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Shan NL, Minden A, Furmanski P, Bak MJ, Cai L, Wernyj R, Sargsyan D, Cheng D, Wu R, Kuo HCD, Li SN, Fang M, Maehr H, Kong AN, Suh N. Analysis of the Transcriptome: Regulation of Cancer Stemness in Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ by Vitamin D Compounds. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:673-686. [PMID: 32467291 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which accounts for one out of every five new breast cancer diagnoses, will progress to potentially lethal invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in about 50% of cases. Vitamin D compounds have been shown to inhibit progression to IDC in the MCF10DCIS model. This inhibition appears to involve a reduction in the cancer stem cell-like population in MCF10DCIS tumors. To identify genes that are involved in the vitamin D effects, a global transcriptomic analysis was undertaken of MCF10DCIS cells grown in mammosphere cultures, in which cancer stem-like cells grow preferentially and produce colonies by self-renewal and maturation, in the presence and absence of 1α25(OH)2D3 and a vitamin D analog, BXL0124. Using next-generation RNA-sequencing, we found that vitamin D compounds downregulated genes involved in maintenance of breast cancer stem-like cells (e.g., GDF15), epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis (e.g., LCN2 and S100A4), and chemoresistance (e.g., NGFR, PPP1R1B, and AGR2), while upregulating genes associated with a basal-like phenotype (e.g., KRT6A and KRT5) and negative regulators of breast tumorigenesis (e.g., EMP1). Gene methylation status was analyzed to determine whether the changes in expression induced by vitamin D compounds occurred via this mechanism. Ingenuity pathway analysis was performed to identify upstream regulators and downstream signaling pathway genes differentially regulated by vitamin D, including TP63 and vitamin D receptor -mediated canonical pathways in particular. This study provides a global profiling of changes in the gene signature of DCIS regulated by vitamin D compounds and possible targets for chemoprevention of DCIS progression to IDC in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naing Lin Shan
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Audrey Minden
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Philip Furmanski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Min Ji Bak
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Li Cai
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Roman Wernyj
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - David Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hsiao-Chen D Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shanyi N Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mingzhu Fang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Shan NL, Wahler J, Lee HJ, Bak MJ, Gupta SD, Maehr H, Suh N. Vitamin D compounds inhibit cancer stem-like cells and induce differentiation in triple negative breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:122-129. [PMID: 27923595 PMCID: PMC5459680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is one of the least responsive breast cancer subtypes to available targeted therapies due to the absence of hormonal receptors, aggressive phenotypes, and the high rate of relapse. Early breast cancer prevention may therefore play an important role in delaying the progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer stem cells are a subset of cancer cells that are thought to be responsible for tumor progression, treatment resistance, and metastasis. We have previously shown that vitamin D compounds, including a Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124, suppress progression of ductal carcinoma in situ in vivo and inhibit cancer stem-like cells in MCF10DCIS mammosphere cultures. In the present study, the effects of vitamin D compounds in regulating breast cancer stem-like cells and differentiation in triple-negative breast cancer were assessed. Mammosphere cultures, which enriches for breast cancer cells with stem-like properties, were used to assess the effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and BXL0124 on cancer stem cell markers in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, SUM159. Vitamin D compounds significantly reduced the mammosphere forming efficiency in primary, secondary and tertiary passages of mammospheres compared to control groups. Key markers of cancer stem-like phenotype and pluripotency were analyzed in mammospheres treated with 1α,25(OH)2D3 and BXL0124. As a result, OCT4, CD44 and LAMA5 levels were decreased. The vitamin D compounds also down-regulated the Notch signaling molecules, Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, JAG1, JAG2, HES1 and NFκB, which are involved in breast cancer stem cell maintenance. In addition, the vitamin D compounds up-regulated myoepithelial differentiating markers, cytokeratin 14 and smooth muscle actin, and down-regulated the luminal marker, cytokeratin 18. Cytokeratin 5, a biomarker associated with basal-like breast cancer, was found to be significantly down-regulated by the vitamin D compounds. These results suggest that vitamin D compounds may serve as potential preventive agents to inhibit triple negative breast cancer by regulating cancer stem cells and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naing Lin Shan
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Wahler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Min Ji Bak
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Soumyasri Das Gupta
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Belorusova AY, Suh N, Lee HJ, So JY, Maehr H, Rochel N. Structural analysis and biological activities of BXL0124, a gemini analog of vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:69-74. [PMID: 27650654 PMCID: PMC5357203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gemini analogs of calcitriol, characterized by the extension of the C21-methyl group of calcitriol with a second chain, act as agonists of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This second side chain of gemini is accommodated in a new cavity inside the VDR created by the structural rearrangement of the protein core. The resulting conformational change preserves the active state of the receptor and bestows gemini compounds with biological activities that exceed those of calcitriol. Of particular interest are gemini's anti-cancer properties, and in this study we demonstrate anti-proliferative and tumor-reducing abilities of BXL0124 and BXL0097, differing only by the presence or absence, respectively, of the methylene group on the A ring. BXL0124 acts as a more potent VDR agonist than its 19-nor counterpart by activating VDR-mediated transcription at lower concentrations. In a similar manner, BXL0124 is more active than BXL0097 in growth inhibition of breast cancer cells and reduction of tumor volume. Structural comparisons of BXL0097 and BXL0124, as their VDR complexes, explain the elevated activity of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jae Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Wahler J, So JY, Cheng LC, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Vitamin D compounds reduce mammosphere formation and decrease expression of putative stem cell markers in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:148-55. [PMID: 25445919 PMCID: PMC4361333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a subset of tumor cells that are believed to be the cells responsible for the establishment and maintenance of tumors. Moreover, BCSCs are suggested to be the main cause of progression to metastasis and recurrence of cancer because of their tumor-initiating abilities and resistance to conventional therapies. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early precursor in breast carcinogenesis which progresses to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). We have previously reported that a vitamin D compound, BXL0124, inhibits the progression of DCIS to IDC. In the present study we sought to determine whether this effect was mediated through an influence on BCSCs. In MCF10DCIS cells treated with vitamin D compounds (1α25(OH)2D3 or BXL0124), the breast cancer stem cell-like population, identified by the CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) and CD49f(+)/CD24(-/low) subpopulations, was reduced. To determine the effects of vitamin D compounds on cancer stem cell activity, the MCF10DCIS mammosphere cell culture system, which enriches for mammary progenitor cells and putative BCSCs, was utilized. Untreated MCF10DCIS mammospheres showed a disorganized and irregular shape. When MCF10DCIS cells were treated with 1α25(OH)2D3 or BXL0124, the mammospheres that formed exhibited a more organized, symmetrical and circular shape, similar to the appearance of spheres formed by the non-malignant, normal mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A. The mammosphere forming efficiency (MFE) was significantly decreased upon treatment with 1α25(OH)2D3 or BXL0124, indicating that these compounds have an inhibitory effect on mammosphere development. Treatment with 1α25(OH)2D3 or BXL0124 repressed markers associated with the stem cell-like phenotype, such as CD44, CD49f, c-Notch1, and pNFκB. Furthermore, 1α25(OH)2D3 and BXL0124 reduced the expression of pluripotency markers, OCT4 and KLF-4 in mammospheres. This study suggests that vitamin D compounds repress the breast cancer stem cell-like population, potentially contributing to their inhibition of breast cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wahler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jae Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Larry C Cheng
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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So JY, Wahler J, Das Gupta S, Salerno DM, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. HES1-mediated inhibition of Notch1 signaling by a Gemini vitamin D analog leads to decreased CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) tumor-initiating subpopulation in basal-like breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:111-21. [PMID: 25541438 PMCID: PMC4361253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (also known as cancer stem cells) are the subpopulation of cells shown to be responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and recurrence. In breast cancer, CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) cells were identified as tumor-initiating cells. We previously reported that a Gemini vitamin D analog, 1,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol (BXL0124), reduced CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) cells in MCF10DCIS basal-like breast cancer cells. Since Notch has been identified as one of the key signaling pathways involved in breast cancer stem cells, the effect of BXL0124 on the Notch signaling pathway was investigated in breast cancer. The CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) subpopulation of MCF10DCIS cells showed elevated Notch1 signaling and increased cell proliferation compared to the CD44(+)/CD24(high) subpopulation. Treatment with the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 decreased the level of activated Notch1 receptor. In addition, mRNA and protein levels of the Notch ligands, Jagged-1, Jagged-2 and DLL1, were significantly reduced by treatment with BXL0124, which was followed by repression of c-Myc, a key downstream target of Notch signaling. Interestingly, HES1, a known downstream target of Notch signaling, was rapidly induced by treatment with BXL0124. The inhibitory effect of BXL0124 on Notch signaling was reversed by knockdown of HES1. Overexpression of HES1 inhibited Notch1 signaling and reduced the CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) subpopulation, confirming a role of HES1 in Notch1 signaling. In conclusion, the Gemini vitamin D analog, BXL0124, represses the tumor-initiating subpopulation by HES1-mediated inhibition of Notch1 signaling. The present study demonstrates BXL0124 as a potent inhibitor of Notch signaling to target tumor-initiating cells in basal-like breast cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "17th Vitamin D Workshop".
