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Trivedi T, Zheng Y, Fournier PGJ, Murthy S, John S, Schillo S, Dunstan CR, Mohammad KS, Zhou H, Seibel MJ, Guise TA. The vitamin D receptor is involved in the regulation of human breast cancer cell growth via a ligand-independent function in cytoplasm. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26687-26701. [PMID: 28460457 PMCID: PMC5432290 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has pleiotropic effects on multiple tissues, including malignant tumors. Vitamin D inhibits breast cancer growth through activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and via classical nuclear signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that the VDR can also function in the absence of its ligand to control behaviour of human breast cancer cells both outside and within the bone microenvironment. Stable shRNA expression was used to knock down VDR expression in MCF-7 cells, generating two VDR knockdown clonal lines. In ligand-free culture, knockdown of VDR in MCF-7 cells significantly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis, suggesting that the VDR plays a ligand-independent role in cancer cell growth. Implantation of these VDR knockdown cells into the mammary fat pad of nude mice resulted in reduced tumor growth in vivo compared with controls. In the intra-tibial xenograft model, VDR knockdown greatly reduced the ability of the cells to form tumors in the bone microenvironment. The in vitro growth of VDR knockdown cells was rescued by the expression of a mutant form of VDR which is unable to translocate to the nucleus and hence accumulates in the cytoplasm. Thus, our data indicate that in the absence of ligand, the VDR promotes breast cancer growth both in vitro and in vivo and that cytoplasmic accumulation of VDR is sufficient to produce this effect in vitro. This new mechanism of VDR action in breast cancer cells contrasts the known anti-proliferative nuclear actions of the VDR-vitamin D ligand complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Trivedi
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pierrick G J Fournier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Biomedical Innovation Department, Scientific Research and High Education Center from Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Sreemala Murthy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sutha John
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Suzanne Schillo
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Colin R Dunstan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theresa A Guise
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds the secosteroid hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 with high affinity and regulates gene programs that control a serum calcium levels, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant focus has been to exploit the VDR in cancer settings. Although preclinical studies have been strongly encouraging, to date clinical trials have delivered equivocal findings that have paused the clinical translation of these compounds. However, it is entirely possible that mining of genomic data will help to refine precisely what are the key anticancer actions of vitamin D compounds and where these can be used most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Donald L Trump
- Department of Medicine, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 3221 Gallows Road, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
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Thompson L, Wang S, Tawfik O, Templeton K, Tancabelic J, Pinson D, Anderson HC, Keighley J, Garimella R. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on differentiation and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:831-44. [PMID: 22042758 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor predominantly affecting children and adolescents. OS has a 60% survival rate with current treatments; hence, there is a need to identify novel adjuncts to chemotherapeutic regimens. In this pilot study, we investigated the dose-response to 1α,25-dihdroxyvitamin D(3) (1,α 25(OH)(2) D(3)) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) by human OS cell lines, SaOS-2, and 143B. We hypothesized that 1,α 25(OH)(2) D(3) and 25(OH)D(3) would stimulate differentiation and induce apoptosis in OS cells in a dose-dependent manner. Human OS cell lines, SaOS-2, and 143B, were treated with 1,α 25(OH)(2)D(3) or 25(OH)D(3) or an ethanol control, respectively, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 nM. Ki67 (a marker of cellular proliferation) immunocytochemistry revealed no significant changes in the expression of Ki-67 or MIB-1 in 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) or 25(OH)D(3) treated SaOS-2 or 143B cells. Both control and 1α,25(OH)(2) D(3) treated SaOS-2 and 143B cells expressed vitamin D receptor (VDR). Markers of osteoblastic differentiation in 143B cells and SaOS-2 cells were induced by both 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2) D, and evident by increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA expression, and mineralization of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) by alizarin red staining. An increasing trend in apoptosis in response to 25(OH)D(3), in both SaOS-2 and 143B cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. With 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment, apoptosis was evident at higher concentrations only. These preliminary findings suggest that OS cells express VDR and respond to 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) by undergoing differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Thompson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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4
