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Taoussi O, Bambagiotti G, Gameli PS, Daziani G, Tavoletta F, Tini A, Basile G, Lo Faro AF, Carlier J. In Vitro and In Vivo Human Metabolism of Ostarine, a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator and Doping Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7807. [PMID: 39063049 PMCID: PMC11277069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ostarine (enobasarm) is a selective androgen receptor modulator with great therapeutic potential. However, it is also used by athletes to promote muscle growth and enhance performances without the typical adverse effects of anabolic steroids. Ostarine popularity increased in recent years, and it is currently the most abused "other anabolic agent" (subclass S1.2. of the "anabolic agents" class S1) from the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) prohibited list. Several cases of liver toxicity were recently reported in regular users. Detecting ostarine or markers of intake in biological matrices is essential to document ostarine use in doping. Therefore, we sought to investigate ostarine metabolism to identify optimal markers of consumption. The substance was incubated with human hepatocytes, and urine samples from six ostarine-positive cases were screened. Analyses were performed via liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and software-assisted data mining, with in silico metabolite predictions. Ten metabolites were identified with hydroxylation, ether cleavage, dealkylation, O-glucuronidation, and/or sulfation. The production of cyanophenol-sulfate might participate in the mechanism of ostarine liver toxicity. We suggest ostarine-glucuronide (C25H22O9N3F3, diagnostic fragments at m/z 118, 185, and 269) and hydroxybenzonitrile-ostarine-glucuronide (C25H22O10N3F3, diagnostic fragments at m/z 134, 185, and 269) in non-hydrolyzed urine and ostarine and hydroxybenzonitrile-ostarine (C19H14O4N3F3, diagnostic fragments at m/z 134, 185, and 269) in hydrolyzed urine as markers to document ostarine intake in doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayema Taoussi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Giulia Bambagiotti
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Prince Sellase Gameli
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Gloria Daziani
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Francesco Tavoletta
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Anastasio Tini
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Department of Trauma Surgery, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeremy Carlier
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (O.T.); (G.B.); (P.S.G.); (G.D.); (F.T.); (A.T.); (J.C.)
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Yadav J, Chaudhary R. Experimental and theoretical studies on prototropic tautomerism of 1-tetralone-2-carbothioamides and synthesis of regioselectively designed fused 2H-indazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Overview of the development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis (1998–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Fligelman A, Johns G, Guyn C, Petrauskas A, Vadola PA, Griffin GB. Electronic Relaxation Dynamics in 2-Quinolinones with Extended Conjugation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9757-9769. [PMID: 34734719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2-quinolinone family of molecules, also known as carbostyrils, have been proposed as light absorbing donor molecules in energy transfer based sensing schemes and as possible photocatalysts. Both of these applications make use of electronic excited states, but the photophysics of 2-quinolinones have not yet been examined closely. This study applies static and dynamic spectroscopy, with supporting density functional theory calculations, to reveal the electronic relaxation dynamics of a family of five 2-quinolinones with extended conjugated rings. These modifications lead to red-shifted absorbance and emission maxima, relative to unmodified 2-quinolinone. Optical excitation of these molecules with near UV light resulted in transitions with strong π → π* and HOMO → LUMO character. Time-correlated single photon counting measurements yielded fluorescence lifetimes ranging from 849.3 (±0.6) ps to 4.586 (±0.002) ns. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed relaxation dynamics of the S1 excited state formed by photoexcitation at 350 nm, along with formation of a long-lived signal assigned as excited state absorption by a triplet excited state. Vibrational relaxation in the S1 state was also characterized in some compounds. Overlapping signals of S1 decay and triplet growth in the transient absorption data set could not be fully disentangled. These results demonstrate a highly competitive relaxation scheme following multiple simultaneous pathways, a promising situation for establishing chemical control of electronic relaxation in the 2-quinolinone family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Fligelman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Gonto Johns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Christina Guyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Alexis Petrauskas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Paul A Vadola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Graham B Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, 1110 West Belden Avenue, Chicago Illinois 60614, United States
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Dierks A, Fliegel L, Schmidtmann M, Christoffers J. Preparation of Hexahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Reductive Indolization. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dierks
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Lukas Fliegel
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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6