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CD24 Antigen/metabolism
- Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Homeodomain Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Notch1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factor HES-1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Wahler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Soumyasri Das Gupta
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David M Salerno
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Wahler J, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Abstract 1236: A gemini vitamin D analogue, BXL0124, represses mammosphere formation and decreases expression of stem cell markers in MCF10DCIS breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
It has been suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs), which represent a subset of tumor cells, are responsible for the possible origination and maintenance of tumors. Moreover, CSCs are believed to be the main cause of progression to metastasis and recurrence of cancer because of their tumor-initiating abilities and resistance to conventional therapies. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early precursor in breast carcinogenesis which progresses to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The involvement of CSCs in the progression of DCIS to IDC has yet to be elucidated. In order to investigate the role of CSCs in DCIS progression to IDC, we utilized the MCF10DCIS.com cell line in the mammosphere cell culture system, which enriches for mammary progenitor cells and mammary CSCs. We have previously reported that a novel Gemini vitamin D analog, 1α,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol (BXL0124), inhibits the progression of DCIS to IDC. Therefore, we have determined whether BXL0124 plays a role in regulating the CSC or progenitor cell populations, resulting in reduced tumorigenicity. MCF10DCIS.com cells were plated in ultra-low attachment plates and treated with BXL0124 or 1α25(OH)2D3 over the course of 1, 3 and 5 days. Starting at day 2, MCF10DCIS.com cells began to form mammospheres of 100 µm in size. MCF10DCIS.com mammospheres showed enrichment in the CD44+/CD24- and the CD49f+/CD24- populations compared to monolayer cell culture. The phenotype of MCF10DCIS.com mammospheres showed a disorganized, undefined and irregular shape. However, when the MCF10DCIS.com mammospheres were treated with BXL0124 or 1α25(OH)2D3, mammospheres form a more organized, symmetrical and circular shape, which is similar to the phenotype of the spheres formed by the non-malignant, normal mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A. In addition, the mammosphere forming efficiency (MFE) was decreased upon BXL0124 and 1α25(OH)2D3 treatment, showing that there is an inhibitory effect on mammosphere development. Treatment with BXL0124 repressed markers associated with the stem cell-like phenotype, such as CD44, Notch1 and JAG1. Furthermore, BXL0124 demonstrated the reduced expression of MMPs, such as MMP2, 9, 14, 15, and 16, in mammospheres, suggesting that BXL0124 reduces the tumorigenicity and invasive potential of MCF10DCIS.com cells by targeting the stem cell-like population. In conclusion, the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 represses the CSC population, potentially contributing to the inhibition of the progression of DCIS to IDC. (This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute R01-CA127645 and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Grant ES005022).
Citation Format: Joseph Wahler, Hubert Maehr, Milan Uskokovic, Nanjoo Suh. A gemini vitamin D analogue, BXL0124, represses mammosphere formation and decreases expression of stem cell markers in MCF10DCIS breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1236. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1236
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So JY, Salerno DM, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Abstract 1248: The Gemini vitamin D analogue BXL0124 inhibits Notch signaling via HES1, resulting in the reduction of CD44+/CD24-/low subpopulation and proliferation of MCF10DCIS cells. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of Notch signaling is correlated with poor prognosis and decreased survival of breast cancer patients. Recent studies reported that Notch signaling plays an important role for the maintenance of tumor-initiating cells in breast cancer. Using MCF10DCIS.com human breast cancer cells (MCF10DCIS), which contain tumor-initiating subpopulation (CD44+/CD24-/low), we demonstrated that the Gemini vitamin D analog, BXL0124, reduced the tumor-initiating subpopulation in vitro and repressed the growth of MCF10DCIS xenograft tumors in vivo. In the present study, we investigated Notch signaling in CD44+/CD24-/low and CD44+/CD24+ subpopulations of MCF10DCIS cells and determined whether BXL0124 represses tumor-initiating subpopulation of breast cancer by targeting Notch signaling. CD44+/CD24-/low subpopulation showed higher Notch1 activation and cell proliferation than CD44+/CD24+ subpopulation in MCF10DCIS cells. To investigate the effects of BXL0124 on Notch signaling, the protein levels of Notch receptors and their ligands were determined. BXL0124 decreased activated Notch1 (c-Notch1) as well as its ligands, Jagged1, Jagged2 and DLL1. However, total Notch1 was not affected by BXL0124, suggesting that BXL0124 inhibits Notch signaling by decreasing Notch ligands. A downstream target of Notch signaling, cMyc, and cell proliferation were reduced by BXL0124. The inhibition of Notch1 activation by BXL0124 was blocked with knock-down of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), indicating that it is a VDR-dependent event. In a time course study, the effects of BXL0124 on the mRNA expression of Notch1, Notch ligands and downstream targets were investigated. BXL0124 decreased the mRNA levels of Jagged1, Jagged2 and DLL1 starting at 8 h which followed by the repression of cMyc mRNA at 16 h. The mRNA level of a transcriptional repressor HES1, which is a key downstream target of Notch signaling, was rapidly induced by BXL0124 as early as 30 min. To determine the involvement of HES1 in Notch signaling, both knock-down and overexpression of HES1 were performed by using HES1 siRNA and HES1-expression vector, respectively. The inhibition of Notch signaling by BXL0124 was reversed by the knock-down of HES1, while the overexpression of HES1 inhibited Notch activation, reduced CD44+/CD24-/low population and decreased cell proliferation of MCF10DCIS cells. These results suggest that HES1 functions as a repressor of Notch signaling, and BXL0124 inhibits Notch signaling in a HES1-dependent manner. The present study demonstrates that BXL0124 inhibits Notch signaling by rapid induction of HES1 which results in the reduction of CD44+/CD24-/low subpopulation and proliferation of MCF10DCIS cells. Our study suggests the Gemini vitamin D analog, BXL0124, as a potential agent to repress the tumor-initiating subpopulation of breast cancer by targeting Notch signaling.
