1
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Islam MR, Akash S, Jony MH, Alam MN, Nowrin FT, Rahman MM, Rauf A, Thiruvengadam M. Exploring the potential function of trace elements in human health: a therapeutic perspective. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2141-2171. [PMID: 36637616 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A trace element, known as a minor element, is a chemical element whose concentration is very low. They are divided into essential and non-essential classes. Numerous physiological and metabolic processes in both plants and animals require essential trace elements. These essential trace elements are so directly related to the metabolic and physiologic processes of the organism that either their excess or deficiency can result in severe bodily malfunction or, in the worst situations, death. Elements can be found in nature in various forms and are essential for the body to carry out its varied functions. Trace elements are crucial for biological, chemical, and molecular cell activity. Nutritional deficits can lead to weakened immunity, increased susceptibility to oral and systemic infections, delayed physical and mental development, and lower productivity. Trace element enzymes are involved in many biological and chemical processes. These compounds act as co-factors for a number of enzymes and serve as centers for stabilizing the structures of proteins and enzymes, allowing them to mediate crucial biological processes. Some trace elements control vital biological processes by attaching to molecules on the cell membrane's receptor site or altering the structure of the membrane to prevent specific molecules from entering the cell. Some trace elements are engaged in redox reactions. Trace elements have two purposes. They are required for the regular stability of cellular structures, but when lacking, they might activate alternate routes and induce disorders. Therefore, thoroughly understanding these trace elements is essential for maintaining optimal health and preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Hossain Jony
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Noor Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Feana Tasmim Nowrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Rajagopal K, Dhandayutham S, Nandhagopal M, Narayanasamy M. Study on new series of bis-benzimidazole derivatives synthesis, characterization, single crystal XRD, biological activity and molecular docking. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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3
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Murai Y, Hashimoto M. Heteroaromatic Diazirines Are Essential Building Blocks for Material and Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031408. [PMID: 36771073 PMCID: PMC9921084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In materials (polymer) science and medicinal chemistry, heteroaromatic derivatives play the role of the central skeleton in development of novel devices and discovery of new drugs. On the other hand, (3-trifluoromethyl)phenyldiazirine (TPD) is a crucial chemical method for understanding biological processes such as ligand-receptor, nucleic acid-protein, lipid-protein, and protein-protein interactions. In particular, use of TPD has increased in recent materials science to create novel electric and polymer devices with comparative ease and reduced costs. Therefore, a combination of heteroaromatics and (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine is a promising option for creating better materials and elucidating the unknown mechanisms of action of bioactive heteroaromatic compounds. In this review, a comprehensive synthesis of (3-trifluoromethyl)diazirine-substituted heteroaromatics is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.H.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9030 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-3849 (M.H.)
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.H.); Tel.: +81-11-706-9030 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-3849 (M.H.)
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4
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G AC, Gondru R, Li Y, Banothu J. Coumarin-benzimidazole hybrids: A review of developments in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113921. [PMID: 34715585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin and benzimidazole are privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and are widely used in drug discovery and development due to their vast biological properties. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the individual scaffolds can be improved by developing coumarin-benzimidazole chimeric molecules via molecular hybridization approach. The three major classes of coumarin-benzimidazole hybrids are merged, fused and spacer-linked hybrids. Depending on the substitution position, fused hybrids and spacer-linked hybrids can be further classified as coumarin-C3 hybrids, coumarin-C4 hybrids and coumarin-C5/6/7/8 hybrids. Most of the coumarin-benzimidazole hybrid molecules exhibited potent anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antitubercular, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities. The fused coumarin-C3 hybrid (2), thiomethylene-linked coumarin-C3 hybrid (45), N-glucoside substituted thiomethylene-linked coumarin-C3 hybrid (37c), amide-linked coumarin-C3 hybrid (50a), and sulfonylmethylene-linked coumarin-C4 hybrid (63) were identified as the representative potent anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and antitubercular agents respectively. The biological properties of the different classes of coumarin-benzimidazole hybrids with their structure-activity relationship studies and the mechanism of action studies were presented in this review, aiming to help the researchers across the globe to generate future hybrid molecules as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya C G
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Ramesh Gondru
- Environmental Monitoring & Exposure Assessment (Air) Laboratory, ICMR-NIREH, Bhopal, 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yupeng Li
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.
| | - Janardhan Banothu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India.