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Temerdashev AZ, Dmitrieva EV. Methods for the Determination of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820070187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Zhu D, Jiao Z, Chi YR, Gonçalves TP, Huang KW, Zhou JS. Asymmetric Three-Component Heck Arylation/Amination of Nonconjugated Cyclodienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5341-5345. [PMID: 31965664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substituted cyclohexylamines are becoming increasingly important in drug discovery. Asymmetric Heck insertion/amination of nonconjugated cyclodienes proceeds to give 5-aryl cyclohexenylamines with good enantioselectivity and exclusive trans configurations. Primary and secondary anilines, indoline, and benzylamines are suitable amines. The weakly donating diphosphite Kelliphite forms a deep unsymmetrical pocket, which is essential for stereoselective anti attack of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Zhu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Théo P Gonçalves
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Zhu D, Jiao Z, Chi YR, Gonçalves TP, Huang K, Zhou JS. Asymmetric Three‐Component Heck Arylation/Amination of Nonconjugated Cyclodienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Zhu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Théo P. Gonçalves
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo‐Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical GenomicsSchool of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
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Giagulli VA, Silvestrini A, Bruno C, Triggiani V, Mordente A, Mancini A. Is There Room for SERMs or SARMs as Alternative Therapies for Adult Male Hypogonadism? Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:9649838. [PMID: 32411230 PMCID: PMC7201459 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9649838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) can be sustained by organic or functional alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Functional HH is related to systemic alterations, such as obesity or chronic inflammatory diseases, but could contribute to a negative course of the illness. For such situation, according to results obtained in infertile women, the administration of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) has been proposed in males too, with positive results on both metabolic and sexual function. This class of medications increases gonadotropin levels via antagonism to the estrogenic receptor; similar biological effects are also exerted by aromatase inhibitors (AIs), despite different mechanism of action. After a brief review of trials regarding SERMs and AIs use in male HH, we describe the structure and function of the androgen receptor (AR) as a basis for clinical research about compounds able to bind to AR, in order to obtain specific effects (SARMs). The tissue selectivity and different metabolic fate in comparison to testosterone can potentiate anabolic versus androgenic effects; therefore, they might be a valid alternative to testosterone replacement therapy avoiding the negative effects of testosterone (i.e., on prostate, liver, and hematopoiesis). Trials are still at an early phase of investigation and, at the moment, the application seems to be more useful for chronic disease with catabolic status while the validation as replacement for hypogonadism requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito A. Giagulli
- Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Disease, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Disease, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Alvaro Mordente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Introduction: Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is a global health problem that contributes to the development of physical disability, morbidity and mortality in the ageing population. Sarcopenia is now recognised in many countries as a muscle disease with an ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code for billing care related to this condition, despite no FDA-approved treatments being currently available. Areas covered: This review highlights the current state of knowledge regarding the biological mechanisms contributing to the age-related loss of muscle mass and function and provides a summary of existing and emerging pharmacotherapies in clinical trials for sarcopenia. Expert opinion: While understanding of the pathophysiology of sarcopenia has progressed, rigorous preclinical studies that better inform clinical trials are needed to accelerate drug discovery and identify safe and effective treatments. Few drugs have been developed specifically for sarcopenia and many have failed to meet clinically relevant outcomes related to strength and physical performance. The multifactorial complexity of sarcopenia means that tailored, personalised treatments are more likely to be required than just a single intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Hardee
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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11
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Fragkaki AG, Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Tsivou M, Petrou M, Angelis Y. Human in vivo metabolism study of LGD-4033. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1635-1645. [PMID: 30255601 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are an emerging class of therapeutics targeted to cachexia, sarcopenia, and hypogonadism treatment. LGD-4033 is a SARM which has been included on the Prohibited List annually released by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The aim of the present work was the investigation of the metabolism of LGD-4033 in a human excretion study after administration of an LGD-4033 supplement, the determination of the metabolites' excretion profiles with special interest in the determination of its long-term metabolites, and the comparison of the excretion time of the phase I and phase II metabolites. The results were also compared to those derived from previous LGD-4033 studies concerning both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Supplement containing LGD-4033 was administered to one human male volunteer and urine samples were collected up to almost 21 days. Analysis of the hydrolyzed (with β-glucuronidase) as well as of the non-hydrolyzed samples was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in negative ionization mode and revealed that, in both cases, the two isomers of the dihydroxylated metabolite (M5) were preferred target metabolites. The gluco-conjugated parent LGD-4033 and its gluco-conjugated metabolites M1 and M2 can be also considered as useful target analytes in non-hydrolyzed samples. The study also presents two trihydroxylated metabolites (M6) identified for the first time in human urine; one of them was recently reported in an LGD-4033 metabolism study in horse urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece.,Faculty of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Maria Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti-Doping Authority, Makarion Athletic Centre Avenue, Engomi, Nicosia, CY, 2400, Cyprus
| | - Yiannis Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
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12
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Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR), a member of the steroid hormone receptor family, plays important roles in the physiology and pathology of diverse tissues. AR ligands, which include circulating testosterone and locally synthesized dihydrotestosterone, bind to and activate the AR to elicit their effects. Ubiquitous expression of the AR, metabolism and cross reactivity with other receptors limit broad therapeutic utilization of steroidal androgens. However, the discovery of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and other tissue-selective nuclear hormone receptor modulators that activate their cognate receptors in a tissue-selective manner provides an opportunity to promote the beneficial effects of androgens and other hormones in target tissues with greatly reduced unwanted side-effects. In the last two decades, significant resources have been dedicated to the discovery and biological characterization of SARMs in an effort to harness the untapped potential of the AR. SARMs have been proposed as treatments of choice for various diseases, including muscle-wasting, breast cancer, and osteoporosis. This review provides insight into the evolution of SARMs from proof-of-concept agents to the cusp of therapeutic use in less than two decades, while covering contemporary views of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - James T Dalton
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Numerous selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) with differing chemical structures and nearly ideal pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed that are well tolerated and selectively increase lean body mass in humans. However, definitive demonstration of the linkage between lean body mass and physical function in a relevant, large patient population has remained elusive for a SARM. The clinical endpoints serving as their basis of approval have shifted with time and clinical indication and are likely to continue to do so as the field matures with additional safety and efficacy data pertaining to the relationship between lean body mass and physical function, regulatory decisions with SARMs and other agents, and yet unexplored clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Dalton
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Negative Impact of Testosterone Deficiency and 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Therapy on Metabolic and Sexual Function in Men. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:473-526. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Beucher L, Dervilly-Pinel G, Cesbron N, Penot M, Gicquiau A, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Specific characterization of non-steroidal selective androgen peceptor modulators using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to ion-mobility mass spectrometry: application to the detection of enobosarm in bovine urine. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:179-187. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Beucher
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Nora Cesbron
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Mylène Penot
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Audrey Gicquiau
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
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16
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Choi SM, Lee BM. Comparative safety evaluation of selective androgen receptor modulators and anabolic androgenic steroids. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:1773-85. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1094052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Wojtys EM. Good Medicine. Sports Health 2014; 6:16-7. [PMID: 24427437 PMCID: PMC3874231 DOI: 10.1177/1941738113516075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
As America’s baby boomer population matures, there is an increasing interest in supplements that can delay or oppose the aging process. This antiaging movement has exploded over the past decade. While most supplements are not supported by scientific literature or government controls, a number of products have been the subject of significant scientific inquiry. Hormone replacement therapy, including testosterone and growth hormone, has mixed results, and antioxidative strategies are supported by basic science but lack clinical evidence-based outcomes. While the process of aging has become better understood leading to more rational approaches to combat its effects on health, the clinician is reminded to carefully discern between the science and marketing that is available in this area.
