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Hoang TD, Van Anh N, Yusuf M, Ali S A M, Subramanian Y, Hoang Nam N, Minh Ky N, Le VG, Thi Thanh Huyen N, Abi Bianasari A, K Azad A. Valorization of Agriculture Residues into Value-Added Products: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Studies. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300333. [PMID: 39051717 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Global agricultural by-products usually go to waste, especially in developing countries where agricultural products are usually exported as raw products. Such waste streams, once converted to "value-added" products could be an additional source of revenue while simultaneously having positive impacts on the socio-economic well-being of local people. We highlight the utilization of thermochemical techniques to activate and convert agricultural waste streams such as rice and straw husk, coconut fiber, coffee wastes, and okara power wastes commonly found in the world into porous activated carbons and biofuels. Such activated carbons are suitable for various applications in environmental remediation, climate mitigation, energy storage, and conversions such as batteries and supercapacitors, in improving crop productivity and producing useful biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Dung Hoang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Vietam National Univeristy Hanoi -, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Arts, 144 Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Anh
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Muhammed Ali S A
- Fuel Cell Institute, (CETRI), Universiti Kebangsasn Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Yathavan Subramanian
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Nam
- Faculty of Environment, Climate change and Urban Studies, National Economics University, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Ky
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Giang Le
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University (CRES-VNU), Hanoi, 111000, Vietnam
| | | | - Alien Abi Bianasari
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Abul K Azad
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
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El-Hashemy MAES, Alotaibi NF. Purification of benzene-laden air by static adsorption of benzene onto activated carbon prepared from Diplotaxis acris biomass. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:1763-1777. [DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Gayathiri M, Pulingam T, Lee KT, Sudesh K. Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: Factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133764. [PMID: 35093418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of activated carbon is evidenced by the increased scope of carbon-based applications in various industrial applications including pharmaceutical antidotes, wastewater remediation, aquaculture and toxin removal. Activated carbon produced from biomass waste by various processing methods and conditions is emerging as a promising adsorbent for remediation of the ecosystem due to extensive discharge of pollutants. Methods of producing activated carbon, nature of lignocellulosic biomass waste, and interaction of adsorbent-adsorbate are some of the crucial factors that need to be scrutinized to produce an effective adsorbent. However, these factors have not been thoroughly discussed in the literature. Activated carbon needs to go through continuous and rigorous research and development through optimization of key parameters such as type of activation (physical/chemical) and processing conditions, especially for large-scale production. It is imperative to have a detailed understanding of the preeminent characteristics of the activated carbon such as pore size distribution, total pore volume, surface area, and yield of activated carbon that control the extents of adsorptions and production of activated carbon. To further clarify the involved mechanism, studies should focus on all the possible variables that influence the system. Therefore, this review provides a better understanding of factors that affect the production of an efficient activated carbon, important properties to be used as an adsorbent, and the involved mechanisms during the adsorption process followed by increasing demand for activated carbon in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniandy Gayathiri
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Thiruchelvi Pulingam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - K T Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Penang, Malaysia.
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Yadav VK, Yadav KK, Tirth V, Gnanamoorthy G, Gupta N, Algahtani A, Islam S, Choudhary N, Modi S, Jeon BH. Extraction of Value-Added Minerals from Various Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Wastes. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216333. [PMID: 34771859 PMCID: PMC8585478 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, P P Savani University, Kosamba, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India;
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, India;
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Asir, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindhan Gnanamoorthy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai 660025, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Nitin Gupta
- School of Nanosciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India; (N.G.); (N.C.)
| | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Asir, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nisha Choudhary
- School of Nanosciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India; (N.G.); (N.C.)