Citation Format: Jae Young So, David M. Salerno, Hubert Maehr, Milan Uskokovic, Nanjoo Suh. The Gemini vitamin D analogue BXL0124 inhibits Notch signaling via HES1, resulting in the reduction of CD44+/CD24-/low subpopulation and proliferation of MCF10DCIS cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1248. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1248
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young So
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | | | - Hubert Maehr
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | | | - Nanjoo Suh
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
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Wahler J, So JY, Kim YC, Liu F, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Inhibition of the transition of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma by a Gemini vitamin D analog. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:617-26. [PMID: 24691501 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a nonmalignant lesion of the breast with the potential to progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The disappearance and breakdown of the myoepithelial cell layer and basement membrane in DCIS have been identified as major events in the development of breast cancer. The MCF10DCIS.com cell line is a well-established model, which recapitulates the progression of breast cancer from DCIS to IDC. We have previously reported that a novel Gemini vitamin D analog, 1α,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol (BXL0124) is a potent inhibitor of the growth of MCF10DCIS.com xenografted tumors without hypercalcemic toxicity. In this study, we utilized the MCF10DCIS.com in vivo model to assess the effects of BXL0124 on breast cancer progression from weeks 1 to 4. Upon DCIS progression to IDC from weeks 3 to 4, tumors lost the myoepithelial cell layer and basement membrane as shown by immunofluorescence staining with smooth muscle actin and laminin 5, respectively. Administration of BXL0124 maintained the critical myoepithelial cell layer as well as basement membrane, and animals treated with BXL0124 showed a 43% reduction in tumor volume by week 4. BXL0124 treatment decreased cell proliferation and maintained vitamin D receptor levels in tumors. In addition, the BXL0124 treatment reduced the mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinases starting at week 3, contributing to the inhibition of invasive transition. Our results suggest that the maintenance of DCIS plays a significant role in the cancer preventive action of the Gemini vitamin D BXL0124 during the progression of breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wahler
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jae Young So
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Yeoun Chan Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Fang Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New JerseyAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New JerseyAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New JerseyAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway; and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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So JY, Wahler JE, Yoon T, Smolarek AK, Lin Y, Shih WJ, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Liby KT, Sporn MB, Suh N. Oral administration of a gemini vitamin D analog, a synthetic triterpenoid and the combination prevents mammary tumorigenesis driven by ErbB2 overexpression. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:959-70. [PMID: 23856074 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HER2 (or ErbB2), a member of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in approximately 20% of human breast cancer, and the ErbB2 signaling pathway is a critical therapeutic target for ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. We investigated the inhibitory effects of the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124, the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Im and the combination on the tumorigenesis of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. MMTV-ErbB2/neu transgenic mice were treated with BXL0124, CDDO-Im, or the combination from three months of age until the end of the experiment. Formation and growth of MMTV-ErbB2/neu mammary tumors were monitored every week, and all three treatments delayed the development of mammary tumors without significant toxicity. Decreased activation of ErbB2 as well as other ErbB receptors, ErbB1 and ErbB3, in MMTV-ErbB2/neu mammary tumors was shown by all treatments. Protein levels of downstream targets of the ErbB2 signaling pathway, including activated-Erk1/2, activated-Akt, c-Myc, CycD1, and Bcl2, were repressed by all three treatments, with the combination treatment exhibiting the strongest effects. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, the combination of BXL0124 and CDDO-Im was given to MMTV-ErbB2/neu mice after mammary tumors were established between 23 and 30 weeks of age. Short-term treatment with the combination did not show effects on tumor growth nor the ErbB2 signaling pathway. The present study shows BXL0124, CDDO-Im, and the combination as potential agents for prevention, but not treatment, against the tumorigenesis of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Département
de Biologie
et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique
et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé
de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg,
1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey,
195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United
States
| | - Milan R. Uskokovic
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
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11
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So JY, Smolarek AK, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Liby K, Sporn MB, Suh N. Abstract 180: Inhibition of tumorigenesis by a novel Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 and a synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Im in MMTV-HER2/neu transgenic mice. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
HER2 amplification is one of major genetic alterations in breast cancer, representing about 20% breast cancer cases. Gemini vitamin D analogs and synthetic triterpenoids have been shown to repress the growth of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells and inhibit mammary tumorigenesis of MMTV-HER2/neu transgenic mice. In previous leukemia studies, CDDO and its derivatives have been shown to synergize with vitamin D or vitamin D analogs to induce monocytic differentiation, demonstrating the potential combinatory effects for cancer prevention. In the present study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity of a novel Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124, a potent synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Im alone and in combination utilizing the MMTV-HER2/neu transgenic mouse model. BXL0124 (0.3 μg/kg body weight), CDDO-Im (3 μmole/kg body weight) or their combination was orally administered to MMTV-HER2/neu transgenic mice three times a week, beginning at 12 weeks of age. The body weight and tumor size of each mouse were measured weekly, and the mice were sacrificed when they were 56 weeks old. BXL0124, CDDO-Im and their combination delayed the development of MMTV-HER2/neu mammary tumors. The tumor multiplicity was decreased by BXL0124 (0.84), CDDO-Im (0.65, p<0.05) and their combination (0.53, p<0.05) compared to control (1.11). The averaged tumor weight was also reduced by BXL0124 (0.63 g), CDDO-Im (0.44g, p<0.05) and their combination (0.43 g, p<0.05) compared to control (0.89 g). In MMTV-HER2/neu mammary tumors, the activation of HER2 and EGFR as well as downstream signaling molecules, including JAK2, Src, Mek1/2 and Erk1/2, were markedly repressed by BXL0124, CDDO-Im and their combination. The protein levels of cyclin D1, c-Myc, PCNA and Bcl2 were decreased, whereas the protein level of p21 was increased by BXL0124, CDDO-Im and their combination. While HER2 was expressed in all tumor area, the activation of HER2 was found predominantly in the front invading edge area of MMTV-HER2/neu mammary tumors. All three treatments markedly decreased the activation of HER2 signaling at the front invading edge area. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that BXL0124, CDDO-Im and their combination may be promising chemopreventive agents targeting the HER2 signaling pathway in HER2-positive breast cancer. (This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute R01-CA-127645 and the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Environmental Health Science Grant ES005022.)