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Burris TP, Solt LA, Wang Y, Crumbley C, Banerjee S, Griffett K, Lundasen T, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ. Nuclear receptors and their selective pharmacologic modulators. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:710-78. [PMID: 23457206 PMCID: PMC11060414 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors and include the receptors for steroid hormones, lipophilic vitamins, sterols, and bile acids. These receptors serve as targets for development of myriad drugs that target a range of disorders. Classically defined ligands that bind to the ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors, whether they are endogenous or synthetic, either activate receptor activity (agonists) or block activation (antagonists) and due to the ability to alter activity of the receptors are often termed receptor "modulators." The complex pharmacology of nuclear receptors has provided a class of ligands distinct from these simple modulators where ligands display agonist/partial agonist/antagonist function in a tissue or gene selective manner. This class of ligands is defined as selective modulators. Here, we review the development and pharmacology of a range of selective nuclear receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way 2A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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20
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Zhang X, Sui Z. Deciphering the selective androgen receptor modulators paradigm. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:191-218. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.741582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR)-targeted therapies comprise a large class of clinically employed drugs. A number of drugs currently being used against this protein class were designed as structural analogs of the endogenous ligand of these receptors. In recent years, there has been significant interest in developing newer strategies to target NRs, especially those that rely on mechanistic pathways of NR function. Prominent among these are noncanonical means of targeting NRs, which include selective NR modulation, NR coactivator interaction inhibition, inhibition of NR DNA binding, modulation of NR cellular localization, modulation of NR ligand biosynthesis and downregulation of NR levels in target tissues. This article reviews each of these promising emerging strategies for NR drug development and highlights some of most significant successes achieved in using them.
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Nyrönen TH, Söderholm AA. Structural basis for computational screening of non-steroidal androgen receptor ligands. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:5-20. [PMID: 22823968 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903468680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Deep structural and chemical understanding of the protein target and computational methods for detection of receptor-selective ligands are important for the early drug discovery in the steroid receptor field. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the use of currently available structural information of the androgen receptor (AR) and known AR ligands to make computational strategies for the discovery of AR ligands in order to offer new chemical platforms for drug development. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN AR is a challenging target for drug discovery and modeling even if there is a wealth of experimental data available. First, only the active structure of AR is currently known, which hampers the design of AR antagonists. Second, the structural similarity between the ligand-binding sites of AR and its mutated forms and closely related steroid receptors (SRs) such as progesterone receptors presents challenges for the development of drugs with receptor-selective function. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Research indicates that a very small chemical change in the structure of a non-steroidal ligand can cause a complete change in its activity. One source of this effect arises from binding to similar binding sites in related SRs and other proteins in the signaling pathway. Currently, computational methods are not able to predict the subtle differences between AR ligand activities but modeling does offer the possibility of generating new lead structures that might have the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi H Nyrönen
- CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, Espoo, FI-02101, Finland +358 9 4572235 ; +358 9 4572302 ;
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Prostota Y, Coelho PJ, Pina J, de Melo JS. Photochromic and photophysical properties of new benzo- and naphtho[1,3]oxazine switches. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1346-54. [PMID: 21706110 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Prostota
- Centro de Química - Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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Luosujärvi L, Haapala M, Thevis M, Saarela V, Franssila S, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T. Analysis of selective androgen receptor modulators by gas chromatography-microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:310-316. [PMID: 20004589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometric (GC-microAPPI-MS) method was developed and used for the analysis of three 2-quinolinone-derived selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). SARMs were analyzed from spiked urine samples, which were hydrolyzed and derivatized with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide before analysis. Trimethylsilyl derivatives of SARMs formed both radical cations (M(+*)) and protonated molecules ([M + H](+)) in photoionization. Better signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) were obtained in MS/MS analysis using the M(+*) ions as precursor ions than using the [M + H](+) ions, and therefore the M(+*) ions were selected for the precursor ions in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) analysis. Limits of detection (LODs) with the method ranged from 0.01 to 1 ng/mL, which correspond to instrumental LODs of 0.2-20 pg. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.03 to 3 ng/mL. The mass spectrometric response to the analytes was linear (R > or = 0.995) from the LOQ concentration level up to 100 ng/mL concentration, and intra-day repeatabilities were 5%-9%. In addition to the GC-microAPPI-MS study, the proof-of-principle of gas chromatography-microchip atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-Orbitrap MS (GC-microAPCI-Orbitrap MS) was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Luosujärvi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review focuses on the most significant recent findings regarding selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). SERMs, which interact with estrogen receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor-beta in multiple tissues, continue to generate clinical interest in potential applications in as many disorders as the tissues in which the two known receptors are found. SARMs have been demonstrated to have fewer clinical applications to date, but continue to be investigated for use in multiple disorders in which androgen receptor modulation is likely to be important. Both types of compounds hold great promise for therapeutic use in multiple hormonal disorders involving tissue-specific effects mediated by estrogen or androgen receptors. RECENT FINDINGS Although SERMs have been available for clinical use for 50 years, recent investigation has focused on large randomized clinical trials for newer indications of older agents or smaller clinical trials of newer agents with improved clinical activity and reduced side effects in specific tissues. In particular, the large, prospective, randomized, controlled, multiyear Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene and Raloxifene Use in the Heart clinical trials have recently shown interesting similarities and differences between tamoxifen and raloxifene in estrogen-responsive tissues. Lasofoxifene and arzoxifene are two newer SERMs that have recently been demonstrated to improve bone mineral density and lower serum cholesterol values compared with older SERMs in smaller clinical trials. SARMs are a newer category of drug still being investigated mostly at the basic and preclinical level, with fewer clinical trials available for review. SARMs are currently being investigated mostly for use in prostate cancer at different stages but hold promise for multiple other applications. SUMMARY Recent clinical trials indicate that SERMs are useful in treatment of disorders of bone and mineral metabolism and breast cancer and in reduction of cardiovascular risk factors. SARMs offer important benefits for management of prostate cancer at different stages, as well as other disorders.
