1
|
Fadel C, Giorgi M. Synopsis of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, applications, and safety of firocoxib in horses. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 19:100286. [PMID: 36684818 PMCID: PMC9852958 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
According to in vitro and in vivo investigations, firocoxib (FX), a second-generation coxib, is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor in horses. With a COX-1/COX-2 IC50 ratio of 643 in horses, FX spares the COX-1 inhibitory effects. It is approved for the treatment of musculoskeletal problems and lameness in horses and dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). For the treatment of OA in horses, both an injectable formulation for IV administration at a dose of 0.09 mg/kg for five days and an oral paste formulation at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg for 14 days are licensed. Numerous analytical methods were reported in the literature to quantify FX in biological fluids, using HPLC and LC-MS. FX presents remarkable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics compared to other coxibs. It has an oral bioavailability of 80% or higher and is effectively absorbed by horses. Its volume of distribution is around 2 L/kg, and it is slowly eliminated. Due to the long elimination half-life (around 2 days), which allows a once daily dosing, a single 0.3 mg/kg loading dose has been recommended. This enables the establishment of steady-state drug concentrations within 24 h, making it appropriate for acute treatment as well. Its IC80 is equal to 103 ng/mL in whole blood and, with an EC50 of 27 ng/mL, it has the highest affinity for its receptor compared to the other commonly administered NSAIDs in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cuesta SA, Meneses L. The Role of Organic Small Molecules in Pain Management. Molecules 2021; 26:4029. [PMID: 34279369 PMCID: PMC8271912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, a timeline starting at the willow bark and ending in the latest discoveries of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs will be discussed. Furthermore, the chemical features of the different small organic molecules that have been used in pain management will be studied. Then, the mechanism of different types of pain will be assessed, including neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, and the relationship found between oxidative stress and pain. This will include obtaining insights into the cyclooxygenase action mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as ibuprofen and etoricoxib and the structural difference between the two cyclooxygenase isoforms leading to a selective inhibition, the action mechanism of pregabalin and its use in chronic neuropathic pain, new theories and studies on the analgesic action mechanism of paracetamol and how changes in its structure can lead to better characteristics of this drug, and cannabinoid action mechanism in managing pain through a cannabinoid receptor mechanism. Finally, an overview of the different approaches science is taking to develop more efficient molecules for pain treatment will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 Apartado, Quito 17-01-2184, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Meneses
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 Apartado, Quito 17-01-2184, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin Z, Xi Y, Zhang S, Tu G, Yan A. Classification of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Using Support Vector Machine and Random Forest Methods. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:1988-2008. [PMID: 30762371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the classification study conducted on the biggest COX-2 inhibitor data set so far. Using 2925 diverse COX-2 inhibitors collected from 168 pieces of literature, we applied machine learning methods, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), to develop 12 classification models. The best SVM and RF models resulted in MCC values of 0.73 and 0.72, respectively. The 2925 COX-2 inhibitors were reduced to a data set of 1630 molecules by removing intermediately active inhibitors, and 12 new classification models were constructed, yielding MCC values above 0.72. The best MCC value of the external test set was predicted to be 0.68 by the RF model using ECFP_4 fingerprints. Moreover, the 2925 COX-2 inhibitors were clustered into eight subsets, and the structural features of each subset were investigated. We identified substructures important for activity including halogen, carboxyl, sulfonamide, and methanesulfonyl groups, as well as the aromatic nitrogen atoms. The models developed in this study could serve as useful tools for compound screening prior to lab tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Yao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Shengde Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Guiping Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Aixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xi Y, Qin Z, Yan A. SAR and QSAR models of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 29:755-784. [PMID: 30274533 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1513952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is one isoform of COX, and it is a main target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is