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Arendse LB, Cozier GE, Eyermann CJ, Basarab GS, Schwager SL, Chibale K, Acharya KR, Sturrock ED. Probing the Requirements for Dual Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme C-Domain Selective/Neprilysin Inhibition. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3371-3387. [PMID: 35113565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme C-domain (cACE) and neprilysin (NEP), leaving the ACE N-domain (nACE) free to degrade bradykinin and other peptides, has the potential to provide the potent antihypertensive and cardioprotective benefits observed for nonselective dual ACE/NEP inhibitors, such as omapatrilat, without the increased risk of adverse effects. We have synthesized three 1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl dipeptide inhibitors with nanomolar potency based on the previously reported C-domain selective ACE inhibitor lisinopril-tryptophan (LisW) to probe the structural requirements for potent dual cACE/NEP inhibition. Here we report the synthesis, enzyme kinetic data, and high-resolution crystal structures of these inhibitors bound to nACE and cACE, providing valuable insight into the factors driving potency and selectivity. Overall, these results highlight the importance of the interplay between the S1' and S2' subsites for ACE domain selectivity, providing guidance for future chemistry efforts toward the development of dual cACE/NEP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Arendse
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Gyles E Cozier
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Charles J Eyermann
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Basarab
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Sylva L Schwager
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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2
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Arendse LB, Danser AHJ, Poglitsch M, Touyz RM, Burnett JC, Llorens-Cortes C, Ehlers MR, Sturrock ED. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System and Associated Peptides in Hypertension and Heart Failure. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:539-570. [PMID: 31537750 PMCID: PMC6782023 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers, current therapies for hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases are still inadequate. Identification of additional components of the RAS and associated vasoactive pathways, as well as new structural and functional insights into established targets, have led to novel therapeutic approaches with the potential to provide improved cardiovascular protection and better blood pressure control and/or reduced adverse side effects. The simultaneous modulation of several neurohumoral mediators in key interconnected blood pressure-regulating pathways has been an attractive approach to improve treatment efficacy, and several novel approaches involve combination therapy or dual-acting agents. In addition, increased understanding of the complexity of the RAS has led to novel approaches aimed at upregulating the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis to counter-regulate the harmful effects of the ACE/angiotensin II/angiotensin III/AT1R axis. These advances have opened new avenues for the development of novel drugs targeting the RAS to better treat hypertension and heart failure. Here we focus on new therapies in preclinical and early clinical stages of development, including novel small molecule inhibitors and receptor agonists/antagonists, less conventional strategies such as gene therapy to suppress angiotensinogen at the RNA level, recombinant ACE2 protein, and novel bispecific designer peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Arendse
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Marko Poglitsch
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - John C Burnett
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Mario R Ehlers
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.D.S.); Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.); Attoquant Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria (M.P.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C.B.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France (C.L.-C.); and Clinical Trials Group, Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, California (M.R.E.)
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3
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Van der Poorten O, Knuhtsen A, Sejer Pedersen D, Ballet S, Tourwé D. Side Chain Cyclized Aromatic Amino Acids: Great Tools as Local Constraints in Peptide and Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10865-10890. [PMID: 27690430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constraining the conformation of flexible peptides is a proven strategy to increase potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability. The focus has mostly been on constraining the backbone dihedral angles; however, the correct orientation of the amino acid side chains (χ-space) that constitute the peptide pharmacophore is equally important. Control of χ-space utilizes conformationally constrained amino acids that favor, disfavor, or exclude the gauche (-), the gauche (+), or the trans conformation. In this review we focus on cyclic aromatic amino acids in which the side chain is connected to the peptide backbone to provide control of χ1- and χ2-space. The manifold applications for cyclized analogues of the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, Trp, and His within peptide medicinal chemistry are showcased herein with examples of enzyme inhibitors and ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Abstract
Benzothiazepines being an integral part of the major cardiovascular drugs in market ascertain their biological importance. This review presents a comprehensive vision of the various synthetic tactics adopted till now to afford these frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Garima Jain
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
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5