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Flores O, Burnstein KL. GADD45gamma: a new vitamin D-regulated gene that is antiproliferative in prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4654-64. [PMID: 20739400 PMCID: PMC2946153 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] inhibits proliferation of normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells at least in part through inhibition of G1 to S phase cell cycle progression. The mechanisms of the antiproliferative effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 have yet to be fully elucidated but are known to require the vitamin D receptor. We previously developed a 1,25-(OH)2D3-resistant derivative of the human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, which retains active vitamin D receptors but is not growth inhibited by 1,25-(OH)2D3. Gene expression profiling revealed two novel 1,25-(OH)2D3-inducible genes, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene gamma (GADD45γ) and mitogen induced gene 6 (MIG6), in LNCaP but not in 1,25-(OH)2D3-resistant cells. GADD45γ up-regulation was associated with growth inhibition by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in human prostate cancer cells. Ectopic expression of GADD45γ in either LNCaP or ALVA31 cells resulted in G1 accumulation and inhibition of proliferation equal to or greater than that caused by 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment. In contrast, ectopic expression of MIG6 had only minimal effects on cell cycle distribution and proliferation. Whereas GADD45γ has been shown to be induced by androgens in prostate cancer cells, up-regulation of GADD45γ by 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not dependent on androgen receptor signaling, further refuting a requirement for androgens/androgen receptor in vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition. These data introduce two novel 1,25-(OH)2D3-regulated genes and establish GADD45γ as a growth-inhibitory protein in prostate cancer. Furthermore, the induction of GADD45γ gene expression by 1,25-(OH)2D3 may mark therapeutic response in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Flores
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, R-189, Room 6155 Rosenstiel Building, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Lee HJ, So JY, DeCastro A, Smolarek A, Paul S, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Gemini vitamin D analog suppresses ErbB2-positive mammary tumor growth via inhibition of ErbB2/AKT/ERK signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:408-12. [PMID: 20304052 PMCID: PMC2906695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous synthetic vitamin D analogs have been studied for their effects on the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. However, the inhibitory effects of naturally occurring 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or its synthetic analogs on ErbB2 overexpressing mammary tumorigenesis have not been reported. Gemini vitamin D analogs are novel synthetic vitamin D derivatives with a unique structure of two six-carbon chains at C-20. We have previously shown that Gemini vitamin D analogs significantly inhibited carcinogen-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumorigenesis and reduced ER-negative MCF10DCIS.com xenograft tumor growth without hypercalcemic toxicity. In the present study, we have determined the inhibitory effect of a potent Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 (1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol) on the ErbB2/Her-2/neu overexpressing mammary tumorigenesis. The Gemini BXL0124 inhibits ErbB2-positive mammary tumor growth and down-regulates the phosphorylation of ErbB2, ERK and AKT in tumors of MMTV-ErbB2/neu transgenic mice. These effects of Gemini BXL0124 in vivo were confirmed by using the ErbB2 overexpressing tumor cells derived from the mammary tumors of MMTV-ErbB2/neu mice. In conclusion, the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 inhibits the growth of ErbB2 overexpressing mammary tumors through regulating the ErbB2/AKT/ERK signaling pathways, suggesting that Gemini vitamin D analog may be considered for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jae-Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Andrew DeCastro
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Amanda Smolarek
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Shiby Paul
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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6
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Bao BY, Ting HJ, Hsu JW, Yasmin-Karim S, Messing E, Lee YF. Down-regulation of NF-kappaB signals is involved in loss of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 responsiveness. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:11-21. [PMID: 20206692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D anti-tumor effect is often found reduced in the late stages of cancer. To uncover vitamin D resistance mechanism, we established a vitamin D-resistant human prostate cancer LNCaP cell line, LNCaP-R, by chronic exposure of cells to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-VD). The vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transcriptional activity was reduced in LNCaP-R, whereas VDR expression level and DNA-binding capacity were similar compared to parental cells (LNCaP-P). The expressions of the key factors involved in VDR transactivity, including CYP24A1 and VDR-associated proteins are all increased in LNCaP-R cells, and yet treatment with ketoconazole, P450 enzymes inhibitor, as well as trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, did not sensitize LNCaP-R cells response to vitamin D, suggesting that neither a local 1,25-VD availability, nor VDR-associated proteins are responsible for the vitamin D resistance. Interestingly, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, which is critical for 1,25-VD/VDR activity was found reduced in LNCaP-R cells, thereby treatment with NF-kappaB activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), can sensitize LNCaP-R vitamin D response. Together, we conclude that NF-kappaB signaling is critical for vitamin D sensitivity, and dysregulation of this pathway would result in vitamin D resistance and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ying Bao