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5
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Zhuo LS, Wang MS, Yang JF, Xu HC, Huang W, Shang LQ, Yang GF. Insights into SARS-CoV-2: Medicinal Chemistry Approaches to Combat Its Structural and Functional Biology. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:23. [PMID: 33886017 PMCID: PMC8061463 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still a pandemic around the world. Currently, specific antiviral drugs to control the epidemic remain deficient. Understanding the details of SARS-CoV-2 structural biology is extremely important for development of antiviral agents that will enable regulation of its life cycle. This review focuses on the structural biology and medicinal chemistry of various key proteins (Spike, ACE2, TMPRSS2, RdRp and Mpro) in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, as well as their inhibitors/drug candidates. Representative broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, especially those against the homologous virus SARS-CoV, are summarized with the expectation they will drive the development of effective, broad-spectrum inhibitors against coronaviruses. We are hopeful that this review will be a useful aid for discovery of novel, potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs with excellent therapeutic results in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Sheng Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Chuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Qing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Sebastian A, Srinivasulu V, Abu-Yousef IA, Gorka O, Al-Tel TH. Domino Transformations of Ene/Yne Tethered Salicylaldehyde Derivatives: Pluripotent Platforms for the Construction of High sp 3 Content and Privileged Architectures. Chemistry 2019; 25:15710-15735. [PMID: 31365773 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) has become a powerful synthetic tool that facilitates the construction of nature-inspired and privileged chemical space, particularly for sp3 -rich non-flat scaffolds, which are needed for phenotypic screening campaigns. These diverse compound collections led to the discovery of novel chemotypes that can modulate the protein function in underrepresented biological space. In this context, starting material-driven DOS is one of the most important tools used to build diverse compound libraries with rich stereochemical and scaffold diversity. To this end, ene/yne tethered salicylaldehyde derivatives have emerged as a pluripotent chemical platform, the products of which led to the construction of a privileged chemical space with significant biological activities. In this review, various domino transformations employing o-alkene/alkyne tethered aryl aldehyde/ketone platforms are described and discussed, with emphasis on the period from 2011 to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Sebastian
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Vunnam Srinivasulu
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Imad A Abu-Yousef
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Orive Gorka
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.,College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
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7
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Meanwell NA. Drug-target interactions that involve the replacement or displacement of magnesium ions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5355-5372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Meanwell NA. 2015 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship. Curing Hepatitis C Virus Infection with Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents: The Arc of a Medicinal Chemistry Triumph. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7311-51. [PMID: 27501244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of direct-acting antiviral agents that can cure a chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after 8-12 weeks of daily, well-tolerated therapy has revolutionized the treatment of this insidious disease. In this article, three of Bristol-Myers Squibb's HCV programs are summarized, each of which produced a clinical candidate: the NS3 protease inhibitor asunaprevir (64), marketed as Sunvepra, the NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir (117), marketed as Daklinza, and the allosteric NS5B polymerase inhibitor beclabuvir (142), which is in late stage clinical studies. A clinical study with 64 and 117 established for the first time that a chronic HCV infection could be cured by treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents alone in the absence of interferon. The development of small molecule HCV therapeutics, designed by medicinal chemists, has been hailed as "the arc of a medical triumph" but may equally well be described as "the arc of a medicinal chemistry triumph".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development , Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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10
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Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V, Hayashi Y, Jung SH. An Overview of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL Protease Inhibitors: Peptidomimetics and Small Molecule Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6595-628. [PMID: 26878082 PMCID: PMC7075650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a newly emerged coronavirus that infected more than 8000 individuals and resulted in more than 800 (10-15%) fatalities in 2003. The causative agent of SARS has been identified as a novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and its viral protease, SARS-CoV 3CL(pro), has been shown to be essential for replication and has hence been recognized as a potent drug target for SARS infection. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this epidemic despite the intensive research that has been undertaken since 2003 (over 3500 publications). This perspective focuses on the status of various efficacious anti-SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) chemotherapies discovered during the last 12 years (2003-2015) from all sources, including laboratory synthetic methods, natural products, and virtual screening. We describe here mainly peptidomimetic and small molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV 3CL(pro). Attempts have been made to provide a complete description of the structural features and binding modes of these inhibitors under many conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University
of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College
of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University
of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University
of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College
of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
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11