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Struga M, Kossakowski J, Koziol AE, Kedzierska E, Fidecka S, La Colla P, Ibba C, Collu G, Sanna G, Secci B, Loddo R. Synthesis, pharmacological and antiviral activity of 1,3-thiazepine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:4960-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Struga M, Kossakowski J, Miroslaw B, Koziol AE, Zimniak A. Synthesis of new 1,3-thiazepine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Calderone V. An update on hybrid drugs in cardiovascular drug research. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:1397-408. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440802564845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Fink CA. Section Review: Cardiovascular & Renal: Recent advances in the development of dual angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.6.11.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Wait JCM, Vaccharajani N, Mitroka J, Jemal M, Khan S, Bonacorsi SJ, Rinehart JK, Iyer RA. METABOLISM OF [14C]GEMOPATRILAT AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO RATS, DOGS, AND HUMANS. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:961-70. [PMID: 16540589 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.007500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the pharmacokinetic parameters of gemopatrilat, a potent vasopeptidase inhibitor, in humans and the comparative biotransformation of the compound in rats, dogs, and humans after administration of a single oral dose of [14C]gemopatrilat. Gemopatrilat was rapidly absorbed in humans with an oral bioavailability of 49%. Within 5 h after dose, the mean concentrations of gemopatrilat were less than 1% of the mean Cmax values. The total area under the first-moment time curve extrapolated to infinity [AUC(INF)] value for gemopatrilat was only 2% of the AUC(INF) of radioactivity in plasma. Gemopatrilat showed a large apparent steady-state volume of distribution (2500 liters) and a prolonged terminal-phase decline in plasma concentration. These results are consistent with the idea that the free sulfhydryl group of gemopatrilat forms reversible disulfide linkages with plasma and tissue proteins and is thus eliminated from the body at a very slow rate. Approximately half of the drug-related radioactivity in 1-h plasma samples from rat, dog, and human was reduced chemically with dithiothreitol to gemopatrilat, suggesting that disulfide linkage occurred in all species. In addition, metabolites formed through S-methylation and amide hydrolysis were also detected in rat, dog, and human plasma. No gemopatrilat was detected in urine and fecal samples from all three species, indicating that the compound is extensively metabolized in vivo. The major metabolites identified in human urine and feces were also present in rat and dog. These data suggest that the metabolism of gemopatrilat in all three species were qualitatively very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C M Wait
- Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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10
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Singh J, Kronenthal DR, Schwinden M, Godfrey JD, Fox R, Vawter EJ, Zhang B, Kissick TP, Patel B, Mneimne O, Humora M, Papaioannou CG, Szymanski W, Wong MKY, Chen CK, Heikes JE, DiMarco JD, Qiu J, Deshpande RP, Gougoutas JZ, Mueller RH. Efficient asymmetric synthesis of the vasopeptidase inhibitor BMS-189921. Org Lett 2003; 5:3155-8. [PMID: 12917005 DOI: 10.1021/ol0352308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient asymmetric synthesis of the vasopeptidase inhibitor BMS-189921 was accomplished. Two short enantioselective syntheses of the common key intermediate (S)-alpha-aminoazepinone 6b were developed. Olefin 3 was converted to 6b via asymmetric hydrogenation. Alternatively, enyne 12 was converted to racemic alpha-aminoazepinone 15b, which was transformed to 6b by a practical dynamic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak Singh
- Process Research and Development, The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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11
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Iyer RA, Malhotra B, Khan S, Mitroka J, Bonacorsi S, Waller SC, Rinehart JK, Kripalani K. Comparative biotransformation of radiolabeled [(14)C]omapatrilat and stable-labeled [(13)C(2)]omapatrilat after oral administration to rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:67-75. [PMID: 12485955 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Omapatrilat, a novel vasopeptidase inhibitor, is under development for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. This study describes the comparative biotransformation of radiolabeled [(14)C]- and stable-labeled [(13)C(2)]omapatrilat after administration of single oral doses to rats, dogs, and humans. The metabolites were identified by a combination of methods including reduction, hydrolysis, and comparison of high performance liquid chromatography retention times with those of the synthetic standards. Urinary metabolites were further characterized by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Prominent metabolites identified in human plasma, which were also present in rat and dog plasma, were S-methyl omapatrilat and S-2-thiomethyl-3-phenylpropionic acid. Omapatrilat accounted for only a small portion of the extractable radioactivity in plasma in all three species. A portion of the plasma radioactivity was unextractable in all three species (27-53%). The majority of unextractable radioactivity in plasma was characterized after dithiothreitol reduction to be omapatrilat and (S)-2-thio-3-phenylpropionic acid, both apparently bound to plasma proteins by reversible disulfide bonds. The major human urinary metabolites were the amine hydrolysis product, diasteromeric sulfoxide of (S)-2-thiomethyl-3-phenylpropionic acid, acyl glucuronide of S-methyl omapatrilat, and S-methyl omapatrilat. The minor metabolites were acyl glucuronide of (S)-2-thiomethyl-3-phenylpropionic acid, L-cysteine mixed disulfide of omapatrilat, diastereomers of S-methyl sulfoxide of omapatrilat, and S-methyl omapatrilat ring sulfoxide. The metabolic profiles of dog and human urine were qualitatively similar whereas rat urine showed only metabolites arising from hydrolysis of omapatrilat. Unchanged omapatrilat was not found in rat, dog, or human urine samples indicating extensive metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy A Iyer
- Department of Clinical Discovery, Bristol-Myers Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA.
