1
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Poirier D. Description of Chemical Synthesis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization and Biological Activity of Estrane-Based Inhibitors/Activators of Steroidogenesis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083499. [PMID: 37110733 PMCID: PMC10143840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones play a crucial role in several aspects of human life, and steroidogenesis is the process by which hormones are produced from cholesterol using several enzymes that work in concert to obtain the appropriate levels of each hormone at the right time. Unfortunately, many diseases, such as cancer, endometriosis, and osteoporosis as examples, are caused by an increase in the production of certain hormones. For these diseases, the use of an inhibitor to block the activity of an enzyme and, in doing so, the production of a key hormone is a proven therapeutic strategy whose development continues. This account-type article focuses on seven inhibitors (compounds 1-7) and an activator (compound 8) of six enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, namely steroid sulfatase, aldo-keto reductase 1C3, types 1, 2, 3, and 12 of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. For these steroid derivatives, three topics will be addressed: (1) Their chemical synthesis from the same starting material, estrone, (2) their structural characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance, and (3) their in vitro or in vivo biological activities. These bioactive molecules constitute potential therapeutic or mechanistic tools that could be used to better understand the role of certain hormones in steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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2
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Ngueta AD, Roy J, Maltais R, Poirier D. Chemical Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3-Substituted Estrone/Estradiol Derivatives as 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors Acting via a Reverse Orientation of the Natural Substrate Estrone. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020632. [PMID: 36677690 PMCID: PMC9862175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) plays an important role in the progression of diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. Inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1), the enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of the estrogenic hormone E2, therefore constitutes an interesting approach for the treatment of these two estrogen-dependent diseases. In order to obtain new inhibitors of 17β-HSD1, the impact of a m-carbamoylphenyloxy group at position three of an estrane nucleus was evaluated by preparing three derivatives of estrone (E1) and E2 using a microwave-assisted synthesis of diaryl ethers. Their inhibitory activity was addressed on two cell lines (T-47D and Z-12) representative of breast cancer and endometriosis, respectively, but unlike T-47D cells, Z-12 cells were not found suitable for testing potential 17β-HSD1 inhibitors. Thus, the addition of the m-carbamoylphenyl group at C3 of E1 (compound 5) did not increase the inhibition of E1 to E2 transformation by 17β-HSD1 present in T-47D cells (IC50 = 0.31 and 0.21 μM for 5 and E1, respectively), and this negative effect was more obvious for E2 derivatives 6 and 10 (IC50 = 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively). Molecular docking allowed us to identify key interactions with 17β-HSD1 and to highlight these new inhibitors' actions through an opposite orientation than natural enzyme substrate E1's classical one. Furthermore, molecular modeling experiments explain the better inhibitory activity of E1-ether derivative 5, as opposed to the E2-ether derivatives 6 and 10. Finally, when tested on T-47D and Z-12 cells, compounds 5, 6 and 10 did not stimulate the proliferation of these two estrogen-dependent cell lines. In fact, they reduced it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Djiemeny Ngueta
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jenny Roy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Herman BE, Gardi J, Julesz J, Tömböly C, Szánti-Pintér E, Fehér K, Skoda-Földes R, Szécsi M. Steroidal ferrocenes as potential enzyme inhibitors of the estrogen biosynthesis. Biol Futur 2021; 71:249-264. [PMID: 34554507 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential inhibitory effect of diverse triazolyl-ferrocene steroids on key enzymes of the estrogen biosynthesis was investigated. Test compounds were synthesized via copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of steroidal azides and ferrocenyl-alkynes using our efficient methodology published previously. Inhibition of human aromatase, steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) activities was investigated with in vitro radiosubstrate incubations. Some of the test compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of the STS. A compound bearing ferrocenyl side chain on the C-2 displayed a reversible inhibition, whereas C-16 and C-17 derivatives displayed competitive irreversible binding mechanism toward the enzyme. 17α-Triazolyl-ferrocene derivatives of 17β-estradiol exerted outstanding inhibitory effect and experiments demonstrated a key role of the ferrocenyl moiety in the enhanced binding affinity. Submicromolar IC50 and Ki parameters enroll these compounds to the group of the most effective STS inhibitors published so far. STS inhibitory potential of the steroidal ferrocenes may lead to the development of novel compounds able to suppress in situ biosynthesis of 17β-estradiol in target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Edina Herman
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, P. O. Box 427, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - János Gardi
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, P. O. Box 427, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - János Julesz
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, P. O. Box 427, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári körút 62, P. O. Box 521, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szánti-Pintér
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, P. O. Box 158, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Fehér
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, P. O. Box 158, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Rita Skoda-Földes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, P. O. Box 158, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, P. O. Box 427, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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Salah M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2 and 14: Structures, biological activities and future challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:66-81. [PMID: 30336189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, the modulation of estrogen action by inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2), respectively, has been pursued intensively. In the search for novel treatment options for estrogen-dependent diseases (EDD) and in order to explore estrogenic signaling pathways, a large number of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors of these enzymes has been described in the literature. The present review gives a survey on the development of inhibitor classes as well as the structural formulas and biological properties of their most interesting representatives. In addition, rationally designed dual inhibitors of both 17β-HSD1 and steroid sulfatase (STS) as well as the first inhibitors of 17β-HSD14 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E81, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Li T, Maltais R, Poirier D, Lin SX. Combined Biophysical Chemistry Reveals a New Covalent Inhibitor with a Low-Reactivity Alkyl Halide. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5275-5280. [PMID: 30148957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) plays a pivotal role in the progression of estrogen-related diseases because of its involvement in the biosynthesis of estradiol (E2), constituting a valuable therapeutic target for endocrine treatment. In the present study, we successfully cocrystallized the enzyme with the reversible inhibitor 2-methoxy-16β-( m-carbamoylbenzyl)-E2 (2-MeO-CC-156) as well as the enzyme with the irreversible inhibitor 3-(2-bromoethyl)-16β-( m-carbamoylbenzyl)-17β-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene (PBRM). The structures of ternary complexes of 17β-HSD1-2-MeO-CC-156-NADP+ and 17β-HSD1-PBRM-NADP+ comparatively show the formation of a covalent bond between His221 and the bromoethyl side chain of the inhibitor in the PBRM structure. A dynamic process including beneficial molecular interactions that favor the specific binding of a low-reactivity inhibitor and subsequent N-alkylation event through the participation of His221 in the enzyme catalytic site clearly demonstrates the covalent bond formation. This finding opens the door to a new design of alkyl halide-based specific covalent inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for different enzymes, contributing to the development of highly efficient inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Li
- CHU de Québec - Research Center , 2705 Boulevard Laurier , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
- Faculty of Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - René Maltais