- Department of Urology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Lee HJ, Paul S, Atalla N, Thomas PE, Lin X, Yang I, Buckley B, Lu G, Zheng X, Lou YR, Conney AH, Maehr H, Adorini L, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Gemini vitamin D analogues inhibit estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative mammary tumorigenesis without hypercalcemic toxicity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:476-84. [PMID: 19138995 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical, epidemiologic, and clinical studies have suggested the benefits of vitamin D and its analogues for the prevention and treatment of cancer. However, the hypercalcemic effects have limited the use of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), the hormonally active form of vitamin D. To identify vitamin D analogues with better efficacy and low toxicity, we have tested >60 novel Gemini vitamin D analogues with a unique structure of two side chains for growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. Our initial studies found that some Gemini analogues are 5-15 times more active than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in growth inhibition assay. In vivo experiments were designed to study the inhibitory effect of selected Gemini vitamin D analogues against mammary carcinogenesis by using (a) an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumor model and (b) an MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of ER-negative mammary tumors. Among vitamin D analogues we tested, Gemini 0072 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S-21(3-trideuteromethyl-3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol] and Gemini 0097 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-trideuteromethyl-3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol] administration inhibited by 60% the NMU-induced mammary tumor burden compared with the NMU-treated control group, but these compounds were devoid of hypercalcemia toxicity. In an ER-negative xenograft model, Gemini 0097 significantly suppressed tumor growth without hypercalcemia toxicity. We found that the inhibitory effect of Gemini 0097 was associated with an increased level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in both ER-positive and ER-negative mammary tumors. Our results suggest that Gemini vitamin D analogues may be potent agents for the prevention and treatment of both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer without hypercalcemia toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitriol/adverse effects
- Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma/chemically induced
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/prevention & control
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Hypercalcemia/epidemiology
- Hypercalcemia/etiology
- Hypercalcemia/prevention & control
- Incidence
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Methylnitrosourea
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Biological
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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8
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Abstract
Calcitriol, a calcitrophic hormone that can be suppressed by high dietary calcium, favors fatty acid synthesis and inhibits lipolysis via non-genomic modulation of Ca(2+) influx. Calcitriol also suppresses UCP2 expression via the nVDR and thereby increases energy efficiency. Calcitriol exerts a dose-dependent impact on adipocyte apoptosis and regulates adipose tissue fat depot location and expansion by promoting glucocorticoid production and release. Recent data also demonstrate a pivotal role of calcitriol in the modulation of cytokines, with potential roles in energy metabolism in adipocytes, macrophages, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zemel
- The Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA.
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Marchionatti AM, Picotto G, Narvaez CJ, Welsh J, Tolosa de Talamoni NG. Antiproliferative action of menadione and 1,25(OH)2D3 on breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:227-32. [PMID: 19429426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is a negative growth regulator of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The growth arrest is due to apoptosis activation, which involves mitochondrial disruption. This effect is blunted in vitamin D resistant cells (MCF-7(DRes) cells). Menadione (MEN), a glutathione (GSH)-depleting compound, may potentiate antitumoral effects of anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MEN enhances cellular responsiveness of MCF-7 cells to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)+/-MEN or vehicle for 96 h. GSH levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined by spectrophotometry and ROS production by flow cytometry. Both drugs decreased growth and enhanced ROS in MCF-7 cells, obtaining the maximal effects when 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was combined with MEN (P<0.01 vs. Control and vs. each compound alone). MCF-7(DRes) cells were not responsive to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), but the cell proliferation was slightly inhibited by the combined treatment. Calcitriol and MEN separately enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, but when they were used in combination, the effect was more pronounced (P<0.05 vs. Control and vs. each compound alone). MEN, calcitriol and the combined treatment decreased GSH levels (P<0.05 vs. Control). The data indicate that MEN potentiates the effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on growth arrest in MCF-7 cells by oxidative stress and increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes, probably as a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Marchionatti