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12
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Walz AJ, Miller MJ. Synthesis and biological activity of hydroxamic acid-derived vasopeptidase inhibitor analogues. Org Lett 2002; 4:2047-50. [PMID: 12049514 DOI: 10.1021/ol025896m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Syntheses of novel hydroxamic acid-derived azepinones containing pendant mercaptoacyl groups or formyl hydroxamates are described. These new analogues of therapeutically important ACE and NEP inhibitors include unprecedented changes at the previously assumed essential acid component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Walz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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13
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Robl JA, Sulsky R, Sieber-McMaster E, Ryono DE, Cimarusti MP, Simpkins LM, Karanewsky DS, Chao S, Asaad MM, Seymour AA, Fox M, Smith PL, Trippodo NC. Vasopeptidase inhibitors: incorporation of geminal and spirocyclic substituted azepinones in mercaptoacyl dipeptides. J Med Chem 1999; 42:305-11. [PMID: 9925736 DOI: 10.1021/jm980542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 7-(di)alkyl and spirocyclic substituted azepinones were generated and incorporated as conformationally restricted dipeptide surrogates in mercaptoacyl dipeptides. Clear structure-activity relationships with respect to both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) activity in vitro were observed. The best in this series, compound 1g, a geminally dimethylated C-7-substituted azepinone, demonstrated excellent blood pressure lowering in animal models. Compound 1g (BMS-189921) is characterized by a good duration of activity and excellent oral efficacy in models relevant to ACE or NEP inhibition, and its activity is comparable to that of the clinically efficacious agent omapatrilat. Consequently this inhibitor has been advanced clinically for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Robl
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA
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14
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Ksander GM, de Jesus R, Yuan A, Ghai RD, McMartin C, Bohacek R. Meta-substituted benzofused macrocyclic lactams as zinc metalloprotease inhibitors. J Med Chem 1997; 40:506-14. [PMID: 9046341 DOI: 10.1021/jm960583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biochemical profile of meta-substituted benzofused macrocyclic lactams are described. The meta-substituted benzofused macrocyclic lactams were designed to have a degree of flexibility allowing the amide bond to occupy two completely different conformations while maintaining sufficient rigidity to allow for strong interaction between enzyme and inhibitor. Using TFIT, a novel molecular superimposition program, it was shown that the meta analogs could be readily superimposed onto our ACE inhibitor template whereas no low-energy superimpositions of the ortho-substituted macrocycles could be found. The macrocycles were prepared by tethering aldehyde 1 derived from S-glutamic acid or S-aspartic acid to a meta-substituted phosphonium bromide 2. Homologation to a monocarboxylic acid methyl ester malonate followed by deprotection and cyclization gave the macrocyclic frame. Further manipulation gave the desired compounds. Unlike the ortho-substituted benzofused macrocyclic lactams described in the previous paper which are selective NEP inhibitors, the meta-substituted compounds are dual inhibitors of both NEP and ACE. The most potent member of this new series, compound 16a, inhibited both enzymes with an IC50 = 8 nM in NEP and 4 nM in ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ksander
- Research Department, CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, USA
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15
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Aubé J. Synthetic routes to lactam peptidomimetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(97)80009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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16
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Seymour AA, Asaad MM, Abboa-Offei BE, Smith PL, Mathers PD, Rogers WL, Dorso CR. Renal and depressor activities of inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme in monkeys infused with angiotensin II. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 28:651-8. [PMID: 8945678 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199611000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, the depressor activity of combined selective inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11 (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) depended on the level of ACE inhibition, whereas the renal responses were determined by NEP inhibition. Our study confirmed that a mixed NEP/ACE inhibitor BMS-182657 ([S-(R*,R*)]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-[(2-mercapto-1-oxo-3- phenylpropyl)amino]-2-oxo-1H-benzazepine-1-acetic acid) reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) when renin release was reduced by a sodium load, suggesting that the depressor response did not require suppression of endogenous angiotensin II generation. Furthermore, a pressor dose of 30 ng/min of angiotensin II was required to block the depressor response to BMS-182657 in the presence or absence of exogenous human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP 99-126). Thirty ng/min of