- CHU de Québec - Research Center , 2705 Boulevard Laurier , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- CHU de Québec - Research Center , 2705 Boulevard Laurier , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
- Faculty of Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- CHU de Québec - Research Center , 2705 Boulevard Laurier , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
- Faculty of Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada
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Trifunović J, Borčić V, Vukmirović S, Mikov M. Structural insights into anticancer activity of D-ring modified estrone derivatives using their lipophilicity in estimation of SAR and molecular docking studies. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1542-1548. [PMID: 28140519 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many forms of breast carcinoma are hormone-dependent and therefore development of novel aromatase inhibitors is of particular interest. Since brain metastases are frequent in patients with advanced breast carcinoma, one of the goals of modern drug development is the discovery of drugs with specific pharmacokinetic profile. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is often used to determine lipophilicity of the molecules based on their retention constant. As a predictive analysis, multiple linear regression method was performed to connect pharmacokinetic-dependent parameters with independent physicochemical properties such are: RM0 , TPSA and Mw of fourteen D-ring modified oestrone derivatives. Additionally, docking studies were performed. Conducted correlation analysis indicates excellent dependence between experimental RM parameter values and calculated values of pharmacokinetic parameters. Results show sufficient intestinal absorption of all the investigated molecules as well as moderate volumes of distribution and strong affinity for binding to plasma proteins. Crossing blood-brain barrier is predicted to be successful for 11 compounds. The created quantitative structure activity relationship model represents an excellent predictive tool and enables determination of pharmacokinetic properties of examined compounds. Docking analysis defined molecules I3 and II3 to be the best candidates; however, compound II3 violates the Lipinski rule. It has been concluded that molecules with hydroxyl group at C-3 more effectively pass through blood-brain barrier while structures with benzyloxy groups have stronger interactions with CYP1A19. Molecules II2 , II4 , II6 , and II7 are regarded as most suitable candidates for further investigation considering their good pharmacokinetic and docking characteristics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Trifunović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vladan Borčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Saša Vukmirović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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7
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Herman BE, Szabó J, Bacsa I, Wölfling J, Schneider G, Bálint M, Hetényi C, Mernyák E, Szécsi M. Comparative investigation of the in vitro inhibitory potencies of 13-epimeric estrones and D-secoestrones towards 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:61-69. [PMID: 27424610 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1204610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of 13-epimeric estrones, D-secooxime and D-secoalcohol estrone compounds on human placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 isozyme (17β-HSD1) were investigated. The transformation of estrone to 17β-estradiol was studied by an in vitro radiosubstrate incubation method. 13α-Estrone inhibited the enzyme activity effectively with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM, which indicates that enzyme affinity is similar to that of the natural estrone substrate. The 13β derivatives and the compounds bearing a 3-hydroxy group generally exerted stronger inhibition than the 13α and 3-ether counterparts. The 3-hydroxy-13β-D-secoalcohol and the 3-hydroxy-13α-D-secooxime displayed an outstanding cofactor dependence, i.e. more efficient inhibition in the presence of NADH than NADPH. The 3-hydroxy-13β-D-secooxime has an IC50 value of 0.070 μM and is one of the most effective 17β-HSD1 inhibitors reported to date in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Szabó
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bacsa
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Mónika Bálint
- c Department of Biochemistry , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary , and
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- d MTA-ELTE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- a 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
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8
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Ayan D, Maltais R, Roy J, Poirier D. A new nonestrogenic steroidal inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I blocks the estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumor growth induced by estrone. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2096-104. [PMID: 22914440 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) converts estrone (E1) into estradiol (E2) and is expressed in many steroidogenic tissues and breast cancer cell lines. Because the potent estrogen E2 stimulates the growth and development of hormone-dependent diseases, inhibition of the final step of E2 synthesis is considered a promising strategy for the treatment of breast cancer. On the basis of our previous study identifying 16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-E2 (CC-156) as a lead compound for the inhibition of 17β-HSD1, we conducted a number of structural modifications to reduce its undesired residual estrogenic activity. The steroid derivative PBRM [3-(2-bromoethyl)-16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-17β-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene] emerged as a potent inhibitor of 17β-HSD1 with an IC(50) value of 68 nmol/L for the transformation of E1 into E2. When tested in the estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cell line T-47D and in mice, PBRM showed no estrogenic activity in the range of concentrations tested. Furthermore, with the purpose of evaluating the bioavailability of PBRM and CC-156 injected subcutaneously (2.3 mg/kg), we measured their plasmatic concentrations as a function of time, calculated the area under the curve (AUC(0-12h)) and showed a significant improvement for PBRM (772 ng*h/mL) compared with CC-156 (445 ng*h/mL). We next tested the in vivo efficiency of PBRM on the T-47D xenograft tumor model in female ovariectomized athymic nude mice. After a treatment with PBRM, tumor sizes in mice stimulated with exogenous E1 were completely reduced at the control group level (without E1 treatment). As a conclusion, PBRM is a promising nonestrogenic inhibitor of 17β-HSD1 for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ayan
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHUQ (CHUL)-Research Center, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Poirier D. Contribution to the development of inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 7: key tools for studying and treating estrogen-dependent diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:83-94. [PMID: 21182944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) belong to a group of key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of steroidal hormones by catalyzing the reduction of 17-ketosteroids or the oxidation of 17β-hydroxysteroids. From three members known in the early nineties, the 17β-HSD functional family has grown to 15 members over the last 20 years. This growing number of 17β-HSD isoforms questioned the importance of each member, especially in their implication in estrogen- and androgen-dependent diseases, such as breast and prostate cancers. One of the strategies used to address the physiological importance of 17β-HSDs is to use potent and selective inhibitors. Furthermore, enzyme inhibitors could also be of therapeutic interest by reducing the level of estradiol (E2). Focusing on estrogens, we targeted 17β-HSD types 1 and 7, two enzymes able to transform the weak estrogen estrone (E1) into the potent estrogen E2. The present review article gives a description of different classes of inhibitors of 17β-HSD1 (C6-derivatives of E2, C16-derivatives of E2 as alkylating and dual action compounds, E2-adenosine hybrids, E2-simplified adenosine hybrids, and C16-derivatives of E1 or E2) and of inhibitors of 17β-HSD7, all these inhibitors developed in our laboratory. The chemical structures and inhibitory activity of these steroidal inhibitors, their potential as therapeutic agents, and their use as tools to elucidate the role of these enzymes in particular biological systems will be discussed. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Laval University (Faculty of Medicine) and CHUQ (CHUL)-Research Center (Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Genomic Unit), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec (Quebec) G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Farhane S, Fournier MA, Maltais R, Poirier D. Convergent stereoselective and efficient synthesis of furanic-steroid derivatives. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Iida T, Ogawa S, Tamegai H, Adachi Y, Saito H, Ikegawa S, Konishi H, Takagi A, Matsuzaki T. Chemical synthesis of the 17-propanamide derivatives of stereoisomeric Δ14-17α- and 17β-estradiols: potential 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Bérubé M, Delagoutte F, Poirier D. Preparation of 6beta-estradiol derivative libraries as bisubstrate inhibitors of 7beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type using the multidetachable sulfamate linker. Molecules 2010; 15:1590-631. [PMID: 20336003 PMCID: PMC6257402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry is a powerful tool used to rapidly generate a large number of potentially biologically active compounds. In our goal to develop bisubstrate inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) that interact with both the substrate (estrone or estradiol) and the cofactor (NAD(P)H) binding sites, we used parallel solid-phase synthesis to prepare three libraries of 16beta-estradiol derivatives with two or three levels of molecular diversity. From estrone, we first synthesized a sulfamate precursor that we loaded on trityl chloride resin using the efficient multidetachable sulfamate linker strategy recently developed in our laboratory. We then introduced molecular diversity [one or two amino acid(s) followed by a carboxylic acid] on steroid nucleus by Fmoc peptide chemistry. Finally, after a nucleophilic cleavage, libraries of 30, 63 and 25 estradiol derivatives were provided. A library of 30 sulfamoylated estradiol derivatives was also generated by acidic cleavage and its members were screened for inhibition of steroid sulfatase. Biological evaluation on homogenated HEK-293 cells overexpressing 17beta-HSD1 of the estradiol derivatives carrying different oligoamide-type chains at C-16 first revealed that three levels of molecular diversity (a spacer of two amino acids) were necessary to interact with the adenosine part of the cofactor binding site. Second, the best inhibition was obtained when hydrophobic residues (phenylalanine) were used as building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHUQ (CHUL), Research Center and Laval University, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Lilienkampf A, Karkola S, Alho-Richmond S, Koskimies P, Johansson N, Huhtinen K, Vihko K, Wähälä K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (17β-HSD1) Inhibitors Based on a Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Core. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6660-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900928k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lilienkampf
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampo Karkola
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Alho-Richmond
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Koskimies
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Johansson
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kimmo Vihko
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kristiina Wähälä
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Tremblay MR, Boivin RP, Luu-The V, Poirier D. Inhibitors of type 1 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with reduced estrogenic activity: Modifications of the positions 3 and 6 of estradiol. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 20:153-63. [PMID: 15968820 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500043307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most frequent cancer affecting women. Among all endocrine therapies for the treatment of breast cancer, inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis is becoming an interesting complementary approach to the use of antiestrogens. The enzyme type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of estradiol catalyzing preferentially the reduction of estrone into estradiol, the most active estrogen. Consequently, this enzyme is an interesting biological target for designing drugs for the treatment of estrogen-sensitive diseases such as breast cancer. Our group has reported the synthesis and the biological evaluation of N-methyl, N-butyl 6beta-(thiaheptamamide)estradiol as a potent reversible inhibitor of type 1 17beta-HSD. Unfortunately, this inhibitor has shown an estrogen effect, thus reducing its possible therapeutic interest. Herein three strategies to modify the biological profile (estrogenicity and inhibitory potency) of the initial lead compound were reported. In a first approach, the thioether bond was replaced with a more stable ether bond. Secondly, the hydroxyl group at position 3, which is responsible for a tight binding with the estrogen receptor, was removed. Finally, the amide group of the side-chain was changed to a methyl group. Moreover, the relationship between the inhibitory potency and the configuration of the side-chain at position 6 was investigated. The present study confirmed that the 6beta-configuration of the side chain led to a much better inhibition than the 6alpha-configuration. The replacement of the 3-OH by a hydrogen atom as well as that of the amide group by a methyl was clearly unfavorable for the inhibition of type 1 17beta-HSD. Changing the thioether for an ether bond decreased by 10-fold the estrogenic profile of the lead compound while the inhibitory potency on type 1 17beta-HSD was only decreased by 5-fold. This study contributes to the knowledge required for the development of compounds with the desired profile, that is, a potent inhibitor of type 1 17beta-HSD without estrogen-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Tremblay
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center and Université Laval, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Qc G1V 4G2, Canada
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16
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17
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Karkola S, Lilienkampf A, Wähälä K. A 3D QSAR model of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core applying molecular dynamics simulations and ligand-protein docking. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:461-72. [PMID: 18224704 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) enzyme plays a crucial role in female hormonal regulation by catalysing the NADPH-dependent reduction of the less potent estrone E1 into the biologically active estradiol E2. Because 17beta-HSD1 is a key enzyme in E2 biosynthesis, it has emerged as an attractive drug target for inhibitor development. Herein we report the plausible binding modes and a 3D QSAR model of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a (di)cycloalkenothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core. Two generated enzyme complexes with potent inhibitors were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to mimic the dynamic process of inhibitor binding. A set of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core were docked into the resulting active site, and a CoMFA model employing the most extensive training set to date was generated. The model was validated with an external test set. Active site residues involved in inhibitor binding and CoMFA fields for steric and electrostatic interactions were identified. The model will be used to guide structural modifications of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core in order to improve the biological activity as well as in the design of novel 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampo Karkola
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Rouillard F, Roy J, Poirier D. Chemical Synthesis of (S)-Spiro(estradiol-17,2′-[1,4]oxazinan)-6′-one Derivatives Bearing Two Levels of Molecular Diversity. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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CHETRITE GÉRARD. The Enzymatic Systems in the Formation and Transformation of Estrogens in Normal and Cancerous Human Breast. Breast Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420058734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Fournier D, Poirier D, Mazumdar M, Lin SX. Design and synthesis of bisubstrate inhibitors of type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: overview and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2298-306. [PMID: 18372081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD1) is a key steroidogenic enzyme that catalyses the reduction of steroid estrone into the most potent endogenous estrogen estradiol using the cofactor NAD(P)H. Bisubstrate inhibition is a good way to enhance the potency of inhibitors of cofactor-assisted enzymes. The design of a bisubstrate inhibitor of 17beta-HSD1, the estradiol/adenosine hybrid EM-1745, is reviewed and strategies for future designs of inhibitors are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fournier
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUQ - Pavillon CHUL and Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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21