- Laboratorio Dr. Fernando Cañas, Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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Kemmis CM, Welsh J. Mammary epithelial cell transformation is associated with deregulation of the vitamin D pathway. J Cell Biochem 2009; 105:980-8. [PMID: 18767073 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system mediates anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating signaling in multiple epithelial tissues, including mammary gland and breast tumors. The vitamin D metabolite 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 mediates growth inhibitory signaling via activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand dependent transcription factor. 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D3 is synthesized from 25(OH)D3 (the major circulating form of the vitamin) by the mitochondrial enzyme CYP27b1 in renal and other tissues. Human mammary epithelial (HME) cells express VDR and CYP27b1 and undergo growth inhibition when exposed to physiological concentrations of 25(OH)D3, suggesting that autocrine or paracrine vitamin D signaling contributes to maintenance of differentiation and quiescence in the mammary epithelium. In the current studies we tested the hypothesis that cancer cells would exhibit reduced sensitivity to vitamin D mediated negative growth regulation. We used a series of progressively transformed HME cell lines expressing known oncogenic manipulations to study the effects of transformation per se on the vitamin D pathway. We report that mRNA and protein levels of VDR and CYP27b1 were reduced greater than 70% upon stable introduction of known oncogenes (SV40 T antigens and H-rasV12) into HME cells. Oncogenic transformation was also associated with reduced 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, and cellular sensitivity to growth inhibition by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 was decreased approximately 100-fold in transformed cells. These studies provide evidence that disruption of the vitamin D signaling pathway occurs early in the cancer development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Kemmis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Roff A, Wilson RT. A novel SNP in a vitamin D response element of the CYP24A1 promoter reduces protein binding, transactivation, and gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:47-54. [PMID: 18824104 PMCID: PMC2749287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is known to have antiproliferative effects and has been implicated in cancers of the colon, breast, and prostate. These cancers occur more frequently among African Americans than Caucasians, and individuals with African ancestry are known to have approximately twofold lower levels of serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) compared with individuals of European ancestry. However, epidemiological studies of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have shown inconsistent associations with cancer risk, suggesting that differences in other genes in the pathway may be important. We sought to identify functionally significant polymorphic variants in CYP24A1, a gene that is highly inducible by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and that encodes the primary catabolic enzyme in the pathway. Here we report the identification of six novel SNPs in the human CYP24A1 promoter, including one at nucleotide -279 occurring within the distal vitamin D response element (VDRE2). Our experiments demonstrate that the VDRE2 variant results in decreased protein binding and transactivation in vitro, and reduced expression of CYP24A1 in cultured primary human lymphocytes provides evidence for an effect in vivo. This variant was only observed in our African American population, and represents a first step toward understanding differences in disease risk among racial/ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Roff
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Penn State Cancer Institute, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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12
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Shabtay A, Sharabani H, Barvish Z, Kafka M, Amichay D, Levy J, Sharoni Y, Uskokovic MR, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M. Synergistic antileukemic activity of carnosic acid-rich rosemary extract and the 19-nor Gemini vitamin D analogue in a mouse model of systemic acute myeloid leukemia. Oncology 2008; 75:203-14. [PMID: 18852491 DOI: 10.1159/000163849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differentiation therapy with the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)), is a promising approach to treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, 1,25D(3) induces hypercalcemia at pharmacologically active doses. We investigated the in vitro and in vivoantileukemic efficacy of combined treatment with non-toxic doses of a low-calcemic 1,25D(3) analogue, 1,25-dihydroxy-21(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-19-nor-cholecalciferol (19-nor-Gemini; Ro27-5646), and rosemary plant agents in a mouse model of AML. METHODS Proliferation and differentiation of WEHI-3B D- (WEHI) murine myelomonocytic leukemia cellsin vitro were determined by standard assays. Reactive oxygen species, glutathione and protein expression levels were measured by flow cytometry, enzymatic assay and Western blotting, respectively. Systemic AML was developed by intravenous injection of WEHI cells in syngeneic Balb/c mice. RESULTS 19-nor-Gemini had a higher potency than its parent compounds, Gemini (Ro27-2310) and 1,25D(3), in the induction of differentiation (EC(50) = 0.059 +/- 0.011, 0.275 +/- 0.093 and 0.652 +/- 0.085 nM, respectively) and growth arrest (IC(50) = 0.072 +/- 0.018, 0.165 +/- 0.061 and 0.895 +/- 0.144 nM, respectively) in WEHI cells in vitro, and lower in vivo toxicity. Combined treatment of leukemia-bearing mice with 19-nor-Gemini (injected intraperitoneally) and standardized rosemary extract (mixed with food) resulted in a synergistic increase in survival (from 42.2 +/- 2.5 days in untreated mice to 66.5 +/- 4.2 days, n = 3) and normalization of white blood cell and differential counts. This was consistent with strong cooperative antiproliferative and differentiation effects of low concentrations of 19-nor-Gemini or 1,25D(3) combined with rosemary extract or its major polyphenolic component, carnosic acid, as well as with the antioxidant action of rosemary agents and vitamin D derivatives in WEHI cell cultures. CONCLUSION Combined effectiveness of 1,25D(3) analogues and rosemary agents against mouse AML warrants further exploration of this therapeutic approach in translational models of human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Shabtay