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Kang IJ, Wang LW, Hsu SJ, Lee CC, Lee YC, Wu YS, Hsu TA, Yueh A, Chao YS, Chern JH. Design and synthesis of indole, 2,3-dihydro-indole, and 3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-1-carbothioic acid amide derivatives as novel HCV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4134-8. [PMID: 19539472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic methodology to provide indole, 2,3-dihydro-indole, and 3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-1-carbothioic acid amide derivatives is described. These conformationally restricted heterobicyclic scaffolds were evaluated as a novel class of HCV inhibitors. Introduction of an acyl group at the NH(2) of the thiourea moiety has been found to enhance inhibitory activity. The chain length and the position of the alkyl group on the indoline aromatic ring markedly influenced anti-HCV activity. The indoline scaffold was more potent than the corresponding indole and tetrahydroquinoline scaffolds and analogue 31 displayed excellent activity (EC(50)=510nM) against HCV without significant cytotoxicity (CC(50) >50microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iou-Jiun Kang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
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Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Jones A, Coss CC, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): Dissociating the Anabolic and Androgenic Activities of the Androgen Receptor for Therapeutic Benefit. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3597-617. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900280m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Mohler
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Casey E. Bohl
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Amanda Jones
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yali He
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Dong Jin Hwang
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - James T. Dalton
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The past decade has witnessed an unprecedented discovery effort to develop selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that improve physical function and bone health without adversely affecting the prostate and cardiovascular outcomes. This review describes the historical evolution, the rationale for SARM development, and the mechanisms of testosterone action and SARM selectivity. RECENT FINDINGS Although steroidal SARMs have been around since the 1940s, a number of nonsteroidal SARMs that do not serve as substrates for CYP19 aromatase or 5alpha-reductase, act as full agonists in muscle and bone and as partial agonists in prostate are in development. The differing interactions of steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds with androgen receptor (AR) contribute to their unique pharmacologic actions. Ligand binding induces specific conformational changes in the ligand-binding domain, which could modulate surface topology and protein-protein interactions between AR and coregulators, resulting in tissue-specific gene regulation. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of SARMs to increase muscle and bone mass in preclinical rodent models with varying degree of prostate sparing. Phase I trials of SARMs in humans have reported modest increments in fat-free mass. SUMMARY SARMs hold promise as a new class of function promoting anabolic therapies for a number of clinical indications, including functional limitations associated with aging and chronic disease, frailty, cancer cachexia, and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Tissue‐Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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31
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Shaaban MR. Microwave-assisted synthesis of fused heterocycles incorporating trifluoromethyl moiety. J Fluor Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Narayanan R, Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Selective androgen receptor modulators in preclinical and clinical development. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2008; 6:e010. [PMID: 19079612 PMCID: PMC2602589 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.06010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the function of several organs including primary and accessory sexual organs, skeletal muscle, and bone, making it a desirable therapeutic target. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) bind to the AR and demonstrate osteo- and myo-anabolic activity; however, unlike testosterone and other anabolic steroids, these nonsteroidal agents produce less of a growth effect on prostate and other secondary sexual organs. SARMs provide therapeutic opportunities in a variety of diseases, including muscle wasting associated with burns, cancer, or end-stage renal disease, osteoporosis, frailty, and hypogonadism. This review summarizes the current standing of research and development of SARMs, crystallography of AR with SARMs, plausible mechanisms for their action and the potential therapeutic indications for this emerging class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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33