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Ciobanu LC, Poirier D. Synthesis of Libraries of 16β-Aminopropyl Estradiol Derivatives for Targeting Two Key Steroidogenic Enzymes. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1249-59. [PMID: 16986200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries, each consisting of 48 16beta-aminopropyl estradiol derivatives, phenols and sulfamates, respectively, were synthesized by solid-phase parallel chemistry through a seven-step reaction sequence. Following the attachment of a C18-steroid sulfamate precursor on a trityl chloride resin, diversity elements were first introduced on the 16beta-aminopropyl chain of the steroid by acylation reactions with eight Fmoc-amino acids. After deprotection, the free amine function of the resulting compounds was reacted with six carboxylic acids for the introduction of a second diversity level. The two variants employed for the cleavage of compounds from the solid support, acidic and nucleophilic, allowed the corresponding libraries of sulfamate and phenol derivatives in yields of 8-50 % and 13-58 % to be obtained with an average HPLC purity of 94 % and 91 %, respectively. Potent steroid sulfatase inhibitors and interesting SAR results were generated from the screening of the sulfamate library. Furthermore, moderate inhibitors of type 1 17beta-HSD resulted from the partial screening of phenol library. Thus, these two categories of compounds were synthesized to rapidly identify potential inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis for the hormonal therapy of estrogen-dependent diseases, and also to demonstrate the versatility and efficiency of the recently developed sulfamate linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu C Ciobanu
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, Canada
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22
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Vicker N, Lawrence HR, Allan GM, Bubert C, Smith A, Tutill HJ, Purohit A, Day JM, Mahon MF, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Focused Libraries of 16-Substituted Estrone Derivatives and Modified E-Ring Steroids: Inhibitors of 17ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:464-81. [PMID: 16892382 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1), an oxidoreductase which has a preferential reductive activity using NADPH as cofactor, converts estrone to estradiol and is expressed in many steroidogenic tissues including breast and in malignant breast cells. As estradiol stimulates the growth and development of hormone-dependent breast cancer, inhibition of the final step of its synthesis is an attractive target for the treatment of this disease. The parallel synthesis of novel focused libraries of 16-substituted estrone derivatives and modified E-ring pyrazole steroids as new potent 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors is described. Substituted 3-O-sulfamoylated estrone derivatives were used as templates and were immobilised on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin to give resin-bound scaffolds with a multi-detachable linker. Novel focused libraries of 16-substituted estrone derivatives and new modified E-ring steroids were assembled from these immobilised templates using solid-phase organic synthesis and solution-phase methodologies. Among the derivatives synthesised, the most potent 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors were 25 and 26 with IC50 values in T-47D human breast cancer cells of 27 and 165 nm, respectively. Parallel synthesis resulting in a library of C5'-linked amides from the pyrazole E-ring led to the identification of 62 with an IC50 value of 700 nM. These potent inhibitors of 17beta-HSD1 have a 2-ethyl substituent which will decrease their estrogenic potential. Several novel 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors emerged from these libraries and these provide direction for further template exploration in this area. A new efficient diastereoselective synthesis of 25 has also been developed to facilitate supply for in vivo evaluation, and an X-ray crystal structure of this inhibitor is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Vicker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, and St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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23
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Ngatcha BT, Laplante Y, Labrie F, Luu-The V, Poirier D. 3Beta-alkyl-androsterones as inhibitors of type 3 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: inhibitory potency in intact cells, selectivity towards isoforms 1, 2, 5 and 7, binding affinity for steroid receptors, and proliferative/antiproliferative activities on AR+ and ER+ cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 248:225-32. [PMID: 16359782 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 3 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) is involved in the biosynthesis of the potent androgen testosterone (T), which plays an important role in androgen-sensitive diseases. In an attempt to design compounds to lower the level of T, we designed androsterone (ADT) derivatives substituted at the position 3beta as inhibitors of type 3 17beta-HSD, and then selected the eight most potent ones (compounds 1-8) for additional studies. In an intact cell assay, they inhibited efficiently the conversion of natural substrate 4-androstene-3,17-dione into T, although they were less active in intact cells (IC50 approximately 1 microM) than in homogenated cells (IC50=57-100 nM). A study of the inhibitory potency with four other 17beta-HSDs revealed they were selective, since they do not inhibit reductive types 1, 5 and 7, nor oxidative type 2. Interestingly, they did not show any binding affinity for steroid receptors (androgen, estrogen, glucocorticoid and progestin). Only two inhibitors, 3beta-phenyl-ADT (5) and 3beta-phenylmethyl-ADT (6) showed some proliferative activities on an AR+ cell line and on an ER+ cell line, but their effects were not mediated through the androgen or estrogen receptors. This study identified selective inhibitors of type 3 17beta-HSD acting through a mixed-type inhibition, and devoid of non-suitable androgenic and estrogenic proliferative activities. The more potent inhibitors were 3beta-hexyl-ADT (2), 3beta-cyclohexylethyl-ADT (4) and 3beta-phenylethyl-ADT (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Tchédam Ngatcha
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center and Université Laval, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Qué, Canada G1V 4G2
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24
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Deluca D, Möller G, Rosinus A, Elger W, Hillisch A, Adamski J. Inhibitory effects of fluorine-substituted estrogens on the activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 248:218-24. [PMID: 16406285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In search for new inhibitors of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (h17beta-HSD1) a specific group of steroids with interesting properties including novel compounds was investigated. Several estratriene derivatives with fluorine-substitution in position 17 of the steroidal scaffold were synthesised and tested in vitro towards recombinant h17beta-HSD1, 2, 4, 5 and 7. Moderate, mostly unselective inhibitors of h17beta-HSD1 and h17beta-HSD2 and a selective inhibitor of h17beta-HSD5 were identified. The structure-activity relationship with respect to inhibitory strengths and selectivity of these compounds on five h17beta-HSDs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominga Deluca
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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25
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Poirier D, Chang HJ, Azzi A, Boivin RP, Lin SX. Estrone and estradiol C-16 derivatives as inhibitors of type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 248:236-8. [PMID: 16337735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three series of steroid derivatives, enones 1, enols 2 and saturated alcohols 3, were easily synthesized from estrone according to a sequence of three reactions: an aldol condensation with an aromatic aldehyde (R(a-g)CHO) to afford 1, the carbonyl reduction of 1 to obtain the enol 2, and the double bond reduction of 2 to give 3 with the R(a-g) group 16beta-oriented. All compounds were tested as inhibitors of type 1 17beta-HSD. The inhibitory potency increases in the following order 1<2<3, suggesting that the presence of a flexible 16beta-methylene group allows a better positioning of the aryl moiety. With an IC50 of 0.8 microM, the 16beta-benzyl-E2 (3a) is the best inhibitor in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL and University Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Que., Canada G1V 4G2.
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26
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Husen B, Huhtinen K, Poutanen M, Kangas L, Messinger J, Thole H. Evaluation of inhibitors for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in vivo in immunodeficient mice inoculated with MCF-7 cells stably expressing the recombinant human enzyme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 248:109-13. [PMID: 16406284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD1) is an enzyme activating estrone (E1) to estradiol (E2). In the present study, a mechanistic animal model was set up for evaluating putative inhibitors for the human enzyme in vivo. Estrogen-dependent MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells were stably transfected with a plasmid expressing human 17HSD1. These cells formed estrogen-dependent tumors in immunodeficient mice. In the optimized model, tumor sizes were decreased in both ovariectomized and intact vehicle-treated mice, whereas they were maintained or slightly increased in mice supplemented 2 weeks with an appropriate dose of the 17HSD1-substrate E1. Tumor sizes in mice treated with 0.1 micromol/kg/d of E1 were reduced by administering 5 micromol/kg/d of different 17HSD1-inhibitors and a 86% reduction in size was detected with the most potent inhibitor. A dose-response relationship in the inhibitory effect of this compound further confirmed the validity of the model for testing the drug candidates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Husen