Citation Format: Jae Young So, Amanda K. Smolarek, Hubert Maehr, Milan Uskokovic, Karen Liby, Michael B. Sporn, Nanjoo Suh. Inhibition of tumorigenesis by a novel Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 and a synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Im in MMTV-HER2/neu transgenic mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 180. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-180
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So JY, Smolarek AK, Shah N, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Liu F, Suh N. Abstract 929: Repression of CD44 is a key molecular action of a novel Gemini vitamin D BXL0124 to inhibit breast cancer cell invasion induced by HGF/Met signaling. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is highly expressed in breast tumors, and the overexpression of CD44 has been associated with poor clinical outcome. CD44 has been known to play a key role in invasive growth of cancer by interacting with extracellular matrix, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other membrane receptors. In addition, CD44 has been shown to be required for the activation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met signaling pathway which is associated with invasive phenotype of human breast cancer. Our previous study demonstrated that a novel Gemini vitamin D BXL0124 repressed the expression of CD44 in MCF10DCIS.com human breast cancer cells and inhibited MCF10DCIS xenograft tumor growth in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CD44 repression by BXL0124 on HGF/Met mediated invasion in MCF10DCIS cells. The effects of HGF and BXL0124 on the invasive phenotype of MCF10DCIS cells were investigated with invasion assays. To identify key molecules in HGF-induced cancer cell invasion, invasive markers and downstream of HGF/Met signaling pathway were evaluated. The treatment of HGF increased CD44 protein expression and invasive growth of MCF10DCIS cells, which was inhibited by BXL0124 treatment. Stat3 DNA-binding and nuclear translocalization experiments demonstrated that the activation of Stat3, one of the key downstream molecules of HGF/Met signaling pathway, was also significantly decreased by BXL0124 treatment. To further study a specific role of CD44 on breast cancer cell invasion, the effects of CD44 repression were investigated by using MCF10DCIS CD44-knockdown cells in vitro and in vivo. The induction of cancer cell invasion by HGF was blocked when CD44 was knockdown in MCF10DCIS cells. In addition, invasion markers, MMP-9 and uPA, were significantly down-regulated in MCF10DCIS CD44 knockdown cells. For the in vivo study, MCF10DCIS control or CD44-knockdown cells were injected into mammary fat pads in immunodeficient mice. Five weeks later, mammary tumors were collected for evaluating the expression level of invasion markers. The xenograft tumor volume and weight with MCF10DCIS CD44-knockdown cells were significantly smaller by 41% (p<0.01) and 36% (p<0.05), respectively, than those from MCF10DCIS control tumors (n=5). The MCF10DCIS CD44-knockdown tumors also showed markedly decreased protein expression levels of pStat3 and MMP-9. The mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 and uPA were significantly down-regulated in the MCF10DCIS CD44-knockdown tumors. The present study demonstrated the critical role of CD44 in HGF-induced breast cancer cell invasion, suggesting that the repression of CD44 might be a key molecular action of BXL0124 to inhibit breast cancer invasion.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 929. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-929
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fang Liu
- 1Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
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So JY, Smolarek AK, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Cai L, Liu F, Suh N. Abstract 839: A novel Gemini vitamin D analog represses a stem cell marker CD44 and its variant CD44v6 and inhibits CD44-Met signaling in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein that is involved in cell-cell interaction and cell adhesion, has been recognized as a key cell-surface marker for breast cancer stem cells. The CD44 positive breast cancer cells are enriched in residual breast tumors after conventional therapies, suggesting CD44 as an important therapeutic target to block the recurrence of breast cancer. To investigate CD44 expression during tumor progression, we used the CD44 overexpressing MCF10DCIS.com cell line as a model for breast cancer progression. We injected MCF10DCIS.com cells into immunodeficient mice and analyzed the resulting tumors after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks from cell injection. MCF10DCIS.com cells formed ductal carcinoma in situ like lesion by week 2 and invasive tumor lesions by week 3. CD44 proteins were highly expressed in the membrane of epithelial cells in mammary tumors, suggesting that human MCF10DCIS.com cell line might be a useful model for studying therapeutic agents targeting CD44 positive breast cancer cells. We previously reported that a Gemini vitamin D analog, BXL0124, significantly down-regulated the expression level of CD44 in MCF10DCIS.com cells in vitro and in DCIS xenograft tumors. In the present study, we demonstrated that BXL0124 strongly repressed the protein expression level of two alternative splicing variants of CD44, CD44v3 and CD44v6, in MCF10DCIS.com xenografted tumors. Because these CD44 variants are closely associated with breast cancer growth and invasion, the repression of CD44 variants by BXL0124 in MCF10DCIS.com xenograft tumors may contribute to the inhibitory effect of BXL0124 on tumor growth and invasion. We further investigated the effect of BXL0124 on the Met receptor, which is known to interact with CD44v6 for its downstream signaling transduction to control cancer invasion and metastasis. The treatment with BXL0124 decreased the protein expression level of CD44v6 and inhibited hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced Met signaling in cultured MCF10DCIS.com cells. In the CD44 promoter assay, mutation of p53 binding site in the CD44 promoter abolished the repression of CD44 transactivation by BXL0124, indicating that p53 is necessary for the repression of CD44 by BXL0124. In conclusion, BXL0124 repressed CD44 expression in a p53-dependent manner and inhibited CD44-Met signaling in MCF10DCIS.com cells. Our study suggests the Gemini vitamin D analog, BXL0124, is a potentially useful agent in inhibiting breast cancer by targeting CD44 expressing cancer stem cells.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 839. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-839
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young So
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Amanda K. Smolarek
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Hubert Maehr
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Millan Uskokovic
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Li Cai
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Fang Liu
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
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Huet T, Maehr H, Lee HJ, Uskokovic MR, Suh N, Moras D, Rochel N. Structure-function study of gemini derivatives with two different side chains at C-20, Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097. Medchemcomm 2011; 2:424-429. [PMID: 22180837 DOI: 10.1039/c1md00059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of vitamin D(3) containing a second side-chain emanating at C-20 are known as gemini and act as vitamin D receptor agonists. Recently, two of these, namely Gemini-0072 and the epimeric Gemini-0097, were selected for further studies in view of their high biological activities and lack of hypercalcemic effects. We now show that the two analogs recruit coactivator SRC-1 better than the parental gemini and act as VDR superagonists. The crystal structures of complexes of zVDR with Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097 indicate that these ligands induce an extra cavity within the ligand-binding pocket similar to gemini and that their superagonistic activity is due to an increased stabilization of helix H12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Huet
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Méedicale, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
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So JY, Lee HJ, Smolarek AK, Paul S, Wang CX, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Zheng X, Conney AH, Cai L, Liu F, Suh N. A novel Gemini vitamin D analog represses the expression of a stem cell marker CD44 in breast cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:360-7. [PMID: 21115634 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a multifunctional transmembrane protein involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. CD44 is identified as a cancer stem cell marker, and the CD44-positive breast cancer cells are enriched in residual breast cancer cell populations after conventional therapies, suggesting that CD44 may be an important target for cancer prevention and therapy. Therefore, we investigated for the inhibitory effect of a novel Gemini vitamin D analog, 1α,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol (BXL0124), on mammary tumor growth and CD44 expression in MCF10DCIS.com human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. MCF10DCIS.com cells were injected into mammary fat pads in immunodeficient mice, and BXL0124 was then administered intraperitoneally (0.1 μg/kg body weight) or orally (0.03 or 0.1 μg/kg body weight) 6 days a week for 5 weeks. At necropsy, mammary tumors and blood were collected for evaluating tumor growth, CD44 expression, and serum calcium level. BXL0124 suppressed mammary tumor growth and markedly decreased the expression of CD44 protein in MCF10DCIS xenograft tumors without causing hypercalcemic toxicity. BXL0124 also inhibited the expression of CD44 protein and mRNA as well as the transcriptional activity of the CD44 promoter in cultured MCF10DCIS.com cells. The repression of CD44 expression induced by BXL0124 was blocked by siRNA vitamin D receptor (VDR), indicating that the regulation of CD44 expression by BXL0124 is a VDR-dependent event. The novel Gemini vitamin D analog, BXL0124, represses CD44 expression in MCF10DCIS.com cells in vitro and in xenograft tumors, suggesting an inhibitory role of a Gemini vitamin D derivative on breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Lee HJ, So JY, DeCastro A, Smolarek A, Paul S, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Gemini vitamin D analog suppresses ErbB2-positive mammary tumor growth via inhibition of ErbB2/AKT/ERK signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:408-12. [PMID: 20304052 PMCID: PMC2906695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous synthetic vitamin D analogs have been studied for their effects on the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. However, the inhibitory effects of naturally occurring 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or its synthetic analogs on ErbB2 overexpressing mammary tumorigenesis have not been reported. Gemini vitamin D analogs are novel synthetic vitamin D derivatives with a unique structure of two six-carbon chains at C-20. We have previously shown that Gemini vitamin D analogs significantly inhibited carcinogen-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumorigenesis and reduced ER-negative MCF10DCIS.com xenograft tumor growth without hypercalcemic toxicity. In the present study, we have determined the inhibitory effect of a potent Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 (1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol) on the ErbB2/Her-2/neu overexpressing mammary tumorigenesis. The Gemini BXL0124 inhibits ErbB2-positive mammary tumor growth and down-regulates the phosphorylation of ErbB2, ERK and AKT in tumors of MMTV-ErbB2/neu transgenic mice. These effects of Gemini BXL0124 in vivo were confirmed by using the ErbB2 overexpressing tumor cells derived from the mammary tumors of MMTV-ErbB2/neu mice. In conclusion, the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 inhibits the growth of ErbB2 overexpressing mammary tumors through regulating the ErbB2/AKT/ERK signaling pathways, suggesting that Gemini vitamin D analog may be considered for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jae-Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Andrew DeCastro