angiotensin II also significantly enhanced the natriuresis induced by hANP 99-126 after BMS-182657 administration. In contrast, a nonpressor dose of angiotensin II (3 ng/min) reduced basal sodium excretion and the natriuretic responses to exogenous hANP 99-126 in the presence or absence of BMS-182657. The potentiation of the urinary ANP and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) responses to hANP 99-126 by BMS-182657 was similar for all doses of angiotensin II; therefore angiotensin did not alter the effects of BMS-182657 on ANP metabolism or cGMP accumulation in the kidney. In summary, the renal responses to mixed metalloprotease inhibitors were apparently mediated by ANP potentiation and were modulated by angiotensin II. The depressor activity depended on ACE inhibition but was not mediated solely by reductions in endogenous angiotensin II levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Seymour
- Department of Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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17
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Seymour AA, Asaad MM, Abboa-Offei BE, Smith PL, Rogers WL, Dorso CR. In vivo pharmacology of dual neutral endopeptidase/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 28:672-8. [PMID: 8945681 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199611000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The natriuretic and depressor responses to novel dual inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) EC 3.4.24.11 and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were used to assess their activity in conscious cynomolgus monkeys. A survey of mercaptopropanoyl inhibitors revealed that compounds containing alanylproline or certain surrogates reduced blood pressure and increased sodium excretion, indicating a desirable profile of in vivo activity. Additional compound evaluation required specific in vivo assays for NEP and ACE inhibition. Accordingly, the potency of novel inhibitors against NEP and ACE were determined in conscious monkeys by the potentiation of the natriuretic activity of exogenous human atrial natriuretic peptide and inhibition of the pressor response to angiotensin I, respectively. This strategy led to the discovery that optimal in vivo activity was achieved when the mercaptopropanoyl group was replaced with mercaptoacetyl and the C-terminal alanylproline was replaced with conformationally constrained dipeptidomimetics. This work culminated in the identification of BMS-182657 as a prototypic dual NEP/ACE inhibitor with a highly desirable profile of in vivo pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Seymour
- Department of Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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18
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Bohacek R, De Lombaert S, McMartin C, Priestle J, Grütter M. Three-Dimensional Models of ACE and NEP Inhibitors and Their Use in the Design of Potent Dual ACE/NEP Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja950818y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regine Bohacek
- Research Department, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, and Department of Core Drug Discovery Technologies, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane De Lombaert
- Research Department, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, and Department of Core Drug Discovery Technologies, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Colin McMartin
- Research Department, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, and Department of Core Drug Discovery Technologies, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Priestle
- Research Department, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, and Department of Core Drug Discovery Technologies, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Grütter
- Research Department, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, and Department of Core Drug Discovery Technologies, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Fink CA, Carlson JE, McTaggart PA, Qiao Y, Webb R, Chatelain R, Jeng AY, Trapani AJ. Mercaptoacyl dipeptides as orally active dual inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3158-68. [PMID: 8759637 DOI: 10.1021/jm960323z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dual inhibitors of the two zinc metallopeptidases, neutral endopeptidase (NEP, EC 3.4.24.11) and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 2.4.15.1), have been the focus of much clinical interest for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. We have previously reported that compound 2 (N-[[1-[(2(S)-mercapto-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) amino]-1-cyclopentyl]-carbonyl]-L-tyrosine) was a potent dual inhibitor in vitro (IC50 (ACE) = 7.0 nM, IC50 (NEP) = 1.5 nM) (Fink et al. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 5023-5030). This compound was found to have oral activity; however, its duration of effect was short. A series of thioacetate carboxylic acid ester analogs of compound 2 was prepared. Modifications were also made to the tyrosine phenol. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit plasma ACE activity when administered orally to conscious normotensive rats. Most of the compounds prepared were found to be orally active with longer durations of effect than compound 2. Compound 38 (N-[[1-[(2(S)-(acetylthio)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) amino]-1-cyclopentyl]carbonyl]-O-methyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester), administered at 11.7 mg/kg po, was found to be more efficacious than captopril at 10 mg/kg po. This compound was also found to inhibit plasma NEP activity following oral administration to conscious rats and was more efficacious than acetorphan. Compound 38 was found to lower blood pressure in the aorta-ligated rat and the spontaneously hypertensive rat when administered orally. The synthesis and biological activity of these dual inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Fink