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, PH-REL, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Hoffmann J, Sommer A. Anti-hormone Therapy: Principles of Endocrine Therapy of Cancer. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2006_002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Poirier D, Boivin RP, Tremblay MR, Bérubé M, Qiu W, Lin SX. Estradiol−Adenosine Hybrid Compounds Designed to Inhibit Type 1 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. J Med Chem 2005; 48:8134-47. [PMID: 16366595 DOI: 10.1021/jm058235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The steroidogenic enzyme type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) is involved in the synthesis of estradiol (E(2)), a hormone well-known to stimulate the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumors. To obtain compounds able to control E(2) formation, two moieties were linked with a methylene side chain: an adenosine moiety for interacting with the cofactor-binding site and an E(2) moiety for interacting with the substrate-binding site. When tested as inhibitors of type 1 17beta-HSD, the hybrid compounds inhibited the reductive activity (E(1) into E(2)) with IC(50) values ranging from 52 to 1,000 nM. The optimal side-chain length was determined to be eight methylene groups for a 16 beta-orientation. The presence of two components (E(2) and adenosine) is essential for good inhibition, since 16 beta-nonyl-E(2) and 5-nonanoyl-O-adenosine, two compounds having only one of the components, did not inhibit the enzyme. Moreover, the 3D-structure analysis of EM-1,745 complexed with type 1 17beta-HSD showed key interactions with both substrate- and cofactor-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL and Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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29
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Fischer DS, Allan GM, Bubert C, Vicker N, Smith A, Tutill HJ, Purohit A, Wood L, Packham G, Mahon MF, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. E-ring modified steroids as novel potent inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5749-70. [PMID: 16134943 DOI: 10.1021/jm050348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) are an important class of steroidogenic enzymes that regulate the bioavailability of active estrogens and androgens and are as yet a relatively unexploited therapeutic target. Based on our investigations and those of others, E-ring modified steroids were identified as a useful template for the design of inhibitors of 17beta-HSD type 1, an enzyme involved in the conversion of estrone into estradiol. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of N- and C-substituted 1,3,5(10)-estratrien-[17,16-c]-pyrazoles and the corresponding SAR are discussed. Among the N-alkylated analogues, the most potent inhibitor was the 1'-methoxyethyl derivative, 41, with an IC(50) of 530 nM in T47-D human breast cancer cells. The X-ray crystal structure of the 1'-isobutyl derivative, was determined. Further optimization of the template using parallel synthesis resulted in a library of C5'-linked amides from which 73 emerged. This pyridylethyl amide had an IC(50) of 300 nM and its activity, with that of 41, suggests the importance of hydrogen bond acceptor groups in the pyrazole side chain. Both 41 and 73 displayed selectivity over 17beta-HSD type 2, and preliminary investigations showed 41 to be nonestrogenic in vitro in a luciferase reporter gene assay in contrast to the parent pyrazole 25. Molecular modeling studies, which support these findings, and a QSAR, the predictive power of which was demonstrated, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine S Fischer
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, U.K
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30
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Mukherjee K, Syed V, Ho SM. Estrogen-induced loss of progesterone receptor expression in normal and malignant ovarian surface epithelial cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:4388-400. [PMID: 15806153 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While estrogens are suspected risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer (OCa), progesterone (P4) has been shown to exert protective effects. The biological actions of P4 in target cells are mediated by progesterone receptors (PRs) that exist principally as A- and B-isoforms. We observed overexpression of PR-A and PR-B protein in two lines of OCa cells when compared to two lines of nontumorigenic, normal human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells. Treatment of HOSE or OCa cells with estrone or 17beta-estradiol at 10(-8) M for a period of 72 h induced significant loss of PR-A and PR-B mRNA and protein expression, with the regulation primarily controlled at the transcriptional level. In contrast, breast cancer cells (line MCF-7) exposed to estrogens upregulated PR-A and PR-B expression. Of significance, both the inhibitory and stimulatory actions of estrogens were blocked by the specific ER-antagonist ICI 182,780 (ICI, 10(-5) M), confirming estrogen specificity. Co-treatment of estrogen-exposed HOSE, OCa, and MCF-7 cell lines with inhibitors of type 1- and type 2-17beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase did not affect the previously observed changes in PR expression, suggesting that the action of each estrogen is direct and not mediated via conversion to its metabolic counterpart. Green fluorescence protein (GFP)-PR-A and GFP-PR-B were localized in the cytoplasmic compartment of untreated HOSE cells and translocated to the nucleus after P4 treatment, while both chimera PRs resided in the nuclei of OCa cells in a ligand-independent manner. In OCa cell cultures, P4 (10(-6) M), but not RU486 (10(-5) M), induced apoptosis that was blocked by co-treatment with the antiprogestin but enhanced by co-treatment with ICI. In sharp contrast, P4 induced proliferation, while ICI and RU486 caused cell death in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, this study is first to demonstrate estrogens as negative regulators of PR expression in HOSE/OCa cells and to provide a mechanistic basis upon which to explain the antagonism of estrogens on the anti-OCa action of progestins. It also raises the possibility of using progestin and ICI as a combinational therapy for OCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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31
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Lawrence HR, Vicker N, Allan GM, Smith A, Mahon MF, Tutill HJ, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Novel and potent 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2759-62. [PMID: 15828812 DOI: 10.1021/jm049045r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design using the crystal structure of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) led to the discovery of novel, selective, and the most potent inhibitors of 17beta-HSD1 reported to date. Compounds 1 and 2 contain a side chain with an m-pyridylmethyl-amide functionality extended from the 16beta position of a steroid scaffold. A mode of binding is proposed for these inhibitors, and 2 is a steroid-based 17beta-HSD1 inhibitor with the potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshani R Lawrence
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
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32
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Smith HJ, Nicholls PJ, Simons C, Lain RL. Inhibitors of steroidogenesis as agents for the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.5.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Saji S, Toi M. Aromatase inhibitors and other novel agents in breast cancer treatment. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 7:303-19. [PMID: 15989553 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.7.2.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after the introduction of tamoxifen, which was expanded from palliation of metastatic cancer to recent application for chemoprevention, the primacy of this drug as the mainline pharmacological intervention is currently being challenged by the third generation aromatase inhibitors and inactivators. In contrast to the oestrogen receptor blockade provided by tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors result in deprivation of oestrogens in postmenopausal women both through paracrine/intracrine and endocrine modulation. Experimental evidence has shown a significant (97-99%) reduction of in vivo aromatase activity and an equal or sometimes better antitumour activity compared with megestrol acetate when these drugs are used as second-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer. Recent pivotal studies in first-line settings comparing tamoxifen for metastatic breast cancer and preliminary results from the neoadjuvant trials demonstrate that third generation aromatase inhibitors are superior to tamoxifen. With a better understanding of local tissue production of oestrogen through oestrone sulfatase, which hydrolyses oestrone sulfate to oestrone, and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1, which in turn catalyses the reduction of oestrone to oestradiol, more powerful tactics for oestrogen starvation of cancer may be realised in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehira Saji
- Department of Surgery, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Centre for Cancer and Infectious Diseases, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, 113-8677 Tokyo, Japan.