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometry of selective androgen receptor modulators. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:865-876. [PMID: 18521833 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are an emerging class of drugs for treatment of various diseases including osteoporosis and muscle wasting as well as the correction of age-related functional decline such as muscle strength and power. Several SARMs, which have advanced to preclinical and clinical trials, are composed of diverse chemical structures including arylpropionamide-, bicyclic hydantoin-, quinoline-, and tetrahydroquinoline-derived nuclei. Since January 2008, SARMs have been categorized as anabolic agents and prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Suitable detection methods for these low-molecular weight drugs were based on mass spectrometric approaches, which necessitated the elucidation of dissociation pathways in order to characterize and identify the target analytes in doping control samples as well as potential metabolic products and synthetic analogs. Fragmentation patterns of representatives of each category of SARMs after electrospray ionization (ESI) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) as well as electron ionization (EI) are summarized. The complexity and structural heterogeneity of these drugs is a daunting challenge for detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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34
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Bossola M, Pacelli F, Doglietto GB. Cancer cachexia: drugs in the patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.7.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Zhao S, Shen Y, van Oeveren A, Marschke KB, Zhi L. Discovery of a novel series of nonsteroidal androgen receptor modulators: 5- or 6-oxachrysen-2-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3431-5. [PMID: 18442912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel oxachrysenone series (2) of nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM) was developed based on the 6-aryl-2-quinolinones (1). Synthesis and preliminary SAR results based on in vitro assays are discussed. In the cotransfection assay, lead compound 5d showed AR agonist activity more potent than dihydrotestosterone (DHT), whereas compound 17b was a potent antagonist similar to bicalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhao
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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36
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Edelstein D, Sivanandy M, Shahani S, Basaria S. The latest options and future agents for treating male hypogonadism. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:2991-3008. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.17.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Gao W, Dalton JT. Ockham's razor and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): are we overlooking the role of 5alpha-reductase? Mol Interv 2007; 7:10-3. [PMID: 17339601 PMCID: PMC2040232 DOI: 10.1124/mi.7.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of AR ligands that possess tissue-selective pharmacological activities. SARMs of various chemical structures have been discovered and characterized, and lead compounds with much improved specificity for AR, in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles, and higher degree of tissue selectivity have entered clinical development, and are expected to dramatically expand the clinical applications of androgens. With the rapid progress in SARM discovery and increasing demand for mechanism-based drug design, more and more research efforts have been devoted to the mechanisms of action of the observed tissue selectivity of SARMs. There is increasing enthusiasm in adapting the molecular mechanisms of action from SERM research to the SARM field; however, is the SARM story really so complicated? The tissue-specific expression of 5alpha-reductase might provide a simple explanation for this puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Soliman AA. Spectral and thermal studies on ruthenium carbonyl complexes with 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one ligands. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 67:852-7. [PMID: 17045838 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of the cluster compound [Ru(3)(CO)(12)] with 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one (HL(1)), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenylhydrazono)-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one (H(2)L(2)), 4-(3-fluorophenylhydrazono)-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one (H(2)L(3)), 4-(3-trifuoloromethyl-phenylhydrazono)-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one (H(2)L(4)) and 4-(3-nitrophenylhydrazono)-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one (H(2)L(5)) have been carried out in benzene and under reduced pressure. The structures of the isolated complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis, mass and NMR spectroscopy. All the complexes are diamagnetic and have trigonal bipyramidal structures with general formulae [Ru(CO)(4)(HL(1))] and [Ru(CO)(3)(H(2)L(2-5))]. The thermal decompositions of the complexes were studied in correlation with the mass spectral fragmentation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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39