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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13
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Hanukoglu I. Antioxidant Protective Mechanisms against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generated by Mitochondrial P450 Systems in Steroidogenic Cells. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 38:171-96. [PMID: 16684656 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600570040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial P450 type enzymes catalyze central steps in steroid biosynthesis, including cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone, 11beta and 18 hydroxylation in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis, C-27 hydroxylation of bile acids, and 1alpha and 24 hydroxylation of 25-OH-vitamin D. These monooxygenase reactions depend on electron transfer from NADPH via FAD adrenodoxin reductase and 2Fe-2S adrenodoxin. These systems can function as a futile NADPH oxidase, oxidizing NADPH in absence of substrate, and leak electrons via adrenodoxin and P450 to O(2), producing superoxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The degree of uncoupling depends on the P450 and steroid substrate. Studies with purified proteins and overexpression in cultured cells show consistently that adrenodoxin, but not reductase, is responsible for ROS production that can lead to apoptosis. In the ovary and corpus luteum, antioxidant enzyme activities superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase parallel steroidogenesis. Antioxidant beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate can protect against oxidative damages of P450 systems. In testis Leydig cells, steroidogenesis is associated with aging of the steroidogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Hanukoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Judea and Samaria, Ariel, Israel.
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14
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Lee KH. Pre- and co-treatment with xanthophyll enhances the anti-leukemic activity of adriamycin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 92:175-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Chen WJ, Huang YT, Wu ML, Huang TC, Ho CT, Pan MH. Induction of Apoptosis by Vitamin D 2, Ergocalciferol, via Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, Glutathione Depletion, and Caspase Activation in Human Leukemia Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2996-3005. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1021/jf0730744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University, 912 Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520; and Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University, 912 Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520; and Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
| | - Mei-Li Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University, 912 Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520; and Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
| | - Tzou-Chi Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University, 912 Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520; and Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University, 912 Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520; and Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University, 912 Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520; and Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
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16
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Garay E, Donnelly R, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Resistance to 1,25D-induced differentiation in human acute myeloid leukemia HL60-40AF cells is associated with reduced transcriptional activity and nuclear localization of the vitamin D receptor. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:816-25. [PMID: 17520689 PMCID: PMC2843698 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The anti-neoplastic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) are well documented in numerous tumor cell systems and animal models of cancer. However, despite this pre-clinical success, the clinical use of 1,25D is currently impeded by the dose-limiting hypercalcemia, and the risk of development of resistance to 1,25D. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of resistance to 1,25D of HL60-40AF cells, a model of drug-resistant acute myeloid leukemia, derived from HL60 cells by cultivation in the presence of 1,25D. The data indicate that transcriptional activity of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in 40AF cells increases only briefly when the cells are treated with 1,25D, despite greater basal cellular levels of VDR protein in the resistant than in the 1,25D-sensitive cells. Analysis of the 40AF VDR mRNA sequence indicated alterations in the 5' untranslated region (UTR), but coding domain variations were not observed. When resistance to 1,25D-induced differentiation of 40AF cells was reversed by a combination of 1,25D with potentiators of differentiation (plant derived antioxidants and a p38MAPK inhibitor), an increase in the level of nuclear VDR, as well as an increase in CYP24 mRNA expression was observed. These data suggest that decreased ability of 1,25D to induce VDR nuclear localization and the consequent VDR target gene transcription may be an important reason for the resistance of 40AF cells to 1,25D. Further, our data show that VDR localization and phosphorylation can be increased by combining 1,25D with potentiators of differentiation. Analysis of the mechanisms that underlie the reduction and potentiation of 1,25D-mediated changes in VDR activity may lead to the identification of new cellular targets that enhance 1,25D-induced monocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George P. Studzinski
- Correspondence to: George P. Studzinski, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 So. Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103.