| | - Shreya Modi
- Department of microbiology, Shri Sarvajanik Science College, Mehsana 384001, Gujarat, India;
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Non-thermal treatment for the stabilisation of liquid food using a tubular cellulose filter from corn stalks. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Reusing Cow Manure for the Production of Activated Carbon Using Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Activation Process and Its Liquid-Phase Adsorption Performance. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, cow manure (CM) was reused as a potential precursor in the production of activated carbon (AC) using a potassium hydroxide activation process at different temperatures (i.e., 500, 600 and 700 °C). The optimal activated carbon from cow manure (CM-AC) with high specific surface area (ca. 950 m2/g) was further investigated for its adsorption performance in the removal of a model compound (i.e., methylene blue) from aqueous solution with various initial concentrations and adsorbent dosages at 25 °C. It was found that the resulting AC could be an effective adsorbent for removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution in comparison with a commercial coal-based AC. Based on the observations of the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the CM-AC adsorbent has a stronger interaction with the cationic compound due to its more oxygen-containing complex on the surface. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetic parameters fitted using the pseudo-second order model with high correlations were in accordance with their pore properties.
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang P, Liu N. Preparation of pickling-reheating activated alfalfa biochar with high adsorption efficiency for p-nitrophenol: characterization, adsorption behavior, and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15300-15313. [PMID: 30927224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption properties of alfalfa biochar, which is produced via high-temperature pyrolysis for 3 h, were improved by activating it with acid pickling and reheating for 2 h (named AB). The alfalfa biochar prepared under various conditions, such as ultrapure water washing (named AWB3), acid pickling (named APB3) without reheating and cracking, and pyrolyzing of alfalfa for 5 h before ultrapure water washing (named AWB5) or acid pickling (named APB5), were used as controls. The adsorption capacity of biochars was detected by using p-nitrophenol (PNP) as a model pollutant. The corresponding results showed that the specific surface area (SSA) of AB (119.99 m2 g-1) was substantially higher than those of AWB3 (0.030 m2 g-1), APB3 (2.58 m2 g-1), AWB5 (0.46 m2 g-1), and APB5 (2.10 m2 g-1). The enhancement was primarily a result of the following factor: acid pickling and reheating could effectively remove mineral salts and tars, respectively, thereby opening the inner pores. The removal efficiency for PNP was enhanced from 4.43% (AWB3) and 10.68% (APB3) to 98.35% (AB); further, the adsorption equilibrium data of AB followed the type II Langmuir isotherm well, with a high linear-regression value (R2 = 0.997), low chi-square statistic (χ2 = 0.0009), and RMSE (0.0031). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determination confirmed that hydrogen bonds and π-π EDA interactions participated in the adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Biobased Functional Carbon Materials: Production, Characterization, and Applications-A Review. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091568. [PMID: 30200309 PMCID: PMC6164429 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Even though research on porous carbon materials from biomass dates back to at least hundred years, it is still an extremely relevant topic. These materials can be found in applications that range from those that are widely known, such as water treatment, to others that are newer and indispensable for the transition towards environmentally friendly technologies, such as lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. This review summarizes some of the most relevant research that has been published concerning production technologies, insights on the chemical reaction mechanisms, characterization techniques, as well as some examples of the applications and the properties that the carbon materials must fulfil to be used in those applications.