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Roopashree R, Mohan CD, Swaroop TR, Jagadish S, Raghava B, Balaji KS, Jayarama S, Basappa, Rangappa KS. Novel synthetic bisbenzimidazole that targets angiogenesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2589-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Nimesh H, Sur S, Sinha D, Yadav P, Anand P, Bajaj P, Virdi JS, Tandon V. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Bisbenzimidazoles as Escherichia coli Topoisomerase IA Inhibitors and Potential Antibacterial Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5238-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Nimesh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Souvik Sur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Devapriya Sinha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Prachi Anand
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, CUNY−Hunter College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Priyanka Bajaj
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 021, India
| | | | - Vibha Tandon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
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13
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Duan GY, Sun YW, Liu JZ, Zhao GL, Zhang DT, Wang JW. Microwave-Mediated One-Step Synthesis of Bis(Heteroaryl-2-yl)Methanes fromo-Diaminoaromatics and Malonamide under Solvent-Free Conditions. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Tsay SC, Hwu JR, Singha R, Huang WC, Chang YH, Hsu MH, Shieh FK, Lin CC, Hwang KC, Horng JC, De Clercq E, Vliegen I, Neyts J. Coumarins hinged directly on benzimidazoles and their ribofuranosides to inhibit hepatitis C virus. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:290-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Dhiman S, Ramasastry SSV. Di- and triheteroarylalkanes via self-condensation and intramolecular Friedel–Crafts type reaction of heteroaryl alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8030-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41945b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Mamedov VA, Zhukova NA, Syakaev VV, Gubaidullin AT, Beschastnova TN, Adgamova DI, Samigullina AI, Latypov SK. A new facile, efficient synthesis and structure peculiarity of quinoxaline derivatives with two benzimidazole fragments. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Mayence A, Vanden Eynde JJ, Kaiser M, Brun R, Yarlett N, Huang TL. Bis(oxyphenylene)benzimidazoles: A novel class of anti-Plasmodium falciparum agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7493-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Crystal structures, bioactivities and fluorescent properties of four diverse complexes with a new symmetric benzimidazolic ligand. Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Lee CC, Kuo CJ, Hsu MF, Liang PH, Fang JM, Shie JJ, Wang AHJ. Structural basis of mercury- and zinc-conjugated complexes as SARS-CoV 3C-like protease inhibitors. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5454-8. [PMID: 17981158 PMCID: PMC7094272 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Five active metal-conjugated inhibitors (PMA, TDT, EPDTC, JMF1586 and JMF1600) bound with the 3C-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus were analyzed crystallographically. The complex structures reveal two major inhibition modes: Hg(2+)-PMA is coordinated to C(44), M(49) and Y(54) with a square planar geometry at the S3 pocket, whereas each Zn(2+) of the four zinc-inhibitors is tetrahedrally coordinated to the H(41)-C(145) catalytic dyad. For anti-SARS drug design, this Zn(2+)-centered coordination pattern would serve as a starting platform for inhibitor optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lee
- Structural Biology Program, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,National Core Facility of High-Throughput Protein Crystallography, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Kuo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Min-Feng Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,National Core Facility of High-Throughput Protein Crystallography, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- National Core Facility of High-Throughput Protein Crystallography, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H.-J. Wang
- Structural Biology Program, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,National Core Facility of High-Throughput Protein Crystallography, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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20
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Chaturvedi UC, Shrivastava R. Interaction of viral proteins with metal ions: role in maintaining the structure and functions of viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 43:105-14. [PMID: 15681139 PMCID: PMC7110337 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are integral part of some viral proteins and play an important role in their survival and pathogenesis. Zinc, magnesium and copper are the commonest metal ion that binds with viral proteins. Metal ions participate in maturation of genomic RNA, activation and catalytic mechanisms, reverse transcription, initial integration process and protection of newly synthesized DNA, inhibition of proton translocation (M2 protein), minus‐ and plus‐strand transfer, enhance nucleic acid annealing, activation of transcription, integration of viral DNA into specific sites and act as a chaperone of nucleic acid. Metal ions are also required for nucleocapsid protein‐transactivation response (TAR)–RNA interactions. In certain situations more than one metal ion is required e.g. RNA cleavage by RNase H. This review underscores the importance of metal ions in the survival and pathogenesis of a large group of viruses and studies on structural basis for metal binding should prove useful in the early design and development of viral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C Chaturvedi
- Biomembrane Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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21
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Ilies MA, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Therapeutic applications of serine protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.8.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Frecer V, Kabelác M, De Nardi P, Pricl S, Miertus S. Structure-based design of inhibitors of NS3 serine protease of hepatitis C virus. J Mol Graph Model 2004; 22:209-20. [PMID: 14629979 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(03)00161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have designed small focused combinatorial library of hexapeptide inhibitors of NS3 serine protease of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) by structure-based molecular design complemented by combinatorial optimisation of the individual residues. Rational residue substitutions were guided by the structure and properties of the binding pockets of the enzyme's active site. The inhibitors were derived from peptides known to inhibit the NS3 serine protease by using unusual amino acids and alpha-ketocysteine or difluoroaminobutyric acid, which are known to bind to the S1 pocket of the catalytic site. Inhibition constants (Ki) of the designed library of inhibitors were predicted from a QSAR model that correlated experimental Ki of known peptidic inhibitors of NS3 with the enthalpies of enzyme-inhibitor interaction computed via molecular mechanics and the solvent effect contribution to the binding affinity derived from the continuum model of solvation. The library of the optimised inhibitors contains promising drug candidates-water-soluble anionic hexapeptides with predicted Ki* in the picomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Frecer
