Synthesis and biological activity of novel thiazolidinediones

New thiophene-1,3,4-oxadiazole-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids: Synthesis, MCF-7 inhibition and binding studies

Two synthetic methods were proposed for the preparation of a new series of thiophene-1,3,4-oxadiazole-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids (TOT-1 to 15) and their structures were elucidated based on spectral data. Studies on cytotoxicity, ROS, cellular uptake and interactions of TOT-14 with calf thymus DNA were carried out. Anticancer activity of compounds, TOT-1 to 15 on breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines was investigated. The IC50 values for the standard, epirubicin hydrochloride and TOT-12, 13, 14 and 15 were found to be 6.78, 5.52, 6.53, 4.83 and 5.57 µg/mL, respectively. Notably, TOT-14 exhibited a remarkable antiproliferative activity with a strikingly selective inhibitory effect compared to standard. This specific selectivity could be attributed to the synergistic effect of increased cellular uptake and generation of higher ROS in cancer cells after irradiation. The binding constant of 4.25 x 103 M-1 indicated the moderate interaction between TOT-14 and ct-DNA. The docking score of TOT derivativeswas substantially identical to the docking score of epirubicin hydrochloride. The designed molecules complied with the requirements for drug-likeness and ADME.

Novel Thiazolidine-2,4-dione-trimethoxybenzene-thiazole Hybrids as Human Topoisomerases Inhibitors

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease and is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, mostly as the population ages. Despite the encouraging advances made over the years in chemotherapy, the development of new compounds for cancer treatments is an urgent priority. In recent years, the design and chemical synthesis of several innovative hybrid molecules, which bring different pharmacophores on the same scaffold, have attracted the interest of many researchers. Following this strategy, we designed and synthetized a series of new hybrid compounds that contain three pharmacophores, namely trimethoxybenzene, thiazolidinedione and thiazole, and tested their anticancer properties on two breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines and one melanoma (A2058) cell line. The most active compounds were particularly effective against the MCF-7 cells and did not affect the viability of the normal MCF-10A cells. Docking simulations indicated the human Topoisomerases I and II (hTopos I and II) as possible targets of these compounds, the inhibitory activity of which was demonstrated by the mean of direct enzymatic assays. Particularly, compound 7e was proved to inhibit both the hTopo I and II, whereas compounds 7c,d blocked only the hTopo II. Finally, compound 7e was responsible for MCF-7 cell death by apoptosis. The reported results are promising for the further design and synthesis of other analogues potentially active as anticancer tools.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Superior Targets for Treating Diabetic Disease, Design Strategies - Review Article

Thiazolidinedione (TZD), a class of drugs that are mainly used to control type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), acts fundamentally as a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Besides activating pathways responsible for glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity and lipid homeostasis, activating PPARs leads to exciting other pathways related to bone formation, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Unfortunately, this diverse effect of activating several pathways may show in some studies adverse health outcomes as osteological, hepatic, cardiovascular, and carcinogenic effects. Thus, a silver demand is present to find and develop new active and potent antiglycemic drugs for treating T2DM. To achieve this goal, the structure of TZD for research is considered a leading structure domain. This review will guide future research in the design of novel TZD derivatives by highlighting the general modifications conducted on the structure component of TZD scaffold affecting their potency, binding efficacy, and selectivity for the control of T2DM.

Anti-Diabetic Potentials of Thiazolidinedione Analogues with Efficient Synthetic Procedures: A Review of Literature

Background::

Diabetes mellitus refers to one of the leading cause of diseases that affect large populations of human and is characterized by a high glucose level in the blood (also known as hyperglycemia). Thiazolidinedione (TZD) is a five-member heterocyclic compound consisting of three carbons, nitrogen and sulfur. It is also known as glitazones, can be used as potent hypoglycemic agents and is also reduce many other cardiovascular risk factors including percutaneous coronary intervention, carotid and coronary atherosclerosis. As it plays a very important role in the field of medicinal chemistry or pharmaceutical sciences, novel medicine developed and many are on underdevelopment, these derivatives have thiazolidinedione as their primary nucleus.

Objective::

This article has discussed the different synthetic procedures of thiazolidinediones that exhibited potential antidiabetic activity by the activation of PPAR-γ, by reducing the blood glucose levels and by different metabolic process incorporation.

Conclusion::

Thiazolidinediones has effective profile as the future investigational drug and can be processed in drug discovery because of its efficient anti-diabetic potential.