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Hammani H, Laghrib F, Farahi A, Lahrich S, El Achaby M, El Harfi K, Aboulkas A, Bakasse M, El Mhammedi MA. Date stone based activated carbon/graphite electrode for catechol analysis: physico-chemical properties and application in beverage samples. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is the modification of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) with activated carbon synthesized from date stones using a pyrolysis system followed by physical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Hammani
- Univ. Hassan 1er
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Modélisation Mathématique (LCMM)
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire
- BP 145
- 25 000 Khouribga
| | - F. Laghrib
- Univ. Hassan 1er
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Modélisation Mathématique (LCMM)
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire
- BP 145
- 25 000 Khouribga
| | - A. Farahi
- Univ. Ibn Zohr
- Equipe de Photocatalyse et Environnement
- Faculté de Sciences
- Agadir
- Morocco
| | - S. Lahrich
- Univ. Hassan 1er
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Modélisation Mathématique (LCMM)
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire
- BP 145
- 25 000 Khouribga
| | - M. El Achaby
- Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
- 43150 Benguerir
- Morocco
| | - K. El Harfi
- Univ. Sultan Moulay Slimane
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire
- 23000 Béni Mellal
- Morocco
| | - A. Aboulkas
- Univ. Sultan Moulay Slimane
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire
- 23000 Béni Mellal
- Morocco
| | - M. Bakasse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Bioorganique et Environnement
- Faculté de Sciences
- Université Chouaib Doukkali
- Morocco
| | - M. A. El Mhammedi
- Univ. Hassan 1er
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Modélisation Mathématique (LCMM)
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire
- BP 145
- 25 000 Khouribga
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Toprak A. Examination of the Effects of Activated Carbon Produced from Coal Using Single-Step H3PO4/N2+H2O Vapor Activation on the Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin at Different Temperatures and pH Values. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.341336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Toprak A, Kopac T. Carbon Dioxide Adsorption Using High Surface Area Activated Carbons from Local Coals Modified by KOH, NaOH and ZnCl2 Agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2016-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activated carbons of various features were produced by the impregnation of local coal samples that were taken from Kilimli region of Zonguldak (Turkey) with chemical agents KOH, NaOH and ZnCl2 at different temperatures (600–800 °C) and concentrations (1:1–6:1 agent:coal), for their evaluation in CO2 adsorption studies. BET, DR, t-plot and DFT methods were used for the characterization of carbon samples based on N2 adsorption data obtained at 77 K. The pore sizes of activated carbons produced were generally observed to be in between 13–25 Å, containing highly micropores. Mesopore formations were higher in samples treated with ZnCl2. The highest value for the BET surface area was found as 2,599 m2 g−1 for the samples treated with KOH at 800 °C with a KOH to coal ratio of 4:1. It was observed that the CO2 adsorption capacities obtained at atmospheric pressure and 273 K were considerably affected by the micropore volume and surface area. The highest CO2 adsorption capacities were found as 9.09 mmol/g (28.57 % wt) and 8.25 mmol g−1 (26.65 % wt) for the samples obtained with KOH and NaOH treatments, respectively, at ratio of 4:1. The activated carbons produced were ordered as KOH>NaOH>ZnCl2, according to their surface areas, micropore volumes and CO2 adsorption capacities. The low-cost experimental methods developed by the utilization of local coals in this study enabled an effective capture of CO2 before its emission to atmosphere.
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Azimi A, Azari A, Rezakazemi M, Ansarpour M. Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewaters: A Review. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Azimi
- Persian Gulf University; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering; 7516913817 Bushehr Iran
| | - Ahmad Azari
- Persian Gulf University; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering; 7516913817 Bushehr Iran
| | - Mashallah Rezakazemi
- Shahrood University of Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering; 3619995161 Shahrood Iran
| | - Meisam Ansarpour
- Persian Gulf University; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering; 7516913817 Bushehr Iran
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Tang S, Chen Y, Xie R, Jiang W, Jiang Y. Preparation of activated carbon from corn cob and its adsorption behavior on Cr(VI) removal. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:2654-2661. [PMID: 27232401 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Operation experiments were conducted to optimize the preparation of activated carbons from corn cob. The Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of the produced activated carbons was also evaluated. The impact of the adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial solution pH and temperature was studied. The results showed that the produced corn cob activated carbon had a good Cr(VI) adsorptive capacity; the theoretical maximum adsorption was 34.48 mg g(-1) at 298 K. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and iodine adsorption value of the produced activated carbon could be 924.9 m(2) g(-1) and 1,188 mg g(-1), respectively. Under the initial Cr(VI) concentration of 10 mg L(-1) and the original solution pH of 5.8, an adsorption equilibrium was reached after 4 h, and Cr(VI) removal rate was from 78.9 to 100% with an adsorbent's dosage increased from 0.5 to 0.7 g L(-1). The kinetics and equilibrium data agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The equilibrium adsorption capacity improved with the increment of the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Ruzhen Xie