- Research Department, CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901, USA
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20
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Warshawsky AM, Flynn GA, Koehl JR, Mehdi S, Vaz RJ. The synthesis of aminobenzazepinones as anti-phenylalanine dipeptide mimics and their use in nep inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Coric P, Turcaud S, Meudal H, Roques BP, Fournie-Zaluski MC. Optimal recognition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme active sites by mercaptoacyldipeptides as a means to design potent dual inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1210-9. [PMID: 8632427 DOI: 10.1021/jm950590p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An interesting approach for the treatment of congestive heart failure and chronic hypertension could be to avoid the formation of angiotensin II by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and to protect atrial natriuretic factor by blocking neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP). This is supported by recent results obtained with potent dual inhibitors of the two zinc metallopeptidases, such as RB 105, HSCH2CH(CH3)PhCONHCH(CH3)COOH (Fournié-Zaluski et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91, 4072-4076), which reduces blood pressure in experimental models of hypertension, independently of the salt and renin angiotensin system status. In order to develop new dual inhibitors with improved affinities, long duration of action, and/or better bioavailabilities, various series of mercaptoacyldipeptides corresponding to the general formula HSCH(R1)CONHCH(R1')CON(R)CH(R2')COOH have been synthesized. The introduction of well-selected beta-branched chains in positions R1 and R1', associated with a tyrosine or a cyclic amino acid in the C-terminal position, led to potent dual inhibitors of NEP and ACE such as 21 [N-[(2S)-2-mercapto-3-methylbutanoyl]-Ile-Tyr] and 22 [N-[(2S)-2-mercapto-3-phenylpropanoyl]Ala-Pro] which have IC50 values in the nanomolar range for NEP and subnanomolar range for ACE. These compounds could have different modes of binding to the two peptidases. In NEP, the dual inhibitors seem to interact only with the S1' and S2' subsites, whereas additional interactions with the S1 binding subsite of ACE probably account for their subnanomolar inhibitory potencies for this enzyme. The localization of the Pro residue of 22 outside the NEP active site is supported by biochemical data using (Arg102,Glu)NEP and molecular modeling studies with thermolysin used as model of NEP. One hour after oral administration in mice of a single dose (2.7 x 10(-5) mol/kg), 21 inhibited 80% and 36% of kidney NEP and lung ACE, respectively, while 22 inhibited 40% of kidney NEP and 56% of lung ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Coric
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, INSERM, Paris, France
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22
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Robl JA, Cimarusti MP, Simpkins LM, Brown B, Ryono DE, Bird JE, Asaad MM, Schaeffer TR, Trippodo NC. Dual metalloprotease inhibitors. 6. Incorporation of bicyclic and substituted monocyclic azepinones as dipeptide surrogates in angiotensin-converting enzyme/neutral endopeptidase inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:494-502. [PMID: 8558518 DOI: 10.1021/jm950677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of substituted monocyclic and bicyclic azepinones were incorporated as dipeptide surrogates in mercaptoacetyl dipeptides with the desire to generate a single compound which would potently inhibit both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Many of these compounds displayed excellent potency against both enzymes. Two of the most potent compounds, monocyclic azepinone 2n and bicyclic azepinone 3q, demonstrated a high level of activity versus ACE and NEP both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Robl
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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23
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Turcaud S, Gonzalez W, Michel JB, Roques BP, Fournie-Zaluski MC. Diastereoselective synthesis of mixanpril, an orally active dual inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00316-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Bhagwat SS, Fink CA, Gude C, Chan K, Qiao Y, Sakane Y, Berry C, Ghai RD. α-Mercaptoacyl dipeptides that inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Dual metalloprotease inhibitors.v. Utilization of bicyclic azepinonethiazolidines and azepinonetetrahydrothiazines in constrained peptidomimetics of mercaptoacyl dipeptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Dual inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme by N-phosphonomethyl and N-carboxyalkyl dipeptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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