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17
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Ting HJ, Bao BY, Reeder JE, Messing EM, Lee YF. Increased Expression of Corepressors in Aggressive Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells Results in Loss of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Responsiveness. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:967-80. [PMID: 17855664 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer; however, resistance to vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition occurs. To investigate the mechanisms of vitamin D resistance, we screened two prostate cancer sublines of CWR22rv1, CWR22R-1, and CWR22R-2, with differential sensitivity to vitamin D. CWR22R-2 showed less response to the antiproliferative effect of vitamin D than CWR22R-1. The vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transcriptional activity was also decreased in CWR22R-2. We further showed that the DNA-binding ability of VDR was decreased and the amount of NCoR in VDR response element was increased in CWR22R-2. Analysis of VDR-associated protein profiles found higher expression of the corepressors, NCoR1 and SMRT, in CWR22R-2 cells. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, increased vitamin D/VDR transcriptional activity and promoted the antiproliferative effect of vitamin D in CWR22R-2 cells. Targeted down-regulation of NCoR1 and SMRT by small interference RNA was able to restore CWR22R-2 response to vitamin D. Together, we showed that increased NCoR1 and SMRT expression in CWR22R-2 cells resulted in reduced VDR-mediated transcriptional activity and attenuated antiproliferative response to vitamin D. Our data suggest that the integrity of the vitamin D/VDR-mediated signaling pathway is crucial in predicting vitamin D responsiveness and thus provide a rational design to improve vitamin D-based treatment efficacy based on molecular profiles of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ju Ting
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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18
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Abstract
Epidemiologic data have demonstrated that breast cancer incidence is inversely correlated with indices of vitamin D status, including ultraviolet exposure, which enhances epidermal vitamin D synthesis. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that vitamin D may directly influence sensitivity of the gland to transformation. Consistent with this concept, in vitro studies have demonstrated that the VDR ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1, 25D), exerts negative growth regulatory effects on mammary epithelial cells that contribute to maintenance of the differentiated phenotype. Furthermore, deletion of the VDR gene in mice alters the balance between proliferation and apoptosis in the mammary gland, which ultimately enhances its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. In addition, dietary supplementation with vitamin D, or chronic treatment with synthetic VDR agonists, reduces the incidence of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in rodents. Collectively, these observations have reinforced the need to further define the human requirement for vitamin D and the molecular actions of the VDR in relation to prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllen Welsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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19
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Byrne B, Welsh J. Identification of novel mediators of Vitamin D signaling and 1,25(OH)2D3 resistance in mammary cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:703-7. [PMID: 17254776 PMCID: PMC1885398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) in mammary cells, the role of the Vitamin D signaling pathway in normal glandular function and in breast cancer has been extensively explored. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the VDR ligand, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), modulates key proteins involved in signaling proliferation, differentiation and survival of normal mammary epithelial cells. Anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) have also been observed in VDR positive breast cancer cells, indicating that transformation per se does not abolish Vitamin D signaling. However, many breast cancer cell lines are less sensitive to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) than normal mammary epithelial cells. Reduced sensitivity to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) has been linked to alterations in Vitamin D metabolizing enzymes as well as down regulation of VDR expression or function. In this report, we describe results from a proteomics screening approach used to search for proteins involved in dictating sensitivity or resistance to Vitamin D mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Several proteins not previously linked to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) signaling were identified with this approach, and a distinct subset of proteins was linked to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) resistance. Follow-up studies to determine the relevance of these proteins to Vitamin D signaling in general are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Byrne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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20