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Wenju Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Yanxin Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
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Biagini E, Barontini F, Tognotti L. Gasification of agricultural residues in a demonstrative plant: corn cobs. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 173:110-116. [PMID: 25299486 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomass gasification couples the high power efficiency with the possibility of valuably using the byproducts heat and biochar. The use of agricultural wastes instead of woody feedstock extends the seasonal availability of biomasses. The downdraft type is the most used reactor but has narrow ranges of feedstock specifications (above all on moisture and particle size distribution), so tests on a demonstrative scale are conducted to prove the versatility of the gasifier. Measurements on pressure drops, syngas flow rate and composition are studied to assess the feasibility of such operations with corn cobs. Material and energy balances, and performance indexes are compared for the four tests carried out under different biomass loads (66-85 kg/h). A good operability of the plant and interesting results are obtained (gas specific production of 2 m3/kg, gas heating value 5.6-5.8 MJ/m3, cold gas efficiency in the range 66-68%, potential net power efficiency 21.1-21.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Biagini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale (DICI), Università di Pisa, L. Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Barontini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale (DICI), Università di Pisa, L. Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario Biomasse da Energia (CRIBE), Via vecchia di Marina, 6, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tognotti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale (DICI), Università di Pisa, L. Lazzarino, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario Biomasse da Energia (CRIBE), Via vecchia di Marina, 6, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Preparation of activated carbon using micro-nano carbon spheres through chemical activation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hirunpraditkoon S, Srinophakun P, Sombun N, Moore EJ. SYNTHESIS OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM JATROPHA SEED COAT AND APPLICATION TO ADSORPTION OF IODINE AND METHYLENE BLUE. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2013.828611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stratford JP, Hutchings TR, de Leij FAAM. Intrinsic activation: the relationship between biomass inorganic content and porosity formation during pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 159:104-111. [PMID: 24632632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The utility of pyrolytic carbons is closely related to their porosity and surface area, there is a clear benefit to the development of biomass pyrolysis processes which produce highly porous carbons. The results presented in this work demonstrate that by using biomass precursors with high inorganic content along with specified process conditions, carbons can be consistently produced with specific surface areas between 900 and 1600 m(2)/g. Results from 12 different source materials show that the formation of increased porosity in pyrolytic carbons is strongly associated with the presence of inorganic elements in the precursors including: magnesium, potassium and sulfur. It was found that pyrolysis of macro-algae can produce especially high specific surface area carbons (mean: 1500 m(2)/g), without externally applied activating agents. Using cheap readily available agricultural residues such as oilseed rape straw, pyrolytic carbons can be produced with specific surface areas of around 950 m(2)/g.
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Abstract
The activated carbons (ACs) were prepared by furfural residues with the activation of water vapor. The optimum condition of preparation was investigated by orthogonal experiment. The influences of carbonization temperature and time, activation temperature and time, quantity of steam on the adsorption behavior of the ACs were investigated. The experimental response varied between: 24.7-38.7% for the total yield, 29-162mg/g for the adsorption of methylene blue (AMB), 495.2-904.7 mg/g for the adsorption of iodine (AI), 113.9-524m2/g for the surface areas calculates by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (SBET). The optimal activated carbon is obtained when using 600°C as carbonization temperature, 900°C as activation temperature and 25min as carbonization and activation time. The results indicated that under optimum conditions the methylene blue of AC was 163mg/g, the iodine of AC was 904.7mg/g, the surface areas (SBET) of AC was 524m2/g, and the Yield of AC was 30.6%.