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van Oeveren A, Pio BA, Tegley CM, Higuchi RI, Wu M, Jones TK, Marschke KB, Negro-Vilar A, Zhi L. Discovery of an androgen receptor modulator pharmacophore based on 2-quinolinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1523-6. [PMID: 17257838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of alkylamino-2-quinolinone compounds (3) was discovered as androgen receptor modulators based on an early linear tricyclic quinoline pharmacophore (1). The series demonstrated selective high binding affinity to androgen receptor and potent receptor modulating activities in the cotransfection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan van Oeveren
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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40
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Gao W, Dalton JT. Expanding the therapeutic use of androgens via selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:241-8. [PMID: 17331889 PMCID: PMC2072879 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of androgen receptor (AR) ligands that might change the future of androgen therapy dramatically. With improved pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue-selective pharmacological activities, SARMs are expected to greatly extend the clinical applications of androgens to osteoporosis, muscle wasting, male contraception and diseases of the prostate. Mechanistic studies with currently available SARMs will help to define the contributions of differential tissue distribution, tissue-specific expression of 5alpha-reductase, ligand-specific regulation of gene expression and AR interactions with tissue-specific coactivators to their observed tissue selectivity, and lead to even greater expansion of selective anabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Gao
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Male hypogonadism is a common endocrine problem that affects men of all ages. Recently, there has been a surge in testosterone use among middle-aged and older men who in the past may have been considered to have borderline or even normal testosterone levels. This increasing use of testosterone therapy among men has paralleled the increasing improvements in the development of treatments for male hypogonadism that have been made over the past few decades. Current therapies using transdermal formulations and long-acting injectables such as testosterone undecanoate are quickly replacing the old injectable testosterone esters. In recent years, pharmaceutical sales and prescription data have readily shown a shift in the testosterone marketplace towards greater use of slightly more expensive treatments such as transdermal therapies, which are easier to administer and yield more physiological levels of testosterone. On the horizon are several new compounds in development, such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS), 7alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone, aromatase inhibitors, clomifene, dihydrotestosterone and human chorionic gonadotropin. Compounds such as SARMs are designed to selectively target androgen receptors in specific tissues (such as bone and muscles), in the hope of dispersing some of the side effects experienced on the prostate, which are presently associated with therapy of exogenous testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Edelstein
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Seftel A. Testosterone replacement therapy for male hypogonadism: Part III. Pharmacologic and clinical profiles, monitoring, safety issues, and potential future agents. Int J Impot Res 2005; 19:2-24. [PMID: 16193074 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Male hypogonadism is associated with potentially distressing adverse effects on diverse organs and tissues. These include sexual dysfunction, particularly diminished libido, as well as mood disturbances, reduced lean body mass, and increased adipose-tissue mass. A wide range of effective and well-tolerated options exists. These include relatively noninvasive therapies, such as testosterone (T) gels and T patches; slightly more invasive treatments, such as the T buccal system; and invasive therapies, such as intramuscular T injections and subcutaneous depot implants (T pellets). Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) can be individualized to enhance patient health and well-being. Screening and ongoing monitoring are necessary to ensure both the efficacy and safety of TRT, particularly prostate safety. Investigational agents, including selective androgen receptor modulators, may offer new pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic properties that enhance outcomes of TRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seftel
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106-5046, USA.