Synthesis, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities, acute toxicity and molecular docking studies of thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives

In the present study, a series of thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives (3a-3e) and (4a-4e) were synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and ESI-MS spectrometry. All compounds were screened for their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. In vitro biological investigations revealed that most of compounds were active against α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values in the range of 43.85 ± 1.06 to 380.10 ± 1.02 µM, and α-amylase with IC₅₀ in the range of 18.19 ± 0.11 to 208.10 ± 1.80 µM. Some of the tested compounds were found to be more potent inhibitors than the clinical drug Acarbose (IC_{50glucosidase} = 97.12 ± 0.35 µM and IC_50amylase = 2.97 ± 0.004 μM). The lead compounds were evaluated for their acute toxicity on Swiss mice and found to be completely non-toxic with LD > 2000 mg/kg BW. Furthermore, the Structure-activity relationship (SAR) and the binding interactions of all compounds with the active site of α-glucosidase and α-amylase were confirmed through molecular docking and stabilizing energy calculations. This study has identified the inhibitory potential a new class of synthesized thiazolidine-2,4-diones in controlling both hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the theoretical binding mode of the target molecules was evaluated by molecular docking studies against the 3D Crystal Structure of human pancreatic α-amylase (PDB ID: 1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 3W37)Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Discovery of novel obovatol-based phenazine analogs as potential antifungal agents: synthesis and biological evaluation in vitro

To explore candidate fungicides from plant secondary metabolites, 16 novel obovatol-type phenazine derivatives were semi-synthesized from obovatol isolated from the leaves of Magnolia obovata Thunb. The antifungal activity of synthesized compounds was investigated in vitro against four phytopathogenic fungi using the spore germination method. The bioassay results showed that eight derivatives (8b, 8g, 8h–k, 8i′, and 8k′) exhibited better antifungal activity against Fusarium solani than two positive controls, especially compounds 8b (IC50 = 64.61 μg mL−1) and 8i′ (IC50 = 79.97 μg mL−1) showed pronounced inhibition of spore germination activity against F. solani. They could be used as lead compounds for further structural optimization. Additionally, the preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) illustrated that the introduction of a benzene ring monosubstituted with electron-withdrawing groups into the obovatol scaffold could lead to potentially antifungal compounds.

An overview on medicinal perspective of thiazolidine-2,4-dione: A remarkable scaffold in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

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TZDs, an important pharmacophore in the treatment of diabetes.

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Various analog-based synthetic strategies and biological significance are discussed.

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Clinical studies using TZDs along with other antidiabetic agents are also highlighted.

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SAR has been discussed to suggest the interactions between derivatives and receptor sites.

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Pyrazole, chromone, and acid-based TZDs can be considered as potential lead molecules.

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a complex or polygenic disorder, which is characterized by increased levels of glucose (hyperglycemia) and deficiency in insulin secretion or resistance to insulin over an elongated period in the liver and peripheral tissues. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) is a privileged scaffold and an outstanding heterocyclic moiety in the field of drug discovery, which provides various opportunities in exploring this moiety as an antidiabetic agent. In the past few years, various novel synthetic approaches had been undertaken to synthesize different derivatives to explore them as more potent antidiabetic agents with devoid of side effects (i.e., edema, weight gain, and bladder cancer) of clinically used TZD (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone). In this review, an effort has been made to summarize the up to date research work of various synthetic strategies for TZD derivatives as well as their biological significance and clinical studies of TZDs in combination with other category as antidiabetic agents. This review also highlights the structure-activity relationships and the molecular docking studies to convey the interaction of various synthesized novel derivatives with its receptor site.

Synthesis and bioactivities of diamide derivatives containing a phenazine-1-carboxamide scaffold

Taking natural product phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) as a lead compound, a series of novel phenazine-1-carboxylic acid diamide derivatives were designed and synthesised. Their structures were confirmed by ¹H-NMR and HRMS. The bioassays showed that some of the target compounds exhibited promising in vitro fungicidal activities, and exhibited excellent and selective herbicidal activities. Particularly, compounds c, h, o and s displayed root length inhibition activities against barnyard grass with the rate of more than 80%. Compound c exhibited the best activity among all the target compounds against barnyard grass stalk length with the IC₅₀ value of 0.158 mmol/L, and compound o exhibited the best and wide spectrum inhibition against barnyard grass root length and rape in both root length and stalk length herbicidal activities with its IC₅₀ values of 0.067, 0.048 and 0.059 mmol/L respectively. The analysis of preliminary Structure-Activity Relationships provides the theoretical basis for further design of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid.

Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Using Thiazolidinediones: Strategy for Design of Novel Antidiabetic Drugs

Thiazolidinediones are a class of well-established antidiabetic drugs, also named as glitazones. Thiazolidinedione structure has been an important structural domain of research, involving design and development of new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Extensive research on the mechanism of action and the structural requirements has revealed that the intended antidiabetic activity in type 2 diabetes is due to their agonistic effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) belonging to the nuclear receptor super family. Glitazones have specific affinity to PPARγ, one of the subtypes of PPARs. Certain compounds under development have dual PPARα/γ agonistic activity which might be beneficial in obesity and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Interesting array of hybrid compounds of thiazolidinedione PPARγ agonists exhibited therapeutic potential beyond antidiabetic activity. Pharmacology and chemistry of thiazolidinediones as PPARγ agonists and the potential of newer analogues as dual agonists of PPARs and other emerging targets for the therapy of type 2 diabetes are presented. This review highlights the possible modifications of the structural components in the general frame work of thiazolidinediones with respect to their binding efficacy, potency, and selectivity which would guide the future research in design of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives for the management of type 2 diabetes.