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Hou XX, Deng QF, Ren TZ, Yuan ZY. Adsorption of Cu(2+) and methyl orange from aqueous solutions by activated carbons of corncob-derived char wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8521-8534. [PMID: 23666685 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Corncob-derived char wastes (CCW) obtained from biomass conversion to syngas production through corncob steam gasification, which were often discarded, were utilized for preparation of activated carbon by calcination, and KOH and HNO3 activation treatments, on the view of environment protection and waste recycling. Their adsorption performance in the removal of heavy metal ions and dye molecules from wastewater was evaluated by using Cu(2+) and methyl orange (MO) as the model pollutant. The surface and structure characteristics of the CCW-based activated carbons (CACs) were investigated by N2 adsorption, CO2 adsorption, FT-IR, and He-TPD. The adsorption capacity varied with the activation methods of CACs and different initial solution concentrations, indicating that the adsorption behavior was influenced by not only the surface area and porosity but also the oxygen functional groups on the surface of the CACs. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed with the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models, and the adsorption kinetics was evaluated by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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20
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Hadi P, Barford J, McKay G. Toxic heavy metal capture using a novel electronic waste-based material-mechanism, modeling and comparison. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8248-8255. [PMID: 23837660 DOI: 10.1021/es4001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the modern communication era, the disposal of printed circuit boards is ecologically of dire concern on a global scale. The two prevalent methods applied for the disposal of this waste are either incineration or landfilling both of which are viewed with skepticism due to their negative environmental impact. Activation of the nonmetallic fraction of this waste leads to the development of a mesoporous material with highly functional groups which can potentially be applied for heavy metal uptake. The removal of copper, lead, and zinc was studied employing a cost-effective novel adsorbent based on waste printed circuit boards. The results indicate that the modification of the original e-waste material has a considerable effect on its surface area enhancement. Adsorption experiments revealed that the modified novel material had uptake capacities of 2.9 mmol Cu, 3.4 mmol Pb, and 2.0 mmol Zn per each gram of the adsorbent which are significantly higher values than its commercial counterparts used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Hadi
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong SAR
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Hadi P, Gao P, Barford JP, McKay G. Novel application of the nonmetallic fraction of the recycled printed circuit boards as a toxic heavy metal adsorbent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 252-253:166-70. [PMID: 23523907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) constitute one of the major sources of toxicity in landfill areas throughout the world. Hence, PCB recycling and separation of its metallic and nonmetallic components has been considered a major ecological breakthrough. Many studies focus on the metallic fraction of the PCBs due to its economic benefits whereas the nonmetallic powder (NMP) has been left isolated. In this work, the feasibility of using NMP as an adsorbent to remove charged toxic heavy metal ions have been studied and its efficiency has been compared with two widely-used commercial adsorbents. The results indicated that the virgin NMP material has no adsorption capacity, while the application of an activation stage to modify the NMP process has a significant effect on its porosity and thus adsorption capacity. The Cu and Pb removal capacity of the activated sample (A-NMP) at a pH level of 4 was 3 mmol and 3.4 mmol per gram of the adsorbent, respectively, which was considerably higher than the commercial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Hadi
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong.
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22
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Effects of fruiting body extracts of Lentinus edodes cultivated using corn cob on biological activities. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-012-0209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Yi H, Deng H, Yang L, Tang XL, Yu Q, Ye Z. Preparation of Activated Carbons from Tobacco Stems by Potassium Hydroxide Activation and Phosphine Adsorption. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.710703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Khan MA, Ahn YT, Kumar M, Lee W, Min B, Kim G, Cho DW, Park WB, Jeon BH. Adsorption Studies for the Removal of Nitrate Using Modified Lignite Granular Activated Carbon. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2011.601782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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25
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Özçimen D, Ersoy-Meriçboyu A. Adsorption of Copper(II) Ions onto Hazelnut Shell and Apricot Stone Activated Carbons. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.28.4.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Özçimen