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34
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Pasqualini JR, Chetrite GS. Recent insight on the control of enzymes involved in estrogen formation and transformation in human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 93:221-36. [PMID: 15860265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The great majority of breast cancers are in their early stage hormone-dependent and it is well accepted that estradiol (E2) plays an important role in the genesis and evolution of this tumor. Human breast cancer tissues contain all the enzymes: estrone sulfatase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aromatase involved in the last steps of E2 bioformation. Sulfotransferases which convert estrogens into the biologically inactive estrogen sulfates are also present in this tissue. Quantitative data show that the 'sulfatase pathway', which transforms estrogen sulfates into the bioactive unconjugated E2, is 100-500 times higher than the 'aromatase pathway', which converts androgens into estrogens. The treatment of breast cancer patients with anti-aromatases is largely developed with very positive results. However, the formation of E2 via the 'sulfatase pathway' is very important in the breast cancer tissue. In recent years it was found that antiestrogens (e.g. tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen), various progestins (e.g. promegestone, nomegestrol acetate, medrogestone, dydrogesterone, norelgestromin), tibolone and its metabolites, as well as other steroidal (e.g. sulfamates) and non-steroidal compounds, are potent sulfatase inhibitors. In another series of studies, it was found that E2 itself has a strong anti-sulfatase action. This paradoxical effect of E2 adds a new biological response of this hormone and could be related to estrogen replacement therapy in which it was observed to have either no effect or to decrease breast cancer mortality in postmenopausal women. Interesting information is that high expression of steroid sulfatase mRNA predicts a poor prognosis in patients with +ER. These progestins, as well as tibolone, can also block the conversion of estrone to estradiol by the inhibition of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (17beta-HSD-1). High expressison of 17beta-HSD-1 can be an indicator of adverse prognosis in ER-positive patients. It was shown that nomegestrol acetate, medrogestone, promegestone or tibolone, could stimulate the sulfotransferase activity for the local production of estrogen sulfates. This is an important point in the physiopathology of this disease, as it is well known that estrogen sulfates are biologically inactive. A possible correlation between this stimulatory effect on sulfotransferase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation is presented. In agreement with all this information, we have proposed the concept of selective estrogen enzyme modulators (SEEM). In conclusion, the blockage in the formation of estradiol via sulfatase, or the stimulatory effect on sulfotransferase activity in combination with anti-aromatases can open interesting and new possibilities in clinical applications in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/genetics
- 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Biotransformation
- Breast/enzymology
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Estrogen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Norpregnenes/therapeutic use
- Progesterone Congeners/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Sulfatases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sulfatases/genetics
- Sulfatases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Pasqualini
- Hormones and Cancer Research Unit, Institut de Puériculture, 26 Boulevard Brune, 75014 Paris, France.
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35
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Maltais R, Mercier C, Labrie F, Poirier D. Solid-phase synthesis of model libraries of 3 ?17?-dihydroxy-16?-(aminoethyl-N-substituted)-5?-androstanes for the development of steroidal therapeutic agents. Mol Divers 2005; 9:67-79. [PMID: 15789554 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-005-1312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solid-phase synthesis of 16alpha-derivatives of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol with one, two or three levels of molecular diversity was accomplished using the diethylsilyloxy linker. Libraries with one level of diversity (10 members) and two levels of diversity (40 members) were synthesized in a parallel fashion in good yields and acceptable HPLC purities for the majority of library members. Compounds with three levels of diversity (15 pools) were realized in a split and pool fashion to allow further deconvolution by the positional scanning method. The screening of the generated model libraries revealed interesting preliminary structure-activity relationships related to their antiproliferative activities on androgen-sensitive Shionogi cells. In the case of the two-level library, the presence of a hydrophobic amino acid at R1 (isoleucine (Ile) or phenylalanine (Phe)) and a six-membered ring (aromatic or not) at R2 seems an important requirement for activity. In the three-level library, the amino acid residues isoleucine and phenylalanine clearly provided a better antiproliferative activity than glycine (Gly) and proline (Pro). These model libraries will serve as basis for the generation of larger libraries of peptidosteroids toward the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Maltais
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center (Medicinal Chemistry Division), Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ)-Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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36
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Bérubé M, Poirier D. Synthesis of Simplified Hybrid Inhibitors of Type 1 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase via Cross-Metathesis and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions. Org Lett 2004; 6:3127-30. [PMID: 15330604 DOI: 10.1021/ol048820u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The inhibitor of type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase EM-1745 (1) exhibits affinity for both the substrate (estrone or estradiol) and the cofactor (NAD(P)H) binding domains. However, to increase its bioavailability, this compound needs to be simplified. The efficient and convergent synthesis of simplified substrate/cofactor hybrid inhibitors (compounds 2) involving a cross-metathesis and a Sonogashira coupling reaction as key steps is described. Compounds 2a-c were also tested as enzyme inhibitors and compared to EM-1745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bérubé
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center and Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec, Qc, G1V 4G2, Canada
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37
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Gobec S, Sova M, Kristan K, Rizner TL. Cinnamic acid esters as potent inhibitors of fungal 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase––a model enzyme of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3933-6. [PMID: 15225701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a new family of nonsteroidal inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, designed from flavones and chalcones. Their inhibitory potential was screened on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl), a model enzyme of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. In a series of cinnamates and related coumarin-3-carboxylates, a number of compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of both the oxidative and reductive reactions catalyzed by 17beta-HSDcl, with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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38
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Pasqualini JR. The selective estrogen enzyme modulators in breast cancer: a review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1654:123-43. [PMID: 15172700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that increased exposure to estradiol (E(2)) is an important risk factor for the genesis and evolution of breast tumors, most of which (approximately 95-97%) in their early stage are estrogen-sensitive. However, two thirds of breast cancers occur during the postmenopausal period when the ovaries have ceased to be functional. Despite the low levels of circulating estrogens, the tissular concentrations of these hormones are significantly higher than those found in the plasma or in the area of the breast considered as normal tissue, suggesting a specific tumoral biosynthesis and accumulation of these hormones. Several factors could be implicated in this process, including higher uptake of steroids from plasma and local formation of the potent E(2) by the breast cancer tissue itself. This information extends the concept of 'intracrinology' where a hormone can have its biological response in the same organ where it is produced. There is substantial information that mammary cancer tissue contains all the enzymes responsible for the local biosynthesis of E(2) from circulating precursors. Two principal pathways are implicated in the last steps of E(2) formation in breast cancer tissues: the 'aromatase pathway' which transforms androgens into estrogens, and the 'sulfatase pathway' which converts estrone sulfate (E(1)S) into E(1) by the estrone-sulfatase. The final step of steroidogenesis is the conversion of the weak E(1) to the potent biologically active E(2) by the action of a reductive 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity (17beta-HSD-1). Quantitative evaluation indicates that in human breast tumor E(1)S 'via sulfatase' is a much more likely precursor for E(2) than is androgens 'via aromatase'. Human breast cancer tissue contains all the enzymes (estrone sulfatase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aromatase) involved in the last steps of E(2) biosynthesis. This tissue also contains sulfotransferase for the formation of the biologically inactive estrogen sulfates. In recent years, it was demonstrated that various progestins (promegestone, nomegestrol acetate, medrogestone, dydrogesterone, norelgestromin), tibolone and its metabolites, as well as other steroidal (e.g. sulfamates) and non-steroidal compounds, are potent sulfatase inhibitors. Various progestins can also block 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. In other studies, it was shown that medrogestone, nomegestrol acetate, promegestone or tibolone can stimulate the sulfotransferase activity for the local production of estrogen sulfates. All these data, in addition to numerous agents which can block the aromatase action, lead to the new concept of 'Selective Estrogen Enzyme Modulators' (SEEM) which can largely apply to breast cancer tissue. The exploration of various progestins and other active agents in trials with breast cancer patients, showing an inhibitory effect on sulfatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, or a stimulatory effect on sulfotransferase and consequently on the levels of tissular levels of E(2), will provide a new possibility in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Pasqualini
- Hormones and Cancer Research Unit, Institut de Puériculture, 26 Boulevard Brune, 75014 Paris, France.