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Sharabani H, Izumchenko E, Wang Q, Kreinin R, Steiner M, Barvish Z, Kafka M, Sharoni Y, Levy J, Uskokovic M, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M. Cooperative antitumor effects of vitamin D3 derivatives and rosemary preparations in a mouse model of myeloid leukemia. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:3012-21. [PMID: 16395705 PMCID: PMC2824511 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)) is a powerful differentiation agent, which has potential for treatment of myeloid leukemias and other types of cancer, but the calcemia produced by pharmacologically active doses precludes the use of this agent in the clinic. We have shown that carnosic acid, the major rosemary polyphenol, enhances the differentiating and antiproliferative effects of low concentrations of 1,25D(3) in human myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL60, U937). Here we translated these findings to in vivo conditions using a syngeneic mouse leukemia tumor model. To this end, we first demonstrated that as in HL60 cells, differentiation of WEHI-3B D(-) murine myelomonocytic leukemia cells induced by 1 nM 1,25D(3) or its low-calcemic analog, 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-5,6-trans-cholecalciferol (Ro25-4020), can be synergistically potentiated by carnosic acid (10 microM) or the carnosic acid-rich ethanolic extract of rosemary leaves. This effect was accompanied by cell cycle arrest in G0 + G1 phase and a marked inhibition of cell growth. In the in vivo studies, i.p. injections of 2 microg Ro25-4020 in Balb/c mice bearing WEHI-3B D(-) tumors produced a significant delay in tumor appearance and reduction in tumor size, without significant toxicity. Another analog, 1,25-dihydroxy-16,23Z-diene-20-epi-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol (Ro26-3884) administered at the same dose was less effective than Ro25-4020 and profoundly toxic. Importantly, combined treatment with 1% dry rosemary extract (mixed with food) and 1 microg Ro25-4020 resulted in a strong cooperative antitumor effect, without inducing hypercalcemia. These results indicate for the first time that a plant polyphenolic preparation and a vitamin D derivative can cooperate not only in inducing leukemia cell differentiation in vitro, but also in the antileukemic activity in vivo. These data may suggest novel protocols for chemoprevention or differentiation therapy of myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Abietanes/adverse effects
- Abietanes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/adverse effects
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Calcium/blood
- Cholecalciferol/adverse effects
- Cholecalciferol/analogs & derivatives
- Cholecalciferol/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Flavonoids
- Leukemia, Experimental/blood
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phenols
- Plant Extracts/adverse effects
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Preparations/pharmacology
- Polyphenols
- Rosmarinus
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Sharabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eugene Izumchenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rita Kreinin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Steiner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zeev Barvish
- Department of Virology and Molecular Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Kafka
- Laboratory of Hematology, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yoav Sharoni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Joseph Levy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - George P. Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Correspondence to: Endocrine laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Fax: +972-8-640-3177 or +972-8-628-1361.
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21
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Shah S, Islam MN, Dakshanamurthy S, Rizvi I, Rao M, Herrell R, Zinser G, Valrance M, Aranda A, Moras D, Norman A, Welsh J, Byers SW. The molecular basis of vitamin D receptor and beta-catenin crossregulation. Mol Cell 2006; 21:799-809. [PMID: 16543149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling/oncogenic activity of beta-catenin can be repressed by activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Conversely, high levels of beta-catenin can potentiate the transcriptional activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D). We show here that the effects of beta-catenin on VDR activity are due to interaction between the activator function-2 (AF-2) domain of the VDR and C terminus of beta-catenin. Acetylation of the beta-catenin C terminus differentially regulates its ability to activate TCF or VDR-regulated promoters. Mutation of a specific residue in the AF-2 domain, which renders the VDR trancriptionally inactive in the context of classical coactivators, still allows interaction with beta-catenin and ligand-dependent activation of VDRE-containing promoters. VDR antagonists, which block the VDRE-directed activity of the VDR and recruitment of classical coactivators, do allow VDR to interact with beta-catenin, which suggests that these and perhaps other ligands would permit those functions of the VDR that involve beta-catenin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salimuddin Shah
- The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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22
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Byrne BM, Welsh J. Altered thioredoxin subcellular localization and redox status in MCF-7 cells following 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97:57-64. [PMID: 16061374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via the intrinsic pathway involving bax translocation to mitochondria, cytochrome c release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Vitamin D up-regulated protein 1 (VDUP1), an apoptotic regulatory gene induced by 1,25D in HL-60 cells, is a negative regulator of thioredoxin (Trx1), a redox protein which neutralizes ROS and protects against oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Due to the involvement of oxidative stress in 1,25D mediated apoptosis, we analyzed whether VDUP1 or Trx1 are altered by 1,25D in MCF-7 cells. In contrast to HL-60 cells, VDUP1 mRNA was not up-regulated by 1,25D in MCF-7 cells, indicating that transcriptional up-regulation of this gene is not required for 1,25D mediated apoptosis. 1,25D did not affect the expression or activity of Trx1 in MCF-7 cells, however, Trx1 activity was higher in MCF-7 cells selected for resistance to 1,25D mediated apoptosis. In untreated MCF-7 cells, Trx1 was present only in the cytosol, and the majority was in the oxidized state. In 1,25D treated MCF-7 cells, Trx1 was present in both cytosol and nucleus, and the nuclear Trx1 pool was in the reduced state. Nuclear localization of Trx1 in 1,25D treated MCF-7 cells was confirmed by immunofluorescent microscopy. Although redox status is known to alter the ability of Trx1 to bind apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), no changes in ASK1 transcript or protein levels were observed in 1,25D treated MCF-7 cells. Collectively, these studies indicate that although VDUP1 and ASK1 are not altered by 1,25D, changes in redox status and sub-cellular distribution of Trx1 occurs during 1,25D mediated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Byrne