important to develop efficient and selective COX-1 inhibitors. In this work, 12 classification models for 1530 cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors were built by support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) methods. The best classification model (model 1A) was built by SVM with MACCS fingerprints. The classification accuracies for the training and test sets were 99.67% and 97.39%, respectively. The Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of the test set was 0.94. We also divided the 1530 COX-1 inhibitors into nine subsets according to their different scaffolds using Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM). In addition, six quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for 181 COX-1 inhibitors whose IC50 were measured by enzyme immunoassay were built by multiple linear regression (MLR) and SVM. The best QSAR model (model 5A) was built by SVM with CORINA Symphony descriptors. The correlation coefficients of the training and test sets are 0.93 and 0.84, respectively. The models built in this study can be obtained from the authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Xi
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P. R . China
| | - Z Qin
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P. R . China
| | - A Yan
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , P. R . China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suthar SK, Sharma M. Recent Developments in Chimeric NSAIDs as Safer Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:341-407. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boukouvalas J, Albert V, Loach RP, Lafleur-Lambert R. Unified route to asymmetrically substituted butenolide, maleic anhydride, and maleimide constituents of Antrodia camphorata. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
7
|
Scarth JP, Teale P, Kuuranne T. Drug metabolism in the horse: a review. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:19-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
Eren G, Unlü S, Nuñez MT, Labeaga L, Ledo F, Entrena A, Banoğlu E, Costantino G, Sahin MF. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of novel heterocyclic diaryl compounds as selective COX-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6367-76. [PMID: 20692174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three novel series of diaryl heterocyclic derivatives bearing the 2-oxo-5H-furan, 2-oxo-3H-1,3-oxazole, and 1H-pyrazole moieties as the central heterocyclic ring were synthesized and their in vitro inhibitory activities on COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms were evaluated using a purified enzyme assay. The 2-oxo-5H-furan derivative 6b was identified as potent COX inhibitor with selectivity toward COX-1 (COX-1 IC(50)=0.061 microM and COX-2 IC(50)=0.325 microM; selectivity index (SI)=0.19). Among the 1H-pyrazole derivatives, 11b was found to be a potent COX-2 inhibitor, about 38 times more potent than Rofecoxib (COX-2 IC(50)=0.011 microM and 0.398 microM, respectively), but showed no selectivity for COX-2 isoform. Compound 11c demonstrated strong and selective COX-2 inhibitory activity (COX-1 IC(50)=1 microM, COX-2 IC(50)=0.011 microM; SI= approximately 92). Molecular docking studies of compounds 6b and 11b-d into the binding sites of COX-1 and COX-2 allowed to shed light on the binding mode of these novel COX inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Eren
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cho CH, Neuenswander B, Larock RC. Diverse methyl sulfone-containing benzo[b]thiophene library via iodocyclization and palladium-catalyzed coupling. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 12:278-85. [PMID: 20055500 PMCID: PMC2834800 DOI: 10.1021/cc900172u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parallel solution-phase methods for the synthesis of a 72-membered benzo[b]thiophene library are reported. Medicinally interesting, drug-like, methyl sulfone-substituted benzo[b]thiophenes have been prepared by the palladium-catalyzed substitution of 3-iodobenzo[b]thiophenes by Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira, Heck, carboalkoxylation, and aminocarbonylation chemistry. The key intermediates for library generation, methyl sulfone-containing 3-iodobenzo[b]thiophenes, are readily prepared by iodocyclization and oxidation methodologies from readily available alkynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hee Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Benjamin Neuenswander
- University of Kansas NIH Center of Excellence in Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Structural Examination of 6-Methylsulphonylphenanthro- [9,10-C]-furan-1(3H)-one-A Rofecoxib Degradation Product. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:369-378. [PMID: 27713256 PMCID: PMC4033914 DOI: 10.3390/ph3020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the attempt to discover a new polymorph of rofecoxib (Vioxx®), an unexpected product resulted. The product was characterised by chemical composition, thermal behaviour and structure and found to be 6-methylsulphonylphenanthro-[9,10-C] furan-1(3H)-one, a photo-cyclization degradation product of rofecoxib. This is a significant finding because it indicates that without appropriate control of the recrystallisation procedures, the structural integrity of rofecoxib may be seriously compromised.