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39
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Poirier D, Boivin RP, Bérubé M, Lin SX. Synthesis of a First Estradiol-Adenosine Hybrid Compound. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120023440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Fischer DS, Woo LWL, Mahon MF, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. D-ring modified estrone derivatives as novel potent inhibitors of steroid sulfatase. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1685-700. [PMID: 12659755 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel D-ring modified derivatives of estrone was synthesized and tested as inhibitors of steroid sulfatase (STS). The steroidal D-ring was cleaved via an iodoform reaction and thermal condensation of the resulting marrianolic acid derivative gave 16,17-seco-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-16,17-imide derivatives, where a piperidinedione moiety is in place of the D-ring. This synthetic approach was found to give a higher overall yield than the literature method of Beckmann rearrangement. A range of alkyl side chains have been introduced on the nitrogen atom of the imido-ring and the corresponding 3-O-sulfamates synthesized. The new D-ring modified estrone derivatives bearing a propyl (39) and a 1-pyridin-3-ylmethyl (46) moiety had IC(50) values of 1 nM when tested in placental microsomes for the inhibition of STS. These compounds are therefore up to 18-fold more potent than EMATE, the very first highly potent irreversible steroidal STS inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine S Fischer
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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41
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Brown WM, Metzger LE, Barlow JP, Hunsaker LA, Deck LM, Royer RE, Vander Jagt DL. 17-beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: computational design of active site inhibitors targeted to the Rossmann fold. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:481-91. [PMID: 12604234 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
17-beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17betaHSD1), also called estradiol dehydrogenase, catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the weak estrogen, estrone, into the more potent estrogen, 17-beta-estradiol. 17betaHSD1 is an attractive drug target in hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Past efforts to develop selective inhibitors of 17betaHSD1 have focused on design of substrate analogs. It is challenging to develop steroid analogs that are devoid of any undesired biological activity. 17betaHSD1 is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily that includes many hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Members of the SDR family bind NAD(P)(H) in a motif that is a modified Rossmann fold. We demonstrated previously that the Rossmann folds of classical dehydrogenases can be selectively inhibited by derivatives and analogs of the natural product gossypol. In this study, we have addressed the question whether the modified Rossmann fold in 17betaHSD1 is a target for identification of lead compounds for structure-based drug design. 17betaHSD1 was purified from human placenta. 17betaHSD1 is inhibited by derivatives of gossypol with dissociation constants as low as 2 microM. Inhibition is competitive with the binding of cofactor. Molecular modeling studies using the published coordinates of human 17betaHSD1 suggest that these inhibitors occupy the modified Rossmann fold at the nicotinamide end of the dinucleotide-binding site, extending towards the substrate site. A computational approach was used to design potential new inhibitors of 17betaHSD1. The results suggest not only that derivatives of gossypol represent attractive lead compounds for structure-based drug design but also suggest that appropriate incorporation of a substrate analog into the design of these Rossmann fold inhibitors may provide pan-active site inhibitors that span the cofactor and substrate site, potentially offering specificity and increased potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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42
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Chen W, Thiboutot D, Zouboulis CC. Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:992-1007. [PMID: 12445184 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The skin, especially the pilosebaceous unit composed of sebaceous glands and hair follicles, can synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol or by locally converting circulating weaker androgens to more potent ones. As in other classical steroidogenic organs, the same six major enzyme systems are involved in cutaneous androgen metabolism, namely steroid sulfatase, 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, steroid 5alpha-reductase, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and aromatase. Steroid sulfatase, together with P450 side chain cleavage enzyme and P450 17-hydroxylase, was found to reside in the cytoplasm of sebocytes and keratinocytes. Strong steroid sulfatase immunoreactivity was observed in the lesional skin but not in unaffected skin of acne patients. 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been mainly immunolocalized to sebaceous glands, with the type 1 being the key cutaneous isoenzyme. The type 2 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme predominates in sebaceous glands and exhibits greater reductive activity in glands from facial areas compared with acne nonprone areas. In hair follicles, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identified mainly in outer root sheath cells. The type 1 5alpha-reductase mainly occurs in the sebaceous glands, whereby the type II isoenzyme seems to be localized in the hair follicles. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts dihydrotestosterone to 3alpha-androstanediol, and the use of 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide serum level to reflect the hyperandrogenic state in hirsute women may be a reliable parameter, especially for idiopathic hirsutism. In acne patients it is still controversial if 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide or androsterone glucuronide could serve as suitable serum markers for measuring androgenicity. Aromatase, localized to sebaceous glands and to both outer as well as inner root sheath cells of anagen terminal hair follicles, may play a "detoxifying" role by removing excess androgens. Pharmacologic development of more potent specific isoenzyme antagonists may lead to better clinical treatment or even prevention of androgen-dependent dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenChieh Chen
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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43
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Qiu W, Campbell RL, Gangloff A, Dupuis P, Boivin RP, Tremblay MR, Poirier D, Lin SX. A concerted, rational design of type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors: estradiol-adenosine hybrids with high affinity. FASEB J 2002; 16:1829-31. [PMID: 12223444 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0026fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD type 1) catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of active estrogens that stimulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Based on the initial premise to make use of the binding energies of both the substrate and cofactor sites, and molecular modeling starting from the enzyme structure, several estradiol-adenosine hybrids were designed and synthesized. Among these hybrids, EM-1745 with a linker of 8-CH2 groups is proved to be the best competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 3.0 +/- 0.8 nM. The crystal structure of the EM-1745 enzyme complex at 1.6 A provides evidence at atomic resolution of strong interactions between both the steroid and cofactor moieties and the enzyme molecule, as illustrated by a deltaA-weighted 2Fo-Fc electron density map contoured at 3.0 delta. The substrate entry loop is further stabilized in this complex compared with previous complexes of the enzyme. These results confirm our initial strategy of combining studies of structural biology and enzyme mechanism in the inhibitor design, which may be applied to other steroidogenic enzymes involved in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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44
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Poirier D, Ciobanu LC, Bérubé M. A multidetachable sulfamate linker successfully used in a solid-Phase strategy to generate libraries of sulfamate and phenol derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2833-8. [PMID: 12270157 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sulfamates and phenols constitute two families of compounds with numerous interesting biological properties. Using the ability of a new multidetachable sulfamate linker to generate these two families of compounds from the same resin, we designed and synthesized libraries of estradiol derivatives, sulfamoylated or not. A C-16beta side chain was then judiciously diversified to target two key steroidogenic enzymes, the steroid sulfates and the type 1 17beta-HSD. Four libraries of sulfamate and phenol derivatives were easily obtained by solid-phase parallel synthesis in good crude overall yields (13-62%) and HPLC purities (85-96%). Such strategy using the new two-in-line sulfamate linker could be also extended to other therapeutic targets than steroidogenic enzymes, thus adding to its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center and Laval University, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, Qc, Canada.