Synthesis, HIV-1 RT inhibitory, antibacterial, antifungal and binding mode studies of some novel N-substituted 5-benzylidine-2,4-thiazolidinediones

Background

Structural modifications of thiazolidinediones at 3^rd and 5^th position have exhibited significant biological activities. In view of the facts, and based on in silico studies carried out on thiazolidine-2,4-diones as HIV-1- RT inhibitors, a novel series of 2,4-thiazolidinedione analogs have been designed and synthesized.

Methods

Title compounds were prepared by the reported method. Conformations of the structures were assigned on the basis of results of different spectral data. The assay of HIV-1 RT was done as reported by Silprasit et al. Antimicrobial activity was determined by two fold serial dilution method. Docking study was performed for the highest active compounds by using Glide 5.0.

Results

The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 24 showed significant HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity with 73% of inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 1.31 μM. Compound 10 showed highest activity against all the bacterial strains.

A molecular modeling study was carried out in order to investigate the possible interactions of the highest active compounds 24, 10 and 4 with the non nucleoside inhibitory binding pocket(NNIBP) of RT, active site of GlcN-6-P synthase and cytochrome P450 14-α-sterol demethylase from Candida albicans (Candida P450DM) as the target receptors respectively using the Extra Precision (XP) mode of Glide software.

Conclusion

A series of novel substituted 2-(5-benzylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(phenyl)propanamides (4–31) have been synthesized and evaluated for their HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of the compounds have shown significant activity. Molecular docking studies showed very good interaction.

A green, multicomponent, regio- and stereo-selective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and azomethine ylides generated in situ with bifunctional dipolarophiles using PEG-400

A series of novel dispiropyrrolidine-linked 1,2,3-triazole derivatives have been prepared by one-pot, four-component protocol that employed 5-arylidene-3-(prop-2-ynyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione, isatin, sarcosine and substituted azides using Cu(I) generated in situ as catalyst in PEG-400 as a highly efficient and green media. This is the first report of a four-component reaction involving a classical Huisgen reaction, in which the two dipolar moieties (substituted azides and in situ generated azomethine ylides) react with acetylenic and olefinic dipolarophiles, respectively. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition proceeds in a highly regio- and stereo-selective manner. This methodology can be an ideal tool for the preparation of biologically important five-membered heterocyclic compounds in one pot.

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinediones as potential cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic agents

A series of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (2a-x) have been synthesized and characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and LC mass spectral analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and in vivo antihyperglycemic activities. Among the tested compounds for cytotoxicity using Brine Shrimp Lethality assay, compound 2t ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) exhibited significant inhibitory activity at ED(50) value 4.00±0.25 μg/mL and this level of activity was comparable to that of the reference drug podophyllotoxin with ED(50) value 3.61±0.17 μg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was screened using agar well diffusion assay method against selected Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal strains and the activity expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL. From the results of antimicrobial activity compound 2s ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-(3,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) was found to be the most active against all the tested strains of microorganisms with MIC value 16 μg/mL. In vivo antihyperglycemic effect of twenty four TZDs (2a-x) at different doses 10, 30 and 50mg/kg b.w (oral) were assessed using percentage reduction of plasma glucose (PG) levels in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic rat models. From the results, the novel compound 2x ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) exhibited considerably potent blood glucose lowering activity than that of the standard drug rosiglitazone and it could be a remarkable starting point to evaluate structure-activity relationships and to develop new lead molecules with potential cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic activities. In addition molecular docking studies were carried out against PPARγ molecular target using Molegro Virtual Docker v 4.0 to accomplish preliminary confirmation of the observed in vivo antihyperglycemic activity.

Structural studies on the impurities of troglitazone

The impurity profile study of troglitazone has been carried out primarily by (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) LC-MS. Four process-related impurities have been detected by LC-MS and were confirmed by co-injection with authentic samples. Apart from the process-related impurities, two polar by-products were characterized by mass spectral data and comparison with reference samples, while one non-polar by-product and one degradation product have been isolated by means of preparative HPLC and characterized by 2D NMR and mass spectral study. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out on the degradation product. The formation and characterization of these by-products and degradation product are discussed.

Vanadyl-thiazolidinedione combination agents for diabetes therapy

A series of vanadium compounds, chelated by ligands containing a thiazolidinedione moiety as an additional insulin-enhancing component, were produced in this study to create potentially synergistic compounds. A set of four bifunctional ligand precursors were synthesized: (+/-)-5-[4-[(5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-ylmethyl)amino]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (HL(1)), (+/-)-5-[4-[(5-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (HL(2)), 5-[4-(5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-ylmethoxy)benzylidene]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (HL(3)), and (+/-)-5-[4-(5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-ylmethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (HL(4)), each containing a metal chelating portion as well as a thiazolidinedione moiety. From this set of ligand precursors, air-stable VO(L(1))(2), VO(L(3))(2), and VO(L(4))(2) were prepared. The four ligand precursors and three complexes were tested for insulin-enhancing potential in STZ-diabetic rats and compared to rosiglitazone and BMOV, respectively. Both the ligand precursors HL(1) and HL(3) showed enhanced activity compared with that of rosiglitazone. The complex VO(L(3))(2) showed the most efficacious hypoglycemic effects in this study; however, neither additive nor synergistic effects were observed using this acute animal model.