Collapse
|
11
|
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of the major metabolites of imrecoxib. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2270-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Calin A. Celecoxib and ankylosing spondylitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2008; 4:339-49. [PMID: 20476924 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is now over 100 years since the arrival of aspirin and, from the mid-20th Century onwards, we have seen numerous attempts at providing society with safer and more efficacious nonsteroidal drugs. Ironically, while aspirin went from strength to strength with an ever-increasing pharmaceutical profile, new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs arrived and disappeared with rapid succession. Finally, there appears to have been a breakthrough with the development of the coxibs but concern has recently developed because of potential toxic cardiovascular reactions. Although originally studied in rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative arthropathy, the coxibs have now been investigated in ankylosing spondylitis and efficacy appears to be favorable and, to date, there is little evidence of toxicity, although problems in the nonspondylarthropathic arena may spill over into the seronegative spondylarthritides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Calin
- The Coach House, Linden Gardens, Bath, BA1 2YB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kvaternick V, Pollmeier M, Fischer J, Hanson PD. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of orally administered firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:208-17. [PMID: 17472652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses. Horses were administered either a single oral or intravenous dose of firocoxib at 0.1 mg/kg in a two-period crossover study with 12 animals. The dosage was based on previously determined pharmacodynamic parameters. Oral firocoxib was well absorbed with an average bioavailability (absolute) of 79% and a Cmax of 75 ng/mL at 3.9 h. The average elimination half-life was 30 h. Following intravenous administration the average Cmax was 210 ng/mL and the elimination half-life was 34 h. The area under the curve [AUC(0-tlast)] was 1.8 microg.h/mL for the oral dose and 2.3 microg.h/mL for the intravenous dose. Firocoxib was widely distributed with a volume of distribution value of 1.7 L/kg for the intravenous dose. Biotransformation of firocoxib was via dealkylation and glucuronidation to inactive metabolites, namely descyclopropylmethylfirocoxib and its glucuronide conjugate. Urinary excretion was the major route of elimination, and the clearance rate was 37 mL/h/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Kvaternick
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merial Limited, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cruz-López O, Díaz-Mochón JJ, Campos JM, Entrena A, Núñez MT, Labeaga L, Orjales A, Gallo MA, Espinosa A. Design, Syntheses, Biological Evaluation, and Docking Studies of 2-Substituted 5-Methylsulfonyl-1-Phenyl-1H-Indoles: Potent and Selective in vitro Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:88-100. [PMID: 17131462 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Four series of 5-methylsulfonyl-1-phenyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid alkyl esters (family A), -2-carbonitriles (family B), -2-carboxamides (family C), and 2-benzoyl-5-methylsulfonyl-1-phenyl-1H-indoles (family D) were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit purified cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Family D compounds have the best COX-1/COX-2 inhibition ratios and potencies. According to docking studies, these molecules appear to bind the COX-2 binding site differently than indomethacin, with the insertion of the substituent at the 2-position in the hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme and the 1-position phenyl ring in the trifluoromethyl zone. Among the group of compounds evaluated, 2-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylsulfonyl-1H-indole and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylsulfonyl-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indole emerged as the most potent (respective IC(50) values: 46 and 43 nM), and selective (respective selectivity indexes: >2163 and >2331) COX-2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Cruz-López
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, c/Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jacobsson M, Malmberg J, Ellervik U. Aromatic O-glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1266-81. [PMID: 16650391 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates carrying an aromatic aglycon are important natural products and thus key synthetic targets. However, due to the electron-withdrawing properties of aromatic rings, phenols are difficult to glycosylate. This review covers the most common carbohydrate donors used for aromatic O-glycosylation (anomeric acetates, halides, trichloroacetimidates and thioglycosides) as well as some less common donors. The scope of the review is to give practical examples of aromatic O-glycosylations and to offer guidelines for glycosylation of typical aromatic residues. Anomeric acetates or trichloroacetimidates, activated under acidic conditions, are preferred for electron rich aromatic aglycons, while glycosyl halides, activated using basic conditions, are preferred for electron deficient aromatic residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Jacobsson