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler 34201, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Ersoy-Meriçboyu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ozçimen D, Ersoy-Meriçboyu A. Removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto chestnut shell and grapeseed activated carbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 168:1118-1125. [PMID: 19342167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbons prepared from chestnut shell and grapeseed were used as adsorbent for the removal of Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were performed by varying initial metal ion concentration, temperature and pH. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data obtained at different adsorption conditions. It was observed that Freundlich isotherm provided better fit to the equilibrium data than Langmuir isotherm. Effects of temperature, pH and adsorbent surface area on the adsorption capacity constant of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were statistically investigated by using a two-level factorial design technique and empirical regression equations were developed. It was determined that the adsorption capacities of adsorbents increased with increasing temperature, pH and surface area. The SEM images of adsorbents before and after adsorption were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ozçimen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
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27
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Balathanigaimani MS, Shim WG, Kim C, Lee JW, Moon H. Surface structural characterization of highly porous activated carbon prepared from corn grain. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Tu WK, Shie JL, Chang CY, Chang CF, Lin CF, Yang SY, Kuo JT, Shaw DG, You YD, Lee DJ. Products and bioenergy from the pyrolysis of rice straw via radio frequency plasma and its kinetics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:2052-2061. [PMID: 19046633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The radio frequency plasma pyrolysis technology, which can overcome the disadvantages of common pyrolysis methods such as less gas products while significant tar formation, was used for pyrolyzing the biomass waste of rice straw. The experiments were performed at various plateau temperatures of 740, 813, 843 and 880K with corresponding loading powers of 357, 482, 574 and 664W, respectively. The corresponding yields of gas products (excluding nitrogen) from rice straw are 30.7, 56.6, 62.5 and 66.5wt.% with respect to the original dried sample and the corresponding specific heating values gained from gas products are about 4548, 4284, 4469 and 4438kcalkg(-1), respectively, for the said cases. The corresponding combustible portions remained in the solid residues are about 64.7, 35, 28.2 and 23.5wt.% with specific heating values of 4106, 4438, 4328 and 4251kcalkg(-1) with respective to solid residues, while that in the original dried sample is 87.2wt.% with specific heating value of 4042kcalkg(-1). The results indicated that the amount of combustibles converted into gas products increases with increasing plateau temperature. The kinetic model employed to describe the pyrolytic conversion of rice straw at constant temperatures agrees well with the experimental data. The best curve fittings render the frequency factor of 5759.5s(-1), activation energy of 74.29kJ mol(-1) and reaction order of 0.5. Data and information obtained are useful for the future design and operation of pyrolysis of rice straw via radio frequency plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Tu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Choushan Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Aworn A, Thiravetyan P, Nakbanpote W. Preparation of CO2 activated carbon from corncob for monoethylene glycol adsorption. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Tserkezou P. Corn and rice waste: a comparative and critical presentation of methods and current and potential uses of treated waste. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Influence of carbon dioxide partial pressure and fluidization velocity on activated carbons prepared from scrap car tyre in a fluidized bed. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Elizalde-González MP, Geyer W, Guevara-Villa MR, Mattusch J, Peláez-Cid AA, Wennrich R. Characterization of an adsorbent prepared from maize waste and adsorption of three classes of textile dyes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Okieimen FE, Imanah JE. Studies in the utilization of agricultural waste products as filler in natural rubber compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Tsai WT, Hsien KJ, Lai CW. Chemical Activation of Spent Diatomaceous Earth by Alkaline Etching in the Preparation of Mesoporous Adsorbents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0400651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tien Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jong Hsien
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Lai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
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35
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Kim YJ, Kim MI, Yun CH, Chang JY, Park CR, Inagaki M. Comparative study of carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheric effects on the chemical structure changes during pyrolysis of phenol–formaldehyde spheres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 274:555-62. [PMID: 15144830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of CO(2) atmosphere on the chemical structure changes of resol-type phenol-formaldehyde spheres during pyrolysis was investigated, in comparison with that of N(2) atmosphere, using FT-IR, TGA, and elemental analysis techniques. It was found that, in contrast to the expectation that CO(2) may act as an oxidizing agent at high temperature, it behaves very similar to N(2) during pyrolysis of PF spheres up to 700 degree C, but results in a somewhat different extent of some specific reactions. That is, although the reactions occurring up to 700 degree C were dominated by crosslinking and/or polyaromatization under both CO(2) and N(2) atmospheres, fewer alkyl-phenolic ether bonds were formed under CO(2) than under N(2). As a consequence, the samples carbonized under CO(2) at 700 degree C were found to have more pendant groups on the edge carbon atoms of carbon in the carbonized samples than those prepared under N(2) atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jeon Kim
- Enviro-Polymers Design Laboratory, Hyperstructured Organic Materials Research Center (HOMRC), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
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