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Amanda Smolarek
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Shiby Paul
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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So JY, Lee HJ, Smolarek AK, Paul S, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Cai L, Liu F, Suh N. Abstract 644: A novel Gemini vitamin D analogue represses the expression of a stem cell marker CD44 in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells are defined as cancer cells with self-renewal capacity. Cancer stem cells are resistant to current chemotherapy and radiation, making it difficult to investigate the mechanisms of resistance and the therapeutic targets of the tumor initiating cell population. Recently, CD44 has been recognized as a useful cell-surface marker for detecting breast cancer stem cells, and the CD44+/CD24- phenotype selects a population with stem cell properties similar to basal-like cancer cells. CD44 is a multi-functional transmembrane protein involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The CD44 positive subpopulation of breast cancer cells are enriched in residual breast cancer cell populations after conventional therapies, suggesting that CD44 positive cells may be responsible for the recurrence of cancer and therefore it may be an important therapeutic target. We have previously shown that novel Gemini vitamin D analogs inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer epithelial cells and suppress tumorigenesis in different animal models of breast cancer. Since therapies targeting CD44 by vitamin D have not been investigated, we examined whether a novel Gemini vitamin D analog regulates CD44 expression in cultured human breast cancer cells or in mammary tumors. In basal-like MCF10DCIS.com human breast cancer cells, the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 significantly inhibited the expression of CD44 protein and reduced the transcriptional activity of the CD44 promoter in vitro. To evaluate the inhibitory effects of Gemini vitamin D on CD44 expression in vivo, MCF10DCIS.com cells were xenografted into immunodeficient mice. When administered intraperitoneally (0.1 microgram/kg body weight) or orally (0.3 microgram/kg body weight) once a day for 6 weeks, Gemini vitamin D BXL0124 inhibited tumor growth and markedly decreased the expression of CD44 in the xenograft tumors. To determine whether the repression of CD44 is dependent on the vitamin D receptor (VDR), siRNA VDR was employed. The repression of CD44 expression by BXL0124 was significantly blocked by siRNA VDR in MCF10DCIS.com cells, indicating that the regulation of CD44 expression by BXL0124 is a VDR-dependent event. Taken together, the novel Gemini vitamin D analog inhibits CD44 expression in MCF10DCIS.com cells in vitro and in xenograft tumors, suggesting an inhibitory role of Gemini vitamin D analogs on cancer stem cells.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 644.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young So
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Amanda K. Smolarek
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Shiby Paul
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Hubert Maehr
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Li Cai
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Fang Liu
- 3Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- 1Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
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Maehr H, Lee HJ, Perry B, Suh N, Uskokovic MR. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. V. Potent inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis and inducers of leukemia differentiation. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5505-19. [PMID: 19685888 DOI: 10.1021/jm900780q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol is implicated in many cellular functions including cellular growth and differentiation, thus explaining its antitumor effects. It was shown that gemini, the calcitriol derivative containing two side chain at C20, is also active in gene transcription with enhanced antitumor activity. We have now further optimized both the A-ring and the two side chains. The chemical structures of the resulting 18 geminis were correlated with biological activities. Those containing the 1alpha-fluoro A-ring are the least active. Those featuring 23-yne and 23(E) side-chains are generally more active in human breast cancer cell growth inhibition and human leukemia cell differentiation induction than their 23(Z) counterparts. On the basis of these evaluations, we selected as lead compound a 20(R) gemini, related to calcitriol in terms of it is A-ring, where one side chain was modified by introduction of a 23-yne function and replacement of the geminal methyl groups with trifluoromethyl groups, the other created by extension of C21 with a 3-hydroxy-3-trideuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideutero-butyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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Laverny G, Penna G, Uskokovic M, Marczak S, Maehr H, Jankowski P, Ceailles C, Vouros P, Smith B, Robinson M, Reddy GS, Adorini L. Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Properties of 1α,25-Dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a Hypocalcemic, Stable Metabolite of 1α,25-Dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2204-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Laverny
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Giuseppe Penna
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Stanislaw Marczak
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Hubert Maehr
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Pawel Jankowski
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Caroline Ceailles
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Paul Vouros
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Brenden Smith
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Matthew Robinson
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - G. Satyanarayana Reddy
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Luciano Adorini
- BioXell, 20132 Milan, Italy, BioXell Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, The Barnett Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115, Epimer LLC, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Lee HJ, Paul S, Atalla N, Thomas PE, Lin X, Yang I, Buckley B, Lu G, Zheng X, Lou YR, Conney AH, Maehr H, Adorini L, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Gemini vitamin D analogues inhibit estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative mammary tumorigenesis without hypercalcemic toxicity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:476-84. [PMID: 19138995 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical, epidemiologic, and clinical studies have suggested the benefits of vitamin D and its analogues for the prevention and treatment of cancer. However, the hypercalcemic effects have limited the use of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), the hormonally active form of vitamin D. To identify vitamin D analogues with better efficacy and low toxicity, we have tested >60 novel Gemini vitamin D analogues with a unique structure of two side chains for growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. Our initial studies found that some Gemini analogues are 5-15 times more active than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in growth inhibition assay. In vivo experiments were designed to study the inhibitory effect of selected Gemini vitamin D analogues against mammary carcinogenesis by using (a) an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumor model and (b) an MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of ER-negative mammary tumors. Among vitamin D analogues we tested, Gemini 0072 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S-21(3-trideuteromethyl-3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol] and Gemini 0097 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-trideuteromethyl-3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol] administration inhibited by 60% the NMU-induced mammary tumor burden compared with the NMU-treated control group, but these compounds were devoid of hypercalcemia toxicity. In an ER-negative xenograft model, Gemini 0097 significantly suppressed tumor growth without hypercalcemia toxicity. We found that the inhibitory effect of Gemini 0097 was associated with an increased level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in both ER-positive and ER-negative mammary tumors. Our results suggest that Gemini vitamin D analogues may be potent agents for the prevention and treatment of both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer without hypercalcemia toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitriol/adverse effects
- Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma/chemically induced
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/prevention & control
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Hypercalcemia/epidemiology
- Hypercalcemia/etiology
- Hypercalcemia/prevention & control
- Incidence
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Methylnitrosourea
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Biological
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Maehr H, Uskokovic MR, Schaffner CP. Concise Synthesis of Dimethyl (2-Oxopropyl)phosphonate and Homologation of Aldehydes to Alkynes in a Tandem Process. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910802372566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Saito T, Okamoto R, Haritunians T, O’Kelly J, Uskokovic M, Maehr H, Marczak S, Jankowski P, Badr R, Koeffler HP. Novel Gemini vitamin D(3) analogs have potent antitumor activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:151-6. [PMID: 18938245 PMCID: PMC2648831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D(3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], modulates proliferation and induces differentiation of many cancer cells. A new class of analogs of vitamin D(3) has been synthesized, having two side-chains attached to carbon-20 (Gemini) and deuterium substituted on one side-chain. We have examined six of these analogs for their ability to inhibit growth of myeloid leukemia (HL-60), prostate (LNCaP, PC-3, DU145), lung (H520), colon (HT-29), and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. Dose-response clonogenic studies showed that all six analogs had greater antiproliferative activities against cancer cells than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Although they had similar potency, the most active of these analogs was BXL-01-0120. BXL-01-0120 was 529-fold more potent than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in causing 50% clonal growth inhibition (ED(50)) of HL-60 cells. Pulse-exposure studies demonstrated that exposure to BXL-01-120 (10(-9)M, 48h) resulted in 85% clonal inhibition of HL-60 growth. BXL-01-0120 (10(-11)M, 4 days) induced the differentiation marker, CD11b. Also, morphologically differentiation was more prominent compared to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Annexin V assay showed that BXL-01-0120 (10(-10)M, 4 days) induced significantly (p<0.05) more apoptosis than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). In summary, these analogs have a unique structure resulting in extremely potent inhibition of clonal proliferation of various types of cancer cells, especially HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyako Saito