- Organic Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Facile air oxidation of the conjugate base of rofecoxib (Vioxx™), a possible contributor to chronic human toxicity. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
17
|
Shahapurkar S, Pandya T, Kawathekar N, Chaturvedi SC. Quantitative structure activity relationship studies of diaryl furanones as selective COX-2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:899-904. [PMID: 15782440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective COX-2 inhibitors have attracted much attention in recent times in the design of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID), which are devoid of the common side effects of classical NSAIDs. QSAR studies have been performed on a series of diaryl furanones that acts as selective COX-2 inhibitor using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE). The studies were carried out on 43 analogs. These studies produced good predictive models and give statistically significant correlations of selective COX-2 inhibitory with physical property, connectivity and conformation of molecule. Also when available COX-1 inhibitory data was analyzed with descriptors obtained from MOE, partial charge descriptor, van der Waal's surface area and solvation energy gave statistically significant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shahapurkar
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidylaya, Takshashila Parisar, Khandwa Road, Indore, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu W, Guo Z, Yi X, Guo C, Chu F, Cheng G. Discovery of 2-phenyl-3-sulfonylphenyl-indole derivatives as a new class of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:5539-44. [PMID: 14642598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Sulfonylphenyl-3-phenyl-indole derivatives have been reported to be highly potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors previously. In this paper, the regio-isomeric analogues-2-phenyl-3-sulfonylphenyl-indoles were identified as potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors. This work led to the discovery of compounds 4a and 8a possessing higher activity than Celecoxib on cellular assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Davies NM, Teng XW, Skjodt NM. Pharmacokinetics of rofecoxib: a specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 42:545-56. [PMID: 12793839 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200342060-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rofecoxib is a commonly used specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. Rofecoxib has high bioavailability, poor aqueous solubility, an elimination half-life suitable for daily administration and a volume of distribution approximating body mass. Species-specific, predominantly hepatic, metabolism occurs, with novel enterohepatic circulation in rats and O-glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 2B7 and 2B15 in human liver microsomes. Discrepancies in studies of postoperative analgesia can be putatively explained by known pharmacokinetics. Changes in rofecoxib disposition and pharmacokinetics are evident between races, in elderly patients, in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Despite the selective action of COX-2 inhibitors, there remains the potential for significant drug interactions. Rofecoxib has been shown to have interactions with rifampicin (rifampin), warfarin, lithium and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and theophylline. COX-2 inhibitors represent a major therapeutic advance in terms of gastrointestinal safety; however, long-term safety in other organ systems and with concomitant drug administration still remain to be proven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal M Davies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Noguera Aguilar JF, Amengual Antich I, Pujol Tugores JJ. Dose of rofecoxib in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:309; author reply 310. [PMID: 15069699 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Mencarelli A, Rizzo G, Lorenzo ARD, Baldoni M, Del Soldato P, Morelli A, Wallace JL. Cooperation between aspirin-triggered lipoxin and nitric oxide (NO) mediates antiadhesive properties of 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3-(nitrooxymethyl)phenyl ester (NCX-4016) (NO-aspirin) on neutrophil-endothelial cell adherence. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:1174-82. [PMID: 14762100 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.063651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3-(nitrooxymethyl)phenyl ester (NCX-4016) is a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing derivative of aspirin that inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and releases NO. Acetylation of COX-2 by aspirin activates a transcellular biosynthetic pathway that switches eicosanoid biosynthesis from prostaglandin E(2) to 15-epi-lipoxin (LX)A(4) or aspirin-triggered lipoxin (ATL). Here, we demonstrate that exposure of neutrophil (PMN)/human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cocultures to aspirin and NCX-4016 triggers ATL formation and inhibits cell-to-cell adhesion induced by endotoxin (LPS) and interleukin (IL)-1beta by 70 to 90%. However, although selective and nonselective COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib, rofecoxib, and naproxen) or N-t-butoxycarbonylmethionine-leucine-phenylalanine (Boc-1), an LXA(4) receptor antagonist, reduced the antiadhesive properties of aspirin by approximately 70%, antiadhesive effects of NCX-4016 were only marginally affected ( approximately 30%) by COX inhibitors and Boc-1, implying that COX-independent mechanisms mediate the antiadhesive properties of NCX-4016. Indeed, NCX-4016 causes a long-lasting (up to 12 h) release of NO and cGMP accumulation in HUVEC. Scavenging NO with 10 mM hemoglobin, in the presence of celecoxib, reduced the antiadhesive properties of NCX-4016 by approximately 80%. Confirming a role for NO, the NO donor diethylenetriamine-NO also inhibited PMN/HUVEC adhesion by approximately 80%. NCX-4016, but not aspirin, decreased DNA binding of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) on gel shift analysis and HUVEC's overexpression of CD54 and CD62E induced by LPS/IL-1beta. Reduction of binding of the two NF-kappaB subunits p50-p50 and p50-p65 was reversed by dithiothreitol, implying S-nitrosylation as mechanism of inhibition. In summary, our results support that ATL and NO are formed at the PMN/HUVEC interface after exposure to NCX-4016 and mediate the antiadhesive properties of this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Endoscopia Digestiva, Policlinico Monteluce, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shahapurkar S, Pandya T, Kawathekar N, Chaturvedi SC. Quantitative structure activity relationship studies of diaryl furanones as selective COX-2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:383-8. [PMID: 15072847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Revised: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Selective COX-2 inhibitors have attracted much attention in recent times in the design of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID), which are devoid of the common side effects of classical NSAIDs. QSAR studies have been performed on a series of diaryl furanones that acts as selective COX-2 inhibitor using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE). The studies were carried out on 43 analogs. These studies produced good predictive models and give statistically significant correlations of selective COX-2 inhibitory with physical property, connectivity and conformation of molecule. Also when available COX-1 inhibitory data was analyzed with descriptors obtained from MOE, partial charge descriptor, van der Waal's surface area and solvation energy gave statistically significant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shahapurkar
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidylaya, Takshashila Parisar, Khandwa Road, Indore, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Slaughter D, Takenaga N, Lu P, Assang C, Walsh DJ, Arison BH, Cui D, Halpin RA, Geer LA, Vyas KP, Baillie TA. METABOLISM OF ROFECOXIB IN VITRO USING HUMAN LIVER SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1398-408. [PMID: 14570773 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.11.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of rofecoxib, a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, was examined in vitro using human liver subcellular fractions. The biotransformation of rofecoxib was highly dependent on the subcellular fraction and the redox system used. In liver microsomal incubations, NADPH-dependent oxidation of rofecoxib to 5-hydroxyrofecoxib predominated, whereas NADPH-dependent reduction of rofecoxib to the 3,4-dihydrohydroxy acid metabolites predominated in cytosolic incubations. In incubations with S9 fractions, metabolites resulting from both oxidative and reductive pathways were observed. In contrast to microsomes, the oxidation of rofecoxib to 5-hydroxyrofecoxib by S9 fractions followed two pathways, one NADPH-dependent and one NAD+-dependent (non-cytochrome P450), with the latter accounting for about 40% of total activity. The 5-hydroxyrofecoxib thus formed was found to undergo NADPH-dependent reduction ("back reduction") to rofecoxib in incubations with liver cytosolic fractions. In incubations with dialyzed liver cytosol, net hydration of rofecoxib to form 3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxyrofecoxib was observed, whereas the 3,4-dihydrohydroxy acid derivatives were formed when NADPH was present. Although 3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxyrofecoxib could be reduced to the 3,4-dihydrohydroxy acid by cytosol in the presence of NADPH, the former species does not appear to serve as an intermediate in the overall reductive pathway of rofecoxib metabolism. In incubations of greater than 2 h with S9 fractions, net reductive metabolism predominated over oxidative metabolism. These in vitro results are consistent with previous findings on the metabolism of rofecoxib in vivo in human and provide a valuable insight into mechanistic aspects of the complex metabolism of this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Slaughter
