contact) and the waxy locus mutation assay in Zea mays (direct soil contact). The Tradescantia assays appeared to be less responsive, particularly for exposures to aqueous soil leachates. Additional data analyses showed empirical relationships between anaphase aberrations in Allium, or mutations in Arabidopsis, and the 137Cs contamination of soils. Induction of micronuclei in Tradescantia is significantly related to the soil concentration of several metals (e.g., Sb, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn). Review of published remediation exercises showed effective removal of genotoxic petrochemical wastes within one year. Remediation of more refractory genotoxic material (e.g., explosives, creosote) frequently showed increases in mutagenic hazard that remained for extended periods. Despite substantial contamination and mutagenic hazards, the risk of adverse effect (e.g., mutation, cancer) in humans or terrestrial biota is difficult to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A White
- Mutagenesis Section, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2.
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Menzies SW, Greenoak GE, Abeywardana CM, Crotty KA, O'Neill ME. UV light from 290 to 325 nm, but not broad-band UVA or visible light, augments the formation of melanocytic nevi in a guinea-pig model for human nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:354-60. [PMID: 15245436 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a guinea-pig model where pigmented nevi similar to human nevi can be produced by application of low-dose topical 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) followed by solar-simulated light. Five groups of guinea-pigs were used to test the effect of various spectral bands of solar-simulated light on low-dose DMBA-induced melanocytic nevi. Animals were irradiated with either UVB to near UVA2 (290-325 nm), UVA, visible light, full solar spectrum or no irradiation three times per wk for 12 mo to determine the broad-band effect of nevi-inducing irradiation. There was a significant increase in nevi/animal in the UVB-treated group (mean 1.53) compared with all groups (versus UVA 0.3, p<0.001; versus visible light 0.24, p<0.001; versus full spectrum (UVB+UVA+visible) 0.68, p=0.02; versus control (nil irradiation) 0.37, p=0.01). No differences in skin thickness were found between any group (p=0.11). In conclusion, we present a report of the active waveband of melanocytic nevi induction; where UVB to near UVA2 is the likely responsible waveband. Furthermore, because there was a significant decrease in nevi/animal receiving the full solar spectrum compared with the UVB group, it is possible that broad-band UVA and or visible light may be inhibitory wavebands for nevi induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Menzies
- Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Sydney Cancer Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Debniak T. Familial malignant melanoma - overview. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2004; 2:123-9. [PMID: 20233466 PMCID: PMC4392520 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-2-3-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3-15% of all malignant melanomas (MM) are familial cases. MM is a highly heterogeneous tumour type from a genetic perspective. Pedigrees with disease confined to a single generation of siblings or MM occurring among second- or third-degree relatives suggest multifactorial polygenic inheritance. However, not infrequently, within large families aggregations of MM are consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance, suggesting a hereditary syndrome caused by germline alterations of a single gene. Several different genes are involved in the development of MM. However, even when taken together they are responsible for less than 20% of all MM cases. It is thus necessary to perform association studies focused on genetic markers that could be used in identifying patients with a high risk of MM. Evaluation of aggregations of MM and other malignancies, like breast cancer, could be essential in identifying relatives of MM probands being at high risk of developing malignancies other than MM. The ultimate goal is to apply in these cases prevention recommendations and surveillance protocols to reduce the disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Debniak
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Kita T, Goydos J, Reitman E, Ravatn R, Lin Y, Shih WC, Kikuchi Y, Chin KV. Extracellular cAMP-dependent protein kinase (ECPKA) in melanoma. Cancer Lett 2004; 208:187-91. [PMID: 15142677 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the fastest rising malignancies in the United States. When detected early, primary melanomas are curable through surgery. However, despite significant improvements in diagnosis and surgical, local and systemic therapy, mortality rate in metastatic melanoma remains high. Furthermore, genetic alterations associated with the development and stepwise progression of melanoma, are still unclear. Previous reports show that the catalytic kinase subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase is secreted by tumor cells and can be detected in the serum of cancer patients. We examine in this report the clinical significance of this secreted C subunit kinase termed extracellular protein kinase (ECPKA) in melanoma patients. Our results showed the presence of ECPKA activity in the serum of melanoma patients and correlate with the appearance and size of the tumor. Most importantly, surgical removal of melanoma causes a precipitous decrease in ECPKA activity in the sera of patients, suggesting that ECPKA may be a novel predictive marker in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunekazu Kita
- Department of Surgery, School of Public Health; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Casula M, Colombino M, Satta MP, Cossu A, Ascierto PA, Bianchi-Scarrà G, Castiglia D, Budroni M, Rozzo C, Manca A, Lissia A, Carboni A, Petretto E, Satriano SMR, Botti G, Mantelli M, Ghiorzo P, Stratton MR, Tanda F, Palmieri G. BRAF gene is somatically mutated but does not make a major contribution to malignant melanoma susceptibility: the Italian Melanoma Intergroup Study. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:286-92. [PMID: 14722037 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocogenic activation of the BRAF gene has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma (MM). In this study, we investigated the contribution of BRAF to melanoma susceptibility, also making a comparison with frequency of CDKN2A germline mutations in MM patients from different areas in Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS sing a combination of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and automated sequencing on genomic DNA from peripheral blood or tumor tissue samples, 569 MM patients (211 from northern Italy and 358 from southern Italy) were screened for BRAF mutations. RESULTS Three BRAF germline sequence variants (M116R, V599E, and G608H) were identified in four (0.7%) of 569 MM patients. The most common BRAF mutation, V599E, was detected in one germline DNA sample only; M116R and G608H were newly described mutations. A high frequency (59%) of BRAF mutations was instead observed in tumor samples from patients also undergoing germline DNA analysis; at the somatic level, substitution of valine 599 was found to account for the majority (88%) of BRAF mutations. We then estimated the germline mutation rates in BRAF and CDKN2A among 358 consecutively collected patient samples originating in southern Italy; a low (2.5%) or very low (0.29%) prevalence of CDKN2A and BRAF mutations, respectively, was detected. CONCLUSION utation analysis of either blood DNA from a large collection of MM patients or matched MM tissues from a subset of such patients revealed that BRAF is somatically mutated and does not play a major role in melanoma susceptibility. The present study further suggests that patient origin may account for different mutation rates in candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Casula
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Sezione di Sassari, CNR, Località Tramariglio-Alghero, 07040 Santa Maria La Palma (Sassari), Italy
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Meyer P, Sergi C, Garbe C. Polymorphisms of the BRAF gene predispose males to malignant melanoma. J Carcinog 2003; 2:7. [PMID: 14617374 PMCID: PMC317361 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma has rapidly increased in recent years. Evidence points to the role of inheritance in melanoma development, but specific genetic risk factors are not well understood. Recent reports indicate a high prevalence of somatic mutations of the BRAF gene in melanomas and melanocytic nevi. Here we report that germ-line single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BRAF are significantly associated with melanoma in German males, but not females. At-risk haplotypes of BRAF are shown. Based upon their frequencies, we estimate that BRAF could account for a proportion attributable risk of developing melanoma of 4% in the German population. The causal variant has yet to be determined. The burden of disease associated with this variant is greater than that associated with the major melanoma susceptibility locus CDKN2A, which has an estimated attributable risk of less than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Genefinder Technologies Ltd., Munich, Germany
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Directorate of Laboratory Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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