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | - Ryoko Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
- Correspondence: Ryoko Okamoto; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA90048, USA; Fax: +1-310-423-0225; E-mail:
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | - James O’Kelly
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Riem Badr
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
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23
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Lee HJ, Paul S, Ji Y, Atalla N, Thomas PE, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Abstract 2097: Gemini vitamin D analogs inhibit estrogen receptor positive and estrogen receptor negative mammary tumorigenesis without hypercalcemic toxicity. Cancer Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2008-2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Numerous preclinical, epidemiological and clinical studies with vitamin D and analogs have suggested the benefits of vitamin D and analogs for prevention and treatment of cancer. However, the hypercalcemic effects have limited the use of 1α,25(OH)2D3, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, and many of its classical synthetic analogs as potent agents for cancer prevention and treatment. To identify vitamin D analogs with better efficacy and low toxicity, we have tested more than 60 novel Gemini vitamin D analogs, which have a unique structure of two six-carbon chains with a C-20-normal and a C-20-epi side chain. Our initial studies found that some Gemini analogs are many-fold more active than 1α,25(OH)2D3 in growth inhibition assay. We further examined the inhibitory effect of selected Gemini vitamin D analogs against mammary carcinogenesis in vivo by using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary tumor model which is ER-positive. Among Gemini vitamin D analogs we tested, Gemini 0072 and Gemini 0097 treated groups showed approximately 60% suppressive activity in NMU-induced mammary tumor growth compared to the control group. In a dose dependent experiment, Gemini 0097 significantly reduced the average tumor burden per rat without affecting the body weight. At all doses tested, Gemini 0097 did not exert any calcemic toxicity. In addition, we determined the inhibitory effect of Gemini 0097 in MCF10DCIS xenograft model of ER-negative mammary tumors. Gemini 0097 significantly inhibited MCF10DCIS xenograft tumor growth without calcemic toxicity. We analyzed the tumor samples and found that the inhibitory effect of Gemini 0097 in vivo was through (a) increasing cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 and (b) inducing insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) in both ER-positive and ER-negative mammary tumors. Our results suggest that Gemini vitamin D analogs may be potent agents for the prevention and treatment of both ER positive and ER negative breast cancer without calcemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Shiby Paul
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Yan Ji
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Nadi Atalla
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Paul E Thomas
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Hubert Maehr
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Milan Uskokovic
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- 1Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
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Lee HJ, Ji Y, Paul S, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Activation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling by a Gemini vitamin D3 analogue is mediated by Ras/protein kinase C alpha. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11840-7. [PMID: 18089814 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, and they play an important role for embryonic development, for bone and cartilage formation, and during carcinogenesis. We have previously shown that the novel Gemini vitamin D(3) analogue, Ro-438-3582 [Ro3582; 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S,21(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol], inhibited cell proliferation and activated the BMP/Smad signaling pathway in MCF10AT1 breast epithelial cells. In this report, we investigated the upstream signaling pathways responsible for the activation of BMP/Smad signaling by Ro3582. Among seven different serine/threonine kinase inhibitors that we tested, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors blocked the effects of Ro3582 on the phosphorylation of Smad1/5, mRNA synthesis for BMP-2 and BMP-6, and cell growth in MCF10AT1 cells. Overexpression of PKC alpha, but not PKC epsilon, PKC delta or PKC zeta isoforms, increased Ro3582-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5, suggesting that PKC alpha mediates the activation of Smad signaling and inhibition of cell proliferation. Interestingly, the activation of Smad signaling by Ro3582 was shown in Ha-ras-transfected MCF10AT1 cells, but not in the parent cell line (MCF10A without Ras). Inhibiting Ras activity blocked the translocation of PKC alpha to the plasma membrane and the phosphorylation of Smad1/5 induced by Ro3582, indicating that Ras is necessary for the activation of PKC alpha and Smad signaling. In conclusion, Ro3582 inhibits cell proliferation and activates BMP/Smad signaling via a Ras and PKC alpha pathway in breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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25
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Garay E, Jankowski P, Lizano P, Marczak S, Maehr H, Adorini L, Uskokovic MR, Studzinski GP. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side-chains at C-20. Part 4: further chain modifications that alter VDR-dependent monocytic differentiation potency in human leukemia cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4444-55. [PMID: 17485214 PMCID: PMC2824506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Signaling of cell differentiation is one of the important physiological functions of the activated vitamin D receptor (VDR). Activation of the VDR can be achieved not only by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D), the natural ligand, but also by a large number of its analogs. These include a category containing two side chains emanating at C-20, generally referred to as Gemini. The introduction of a cyclopropyl moiety as part of the pro-R side chain provides modified Gemini compounds with increased steric requirement and decreased chain flexibility; the biological consequences of this novel structural variant are subject of this investigation. In general, the resulting 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentyl)-21,22-cis-cyclo-cholecalciferols reduced had differentiation and transcriptional potency and induced cell cycle arrest less efficiently, as shown by a decrease in G1/S ratio, when compared to 1,25D. Modifying their calcitriol side chain in the form of a 4-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-5,5,5-trifluoropent-2-ynyl moiety, however, resulted in pronounced induction of differentiation in 1,25D-sensitive and moderate level of differentiation in 1,25D-resistant leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Garay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - George P. Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 973 972 5869; fax: +1 973 972 7293; e-mail:
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Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Adorini L, Penna G, Mariani R, Panina P, Passini N, Bono E, Perego S, Biffi M, Holick M, Spina C, Suh N. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20 III. An epimeric pair of the gemini family with unprecedented antiproliferative effects on tumor cells and renin mRNA expression inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:277-81. [PMID: 17254779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The searches for drugs that exhibit antineoplastic activity and regulate blood pressure are among the most prevalent and compelling research activities today. Amazingly, there is ample precedence for the antiproliferative action of vitamin-D-related compounds and their role as endocrine suppressors of renin biosynthesis. We have recently synthesized a number of novel calcitriol analogs of the gemini family and originally selected for further studies an epimeric pair related to 19-nor-calcitriol whose 21-methyl group was replaced by a 5,5,5-trifluoro-4-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentynyl group. While maintaining the acceptable calcemic responses, the IC50 concentrations of interferon-gamma release were reduced and the antiproliferative activity and inhibition of renin mRNA expression enhanced. Replacing the geminal methyl groups on the calcitriol-related side chain of these gemini compounds with trideuteriomethyl moieties further boosted the potency in the colon cancer model in mice some 10-fold, reduced NMU-induced breast cancer carcinogenesis in rats and decreased the IC(50) values for renin mRNA inhibition into the pM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Bioxell Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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27
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Spina CS, Ton L, Yao M, Maehr H, Wolfe MM, Uskokovic M, Adorini L, Holick MF. Selective vitamin D receptor modulators and their effects on colorectal tumor growth. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:757-62. [PMID: 17368190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], is an endocrine hormone whose classic role is the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. It is well documented that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) also has anti-tumor effects on a number of cancers and cancer cell lines including breast, colorectal, gastric, liver, ovarian, prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancers. Included in the anti-tumor activities of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) are its ability to cause antiproliferation, prodifferentation and decrease angiogenesis. Furthermore, through regulation of the plaminogen activator (PA) system and a class of proteolytic enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) reduces the invasive spread of tumor cells. Because of the calcemic limitations of using 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) as a therapy, we have tested the effects of a novel Gemini vitamin D analogue, Deuterated Gemini (DG), on mouse colorectal cancer. We demonstrated that DG is more potent in reducing tumor volume and mass, compared to control and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). DG significantly prevented (100% reduction, p<0.05) the invasive spread of colorectal tumor cells into the surrounding muscle, and had no effect on serum calcium levels. Thus, DG acts as a selective vitamin D receptor modulator (SVDRM) by enhancing select anti-tumor characteristic 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) activities, without inducing hypercalcemia. Thus, DG shows promise in the development of colorectal cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Spina
- Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratories, Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University Medical Center, 715 Albany Street, M-1013, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Maehr H. Vitamin D and its binding protein: challenges and opportunities for drug research. Curr Top Med Chem 2006; 6:1227-8. [PMID: 16848736 DOI: 10.2174/156802606777864944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Spina CS, Tangpricha V, Uskokovic M, Adorinic L, Maehr H, Holick MF. Vitamin D and cancer. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:2515-24. [PMID: 16886659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between decreased morbidity and mortality of cancer and exposure to sunlight is known. The many biological functions of vitamin D that contribute to cancer prevention have only recently begun to be appreciated. Once activated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3] functions as a potent inhibitor of normal and cancer cellular proliferation. Vitamin D deficiency in mice led to a 60% increase in colon tumor growth, compared to vitamin D-sufficient mice. The ligand binding domain of the Vitamin D receptor was shown to accommodate a class of 1,25(OH)2D3-analogs that possess an additional side-arm. These novel Gemini analogs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Select Gemini analogs were 100 times or more effective in inhibiting colon tumor growth in mice, compared to their parent compound. Correcting vitamin D deficiency may decrease the risk of developing colon cancer, while the novel Gemini 1,25(OH)2D3-analogs have the potential for therapeutic application in human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Spina
- Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Abstract
The formal C-20 methylation of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol) and bridging of two methyl groups produces spiro[cyclopropane-1, 20'-calcitriol], colloquially referred to as C-20 cyclopropylcalcitriol, which is much more active in MLR for suppression of interferon-gamma release than calcitriol, and hypercalcemia in mice is elicited at a ten-fold lower dose when compared to calcitriol. Introduction of the Delta16,17-double bond, modification of the side chain by 23-unsaturation and replacement of the methyl groups at C-26 and C-27 with trifluoromethyl moieties create a highly active series of vitamin D analogs. As previously observed in the calcitriol series, the presence of the C-16 double bond in the cyclopropyl analogs also arrests metabolic side-chain oxidation in the at the C-24 oxo level in UMR 106 cells. The enhanced biological activity is ascribed, at least in part, to the improved resistance toward metabolic degradation.
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Lee HJ, Liu H, Goodman C, Ji Y, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Notterman D, Reiss M, Suh N. Gene expression profiling changes induced by a novel Gemini Vitamin D derivative during the progression of breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:332-43. [PMID: 16737686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated gene expression changes induced by a novel Gemini Vitamin D(3) analog, RO-438-3582 (1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S-21(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol, Ro3582), in a unique human breast MCF10 model. We used two breast epithelial cell lines from this model, namely MCF10AT1 (Ha-ras oncogene transfected MCF10A, early premalignant) and MCF10CA1a (fully malignant and metastatic derived from the MCF10AT1 line). We analyzed gene expression changes induced by Ro3582 using GeneChip technology, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, or a gene transcription assay. Interestingly, we found distinct gene expression profile differences between Ro3582-induced response of the early premalignant MCF10AT1 and the malignant and metastatic MCF10CA1a cell lines. Moreover, while the Gemini Vitamin D(3) analog Ro3582 modulated the expression of several Vitamin D target genes such as the 24-hydroxylase, CD14, osteocalcin, and osteopontin in both cell lines, Ro3582 regulated many genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, cell adhesion, invasion, angiogenesis as well as cell signaling pathways, such as the BMP and TGF-beta systems, differently in the two cell lines. The Gemini Vitamin D(3) analog Ro3582 induced more significant gene changes in the early premalignant MCF10AT1 cells than in the malignant metastatic MCF10CA1a cells, suggesting that Gemini Vitamin D(3) analogs may be more effective in preventing the progression of an early stage of breast carcinogenesis than in treating late stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, 08854, USA
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Lee HJ, Wislocki A, Goodman C, Ji Y, Ge R, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Reiss M, Suh N. A novel vitamin D derivative activates bone morphogenetic protein signaling in MCF10 breast epithelial cells. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1840-8. [PMID: 16533909 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.022079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the action of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)], a novel Gemini vitamin D(3) analog Ro-438-3582 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S-21(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol (Ro3582)], and a classic vitamin D(3) analog Ro-26-2198 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16,23(Z)-diene-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol (Ro2198)] in modulating the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) system in MCF10 immortalized breast epithelial cells. We found that 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), Ro3582, and Ro2198 all enhanced BMP/Smad signaling by increasing the phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Smads. Ro3582 was more active than Ro2198, but both were considerably more active than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3.) Ro3582 enhanced BMP/Smad signaling by 1) inducing the phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Smads (Smad1/5), 2) increasing the accumulation of phosphorylated Smad1/5 in the nucleus, and 3) activating BMP-mediated transcription in MCF10 breast epithelial cells. Furthermore, Ro3582 induced the synthesis of BMP-2 and BMP-6 mRNA and protein, and the expression of Smad6 mRNA in MCF10 breast epithelial cells was inhibited by Ro3582. The induction of phospho-Smad1/5 by Ro3582 was inhibited by treatment with the BMP antagonist Noggin, whereas neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta did not block the induction of phospho-Smad1/5 by Ro3582. Treatment with Noggin also blocked the effect of Ro3582 on nuclear accumulation of phospho-Smad1/5 and the induction of BMP-2 and BMP-6 mRNA synthesis. These results indicate that the activation of BMP/Smad signaling by the Gemini vitamin D(3) analog Ro3582 may be through the production of BMP ligands, including BMP-2 and BMP-6, and/or down-regulation of the inhibitory Smad6. This is the first report to show that 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its derivatives activate BMP/Smad-specific signaling in human breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Spina C, Tangpricha V, Yao M, Zhou W, Wolfe MM, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Adorini L, Holick MF. Colon cancer and solar ultraviolet B radiation and prevention and treatment of colon cancer in mice with vitamin D and its Gemini analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97:111-20. [PMID: 16154354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that people who live at higher latitudes and who are vitamin D deficient are at higher risk of dying from many common cancers including colon cancer. To evaluate the role of vitamin D deficiency on colon tumor growth, Balb/c adult male mice were fed either a vitamin D sufficient or vitamin D deficient diet for 10 weeks. Mice were arranged into groups of six and each animal received subcutaneously 10(4) MC-26 cells in the posterior trunk. The tumor size was recorded daily. By day 9 there was a significant difference in tumor volume between the vitamin D sufficient and vitamin D deficient mice. By day 18 the vitamin D deficient animals had a tumor size that was 56% larger compared to the animals that were vitamin D sufficient. To determine whether treatment with active vitamin D analogs could further decrease colon tumor growth in a vitamin D sufficient state, groups of mice were treated with the novel 19-nor-Gemini compounds. The mice were fed a low calcium diet. Twenty-four hours after tumor implantation, the mice received, three times weekly, one of the vitamin D analogs or the vehicle. The group that received Gemini 1,25-dihydroxy-21(3-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-4-trifluoro-butynyl)-19-nor-20S-cholecalciferol (3) showed a dose-dependent decrease in tumor volume. On day 19, at the dose level of 0.02microg molar equivalents (E), the tumor volume was reduced by 41% when compared to the control group. At the same time point, the hexadeuterated analog 1,25-dihydroxy-21(3-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-4-trifluoro-butynyl)-26,27-hexadeutero-19-nor-20S-cholecalciferol (4), administered at the 10-fold lower dose of 0.002microgE, showed a 52% reduction in tumor volume (p<0.05), compared to the control group. Animals that received 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) at 0.002 and 0.02microg showed a trend in tumor volume reduction at the highest dose but the changes were not statistically significant. An evaluation of serum calcium concentrations revealed that the calcium levels were normal in all groups, except the group receiving 0.02microgE of 4. The results from these studies demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency may accelerate colon cancer growth and that novel Gemini analogs of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may be an effective new approach for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spina
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 715 Albany Street, M-1013, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Maehr H, Uskokovic MR, Adorini L, Reddy GS. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. II. Diastereoselective syntheses of the metabolically produced 24(R)-hydroxygemini. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6476-84. [PMID: 15588082 DOI: 10.1021/jm049340b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D derivatives containing two side chains emanating at C-20 are known as gemini. We have recently synthesized two gemini which are related to calcitriol and 19-norcalcitriol containing two identical side chains. The metabolism of these species involves 24(R)-hydroxylation on one of the side chains. To determine the outcome of this diastereospecific transformation, we synthesized both C-20 epimeric pairs containing the 24(R)-hydroxy group in the gemini and 19-norgemini series. On the basis of the availability of these reference compounds, it was shown that the metabolic hydroxylation occurred at the pro-R side chain in both gemini compounds. In comparison to the parent compounds, the 24-hydroxygemini required higher doses to increase blood calcium levels in mice and to suppress INF-gamma release in MLR.