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45
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46
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Kim ND, Mehta R, Yu W, Neeman I, Livney T, Amichay A, Poirier D, Nicholls P, Kirby A, Jiang W, Mansel R, Ramachandran C, Rabi T, Kaplan B, Lansky E. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 71:203-17. [PMID: 12002340 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014405730585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fresh organically grown pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) of the Wonderful cultivar were processed into three components: fermented juice, aqueous pericarp extract and cold-pressed or supercritical CO2-extracted seed oil. Exposure to additional solvents yielded polyphenol-rich fractions ('polyphenols') from each of the three components. Their actions, and of the crude whole oil and crude fermented and unfermented juice concentrate, were assessed in vitro for possible chemopreventive or adjuvant therapeutic potential in human breast cancer. The ability to effect a blockade of endogenous active estrogen biosynthesis was shown by polyphenols from fermented juice, pericarp, and oil, which inhibited aromatase activity by 60-80%. Fermented juice and pericarp polyphenols, and whole seed oil, inhibited 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 from 34 to 79%, at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1,000 microg/ml according to seed oil >> fermented juice polyphenols > pericarp polyphenols. In a yeast estrogen screen (YES) lyophilized fresh pomegranate juice effected a 55% inhibition of the estrogenic activity of 17-beta-estradiol; whereas the lyophilized juice by itself displayed only minimal estrogenic action. Inhibition of cell lines by fermented juice and pericarp polyphenols was according to estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) >> estrogen-independent (MB-MDA-231) > normal human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). In both MCF-7 and MB-MDA-231 cells, fermented pomegranate juice polyphenols consistently showed about twice the anti-proliferative effect as fresh pomegranate juice polyphenols. Pomegranate seed oil effected 90% inhibition of proliferation of MCF-7 at 100 microg/ml medium, 75% inhibition of invasion of MCF-7 across a Matrigel membrane at 10 microg/ml, and 54% apoptosis in MDA-MB-435 estrogen receptor negative metastatic human breast cancer cells at 50 microg/ml. In a murine mammary gland organ culture, fermented juice polyphenols effected 47% inhibition of cancerous lesion formation induced by the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The findings suggest that clinical trials to further assess chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic applications of pomegranate in human breast cancer may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Korea
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Breitling R, Laubner D, Adamski J. Structure-based phylogenetic analysis of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases and reclassification of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:2154-61. [PMID: 11719564 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (SCAD) constitute a large and diverse family of ancient origin. Several of its members play an important role in human physiology and disease, especially in the metabolism of steroid substrates (e.g., prostaglandins, estrogens, androgens, and corticosteroids). Their involvement in common human disorders such as endocrine-related cancer, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer disease makes them an important candidate for drug targets. Recent phylogenetic analysis of SCAD is incomplete and does not allow any conclusions on very ancient divergences or on a functional characterization of novel proteins within this complex family. We have developed a 3D structure-based approach to establish the deep-branching pattern within the SCAD family. In this approach, pairwise superpositions of X-ray structures were used to calculate similarity scores as an input for a tree-building algorithm. The resulting phylogeny was validated by comparison with the results of sequence-based algorithms and biochemical data. It was possible to use the 3D data as a template for the reliable determination of the phylogenetic position of novel proteins as a first step toward functional predictions. We were able to discern new patterns in the phylogenetic relationships of the SCAD family, including a basal dichotomy of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs). These data provide an important contribution toward the development of type-specific inhibitors for 17beta-HSDs for the treatment and prevention of disease. Our structure-based phylogenetic approach can also be applied to increase the reliability of evolutionary reconstructions in other large protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Breitling
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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48
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Tremblay MR, Lin SX, Poirier D. Chemical synthesis of 16beta-propylaminoacyl derivatives of estradiol and their inhibitory potency on type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and binding affinity on steroid receptors. Steroids 2001; 66:821-31. [PMID: 11576622 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(01)00116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) are members of a family of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of weakly active sexual hormones (ketosteroids) and potent hormones (17beta-hydroxysteroids). Among the known isoforms of 17beta-HSD, the type 1 catalyzes the NAD(P)H-mediated reduction of estrone (E(1)) to estradiol (E(2)), a predominant mitogen for the breast cancer cells. Therefore, the inhibition of this particular enzyme is a logical approach to reduce the concentration of estradiol in breast tumors. To develop inhibitors of type 1 17beta-HSD activity, we hypothesized that molecules containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components should be interesting candidates for interacting with both the steroid binding domain and some amino acid residues of the cofactor binding domain of the enzyme. Firstly, a conveniently protected 16beta-(3-aminopropyl)-E(2) derivative was synthesized from commercially available E(1). Then, a representative of all class of NHBoc-protected amino acids (basic, acid, aromatic, aliphatic, hydroxylated) were coupled using standard procedures to the amino group of the precursor. Finally, cleavage of all protecting groups was performed in a single step to generate a series of 16beta-propylaminoacyl derivatives of E(2). The enzymatic screening revealed that none of the novel compounds can inhibit the reductive activity of type 1 17beta-HSD. On the other hand, all of these E(2) derivatives did not show any significant binding affinity on four steroid receptors including the estrogen receptor. Additional efforts aimed at improving the inhibitory potency of these steroidal derivatives on type 1 17beta-HSD without providing estrogenic activities is under investigation using a combinatorial chemistry approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Tremblay
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Poirier D, Bydal P, Tremblay MR, Sam KM, Luu-The V. Inhibitors of type II 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:119-28. [PMID: 11165020 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) are involved in the last step of the biosynthesis of sex steroids from cholesterol. This family of steroidogenic enzymes constitutes an interesting target in the control of the concentration of estrogens and androgens. Among the isoforms of 17beta-HSD, type II preferentially catalyzes the oxidation of estradiol (E(2)), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-DHP). Based on structure-activity relationship studies, we have developed steroidal spirolactones as inhibitors of type II 17beta-HSD using different steroid nuclei: a C18-steroid (lactones 1 and 10), an antiestrogenic nucleus (lactone 2), and a C19-steroid (lactone 28). We know these inhibitors are selective for type II 17beta-HSD as no or only weak inhibition was observed for types I and III. They also have no proliferative (androgenic) activity on androgen sensitive (AR(+)) Shionogi cells whereas their proliferative (estrogenic) activity on estrogen sensitive (ER(+)) ZR-75-1 cells depends on the nature of the steroid nucleus. Lactones 1 and 10 are weak estrogens, while lactones 2 and 28 do not exert estrogenic activity, in fact lactone 2 is an antiestrogen. Lactones 1, 2, 10 and 28 were also tested in an identical assay with a series of enzyme substrates, C19-steroid diols, and known inhibitors, for the oxidation of testosterone and estradiol into androstenedione and estrone, respectively. From this comparative study, the best inhibitors of type II 17beta-HSD (oxidase activity) were identified, but none of them were clearly more potent than the hydroxylated (reduced) forms of enzyme substrates, E2, T, and DHT. Such inhibitors remain, however, useful tools to, (1) further elucidate the role of type II 17beta-HSD, and (2) regulate the level of active estrogens, androgens and progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Poirier
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Medical Centre (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
In uterine endometrium, the level of estradiol is controlled by oxidative 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD) activity which converts the bioactive hormone to the less active compound estrone. At least three different types of 17HSD (types 2, 4 and 8) use estradiol as their preferred substrate and may contribute to the overall rate of estradiol-inactivation in the uterus. In this study the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) was used for the investigation of the particular contribution of each type of 17HSD. Northern Blots revealed essentially the same tissue distribution as in the human. Likewise, uterine 17HSD enzyme activity increases in the secretory phase of the reproductive cycle, in parallel to the rise in circulating progesterone levels. Northern analysis of uteri from defined time points of the reproductive cycle showed that only the level of 17HSD2 expression is strongly upregulated in the secretory phase, whereas 17HSD4 and 17HSD8 seem to be expressed constitutively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Husen
- Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany.
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