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, WP75-100, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Mencarelli A, Morelli A, Laufor SA, Cirino G, Wallace JL. Evidence that 5-lipoxygenase and acetylated cyclooxygenase 2-derived eicosanoids regulate leukocyte-endothelial adherence in response to aspirin. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:1351-9. [PMID: 12890715 PMCID: PMC1573955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Unlike other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit formation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent eicosanoids, acetylation of COX-2 by aspirin switches eicosanoid biosynthesis from prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) to 15-epi-lipoxin A(4) (15-epi-LXA(4) or aspirin-triggered lipoxin, ATL). ATL formation by activated leukocytes (PMN) requires the intervention of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), an enzyme that is involved in leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) formation. (2) In the present study, we have examined the role of acetylated COX-2 and 5-LOX in modulating antiadhesive effects of aspirin on adhesion of PMN to endotoxin (LPS)-primed human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC). (3) Treating PMN/HUVEC cocultures with aspirin resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell-to-cell adhesion induced by LPS. Treating HUVEC with selective COX-2 inhibitors, celecoxib and rofecoxib, caused an approximately 70% reversion of antiadhesive effect of aspirin. In contrast, inhibition of neutrophil's 5-LOX pathway with 1 micro M ZD2138, a selective 5-LOX inhibitor, 1 micro M BAY-X-1005, a FLAP inhibitor, or 100 micro M licofelone, a dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor, did not affect antiadhesive properties of aspirin. (4) Exposure to celecoxib (100 micro M) or rofecoxib (10 micro M) completely suppressed ATL formation caused by aspirin without affecting LTB(4) levels. ZD2138, licofelone and BAY-X-1005 inhibited ATL formation as well as LTB(4) generation. (5) Treatment with LXA(4) reduced PMN adhesion to HUVEC and counteracted the proadhesive effect of celecoxib. In contrast, exposure to Boc-1, an LXA(4) antagonist, counteracts the antiadhesive activities of aspirin. Exposure to U75302, an LTB(4) receptor antagonist, enhances the antiadesive effect of aspirin. (6) Reversal of antiadhesive activities of aspirin by celecoxib was associated with increased expression of LFA-1 on PMN and E-selectin on HUVEC. Addition of LXA(4), ZD2138 and U75302 inhibited these changes. (7) The present results support the notion that inhibition of ATL formation is mechanistically linked to the reversal of the antiadhesive activity of aspirin caused by selective COX-1 inhibitors and suggests that the LTB(4)/ATL balance modulates pro- and antiadhesive activity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at the leukocyte-endothelial cell interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hu W, Guo Z, Chu F, Bai A, Yi X, Cheng G, Li J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 2-sulfonyl-phenyl-3-phenyl-indoles: a new series of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1153-60. [PMID: 12628642 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of substituted 2-sulfonyphenyl-3-phenyl-indole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit COX-2 and COX-1enzymes. Most of the compounds synthesized were found to be highly potent and selective inhibitors of COX-2. This work led to the discovery of 2-aminosulfonylphenyl-3-phenyl-indole 5a which possesses higher activity and selectivity for COX-2 than Celecoxib both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Padakanti S, Veeramaneni VR, Pattabiraman VR, Pal M, Yeleswarapu KR. A simple and rapid entry to 5-alkyl (aryl)-5-hydroxy-3,4-diarylfuranones and 3a-hydroxy-1-aryl-2,3a,4,5-tetrahydronaphthofuranones via a tandem esterification and oxidative cyclization process. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Krishna Reddy KVSR, Moses Babu J, Dubey PK, Chandra Sekhar B, Om Reddy G, Vyas K. Isolation and characterisation of process-related impurities in rofecoxib. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:355-60. [PMID: 12062697 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two unknown impurities in rofecoxib bulk drug at levels below 0.1% were detected by a simple isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These impurities were isolated from crude sample of rofecoxib using reverse phase preparative HPLC. (1)H, (13)C and Mass spectroscopic investigations revealed the structures of the impurities as 4-[4-(methylsulphonyl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-5-hydroxyfuran-2-one (I) and 4-[4-(methylsulphonyl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-2,5-furandione (II), respectively. These structures were further confirmed by prepared synthetic standards of the impurities. The tentative mechanism for the formation of these impurities was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K V S R Krishna Reddy