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Maehr H, Uskokovic MR, Reddy GS, Adorini L. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. 24-hydroxy derivatives as metabolic products and molecular probes for VDR exploration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:35-8. [PMID: 15225743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously synthesized calcitriol derivatives with two identical side chains emanating at C-20, also known as gemini. In view of the evidence identifying C-24 hydroxylation as the first step in the in the metabolic cascade of calcitriol and gemini, stereochemical differentiation between the possible epimeric 20R- and 20S side-chain hydroxylated gemini became of interest. We now report the stereoselective synthesis of these compounds. Of these, 1,24(R),25-trihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-20(R)-19-nor-cholecalciferol was identified as the main metabolic product of 19-nor-gemini. In general, higher doses of the 24-hydroxylated gemini compounds were required to increase blood calcium levels in mice and to suppress INF-gamma release in MLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Bioxell Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Bldg. 76/13, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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Maehr H, Uskokovic M. Cover Picture: Formal Desymmetrization of the Diastereotopic Chains in Gemini Calcitriol Derivatives with Two Different Side Chains at C-20 (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 8/2004). European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200490016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Maehr H, Uskokovic M. Formal Desymmetrization of the Diastereotopic Chains in Gemini Calcitriol Derivatives with Two Different Side Chains at C-20. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200300718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maehr H. Graphic representation of configuration in two-dimensional space. Current conventions, clarifications, and proposed extensions. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 2002; 42:894-902. [PMID: 12132891 DOI: 10.1021/ci025518w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical vocabulary can describe, in a single term, a racemate or a specific enantiomer or a compound that is enantiopure, but whose absolute configuration is unknown. Regardless of these differentiations, the corresponding conventional graphic representations display but one specific enantiomer. Because of this inflexibility, verbal annotations to stereostructures in chemical publications and databases are unavoidable. In the expanding era of chirotechnology, the limited descriptive power of stereostructures in two-dimensional space is of serious concern. To provide a solution to this problem, targeted redeployment of established stereobonds serve as stereodescriptors that differentiate between enantiopure and racemic compounds and those that are enantiopure but whose chirality sense is unknown. Graphic displays then share the explicitness and accuracy of the chemical vocabulary. Fischer projections, recently expanded to accommodate alkenes and axially stereogenic compounds, can display favorably comparative configurational aspects of molecules with a multiplicity of stereogenic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA.
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Maehr H, Perrotta A, Smallheer J. Synthetic (S)-5-(benzoyloxy)-6-oxohexanoic acid ethyl ester and [S,S-(E)-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxiranebutanoic acid methyl ester, important synthons for leukotrienes B4 and A4, from D-arabinose. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00239a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Manchand PS, Belica PS, Holman MJ, Huang TN, Maehr H, Tam SYK, Yang RT. Syntheses of the anti-AIDS drug 2',3'-dideoxycytidine from cytidine. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00038a042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choudhry SC, Belica PS, Coffen DL, Focella A, Maehr H, Manchand PS, Serico L, Yang RT. Synthesis of a biologically active vitamin D2 metabolite. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00058a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Structure optimization of the leukotriene D4 antagonist Ro24-5913 was attempted by combinatorial chemistry. Three segments in its N-succinyl-3-(2-thiazolylethenyl)anilide skeleton, designated as A, B, and C coincided with the thiazolyl, aniline, and N-acyl moieties, respectively, and were selected for variations in a synthesis involving the sequences A + B-->AB and AB + C-->ABC to furnish the library (10A 7B 10C) containing 700 compounds. Lead candidates were identified by the LTD4-induced muscle-contraction assay. Assays of the C-partition 10(10A 7B C) of the set led to a subset of C elements associated with significant bioactivities, ic = {C1, C2, C3}, from which the preferred element C1 was selected. Incorporating this selection into the synthesis of the first reduced set gave the partition 7(10A B C1) whose assay revealed the set iB = {B1, B6} and hence the preferred B element B1. The second reduced set, 10(A B1 C1) incorporating the selected C1 and B1 moieties, revealed iA = {A1, A3, A4, A6, A7, A8, A9} In the resulting combinatiorial product iA x iB x iC, comprising 42 elements, A1 B1 C1 appears on top of the list. Thus, 4-[[3-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethyl ethyl)cyclobutyl-2-thiazolyl]ethenyl] phenyl]amino]-2,2-diethyl-4-oxobutanoic acid (Ro24-5913) was confirmed as the structure with the highest bioactivity. Analogues obtained by replacement of the cyclobutyl group in Ro24-5913 with 4-fluorophenyl and t-butyl were the runners-up. Of these, the former exhibited bioactivity comparable to that of Ro24-5913.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maehr
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maehr
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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Abstract
An alternative synthesis of 7-chloro-N-methyl-5-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-amine, the compound that inhibits gene expression by HIV-1 at the level of transcriptional transactivation by Tat, has been developed. The process is based on ring expansion of 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-4-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)quinazoline 3-oxide which leads to the corresponding benzodiazepine Ro24-7429. Quinazoline 3-oxide formation in the presence of boron trifluoride gives a tetracyclic system containing a 2,2-difluoro-1,3,6,2-oxadiazaborine ring that survives ring expansion to 13-chloro-5,5-difluoro-9-(methylamino)-5H-pyrrolo[1',2':3,4]- 1,3,6,2-oxadiazabora[6,5-d]-8H-1,4-benzodiazepin-7-ium hydroxide inner salt. This unusual benzodiazepine does not significantly inhibit Tat-mediated gene expression by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maehr
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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