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Kim J, Wu D, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Dalton JT. The Para Substituent of S-3-(Phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamides Is a Major Structural Determinant of in Vivo Disposition and Activity of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:230-9. [PMID: 15987833 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.088344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have many potential therapeutic applications, including male hypogonadism, osteoporosis, muscle-wasting diseases, sexual libido, and contraception. A series of S-3-(phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamides bearing a four-halogen substituent in the B-ring that displayed in vivo activity were identified in our previous study. Interestingly, in vivo pharmacological activity was not correlated with in vitro androgen receptor (AR) binding affinity. In this study, analysis of the area under the concentration-time curve-response relationship demonstrated that the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of these halogen-substituted SARMs was due to differences in systemic exposure rather than intrinsic pharmacological activity. Studies also suggested that two simple criteria (i.e., Ki < 10 nM and lower in vivo clearance) could be used to identify efficacious and potent SARMs. We tested this hypothesis using a series of four compounds incorporating either a nitro or cyano substituent at the para-position of the A- and B-aromatic rings. The S-3-(4-nitrophenoxy) and S-3-(4-cyanophenoxy) 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluromethylphenyl) propionamides (S-19 and S-20, respectively) and S-3-(4-nitrophenoxy) and S-3-(4-cyanophenoxy) 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluromethylphenyl) propionamides (S-21 and S-22, respectively) demonstrated high AR binding affinity, with Ki values ranging from 2.0 to 3.8 nM. Pharmacokinetic studies of selected compounds showed that the in vivo clearance of S-22 was the slowest followed sequentially by S-20, S-21, and S-19. The dose-response relationships for S-22 showed that S-22 exerted efficacious and selective activity in anabolic tissues at dose rates as low as 0.03 mg/day, indicative of the high potency of this compound in anabolic tissue (relative potency 4.41) and its potential for clinical use in androgen deficiency-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Chen J, Kim J, Dalton JT. Discovery and therapeutic promise of selective androgen receptor modulators. Mol Interv 2005; 5:173-88. [PMID: 15994457 PMCID: PMC2072877 DOI: 10.1124/mi.5.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are essential for male development and the maintenance of male secondary characteristics, such as bone mass, muscle mass, body composition, and spermatogenesis. The main disadvantages of steroidal androgens are their undesirable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The recent discovery of nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) provides a promising alternative for testosterone replacement therapies with advantages including oral bioavailability, flexibility of structural modification, androgen receptor specificity, tissue selectivity, and the lack of steroid-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Söderholm AA, Lehtovuori PT, Nyrönen TH. Three-dimensional structure-activity relationships of nonsteroidal ligands in complex with androgen receptor ligand-binding domain. J Med Chem 2005; 48:917-25. [PMID: 15715462 DOI: 10.1021/jm0495879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D QSAR) of 70 structurally and functionally diverse androgen receptor (AR) binding compounds using the comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) method. The compound set contained 67 nonsteroidal analogues of flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide whose binding mode to AR was unknown. Docking was used to identify the preferred binding modes for the nonsteroidal compounds within the AR ligand-binding pocket (LBP) and to generate the ligand alignment for the 3D QSAR analysis. The alignment produced a statistically significant and predictive model, validated by random group cross-validation and external test sets (q(2)(LOO) = 0.656, SDEP = 0.576, r(2) = 0.911, SEE = 0.293; q(2)(10) = 0.612, q(2)(5) = 0.571; pred-r(2) = 0.800). Additional model validation comes from the CoMSIA maps that were interpreted with respect to the LBP structure. The model takes into account and links the AR LBP structure, docked ligand structures, and the experimental binding activities. The results provide valuable information on intermolecular interactions between nonsteroidal ligands and the AR LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu A Söderholm
- CSC-Scientific Computing Ltd., P.O. Box 405, 02101 Espoo, Finland
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Abdou IM, Saleh AM, Zohdi HF. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4- dihydropyrazol-3-one nucleosides. Molecules 2004; 9:109-16. [PMID: 18007415 PMCID: PMC6147422 DOI: 10.3390/90300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4-Dihydropyrazole glucosides 3a-3c were prepared and tested for their antitumor activity. The structures of these compounds were established by (1)H and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Glucoside 3b shows an in vitro IC(50) value of 16.4 muM against proliferation of the human promyelotic leukemia (HL60) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Abdou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17551, UAE.
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Smith CL, O'Malley BW. Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:45-71. [PMID: 14769827 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ligands for the nuclear receptor superfamily control many aspects of biology, including development, reproduction, and homeostasis, through regulation of the transcriptional activity of their cognate receptors. Selective receptor modulators (SRMs) are receptor ligands that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic biocharacter in a cell- and tissue context-dependent manner. The prototypical SRM is tamoxifen, which as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, can activate or inhibit estrogen receptor action. SRM-induced alterations in the conformation of the ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors influence their abilities to interact with other proteins, such as coactivators and corepressors. It has been postulated, therefore, that the relative balance of coactivator and corepressor expression within a given target cell determines the relative agonist vs. antagonist activity of SRMs. However, recent evidence reveals that the cellular environment also plays a critical role in determining SRM biocharacter. Cellular signaling influences the activity and subcellular localization of coactivators and corepressors as well as nuclear receptors, and this contributes to gene-, cell-, and tissue-specific responses to SRM ligands. Increased understanding of the effect of cellular environment on nuclear receptors and their coregulators has the potential to open the field of SRM discovery and research to many members of the nuclear receptor superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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