- Department of Analytical Research, Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 050, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Halpin RA, Porras AG, Geer LA, Davis MR, Cui D, Doss GA, Woolf E, Musson D, Matthews C, Mazenko R, Schwartz JI, Lasseter KC, Vyas KP, Baillie TA. The disposition and metabolism of rofecoxib, a potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in human subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:684-93. [PMID: 12019196 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.6.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposition and metabolism of rofecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, were examined in healthy human subjects and in cholecystectomy patients. After oral administration of [(14)C]rofecoxib (125 mg, 100 micro Ci) to healthy subjects, the mean concentrations of total radioactivity and rofecoxib in plasma as a function of time indicated that the t(max) was achieved at 9 h postdose. After t(max), levels of both radioactivity and rofecoxib decreased in a parallel, exponential fashion (effective t(1/2) approximately equal 17 h). A similar result was obtained after oral administration of [(14)C]rofecoxib (142 mg, 100 micro Ci) to cholecystectomy patients equipped with an L-tube. In healthy subjects, radioactivity was recovered predominantly from the urine (71.5% of dose), with a small amount excreted in feces (14.2%). In patients with an L-tube, half the radioactive dose was recovered in feces, with a lesser amount excreted in urine (28.8%) and a negligible fraction in bile (1.8%). Rofecoxib underwent extensive metabolism in humans, and very little parent drug was recovered unchanged in urine (<1%). Products resulting from both oxidative and reductive pathways were identified by a combination of (1)H NMR and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses, and included rofecoxib-3',4'-trans-dihydrodiol, 4'-hydroxyrofecoxib-O-beta-D-glucuronide, diastereomeric 5-hydroxyrofecoxib-O-beta-D-glucuronide conjugates, 5-hydroxyrofecoxib, rofecoxib-erythro-3,4-dihydrohydroxy acid, and rofecoxib-threo-3,4-dihydrohydroxy acid. Interconversion of rofecoxib and 5-hydroxyrofecoxib appeared not to be a quantitatively important pathway of rofecoxib disposition in human subjects, in contrast to previous findings in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Halpin
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Callejas NA, Casado M, Boscá L, Martín-Sanz P. Absence of nuclear factor kappaB inhibition by NSAIDs in hepatocytes. Hepatology 2002; 35:341-8. [PMID: 11826407 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.31163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of fetal hepatocytes with proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide promotes the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2), whereas the hepatoma cell line HepG2 exhibits a behavior similar to that described for adult hepatocytes and only expresses NOS-2. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the inflammatory onset was analyzed in these cells since in addition to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity, these drugs interfere with other signaling pathways related with the inflammatory response. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation by aspirin and salicylate has been described in many cells. However, incubation of hepatic cells with salicylate, aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, or 5,5-dimethyl-3(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2(5H)-furanone (DFU), a fluorinated derivative of rofecoxib, failed to impair IkappaB kinase activity, the processing of NF-kappaB, and the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, such as NOS-2. Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors did not promote apoptosis in hepatocytes under inflammatory conditions, suggesting that prostaglandins are not required to maintain cell viability. In conclusion, these data indicate that hepatocytes are not sensitive to NF-kappaB inhibition by NSAIDs and that these drugs, especially the COX-2 selective inhibitors, do not alter cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria A Callejas
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Centro Mixto CSIC-UCM, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- G A FitzGerald
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chauret N, Yergey JA, Brideau C, Friesen RW, Mancini J, Riendeau D, Silva J, Styhler A, Trimble LA, Nicoll-Griffith DA. In vitro metabolism considerations, including activity testing of metabolites, in the discovery and selection of the COX-2 inhibitor etoricoxib (MK-0663). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1059-62. [PMID: 11327589 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the metabolites of the COX-2 inhibitor etoricoxib (MK-0663 and L-791,456) produced in vitro indicate formation of an N-oxide pyridine and hydroxymethyl pyridine that can further be glucuronidated or oxidized to an acid. Significant turnover is observed in human hepatocytes. Several CYPs are involved in the oxidative biotranformations and, from in vitro studies, etoricoxib is not a potent CYP3A4 inducer or inhibitor. Based on an in vitro whole blood assay, none of the metabolites of etoricoxib inhibits COX-1 or contributes significantly to the inhibition of COX-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Chauret
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|