- Department of Biological Sciences, 214 Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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23
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Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. Enhancement by other compounds of the anti-cancer activity of vitamin D(3) and its analogs. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:339-58. [PMID: 15265684 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy holds promise as an alternative to cytotoxic drug therapy of cancer. Among compounds under scrutiny for this purpose is the physiologically active form of vitamin D(3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), and its chemically modified derivatives. However, the propensity of vitamin D(3) and its analogs to increase the levels of serum calcium has so far precluded their use in cancer patients except for limited clinical trials. This article summarizes the range of compounds that have been shown to increase the differentiation-inducing and antiproliferative activities of vitamin D(3) and its analogs, and discusses the possible mechanistic basis for this synergy in several selected combinations. The agents discussed include those that have differentiation-inducing activity of their own that is increased by combination with vitamin D(3) or analogs, such as retinoids or transforming growth factor-beta and plant-derived compounds and antioxidants, such as curcumin and carnosic acid. Among other compounds discussed here are dexamethasone, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes, for example, ketoconazole. Thus, recent data illustrate that there are extensive, but largely unexplored, opportunities to develop combinatorial, differentiation-based approaches to chemoprevention and chemotherapy of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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24
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Sun X, Zemel MB. Role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression and 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in modulating adipocyte apoptosis. FASEB J 2004; 18:1430-2. [PMID: 15231722 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1971fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha, 25-(OH)2-D3] modulates adipocyte lipid metabolism via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism and inhibits adipocyte UCP2 expression, indicating that the anti-obesity effects of dietary calcium are mediated by suppression of 1alpha, 25-(OH)2-D3 levels. However, because UCP2 reduces mitochondrial potential, we have evaluated the roles of UCP2, mitochondrial uncoupling, and 1alpha, 25-(OH)2-D3 in adipocyte apoptosis. Overexpressing UCP2 in 3T3-L1 cells induced marked reductions in mitochondrial potential (Deltapsi) and ATP production (P<0.01), increases in the expression of caspases (P<0.05), and a decrease in Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio (P<0.01). Physiological doses of 1alpha, 25-(OH)2-D3 (0.1-10 nM) restored mitochondrial Deltapsi in LI-UCP2 cells and protected against UCP2 overexpression-induced apoptosis (P<0.01), whereas a high dose (100 nM) stimulated apoptosis in 3T3-L1 and L1-UCP2 cells (P<0.05). 1alpha, 25-(OH)2-D3 stimulated cytosolic Ca2+ dose-dependently in both 3T3-L1 and L1-UCP2 cells. However, physiological doses suppressed mitochondrial Ca2+ levels by approximately 50% whereas the high dose increased mitochondrial Ca2+ by 25% (P<0.05); this explains stimulation of apoptosis by the high dose of 1alpha, 25-(OH)2-D3. Using high-calcium diets to suppress 1alpha, 25-(OH)2-D3 stimulated adipose tissue apoptosis in aP2 transgenic mice (P<0.01), suggesting that increasing dietary calcium stimulates adipose apoptosis and thereby further contributes to an anti-obesity effect of dietary calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocun Sun
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1900, USA
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25
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Zong ZP, Matsui S, Katsuda S, Han JF, Fujikawa-Yamamoto K. Phorbol myristate induces apoptosis of taxol-resistant sarcoma cells in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 489:3-11. [PMID: 15063149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Taxol was found to induce polyploidization and apoptosis in cultured methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cells (Meth-A cells), but some of the cells in G1 phase were not affected. We refer to these cells as taxol-resistant cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C (PKC) regulator, was used to test the taxol-resistant cells. Many of the taxol-resistant cells disappeared after treatment with taxol in the presence of PMA. To explore the mechanism of this effect, we employed flow cytometry to determine levels of p53, p21, bcl-2 and caspase proteins in the taxol-resistant cells, and found that the expression of the bcl-2 protein was markedly decreased and the expression of the caspase protein markedly increased after treatment with taxol in the presence of PMA. These findings suggest that PMA enhances the sensitivity of taxol-resistant cells to taxol, and taxol treatment in the presence of PMA induces the apoptosis of taxol-resistant cells by inhibiting the expression of the bcl-2 protein and increasing the expression of the caspase protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-ping Zong
- Medical Research Institute, Division of Basic Science, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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