- International Centre for Science and High Technology, UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34012, Trieste, Italy
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De Francesco R, Tomei L, Altamura S, Summa V, Migliaccio G. Approaching a new era for hepatitis C virus therapy: inhibitors of the NS3-4A serine protease and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res 2003; 58:1-16. [PMID: 12719002 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(03)00028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of chronic disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an unmet clinical need, since current therapy is only partially effective and limited by undesirable side effects. The viral serine protease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are the best-studied targets for the development of novel therapeutic agents. These enzymes have been extensively characterized at the biochemical and structural level and thus used to set up screening assays for the identification of selective inhibitors. These efforts lead to the discovery of several classes of compounds with potential antiviral activity. The hepatitis C virus does not replicate in the laboratory. The formidable challenge posed by the difficulty of developing cell-based assays and preclinical animal systems has been partially overcome with several alternative approaches. The development of new assays permitted the optimization of enzyme inhibitors leading eventually to molecules with the desired drug-like properties, the most advanced of which are being considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele De Francesco
- Instituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti, 00040 Pomezia-Rome, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
A myriad of new therapies for treating hepatitis C are in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. As reviewed here, these include nucleic acid-based approaches (antisense and ribozymes), small molecule inhibitors of essential hepatitis C virus (HCV)-encoded enzymes (protease, helicase, and polymerase), immune modulation, and immunotherapy. As more details of the HCV lifecycle are elucidated, new targets and approaches will be discovered. Drug development is difficult, expensive, and always agonizingly slow for patients in need and their physicians. Nonetheless, a broad effort has been mounted for HCV, and substantial progress has been achieved. The prospects for new HCV treatments are bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele De Francesco
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina KM 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Walker MP, Appleby TC, Zhong W, Lau JYN, Hong Z. Hepatitis C virus therapies: current treatments, targets and future perspectives. Antivir Chem Chemother 2003; 14:1-21. [PMID: 12790512 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the cause of an emerging global epidemic of chronic liver disease. Current combination therapies are at best 80% efficacious and are often poorly tolerated. Strategies to improve the therapeutic response include the development of novel interferons, nucleoside analogues with reduced haemolysis compared with ribavirin and inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Compounds in preclinical or early clinical trials include small molecules that inhibit virus-specific enzymes (such as the serine proteases, RNA polymerase and helicase) or interfere with translation (including anti-sense molecules, iRNA and ribozymes). Advances in understanding HCV replication, obtaining a sub-genomic replicon and contriving potential small animal models, in addition to solving crystallographic structures for the replication enzymes, have improved prospects for developing novel therapies. This review summarizes current and evolving treatments for chronic hepatitis C infection. In addition, progress in HCV targets and drug discovery tools valuable in the search for novel anti-HCV agents is detailed.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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27
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Sperandio D, Gangloff AR, Litvak J, Goldsmith R, Hataye JM, Wang VR, Shelton EJ, Elrod K, Janc JW, Clark JM, Rice K, Weinheimer S, Yeung KS, Meanwell NA, Hernandez D, Staab AJ, Venables BL, Spencer JR. Highly potent non-peptidic inhibitors of the HCV NS3/NS4A serine protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3129-33. [PMID: 12372517 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a diverse set of bisbenzimidazoles for inhibition of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) serine protease NS3/NS4A led to the identification of a potent Zn(2+)-dependent inhibitor (1). Optimization of this screening hit afforded a 10-fold more potent inhibitor (46) under Zn(2+) conditions (K(i)=27nM). This compound (46) binds also to NS3/NS4A in a Zn(2+) independent fashion (K(i)=1microM). The SAR of this class of compounds under Zn(2+) conditions is highly divergent compared to the SAR in the absence of Zn(2+), suggesting two distinct binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sperandio
- Celera, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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28
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Krauser JA, Potempa J, Travis J, Powers JC. Inhibition of arginine gingipains (RgpB and HRgpA) with benzamidine inhibitors: zinc increases inhibitory potency. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1193-8. [PMID: 12437105 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We assayed several benzamidine derivatives for inhibition potency with HRgpA and RgpB gingipains, enzymes which are involved in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontal disease. The benzamidine derivatives proved to be effective inhibitors of HRgpA and RgpB, with the best inhibitor being a bis-benzamidine with a urea linker (Ki=30 microM). The inhibition potency was increased 2-3 fold in the presence of low concentrations of zinc with the benzamidines containing a urea moiety linking the two aromatic rings. We propose an inhibition model involving a tetrahedral zinc atom coordinated with the active site Cys and His of gingipain and the urea linker in the benzamidine inhibitor. In summary, we have discovered a new series of effective inhibitors for the gingipains and found a novel way to increase inhibitor potency with the HRgpA and RgpB gingipains using zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Krauser
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30093-0400, USA
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29
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Walker MA, Langston S. Monitor: molecules and profiles. Drug Discov Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)02078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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